Статті в журналах: "Dislocations densities"

1

Li, Yon Gan, Xiang Qian Xiu, Xue Mei Hua, Shi Ying Zhang, Shi Pu Gu, Rong Zhang, Zi Li Xie, et al. "Study of Dislocation Densities of Thick GaN Films." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.387.

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The dislocation density of GaN thick films has been measured by high-resolution X-ray diffraction. The results show that both the edge dislocations and the screw dislocation reduce with increasing the GaN thickness. And the edge dislocations have a larger fraction of the total dislocation densities, and the densities for the edge dislocation with increasing thickness reduce less in contrast with those for the screw dislocation.

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2

Rezvanian, O., M. A. Zikry, and A. M. Rajendran. "Statistically stored, geometrically necessary and grain boundary dislocation densities: microstructural representation and modelling." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 463, no. 2087 (August 14, 2007): 2833–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.0020.

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A unified physically based microstructural representation of f.c.c. crystalline materials has been developed and implemented to investigate the microstructural behaviour of f.c.c. crystalline aggregates under inelastic deformations. The proposed framework is based on coupling a multiple-slip crystal plasticity formulation to three distinct dislocation densities, which pertain to statistically stored dislocations (SSDs), geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) and grain boundary dislocations. This interrelated dislocation density formulation is then coupled to a specialized finite element framework to study the evolving heterogeneous microstructure and the localized phenomena that can contribute to failure initiation as a function of inelastic crystalline deformation. The GND densities are used to understand where crystallographic, non-crystallographic and cellular microstructures form and the nature of their dislocation composition. The SSD densities are formulated to represent dislocation cell microstructures to obtain predictions related to the inhomogeneous distribution of SSDs. The effects of the lattice misorientations at the grain boundaries (GBs) have been included by accounting for the densities of the misfit dislocations at the GBs that accommodate these misorientations. By directly accounting for the misfit dislocations, the strength of the boundary regions can be more accurately represented to account for phenomena associated with the effects of the GB strength on intergranular deformation heterogeneities, stress localization and the nucleation of failure surfaces at critical regions, such as triple junctions.

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3

Muiruri, Amos, Maina Maringa, and Willie du Preez. "Evaluation of Dislocation Densities in Various Microstructures of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V (Eli) by the Method of X-ray Diffraction." Materials 13, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 5355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235355.

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Dislocations play a central role in determining strength and flow properties of metals and alloys. Diffusionless phase transformation of β→α in Ti6Al4V during the Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) process produces martensitic microstructures with high dislocation densities. However, heat treatment, such as stress relieving and annealing, can be applied to reduce the volume of these dislocations. In the present study, an analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles of the non-heat-treated and heat-treated microstructures of DMLS Ti6Al4V(ELI) was carried out to determine the level of defects in these microstructures. The modified Williamson–Hall and modified Warren–Averbach methods of analysis were used to evaluate the dislocation densities in these microstructures. The results obtained showed a 73% reduction of dislocation density in DMLS Ti6Al4V(ELI) upon stress relieving heat treatment. The density of dislocations further declined in microstructures that were annealed at elevated temperatures, with the microstructures that were heat-treated just below the β→α recording the lowest dislocation densities.

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4

Strunk, Horst P. "Origination and Properties of Dislocations in Thin Film Nitrides." Solid State Phenomena 131-133 (October 2007): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.131-133.39.

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Epitaxial group-III nitride films, although in single crystalline form, contain still a large number of threading dislocations. These set limits to performance and lifetime of devices, notably to high power structures like lasers. The strategy in material development was and will be (at least until lattice-matched substrates become available) to reduce the dislocation densities. The present contribution elaborates on possible dislocation origination mechanisms that determine the population of dislocations in the epitaxial layers. These mechanisms can be controlled to a certain degree by proper deposition procedures. The achieved dislocation populations then determine the processes that can reduce the dislocation densities during growth of the epitaxial layers. The mutual annihilation of threading dislocations is rather efficient although affected by the glide properties of the growing epitaxial crystal and the thermal stresses during the cooling down after growth.

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5

Hochrainer, Thomas. "Relative Helicity and Jog Densities in Continuum Descriptions of Dislocations." MRS Advances 1, no. 25 (2016): 1847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.121.

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ABSTRACTDislocations are line like crystal defects mediating plasticity in single crystals. In the current contribution we review classical continuum concepts of dislocation theory from a topological view point. Subsequently, we introduce a new measure for the density of jogs mutually impaired on each other by dislocations on different slip systems. This jog density is closely related to a topological measure of the interlinkage of the dislocations on the involved slip systems, known as relative helicity in other branches of physics.

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6

Buzolin, Ricardo Henrique, Franz Miller Branco Ferraz, Michael Lasnik, Alfred Krumphals, and Maria Cecilia Poletti. "Improved Predictability of Microstructure Evolution during Hot Deformation of Titanium Alloys." Materials 13, no. 24 (December 12, 2020): 5678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245678.

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Two different mesoscale models based on dislocation reactions are developed and applied to predict both the flow stress and the microstructure evolution during the hot deformation of titanium alloys. Three distinct populations of dislocations, named mobile, immobile, and wall dislocations, describe the microstructure, together with the crystal misorientation and the densities of boundaries. A simple model consisting of production and recovery terms for the evolution of dislocations is compared with a comprehensive model that describes the reactions between different type of dislocations. Constitutive equations connect the microstructure evolution with the flow stresses. Both models consider the formation of a high angle grain boundary by continuous dynamic recrystallization due to progressive lattice rotation. The wall dislocation density evolution is calculated as a result of the subgrain size and boundary misorientation distribution evolutions. The developed models are applied to two near-β titanium alloys, Ti-5553 and Ti-17, and validated for use in hot compression experiments. The differences in the predictability between the developed models are discussed for the flow stress, dislocation densities and microstructure evolutions. Only the comprehensive model can predict the different reactions and their contributions to the evolution of mobile and immobile dislocation densities. The comprehensive model also allows for correlating the elastic strain rate with the softening and hardening kinetics. Despite those differences, the selection of the model used has a small influence on the overall prediction of the subgrain size and the fraction of high angle grain boundaries.

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7

Herring, R. A., P. N. Uppal, S. P. Svensson, and J. S. Ahearn. "TEM characterization of dislocation reduction processes in GaAs/Si." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 590–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100154925.

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A high density of interfacial dislocations are needed at the GaAs/Si interface to alleviate the 4% lattice mismatch between GaAs and Si. Some remnant dislocations thread through the epilayer and follow the growth interface. Current growth methods are not able to obtain acceptable threading dislocation densities (104 – 105) for devices. Many methods can be used to reduce the number of threading dislocations which include misorienting the substrate to enhance the slip of dislocations on specific [110]{111} planes, annealing during and after growth, and adding strained layer superlattices (SLS's) to block dislocations. Conventional TEM (CTEM), performed using a JEM 100c, has been used to characterize threading dislocations in the epilayer of a GaAs/Si material where in situ thermal annealing and SLS's force dislocation reactions and thereby reduce the threading dislocation density. Using TEM we have viewed dislocations under many two-beam diffraction conditions and with the help of a stereogram have determined their Burgers vectors (b), line directions (u) and habit planes (R).

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8

Vermeulen, A. C., R. Delhez, Th H. de Keijser, and E. J. Mittemeijer. "X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Simultaneous Changes in Stress and Dislocation Densities in Thin Films." Advances in X-ray Analysis 39 (1995): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800022606.

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A method has heen developed to determine the dislocation configuration in a polycrystalline specimen from the direction dependence of line broadening. The method is based on an analytical expression for the integral breadth due to microstrain from sets of parallel edge and/or screw dislocations on the specific slip systems. Analysis of the x-ray-diffraction measurements obtained from poly crystalline aluminium layers, deposited onto silicon wafers and subsequently annealed and cooled to room temperature, shows unequal densities and unequal changes of densities of dislocations with the Burgers vector parallel and with the Burgers vector inclined with respect to the surface of the layer. Stress relaxation and dislocation annihilation occur at room temperature. A model was developed to describe the dependency of the decrease of macrostress on the decrease of the dislocation density.

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9

Trishkina, L. I., T. V. Cherkasova, A. A. Klopotov, and A. I. Potekaev. "Mechanisms of Solid-Solution Hardening of Single-Phase Cu-Al and Cu-Mn Alloys with a Mesh Dislocation Substructure." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 4(120) (September 10, 2021): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2021)4-09.

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The dislocation structure and dislocation accumulation during deformation of polycrystalline FCC solid solutions of Cu-Al and Cu-Mn systems are studied by transmission diffraction electron microscopy. The Al content in Cu-Al alloys varies from 0.5 to 14 at.%. The Mn content in Cu-Mn alloys varies in the range of 0.4 ÷ 25 at.%. Alloys with a grain size in the range of 20 ÷ 240 µm are studied. The alloy samples are deformed by stretching at a rate of 2×10-2c-1 to failure at 293 K. The structure of samples deformed to various degrees of deformation is studied on foils using electron microscopes at an accelerating voltage of 125 kV. For each degree of deformation, the scalar dislocation density and its components are measured: statistically stored dislocations ρS and geometrically necessary dislocations ρG and some other parameters of the defective structure. The mechanisms and their contributions due to mesh and mesh-mesh dislocation substructures (DSS) are determined using the example of substructural and solid-solution hardening in polycrystalline Cu-Al and Cu-Mn alloys. The relative role of various mechanisms in the formation of the resistance to deformation of alloys at different grain sizes is determined. The role of the packaging defect energy on the value of solid-solution hardening for different grain sizes is revealed. The average scalar dislocation density is considered and determined along with its components: statistically stored dislocations ρS and geometrically necessary dislocations ρG. The dependences of the flow stress on the square root of the densities of geometrically necessary dislocations and the densities of statistically stored dislocations are found.

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10

Merriman, C. C., and David P. Field. "Observations of Dislocation Structure in AA 7050 by EBSD." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.493.

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During and after plastic deformation of metals, dislocations tend to evolve into generally well-defined structures that may include tangles, bands, cell walls, and various additional features. Observation of these structures by electron backscatter diffraction is only accomplished by analysis of changes in orientation from one position to the next. Excess (or geometrically necessary) dislocation densities can be inferred from 2D measurements or obtained directly from 3D measurements as indicated by Nye’s dislocation density tensor. Evolution of excess dislocation densities was measured for a split channel die specimen of aluminum alloy 7050 in the T7451 temper. Densities evolved by a factor or 1.6 for compressive deformations of 15%.

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11

Chen, Yi, Govindhan Dhanaraj, William M. Vetter, Rong Hui Ma, and Michael Dudley. "Behavior of Basal Plane Dislocations and Low Angle Grain Boundary Formation in Hexagonal Silicon Carbide." Materials Science Forum 556-557 (September 2007): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.556-557.231.

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The interactions between basal plane dislocations (BPDs) and threading screw and edge dislocations (TSDs and TEDs) in hexagonal SiC have been studied using synchrotron white beam x-ray topography (SWBXT). TSDs are shown to strongly interact with advancing basal plane dislocations (BPDs) while TEDs do not. A BPD can cut through an individual TED without the formation of jogs or kinks. The BPDs were observed to be pinned by TSDs creating trailing dislocation dipoles. If these dipoles are in screw orientation segments can cross-slip and annihilate also potentially leaving isolated trailing loops. The three-dimensional (3D) distribution of BPDs can lead to aggregation of opposite sign edge segments leading to the creation of low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) characterized by pure basal plane tilt of magnitude determined by the net difference in densities of the opposite sign dislocations. Similar aggregation can also occur against pre-existing prismatic tilt boundaries made up of TED walls with the net difference in densities of the opposite sign dislocations contributing some basal plane tilt character to the LAGB.

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12

Chung, Gil, Ian Manning, Andrey Soukhojak, Matthew Gave, and Charles Lee. "Decoration and Density Increase of Dislocations in PVT-Grown SiC Boules with Post-Growth Thermal Processing." Materials Science Forum 1062 (May 31, 2022): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-43627c.

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Post-growth thermal processing at higher temperature generates more BPDs (basal plane dislocations). It is observed that dislocation visibility in surface inspection tool images varies significantly even at comparable dislocation densities. Combination of dislocation decoration and light absorbance from SiC matrix by point defects or dopants has been proposed as a working hypothesis to explain dislocation visibility variations.

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13

Quast, Jeffrey, Michael Dudley, Jian Qiu Guo, Darren Hansen, Ian Manning, Stephan Mueller, Balaji Raghothamachar, Edward Sanchez, Clinton Whiteley, and Yu Yang. "Post-Growth Micropipe Formation in 4H-SiC." Materials Science Forum 858 (May 2016): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.858.367.

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Understanding the growth and propagation of defects in SiC remains of interest in an effort to continue to improve device performance. A post-growth boule heat-treatment revealed to form micropipe pairs from apparent single screw dislocations is reviewed. In the treated samples almost no 1c threading screw dislocations were found. Instead, micropipe pairs were observed in similar densities to 1c threading screw dislocations in non-heat treated samples. It is hypothesized that the elevated temperatures allowed for enhanced dislocation mobility, enabling the transition.

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14

Porz, Lukas, Arne J. Klomp, Xufei Fang, Ning Li, Can Yildirim, Carsten Detlefs, Enrico Bruder, et al. "Dislocation-toughened ceramics." Materials Horizons 8, no. 5 (2021): 1528–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0mh02033h.

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Dislocations are mobile at low temperatures in surprisingly many ceramics but sintering minimizes their densities. Enabling local plasticity by engineering a high dislocation density is a way to combat short cracks and toughen ceramics.

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15

Bakke, K., and F. Moraes. "A geometric approach to dislocation densities in semiconductors." Modern Physics Letters B 28, no. 15 (June 17, 2014): 1450124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984914501243.

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Dislocation densities threading semiconductor crystals are a problem for device developers. Among the issues presented by the defect density is the appearance of the so-called shallow levels. In this work, we introduce a geometric model to explain the origin of the observed shallow levels. We show that a uniform distribution of screw dislocations acts as an effective uniform magnetic field which yields electronic bound states even in the presence of a repulsive Coulomb-like potential. This introduces energy levels within the band gap, increasing the carrier concentration in the region threaded by the dislocation density and adding additional recombination paths other than the near band-edge recombination. Our results suggest that one might use a magnetic field to destroy the dislocation density bound states and therefore minimize its effects on the charge carriers.

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16

Leonard, R. T., M. J. Paisley, S. Bubel, J. J. Sumakeris, A. R. Powell, Y. Khlebnikov, J. C. Seaman, et al. "Exploration of Bulk and Epitaxy Defects in 4H-SiC Using Large Scale Optical Characterization." Materials Science Forum 897 (May 2017): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.897.226.

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In this work, aggregate epitaxial carrot distributions are observed at the crystal, wafer and dislocation defect levels, instead of individual extended carrot defect level. From combining large volumes of data, carrots are observed when both threading screw dislocations (TSD) and basal plane dislocations (BPD) densities are locally high as seen in full wafer maps. Dislocation density distributions in areas of carrot formation are shown, and suggest TSD limit the formation of carrots in regions containing BPD. These data also add support for mechanisms requiring the need for both dissociated BPD and TSD for carrot formation.

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17

Dalmau, Rafael, Jeffrey Britt, Hao Yang Fang, Balaji Raghothamachar, Michael Dudley, and Raoul Schlesser. "X-Ray Topography Characterization of Large Diameter AlN Single Crystal Substrates." Materials Science Forum 1004 (July 2020): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1004.63.

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Large diameter aluminum nitride (AlN) substrates, up to 50 mm, were manufactured from single crystal boules grown by physical vapor transport (PVT). Synchrotron-based x-ray topography (XRT) was used to characterize the density, distribution, and type of dislocations. White beam topography images acquired in transmission geometry were used to analyze basal plane dislocations (BPDs) and low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs), while monochromatic beam, grazing incidence images were used to analyze threading dislocations. Boule diameter expansion, without the introduction of LAGBs around the periphery, was shown. A 48 mm substrate with a uniform threading dislocation density below 7.0 x 102 cm-2 and a BPD of 0 cm-2, the lowest dislocation densities reported to date for an AlN single crystal this size, was demonstrated.

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18

Sun, Yue Jun, Oliver Brandt, and Klaus H. Ploog. "Photoluminescence intensity of GaN films with widely varying dislocation density." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 5 (May 2003): 1247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0171.

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We investigated the impact of the presence of dislocations on room-temperature photoluminescence intensity in GaN films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. To determine both screw and edge dislocation densities, we employed x-ray diffraction in conjunction with a geometrical model, which relate the width of the respective reflections to the polar and azimuthal orientational spread. There is no direct dependence of the emission efficiency on the density of either type of dislocation in the samples under investigation. We conclude that dislocations are not the dominant nonradiative recombination centers for GaN grown by molecular beam epitaxy.

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19

Roy, Shyamal, Sönke Wille, Dan Mordehai, and Cynthia A. Volkert. "Investigating Nanoscale Contact Using AFM-Based Indentation and Molecular Dynamics Simulations." Metals 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030489.

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In this work we study nanocontact plasticity in Au thin films using an atomic force microscope based indentation method with the goal of relating the changes in surface morphology to the dislocations created by deformation. This provides a rigorous test of our understanding of deformation and dislocation mechanisms in small volumes. A series of indentation experiments with increasing maximum load was performed. Distinct elastic and plastic regimes were identified in the force-displacement curves, and the corresponding residual imprints were measured. Transmission electron microscope based measured dislocation densities appear to be smaller than the densities expected from the measured residual indents. With the help of molecular dynamics simulations we show that dislocation nucleation and glide alone fail to explain the low dislocation density. Increasing the temperature of the simulations accelerates the rate of thermally activated processes and promotes motion and annihilation of dislocations under the indent while transferring material to the upper surface; dislocation density decreases in the plastic zone and material piles up around the indent. Finally, we discuss why a significant number of cross-slip events is expected beneath the indent under experimental conditions and the implications of this for work hardening during wear.

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20

Estrin, Y., H. Braasch, and Y. Brechet. "A Dislocation Density Based Constitutive Model for Cyclic Deformation." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 118, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2805940.

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A new constitutive model describing material response to cyclic loading is presented. The model includes dislocation densities as internal variables characterizing the microstructural state of the material. In the formulation of the constitutive equations, the dislocation density evolution resulting from interactions between dislocations in channel-like dislocation patterns is considered. The capabilities of the model are demonstrated for INCONEL 738 LC and Alloy 800H.

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21

Kim, Jin Kyung, Yuri Estrin, Hossein Beladi, Sung Kyu Kim, Kwang Geun Chin, and Bruno C. De Cooman. "Constitutive Modeling of TWIP Steel in Uni-Axial Tension." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.270.

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High Mn steels demonstrate an exceptional combination of high strength and ductility due to their high work hardening rate during deformation. The microstructure evolution and work hardening behavior of Fe18Mn0.6C1.5Al TWIP steel in uni-axial tension were examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of all the relevant deformation mechanism : slip, twinning and dynamic strain aging. Constitutive modeling was carried out based on the Kubin-Estrin model, in which the densities of mobile and forest dislocations are coupled in order to account for the continuous immobilization of mobile dislocations during straining. These coupled dislocation densities were also used for simulating the contribution of dynamic strain aging on the flow stress. The model was modified to include the effect of twinning.

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22

Bassim, N. D., Mark E. Twigg, Michael A. Mastro, Philip G. Neudeck, Charles R. Eddy, R. L. Henry, R. N. Holm, J. Anthony Powell, and Andrew J. Trunek. "Electron Microscopy Investigation of the Role of Surface Steps in the Generation of Dislocations during MOCVD Growth of GaN on 4H-SiC." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 1509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.1509.

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Through the use of specially-prepared on-axis SiC substrates with patterned mesa tops completely free of atomic-scale surface steps, we have previously reported the growth of highquality GaN heteroepitaxial films with greatly reduced threading dislocation densities on the order of 107/cm2. In these films, we reported a defect substructure in which lateral a-type dislocations are present in the nucleation layer but do not bow into threading dislocations during the subsequent GaN growth. This study focuses further on the role of SiC substrate surface steps in the generation of misfit, a-type, and threading dislocations at the heteroepitaxial interface. By using weak-beam imaging (both to eliminate Moiré effects and to observe narrow dislocation images) from plan-view transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we identify dislocations generated on stepped and unstepped mesas and compare their geometries. We observe that misfit dislocations nucleated on an unstepped SiC mesa are confined to one set of a-type Burgers vectors of the form g=1/3 [2110] _ _ , straight and well-ordered so that they are less likely to interact with each other. On the other hand, misfit dislocation structures on a stepped SiC mesa surface are not nearly as well-ordered, having bowed structure with threading dislocations that appear to nucleate at SiC surface steps.

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23

Raphael, Johanna, Tedi Kujofsa, and J. E. Ayers. "Comparison of Buffer Layer Grading Approaches in InGaAs/GaAs (001)." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 29, no. 01n04 (March 2020): 2040002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156420400029.

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Metamorphic semiconductor devices often utilize compositionally-graded buffer layers for the accommodation of the lattice mismatch with controlled threading dislocation density and residual strain. Linear or step-graded buffers have been used extensively in these applications, but there are indications that sublinear, superlinear, S-graded, or overshoot graded structures could offer advantages in the control of defect densities. In this work we compare linear, step-graded, and nonlinear grading approaches in terms of the resulting strain and dislocations density profiles using a state-of-the-art model for strain relaxation and dislocation dynamics. We find that sublinear grading results in lower surface dislocation densities than either linear or superlinear grading approaches.

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24

Zhang, Zhenbo, Éva Ódor, Diana Farkas, Bertalan Jóni, Gábor Ribárik, Géza Tichy, Sree-Harsha Nandam, Julia Ivanisenko, Michael Preuss, and Tamás Ungár. "Dislocations in Grain Boundary Regions: The Origin of Heterogeneous Microstrains in Nanocrystalline Materials." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 51, no. 1 (November 6, 2019): 513–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-019-05492-7.

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Abstract Nanocrystalline materials reveal excellent mechanical properties but the mechanism by which they deform is still debated. X-ray line broadening indicates the presence of large heterogeneous strains even when the average grain size is smaller than 10 nm. Although the primary sources of heterogeneous strains are dislocations, their direct observation in nanocrystalline materials is challenging. In order to identify the source of heterogeneous strains in nanocrystalline materials, we prepared Pd-10 pct Au specimens by inert gas condensation and applied high-pressure torsion (HPT) up to γ ≅ 21. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations are used to investigate the dislocation structure in the grain interiors and in the grain boundary (GB) regions in the as-prepared and HPT-deformed specimens. Our results show that most of the GBs contain lattice dislocations with high densities. The average dislocation densities determined by HRTEM and MD simulation are in good correlation with the values provided by X-ray line profile analysis. Strain distribution determined by MD simulation is shown to follow the Krivoglaz–Wilkens strain function of dislocations. Experiments, MD simulations, and theoretical analysis all prove that the sources of strain broadening in X-ray diffraction of nanocrystalline materials are lattice dislocations in the GB region. The results are discussed in terms of misfit dislocations emanating in the GB regions reducing elastic strain compatibility. The results provide fundamental new insight for understanding the role of GBs in plastic deformation in both nanograin and coarse grain materials of any grain size.

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25

Allen, Robert, Laszlo Toth, Andrew Oppedal, and Haitham El Kadiri. "Crystal Plasticity Modeling of Anisotropic Hardening and Texture Due to Dislocation Transmutation in Twinning." Materials 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2018): 1855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101855.

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In crystalline materials, dislocations are three-dimensional lattice distortions that systematically distort twin interfaces that they encounter. This results in dislocation dissociation events and changes in the atomic structure of the interface. The manner in which the interface distorts drive the product of the dissociation event, and consequently, the incident dislocation core and the magnitude and relative direction of the Burgers vector govern these slip-twin interaction phenomena. Recent characterization studies using transmission electron microscopy as well as advanced molecular dynamic simulations have shown that slip dislocations, whether striking or struck by a {10 1 ¯ 2} twin boundary, dissociate into a combination of twinning disconnections, interfacial disclinations (facets), jogs, and other types of dislocations engulfed inside the twin domains, called transmuted dislocations. While twinning disconnections were found to promote twin propagation, the dislocations incorporated inside the twin are of considerable importance to hardening and damage initiation as they more significantly obstruct slip dislocations accommodating plasticity of the twins. In this work, the dislocation transmutation event and its effect on hardening is captured using a dislocation density based hardening model contained in a visco-plastic self-consistent mean-field model. This is done by allowing the twins to increase their dislocation densities, not only by virtue of slip inside the twin, but also through dislocations that transmute from the parents as the twin volume fraction increases. A correspondence matrix rule is used to determine the type of converted dislocations while tracking and parameterizing their evolution. This hypothesis provides a modeling framework for capturing slip-twin interactions. The model is used to simulate the mechanical response of pure Mg and provides a more physically based approach for modeling stress-strain behavior.

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26

Alankar, Alankar, and David P. Field. "Modeling of Deformation Microstructure - Strain Hardening and Crystallographic Reorientation of Crystallites in a Columnar Polycrystal." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.196.

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In this work microstructure evolution in a columnar polycrystal of pure aluminum is studied using a microstructure sensitive crystal plasticity finite element model (CPFEM). In the model, based upon the kinematics of crystal deformation and dislocation interaction laws, dislocation generation and annihilation are modeled. Dislocation densities evolve in the form of closed loops and are tracked as state variables, leading to spatially inhomogeneous dislocation densities that show patterning in the dislocation structures. The hardening law is based on the strength of junctions between dislocations on specific slip systems. The CPFEM model is able to show the anisotropic hardening behavior of aluminum single crystals. The measures of accumulated plastic strain in the experiment and the simulation are compared with varying degrees of success.

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27

Raghothamachar, Balaji, Rafael Dalmau, Baxter Moody, H. Spalding Craft, Raoul Schlesser, Jin Qiao Xie, Ramón Collazo, Michael Dudley, and Zlatko Sitar. "Low Defect Density Bulk AlN Substrates for High Performance Electronics and Optoelectronics." Materials Science Forum 717-720 (May 2012): 1287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.717-720.1287.

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Using the physical vapor transport (PVT) method, single crystal boules of AlN have been grown and wafers sliced from them have been characterized by synchrotron white beam X-ray topography (SWBXT) in conjunction with optical microscopy. X-ray topographs reveal that the wafers contain dislocations that are inhomogeneously distributed with densities varying from as low as 0 cm-2 to as high as 104 cm-2. Two types of dislocations have been identified: basal plane dislocations and threading dislocations, both having Burgers vectors of type 1/3<112-0> indicating that their origin is likely due to post-growth deformation. In some cases, the dislocations are arranged in low angle grain boundaries. However, large areas of the wafers are nearly dislocation-free and section X-ray topographs of these regions reveal the high crystalline perfection.

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28

Du, H., Marek Skowronski, Philip G. Neudeck, Andrew J. Trunek, David J. Spry, and J. Anthony Powell. "Relaxation Mechanism of the Defect-Free 3C-SiC Epitaxial Films Grown on Step-Free 4H SiC Mesas." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.279.

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Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to investigate the extended defects in 3C-SiC films deposited on atomically flat 4H-SiC mesas. The nominal layer thickness was 10 μm and was considerably larger than the critical thickness determined by either the Matthews and Blakeslee or People and Bean models. Threading dislocation densities determined by KOH etching are far below densities typical of relaxed heteroepitaxial layers, down to as low as 104cm-2 densities found in 4H-SiC. Misfit dislocations with Burgers vectors of <11 2 0> were observed in planes parallel to the 3C/4H SiC interface. These defects were interpreted as due to nucleation of dislocation half loops at mesa edges and glide along the 3C/4H interface.

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29

Chen, Xin, Daniel Zuo, Seongwon Kim, James Mabon, Mauro Sardela, Jianguo Wen, and Jian-Min Zuo. "Large Area and Depth-Profiling Dislocation Imaging and Strain Analysis in Si/SiGe/Si Heterostructures." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, no. 5 (August 27, 2014): 1521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927614012963.

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AbstractWe demonstrate the combined use of large area depth-profiling dislocation imaging and quantitative composition and strain measurement for a strained Si/SiGe/Si sample based on nondestructive techniques of electron beam-induced current (EBIC) and X-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping (XRD RSM). Depth and improved spatial resolution is achieved for dislocation imaging in EBIC by using different electron beam energies at a low temperature of ~7 K. Images recorded clearly show dislocations distributed in three regions of the sample: deep dislocation networks concentrated in the “strained” SiGe region, shallow misfit dislocations at the top Si/SiGe interface, and threading dislocations connecting the two regions. Dislocation densities at the top of the sample can be measured directly from the EBIC results. XRD RSM reveals separated peaks, allowing a quantitative measurement of composition and strain corresponding to different layers of different composition ratios. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy cross-section analysis clearly shows the individual composition layers and the dislocation lines in the layers, which supports the EBIC and XRD RSM results.

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30

Raghothamachar, Balaji, Yu Yang, Rafael Dalmau, Baxter Moody, H. Spalding Craft, Raoul Schlesser, Michael Dudley, and Zlatko Sitar. "Defect Generation Mechanisms in PVT-Grown AlN Single Crystal Boules." Materials Science Forum 740-742 (January 2013): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.740-742.91.

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A systematic study on the density and distribution of extended defects in a typical single crystal AlN boule grown by the physical vapor transport (PVT) method has been carried out in order to gain a detailed understanding of the formation of defects such as dislocations and low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). Boule surface studies reveal that LAGBs are nucleated during initial stages of growth and propagate to the end of growth. Basal plane dislocations (BPDs) are generated during growth due to thermal gradient stresses. Higher BPD densities are found near the LAGBs at the boule edges due to additional stresses from constrained growth. Threading edge dislocations (TEDs) are typically replicated from the seed, and LAGBs composed of arrays of threading dislocation walls are formed to accommodate the c-axis rotation between different groups of threading screw dislocation (TSD) mediated growth centers.

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31

Lee, Jae Won, and Marek Skowronski. "Structure of “Star” Defect in 4H-SiC Substrates and Epilayers." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.403.

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The structure of the “star” defect in 4H-SiC substrates and its effects on the extended defect structures in the epilayers were studied by molten KOH etching and transmission x-ray topography. Star defects consist of a center region with high densities of threading dislocations (both edge and screw types) and six arms of dislocation arrays extending along <11-20> directions. In addition, multiple linear dislocation arrays extending perpendicular to the off-cut direction were observed in the epilayers. Dislocation arrays extending along <11-20> directions are consistent with the slip bands generated by the prismatic slip: a/3<11-20>{1-100}. Bands of linear dislocation arrays extending perpendicular to the off-cut direction correspond to the threading edge dislocations nucleated during epitaxial growth.

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32

Griffiths, M., J. E. Winegar, J. F. Mecke, and R. A. Holt. "Determination of Dislocation Densities in Hexagonal Close-Packed Metals using X-Ray Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy." Advances in X-ray Analysis 35, A (1991): 593–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800009290.

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AbstractX-ray diffraction (XRD) line-broadening analysis has been used to determine dislocation densities in zirconium alloys with hexagonal closepacked (hep) crystal structures and a complex distribution of dislocations reflecting the plastic, anisotropy of the material. The validity of the technique has been assessed by comparison with direct measurements of dislocation densities in deformed polycrystalline and neutron-irradiated single crystal material using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that-there is good agreement between the XRD and TEM for measurements on the deformed material whereas there is a large discrepancy for measurements on the irradiated single crystal; the XRD measurements significantly underestimating the TEM observations.

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33

Unga´r, T., G. Riba´rik, J. Gubicza, and P. Hana´k. "Dislocation Structure and Crystallite Size Distribution in Plastically Deformed Metals Determined by Diffraction Peak Profile Analysis." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 124, no. 1 (May 21, 2001): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1418364.

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The dislocation densities and arrangement parameters and the crystallite size and size-distributions are determined in tensile or cyclically deformed polycrystalline copper specimens by X-ray diffraction peak profile analysis. The Fourier coefficients of profiles measured by a special high resolution X-ray diffractometer with negligible instrumental broadening have been fitted by the Fourier transforms of ab-initio size and strain profiles. It is found that in the fatigued samples the dislocations are mainly of edge type with strong dipole character. In the fatigued specimens the dislocation densities are found to be larger than in the tensile deformed samples when the saturation and flow stress levels are the same.

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34

Cai, Minglei, Tedi Kujofsa, Xinkang Chen, Md Tanvirul Islam, and John E. Ayers. "Interaction Length for Dislocations in Compositionally-Graded Heterostructures." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 27, no. 03n04 (September 2018): 1840022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156418400220.

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Several simple models have been developed for the threading dislocation behavior in heteroepitaxial semiconductor materials. Tachikawa and Yamaguchi [Appl. Phys. Lett., 56, 484 (1990)] and Romanov et al. [Appl. Phys. Lett., 69, 3342 (1996)] described models for the annihilation and coalescence of threading dislocations in uniform-composition layers, and Kujofsa et al. [J. Electron. Mater., 41, 2993 (2013)] extended the annihilation and coalescence model to compositionally-graded and multilayered structures by including the misfit dislocation-threading dislocation interactions. However, an important limitation of these previous models is that they involve empirical parameters. The goal of this work is to develop a predictive model for annihilation and coalescence of threading dislocations which is based on the dislocation interaction length Lint. In the first case if only in-plane glide is considered the interaction length is equal to the length of misfit dislocation segments while in the second case glide and climb are considered and the interaction length is a function of the distance from the interface, the length of misfit dislocations, and the density of the misfit dislocations. In either case the interaction length may be calculated using a model for dislocation flow. Knowledge of the dislocation interaction length allows predictive calculations of the threading dislocation densities in metamorphic device structures and is of great practical importance. Here we demonstrate the latter model based on glide and climb. Future work should compare the two models to determine which is more relevant to typical device heterostructures.

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35

Ma, A., Franz Roters, and Dierk Raabe. "A Dislocation Density Based Constitutive Model for Crystal Plasticity FEM." Materials Science Forum 495-497 (September 2005): 1007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.495-497.1007.

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Crystallographic slip, i.e. movement of dislocations on distinct slip planes, is the main source of plastic deformation of most metals. Therefore, it was an obvious idea to build a constitutive model based on dislocation densities as internal state variables in the crystal plasticity. In this paper the dislocation model recently proposed by Ma and Roters (Ma A. and Roters F., Acta Materialia, 52, 3603-3612, 2004) has been extended to a nonlocal model through separating the statistically stored dislocation and geometrically necessary dislocation densities. A nonlocal integration algorithm is proposed, which can be more easily used in conjunction with commercial software such as MARC and ABAQUS than the model proposed in the work of Evers(Evers L.P., Brekelmans W.A.M., Geers M.G.D., Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 52, 2379-2401, 2004).

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36

Wheeler, John, Elisabetta Mariani, Sandra Piazolo, David J. Prior, P. J. Trimby, and M. R. Drury. "The Weighted Burgers Vector: A Quantity for Constraining Dislocation Densities and Types Using Electron Backscatter Diffraction on 2D Sections through Crystalline Materials." Materials Science Forum 715-716 (April 2012): 732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.732.

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The Weighted Burgers Vector (WBV) is defined as the sum, over all types of dislocations, of [(density of intersections of dislocation lines with a map) x (Burgers vector)]. It can be calculated, for any crystal system, solely from orientation gradients in a map view, unlike the full dislocation density tensor, which requires gradients in the third dimension. No assumption is made about gradients in the third dimension and they may be non-zero. The only assumption involved is that elastic strains are small so the lattice distortion is entirely due to dislocations. Orientation gradients can be estimated from gridded orientation measurements obtained by EBSD mapping, so the WBV can be calculated as a vector field on an EBSD map. The magnitude of the WBV gives a lower bound on the magnitude of the dislocation density tensor when that magnitude is defined in a coordinate invariant way. The direction of the WBV can constrain the types of Burgers vectors of geometrically necessary dislocations present in the microstructure, most clearly when it is broken down in terms of lattice vectors. The WBV has five advantages over other measures of local lattice distortion. 1. It is a vector and hence carries more information than any scalar measure of local misorientation. 2. It has an explicit mathematical link to the individual Burgers vectors of dislocations. 3. Since it is derived via tensor calculus, it is not dependent on the map coordinate system, in contrast to existing measures of local misorientation which are not only scalar but dependent on the coordinate system used. 4. Calculation involves no assumptions about energy minimisation. 5. The numerical differentiation involved in calculating the WBV may introduce errors, but there is a direct mathematical link to a contour integral. The net Burgers vector content of dislocations intersecting an area of a map can be simply calculated by an integration round the edge of that area, a method which is fast and complements point-by-point WBV calculations. Errors in orientation measurement will have a much smaller effect here, and dislocations can be detected which are otherwise lost in the noise of any local calculation.

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37

Jóni, Bertalan, Talal Al-Samman, Sandip Ghosh Chowdhury, Gábor Csiszár, and Tamás Ungár. "Dislocation densities and prevailing slip-system types determined by X-ray line profile analysis in a textured AZ31 magnesium alloy deformed at different temperatures." Journal of Applied Crystallography 46, no. 1 (January 17, 2013): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889812046705.

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Tension experiments were carried out at room temperature, 473 K and 673 K on AZ31-type extruded magnesium alloy samples. The tensile deformation has almost no effect on the typical extrusion texture at any of the investigated temperatures. X-ray diffraction patterns provided by a high-angular-resolution diffractometer were analyzed for the dislocation density and slip activity after deformation to fracture. The diffraction peaks were sorted into two groups corresponding either to the major or to the random texture components in the specimen. The two groups of reflections were evaluated simultaneously as if the two texture components were two different phases. The dislocation densities in the major texture components are found to be always larger than those in the randomly oriented grain populations. The overwhelming fraction of dislocations prevailing in the samples is found to be of 〈a〉 type, with a smaller fraction of 〈c + a〉-type dislocations. The fraction of 〈c〉-type dislocations is always obtained to be zero within experimental error.

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38

Myers-Ward, Rachael L., Brenda L. VanMil, Robert E. Stahlbush, S. L. Katz, J. M. McCrate, S. A. Kitt, Charles R. Eddy, and D. Kurt Gaskill. "Turning of Basal Plane Dislocations during Epitaxial Growth on 4° Off-Axis 4H-SiC." Materials Science Forum 615-617 (March 2009): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.615-617.105.

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Epitaxial layers were grown on 4° off-axis 4H-SiC substrates by hot-wall chemical vapor deposition. The reduced off-cut angle resulted in lower basal plane dislocation (BPD) densities. The dependence of BPD reduction on growth conditions was investigated using ultraviolet photoluminescence (UVPL) imaging. With this method, it was found that the dislocations were converting to threading edge dislocations throughout the thickness of the film. A high (≥ 97%) conversion efficiency was found for all films grown with this orientation. A conversion of 100% was achieved for several films without pre-growth treatments or growth interrupts.

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39

Rauch, Edgar F., and G. Shigesato. "The Dislocation Patterns in Deformed Metals: Dislocation Densities, Distributions and Related Misorientations." Materials Science Forum 550 (July 2007): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.550.193.

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The dislocation substructure that appears in deformed metals and alloys have been extensively investigated in the past by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). They are known to form a broad variety of microstructures. These substructures are characterized by three main parameters, namely the density of the dislocations that are trapped in the tangles, their degree of patterning and the misorientation between the cells. The aim of the present work is to investigate the relationship between these features and the mechanical properties of the material.

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40

Mughrabi, Haël, and Bernhard Obst. "Misorientations and geometrically necessary dislocations in deformed copper crystals: A microstructural analysis of X-ray rocking curves." International Journal of Materials Research 96, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 688–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2005-0122.

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Abstract In this study, the deformation-induced misorientations that are typically found in face-centred cubic single crystals deformed in single slip into stage II (and early stage III) of the work-hardening curve are discussed with respect to the experimentally observed broadening of X-ray rocking curves. By making use of well-established empirical relationships between characteristic features of the microstructure and the flow stress, some of the ambiguities of earlier interpretations of rocking curves could be avoided, and relationships between the half-widths of the rocking curves, the density of geometrically necessary dislocations, and the flow stress could be derived for both the tilt misorientations due to the kink bands lying perpendicular to the primary Burgers vector and the twist misorientations originating from the dislocation networks (grids, sheets) lying parallel to the primary glide plane. An evaluation of largely unpublished experimental rocking-curve data obtained on different crystallographic sections of deformed copper single crystals yielded a linear relationship between the broadening of the rocking curves and the flow stress. In terms of the predictions of the model developed, this implies that the ratio of the density of the geometrically necessary dislocations (that are responsible for the misorientations) to the total dislocation density remains constant during deformation, at least up to flow stresses of about 50 MPa. The absolute densities of the geometrically necessary dislocations are found to be a small fraction (at most ca. 5%) of the total dislocation densities. In terms of the evolution laws of deformation-induced dislocation boundaries proposed in the literature, it is concluded that both kink bands and grids/ sheets follow the characteristics of so-called geometrically necessary boundaries.

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41

Li, Miao Miao, Xiao Ping Su, De Shen Feng, Jian Long Zuo, Nan Li, and Xue Wu Wang. "The Study of Flower-Shaped Structure Dislocation in 4 Inch <100> Germanium Single Crystal." Materials Science Forum 685 (June 2011): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.685.141.

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As the key component of single junction GaAs/Ge solar cells and GaAs/Ge solar cells, the quality of germanium single crystal affects the properties of space solar cell directly. The dislocation of germanium single crystals is the main impact factor on solar cells efficiency. Through measuring dislocation densities in the different positions of 4 inch <100> germanium single crystals produced by Czochralski method, we found that flower-shaped structure dislocations pattern was mainly caused by the inclusions. This paper briefly analyzed dislocations produced by inclusions, chemical etching pits method. SEM and EDS measurement methods were also employed to study the flower-shaped structure defects. A germanium single crystal with low dislocation density was obtained and the special defects were almost eliminated. The germanium single crystal with low dislocation density (PV) was obtained, which could meet the requirement of the GaAs/Ge solar cells.

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42

Tao, Ping, Fei Ye, Jianming Gong, Richard A. Barrett, and Seán B. Leen. "A dislocation-based yield strength model for nano-indentation size effect." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 235, no. 6 (February 20, 2021): 1238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420721992796.

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This paper presents a dislocation-based yield strength model for the nano-indentation size effect. The model is based on functional expressions involving the densities of statistically stored dislocations and geometrically necessary dislocations. A single-phase austenitic stainless steel (316L) and a ferrite-austenite dual-phase steel (2205) are used here as the case-study materials to validate the proposed model. Experimental testing and finite element modelling of nano-indentation of the two materials are presented. Experimental tests are performed in the indentation load range from 1000[Formula: see text] to 10000[Formula: see text]. For 2205 steel, finite element modelling is performed using a dual-phase microstructure-based model. It is shown that, with consideration of statistically stored dislocations and geometrically necessary dislocations, finite element modelling results can reproduce measured load–displacement curves and hence, the size effect, within an error range of about 5%.

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43

Lashmore, David S., and Robb Thomson. "Cracks and dislocations in face-centered cubic metallic multilayers." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 9 (September 1992): 2379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.2379.

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In this paper, we have demonstrated that very perfect thin multilayers of the Cu/Ni system can be prepared with coherent interfaces if the layer modulation wavelength is in the 10 nm range. At modulation thicknesses above about 60 nm, the interfaces become incoherent. We have injected a crack into a coherent interface in the 10 nm case which has generated dislocations into the interface forming the crack plane, as well as into the layers adjacent to the crack plane. The dislocations injected into the crack plane presumably form misfit dislocations on that interface, and are grouped so close to the crack tip that individual dislocations are not completely imaged. The dislocations injected into the adjacent layers are distributed rather widely. We have analyzed the dislocation emission from a crack in the fcc geometry appropriate to the multilayers using a simplified elastic theory developed for cracks in homogeneous materials. The mixed mode loading which the misfit stresses are expected to produce lead one to expect these materials to be ductile and to have high toughness. Very high dislocation densities on the crack plane near the crack, however, may lead to a brittle mode of failure, which is beyond the purview of the elastic theory. The dislocations are observed to have strong interactions with alternating interfaces in the multilayers, and this effect could be due to elastic bunching of the dislocations at alternating interfaces caused by the misfit stress.

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44

Yang, Long, Li Xia Zhao, Hui Wang Wu, Yafei Liu, Tuerxun Ailihumaer, Balaji Raghothamachar, and Michael Dudley. "Characterization and Reduction of Defects in 4H-SiC Substrate and Homo-Epitaxial Wafer." Materials Science Forum 1004 (July 2020): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1004.387.

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4H-SiC substrates and homo-epitaxial layers were obtained using the traditional methods of physical vapor transport and chemical vapor deposition. Defect morphology has been studied using both Synchrotron White Beam X-ray Topography and Monochromatic Beam X-ray Topography. Molten KOH etching method was adopted to further investigate the dislocation behavior mechanisms. Deflected dislocations were observed at the periphery regions in both substrate and epitaxial wafers. 3C polytypes and half loop arrays were observed in the 4H-SiC epitaxial wafer. It is also found that the majority of basal plane dislocations are converted to threading edge dislocations in the epitaxial wafer samples. The proportion of BPD to TED conversion depends on the surface step morphology and growth mode in epitaxial growth which in turn depends on the C/Si ratio. By the optimization of etching time prior to epitaxy and C/Si ratio, high-quality epitaxial wafers with extremely low basal plane dislocations densities (＜0.1 cm-2) was obtained.

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45

Dirand, Laura, Alain Jacques, Jean Philippe Chateau, Thomas Schenk, Olivier Ferry, and Pierre Bastie. "Diffraction Profile, Strain Distribution and Dislocation Densities during Stage II Creep of a Superalloy." Advanced Materials Research 278 (July 2011): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.278.37.

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One of the major ingredients of modelling the mechanical behaviour of superalloys is the knowledge of dislocation densities and strain distribution. Both can be measured using post mortem BF TEM and CBED, but such methods do not allow following their variations during a test. The aim of the present work is to investigate the usefulness of in situ X-Ray Three Crystal Diffractometry (TCD) to measure the density and distribution of dislocations within a rafted superalloy, i.e. during stage II of high temperature creep. As the instrument contribution is very low, the two-peaked experimental profiles are representative of the lattice parameter distribution within the material. The profiles were measured within bulk specimens at the BW5 high energy beamline Hasylab (DESY), during high temperature (1050°C to 1180°C) tests under loads between 0 MPa and 300 MPa. The peak shapes were observed to change with varying experimental conditions. The peak width follows different patterns under low and high stress, i.e. with low and high strain rates. The distribution of elastic strains was calculated by assuming two main contributions: dislocation segments trapped at the γ/γ’ interfaces in a more or less regular network, and dislocations moving within the γ’ rafts. A comparison between experimental and simulated peaks shows that several features of their behaviour can be explained: the absolute magnitude of the peak width, the observed decrease of the peak width under low loads with increasing interfacial dislocation densities. The larger increase in the width of the γ’ peak under high load (and strain rate) may be attributed to a dislocation density within the 1013 m-2 range within the rafts. The present results are presently being cross-checked by post mortem TEM observations.

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46

Fathi, Mohamed. "Delineation of Crystalline Extended Defects on Multicrystalline Silicon Wafers." International Journal of Photoenergy 2007 (2007): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/18298.

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We have selected Secco and Yang etch solutions for the crystalline defect delineation on multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafers. Following experimentations and optimization of Yang and Secco etching process parameters, we have successfully revealed crystalline extended defects on mc-Si surfaces. A specific delineation process with successive application of Yang and Secco agent on the same sample has proved the increased sensitivity of Secco etch to crystalline extended defects in mc-Si materials. The exploration of delineated mc-Si surfaces indicated that strong dislocation densities are localized mainly close to the grain boundaries and on the level of small grains in size (below 1 mm). Locally, we have observed the formation of several parallel dislocation lines, perpendicular to the grain boundaries. The overlapping of several dislocations lines has revealed particular forms for etched pits of dislocations.

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47

Wang, Ding, Ping Wang, Shubham Mondal, Yixin Xiao, Mingtao Hu, and Zetian Mi. "Impact of dislocation density on the ferroelectric properties of ScAlN grown by molecular beam epitaxy." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 4 (July 25, 2022): 042108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0099913.

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We report on the effect of dislocation density on the ferroelectric properties of single-crystalline ScAlN thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Wurtzite phase and atomically smooth ScAlN films have been grown on bulk GaN, GaN on sapphire, and GaN on Si substrates with dislocation densities ranging from ∼107 to 1010 cm−2. Despite the significant difference in dislocation density, ferroelectricity is observed in all three samples. The presence of high densities of dislocations, however, results in enhanced asymmetric P–E loops and overestimated remnant polarization values. Further measurements show that the leakage current and breakdown strength can be improved with decreasing dislocation density. Detailed studies suggest that trapping/detrapping assisted transport is the main leakage mechanism in epitaxial ferroelectric ScAlN films. This work sheds light on the essential material quality considerations for tuning the ferroelectric property of ScAlN toward integration with mainstream semiconductor platforms, e.g., Si, and paves the way for next-generation electronics, optoelectronics, and piezoelectronics.

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48

Katakam, Krishna Chaitanya, and Natraj Yedla. "Deformation Behaviour of Single Linear Surface Defect Nickel Nanowire at Different Temperatures Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations." Materials Science Forum 978 (February 2020): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.978.428.

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The mechanical properties and deformation mechanism of nickel nanowire of dimension 100 Å (x-axis) × 1000 Å (y-axis) × 100 Å (z-axis) containing a single linear surface defect is studied at different temperatures using molecular dynamics simulations. The defect is created by deleting a row of atoms on the surface and is inclined at 25° to the loading axis. The tensile test is carried out at 0.01 K, 10 K, 100 K and 300 K temperature and 108 s-1strain rate. To determine the effect of temperature on the stress-strain curves, fracture and failure mechanism, a thorough investigation has taken place. Maximum strength of 21.26 GPa is observed for NW deformed at 0.01 K temperature and the strength decreased with increase in temperature. Through slip lines, the deformation relief pattern taken place by developing the extrusion areas along with intrusion over the surface defect area in all NWs deformed at respective temperatures. Further it is observed that fracture strains decrease with increase in temperature. After yielding, stacking faults associated with dislocations are generated by slip on all four {111} planes. Different type of dislocations with both intrinsic and extrinsic stacking faults are noticed. Out of all dislocation densities, Shockley partial dislocation densities has recorded a maximum value.

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Markenscoff, X., and Luqun Ni. "The Debonded Interface Anticrack." Journal of Applied Mechanics 63, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2823342.

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The debonded interface anticrack is treated analytically and the singularity at the tip is found to vary between 1/2 and 1, with the dependence on the material constants combination explicitly obtained. While the case of uniform tension and shear loading at infinity has been solved, the method of solution, which consists of distributing dislocation and line load densities, readily lends itself to solution for other point loadings, such as concentrated forces or dislocations.

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50

Lu, Qi, Andrew Marshall, and Anthony Krier. "Metamorphic Integration of GaInAsSb Material on GaAs Substrates for Light Emitting Device Applications." Materials 12, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12111743.

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The GaInAsSb material has been conventionally grown on lattice-matched GaSb substrates. In this work, we transplanted this material onto the GaAs substrates in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The threading dislocations (TDs) originating from the large lattice mismatch were efficiently suppressed by a novel metamorphic buffer layer design, which included the interfacial misfit (IMF) arrays at the GaSb/GaAs interface and strained GaInSb/GaSb multi-quantum wells (MQWs) acting as dislocation filtering layers (DFLs). Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed that a large part of the dislocations was bonded on the GaAs/GaSb interface due to the IMF arrays, and the four repetitions of the DFL regions can block most of the remaining threading dislocations. Etch pit density (EPD) measurements indicated that the dislocation density in the GaInAsSb material on top of the buffer layer was reduced to the order of 106 /cm2, which was among the lowest for this compound material grown on GaAs. The light emitting diodes (LEDs) based on the GaInAsSb P-N structures on GaAs exhibited strong electro-luminescence (EL) in the 2.0–2.5 µm range. The successful metamorphic growth of GaInAsSb on GaAs with low dislocation densities paved the way for the integration of various GaInAsSb based light emitting devices on the more cost-effective GaAs platform.

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