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1
Koh-Tan, Angela. "The determinants of effectiveness of sporting associations in Singapore." UWA Business School, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0210.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study explores the different perceptions of effectiveness among four constituent groups of stakeholders in Singapore national sports associations. The four groups are athletes, board members, coaches, and secretariat staff. The study applies a qualitative research methodology. It uses a focus group and semi-structured interviews across 25 national sports associations. The qualitative data is analysed using NVivo software to organise the data into general themes and as an aid in breaking the data into sub-themes. The four constituent groups discuss multi-faceted perceptions of effectiveness by providing varying interpretations, meanings, inferences, and relational issues depending on the roles they hold. While confirming multi-dimensional perceptions of effectiveness, the study uncovers three determinants of effectiveness that are not cited directly in the literature: communication, athlete management, and commitment and organisation of the management committee. The study suggests major tensions in terms of organisational and personal athlete outcomes. It also highlights the paramount importance of funding, both for sports development and the organisation's personnel staffing and systems. There is a symbiotic relationship between internal and external perceptions of influences on effective performance. The findings suggest constituent groups' perceptions of the Singapore Sports Council influence their perceptions of effectiveness within their own associations. In turn, SSC's policy making and organisational behaviour are perceived to affect how the effectiveness of constituent groups is evaluated as well as their scope for action within their organisations. The implications for sports administrators and policy makers include the need for better communications between and within constituent groups, quality leadership (with decisions based on sports management and sports science knowledge), a more equitable distribution of funds, an internal environment of trust and empowerment balanced by objectivism, and an external environment of realism balanced by recognition of the need for continual performance improvement.
2
Lyandvert, Shayna. "Does Discrimination Exist in the National Hockey League? An Analysis of Racial Salary Discrimination in the NHL (2012-2017)." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1916.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper examines whether racial salary discrimination exists in the National Hockey League (NHL). I examine data from Hockey Reference and CapFriendly and find some evidence of racial salary discrimination, controlling for a rich set of demographic and performance characteristics. Specifically, when I solely control for race, I do not find any racial wage gap. This gap exists when I control for race and limited place of birth groups, however, the effect is wiped out by performance controls. When controlling for race and detailed place of birth groups, I find some evidence of a race gap even when controls for performance are included. Lastly, I discover that whites from all countries excluding the USA earn more than whites from the USA.
3
Corbo, Monica. "Title IX compliance non-Appalachian versus Appalachian in colleges and universities /." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2003. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=366.
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4
Padgett, Brandice A. "Women in sports journalism : do the barriers still exist? /." View online, 1998. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211130723123.pdf.
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5
Simmons, Joseph Paull. "Gender issues and equity within Canadian high school sport." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0021/MQ56203.pdf.
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6
Bruening, Jennifer E. "Phenomenal Women: A Qualitative Study of Silencing, Stereotypes, Socialization, and Strategies for Change in the Sport Participation of African American Female Student-Athletes." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392903455.
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Peh, Kian Chye. "Foreign students' experience in socialization through participation in sports in a Singapore international school : a case study." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7775/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is a qualitative case study that aims at researching on six foreign students’ experiential process in inter-national socialization and identity development in their participation in a Singapore international school’s sport programme. Based on the multi-dimensional model, the study aims to provide understanding of the factors and experiences involved in the socialization process of these students as they participate in both formal and informal sporting activities. The study seeks to gain a theoretical understanding of the phenomena involved through using various social-psychological perspectives and theories to explain research findings. The study also serves to provide an understanding of the value of sport participation in a person’s schooling life as well as the problems young people generally encounter whilst socializing in an international setting. The findings of the study reveal the importance of having sporting activities as a means for inter-national socialization among the young students, where sport participation can provide a sense of shared reality which builds and develops positive relationships. The study also reveals the importance of having an amicable and people-oriented ethos in a school, which helps promote socialization in general. In relation to theoretical understanding from both the ‘developmental’ and ‘humanistic-social constructionist’ perspectives, the study reveals that multiple theories have to be utilized to provide better comprehension of the phenomena involved.
8
Martel, Josée. ""It's a long hard road to the top" : the career paths and leadership experiences of women in Canadian sport administration." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of British Columbia, 2007.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-173). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.
9
Fleischman, Robert Paul. "Perceptions of Title IX and gender equity the influence of life histories, sports experiences, and campus initiatives /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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10
Brown, Katrina Janel. "The demography of Nike, Helena, and Melpomene a feminist socio-legal analysis of athletic gender equity via sports law /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317327281&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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11
Oates, Thomas Patrick. "On the block race, gender, and power in the NFL draft /." Diss., University of Iowa, 2004. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/114.
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12
Chappell, Christie Mikyla. "Perceptions of Gender in Collegiate Coaching: How Men’s and Women’s Experiences are Different." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26610.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The number of men in collegiate coaching, in comparison to women, is overwhelmingly unbalanced. The accessibility men have to the profession of collegiate coaching at a high level in comparison to women’s’ greatly affects women’s’ ability to achieve similar jobs. The ease at which men attain jobs coaching both genders is perpetuated through the desire to maintain collegiate athletics as a male dominated profession. The women’s perspective broadens the profession itself and helps to break down the societal roles that have been assigned to women. The lack of women in collegiate coaching discourages other women from entering the profession and the women did not feel supported, accepted, or welcomed as collegiate coaches. The results also show a combination of feeling scrutinized because of their gender, and pressure to prove themselves as valuable members of the profession, which led the women interviewed to question if they should continue to coach.
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Chappell, Christie Mikyla. "Perceptions of Gender in Collegiate Coaching: How Men?s and Women?s Experiences are Different." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26610.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The number of men in collegiate coaching, in comparison to women, is overwhelmingly unbalanced. The accessibility men have to the profession of collegiate coaching at a high level in comparison to women?s? greatly affects women?s? ability to achieve similar jobs. The ease at which men attain jobs coaching both genders is perpetuated through the desire to maintain collegiate athletics as a male dominated profession. The women?s perspective broadens the profession itself and helps to break down the societal roles that have been assigned to women. The lack of women in collegiate coaching discourages other women from entering the profession and the women did not feel supported, accepted, or welcomed as collegiate coaches. The results also show a combination of feeling scrutinized because of their gender, and pressure to prove themselves as valuable members of the profession, which led the women interviewed to question if they should continue to coach.
14
Brinkley, Stacey K. "Time out on the field : a study of the socialization experiences of African American women in intercollegiate athletics administration /." View abstract, 2006. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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15
Roberts, Cheryl. "Reconstruction of South African sport: from sports activism to post-apartheid policy planning and implementation." National and Olympic Sports Congress, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/73426.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The six papers which appear in this publication were delivered at a consultative conference of the National and Olympic Sports Congress which was held in Johannesburg from 1-3 November 1991. There is no doubt that this conference on development could not have been held at a more critical juncture in South Africa's history, particularly at a time when the country stands on the threshold of an era which is expected to usher in a non-racial, democratic society. Given the legacy of apartheid, development and preparation have become priorities for the National and Olympic Sports Congress. It was against the background of the inequalities and future projections for transformation of the sports network which brought delegates together from across South Africa and from all codes of sport and co-ordinating regional councils. A central theme of the papers is that the reconstruction of South African sport demands a national programme, one that would ensure progress towards an equitable sports structure but also one that would set realistic goals without raising expectations that are unlikely to be realised. A central challenge of the conference was the search for a suitable combination of high performance sport and mass participation. The gender question in sport also came under the spotlight. Sport's male-dominated, hierarchical and sexist structure was mandated for urgent review. Conference was told that black women have very few opportunities to participate in sport unlike white sportswomen and sports people overall. Five resolutions, aimed at transforming the present state of South African sport, were adopted at the conference. After exhaustive discussions delegates identified the broad themes to be: national development and planning, national sports policy, building one sports federation, sponsorship, rural areas, affirmative action and empowerment. Conference noted the absence of a co-ordinated national sports policy, the heavy commercialisation of sport together with the lack of vision and planning for the future of sport. In this regard it was resolved to intiate the acceptance and development of a national sports policy which would emphasise development, national identity and patriotism, democracy, accountability, non-racialism and non-sexism. If the conference deliberations are to be seriously implemented then the apartheid sports network will undergo structural changes which will develop the historically disadvantaged and unleash the suppressed talents of millions of people who are trapped in an unequal and resourceless system.
16
Fumarco, Luca. "Essays on discrimination in the marketplace." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-40568.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is composed of four self-contained papers and focuses on discrimination in themarket place. Essay 1: “Disability Discrimination in the Rental Housing Market – A Field Experiment onBlind Tenants.” Although discrimination against disabled people has been investigated inthe labor market, the housing market has received less attention in this regard. This paperfocuses on the latter market and investigates whether blind tenants assisted by guide dogsare discriminated against in the rental housing market. The data are collected through afield experiment in which written applications were sent in response to onlineadvertisements posted by different types of advertisers. I find statistically significantevidence that one type of online advertiser, that is, the apartment owner (i.e., a person whoadvertises and rents out his/her own apartment(s) on his/her own), discriminates againstblind tenants, because of the presence of the guide dog, not because of the disability.According to the legislation, this behavior qualifies as illegal discrimination. Essay 2: “Does the design of correspondence studies influence the measurement of discrimination?”(co-authored with Carlsson and Rooth). Correspondence studies can identify the extent ofdiscrimination in hiring as typically defined by the law, which includes discriminationagainst ethnic minorities and females. However, as Heckman and Siegelman (1993) show,if employers act upon a group difference in the variance of unobserved variables, thismeasure of discrimination may not be very informative. This issue has essentially beenignored in the empirical literature until the recent methodological development byNeumark (2012). We apply Neumark’s method to a number of already publishedcorrespondence studies. We find the Heckman and Siegelman critique relevant forempirical work and give suggestions on how future correspondence studies may address thiscritique. Essay 3: “Does Labor Market Tightness Affect Ethnic Discrimination in Hiring?” (co-authoredwith Carlsson and Rooth). In this study, we investigate whether ethnic discriminationdepends on labor market tightness. While ranking models predict a negative relationship,the prediction of screening models is ambiguous about the direction of the relationship.Thus, the direction of the relationship is purely an empirical issue. We utilize three (butcombine into two) correspondence studies of the Swedish labor market and two distinctlydifferent measures of labor market tightness. These different measures produce very similarresults, showing that a one percent increase in labor market tightness increases ethnicdiscrimination in hiring by 0.5-0.7 percent, which is consistent with a screening model.This result stands in sharp contrast to the only previous study on this matter, Baert et al.(forthcoming), which finds evidence that supports a ranking model. Essay 4: “Relative Age Effect on Labor Market Outcomes for High Skilled Workers – Evidencefrom Soccer.” In sports and education contexts, children are divided into age groups that arearbitrary constructions based on admission dates. This age-group system is thought todetermine differences in maturity between pupils within the same group, that is, relative904627 Luca Furmaco_inl.indd 5 2015-02-24 16:58age (RA). In turn, these within-age-group maturity differences produce performance gaps,that is, relative age effects (RAEs), which might persist and affect labor market outcomes. Ianalyze the RAE on labor market outcomes using a unique dataset of a particular group ofhigh-skilled workers: soccer players in the Italian major soccer league. In line with previousstudies, evidence on the existence of an RAE in terms of representativeness is found,meaning that players born relatively early in an age group are over-represented, whileplayers born relatively late are under-represented, even accounting for specific populationtrends. Moreover, players born relatively late in an age group receive lower gross wages thanplayers born relatively early. This wage gap seems to increase with age and in the quantileof the wage distribution.
17
Kay, Joanne. "The gendered construction of the female athlete." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0016/MQ29496.pdf.
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Whittier, Scott A. "Court cases involving Title IX in intercollegiate athletics." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09162005-115044/.
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19
Reifsnyder, Laura Kathryn. "Jocks for Justice: How Sports Media Reflects and Propagates Societal Narratives." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1810.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sports presents one of the most popular forms of entertainment in society, and sports media continues to expand its billion-dollar influence through new television deal and broadcasting rights. But with a population of journalists who are overwhelmingly white, straight, and male, sports media is promoting the hegemony of said image by reproducing stereotypes in its broadcasts to audiences around the country. Mainstream media regurgitates these stereotypes in their coverage of minority athlete by portraying black players as unintelligent or “thug”-ish, women as “butch”, and gay athletes as effeminate. These representations allow for the perpetuation of the white, heterosexual male narrative throughout society while sidelining those who do not fit the description. But just as sports media is growing in popularity, so too is the athlete activist. Starting in 2013, today’s athletic superstars are now using their exalted platforms to address societal issues and speak on behalf of marginalized groups that are often ignored or misrepresented by traditional media narratives. The efforts of Colin Kaepernick, Billie Jean King, and Jason Collins in fighting against the system and these stereotypes will reveal how certain athletes are represented in the media and their unique position of changing the discussion and inspiring others to challenge societal norms. The growing popularity of social media and its use as a tool for social activism will also be examined, particularly as it has revolutionized the culture of athlete activism.
20
Bogue, Elinor E. "A study of the gatekeeping role of chief photographers : the social identity theory and in-group bias in the assignment of sports photos." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2009. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1538076.
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21
Kluka, Darlene A. "The Brighton declaration on women and sport a management audit of process quality /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05262009-160707.
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22
Huske, Jared Thomas. "An analysis of the reasons behind the lack of black head football coaches at the NCAA Division I-A level and recommendations on improvements to solve this problem /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9913.
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Taylor, Bradley Lyle. "The retention and recruitment of African Americans in sport administration positions at NCAA institutions." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1221294.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The intent of this investigation was to examine age and gender differences in neuromuscular adaptations following 12 wks of progressive resistance training(PRT). 39 healthy, untrained individuals were divided into four groups: older men((OM); 70±1.67; n=9), older women((OW); 73.75±1.76;n=8), young men((YM); 25.9±2; n=6) and young women((YW);22.2±1.2; n=6). Subjects participated in a bi-lateral knee extensor PRT consisting of 2 sets of 10 repetitions and 1 set to volitional failure at 80% of their onerepetition maximum(1RM), 3 days per week. Prior to and after completion of the PRT, subjects' right thigh muscles were evaluated for cross-sectional area (CSA) via computed tomography, maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC), specific tension((ST);MVC/CSA), maximal neuromuscular drive(IEMG), and 1RM. Subcutaneous needle biopsies were also taken from the subjects' right vastus lateralis pre and post PRT. CSA increased (time, P<0.05) in all four groups following the PRT (4.35%+0.94 to 7.31%+3.87). Excluding OW, each group displayed an improvement (time, P<0.05) in MVC (OM 28.7%+5.06, YM 17.4%+5.8, and YW 17.8%±10.3). OM and YM demonstrated increases (time, P<0.05) in ST after completion of the PRT, 21.67%+4.88 and 12.5%+5.1, respectively. These two groups also improved (timeXgender, P<0.05) over their gender counterparts for this variable. IEMG increased (time, P<0.05) in OM and YM (37.8%+12.3 and 43.26+12.54, respectively) and both groups also showed improvements (timeXgender, P<0.05) over their gender counterparts. 1RM increased (time, P<0.05) in all groups (34.9%+7.9 to 57.3%+8). OW showed an increase (time, P<0.05) in the CSA of the MHC type Ha fibers. No other changes in single fiber CSA occurred. While all groups displayed increases in CSA and strength, ST and IEMG data indicate that neuromuscular drive may influence strength increases seen with resistance training to a greater extent in males than females, regardless of age.School of Physical Education
24
Jakoet, Rashaad. "A cross sectional study to determine whether there are central nervous system changes in football players who have sustained recurrent lateral ankle injuries using the laterality judgement task, two point discrimination test and limb perception testing." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20375.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: A chronic ankle sprain injury is a condition that affects professional, amateur and social football players globally. Despite a large amount of research into the medical management of this condition, it remains one of the most frequently experienced injuries in professional football. A previous ankle sprain is a recognised risk factor for future lateral ankle sprain injury. No previous study has investigated the effects of chronic lateral ankle sprains on the cortical representation of the ankle in the brain. Aim: To determine if there are any changes in the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices of football players who have a history of recurrent ankle sprain injuries Methods: 25 professional male football players (13 previously injured, 12 noninjured) with an average age of 24.9y (+/- 4.49y) from a national first division club were recruited for the study. . All players included in the study completed an informed consent form before participation in the study and were declared fit to play by the clubs medical staff. Player demographics and training history were collected by means of a questionnaire followed by anthropometric measurements being taken. Tests used in the assessment of complex regional pain syndrome (Laterality Judgement Task recognition, two point discrimination and limb perception drawing) were used to assess for cortical representation changes in both limbs of injured players and uninjured players.
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Abrell, Lura K. "An examination of the experiences of females coaching male athletes." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/691.
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26
Dieringer, Katherine I. Contreras Gloria. "An analysis of changes in perceptions of certified athletic trainers from 1996 to 2006 on the women in athletic training survey." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3679.
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Hughes, Raymond Finley. "Desegregating the holy day : football, blacks and the Southeastern Conference /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487688507503898.
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28
Sait, Shaabiera. "An anthropological investigation on the marginalization of women in sport: the case of women soccer in Gelvandale." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/10773.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the Apartheid era in South Africa, women were marginalized from sport. The ability to participate in sport in South Africa is inherently linked to the political history of the country. Sport played a dynamic role in the struggle against the diabolical system of apartheid in South Africa and has a powerful role to play in the transformation and nation building of South Africa. Women have made great strides in sport in recent years in South Africa. However, at times we find that there is unfair media coverage. The unfair coverage of women’s sport displays gender based attitudes which systematically disadvantage women’s position in society. Women’s participation in sport has grown dramatically but despite this growth coverage of women in sport remains inferior. This research study investigated the marginalization of women in soccer in the Gelvandale area, Port Elizabeth. The objective of this study is to investigate if women are being marginalised in Gelvandale where soccer is concern as well as determining the meaning of gender inequality from an anthropological perspective within the context of soccer in the Gelvandale area. Further, to contribute within the anthropology of soccer in South Africa particularly in the Eastern Cape Province and to come up with recommendations that will contribute towards improvement of soccer in Gelvandale and beyond.
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Hull, Rebecca A. "A comparison of the perceptions of NCAA Division III athletic administrators, coaches, and athletes regarding compliance with Title IX." Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/861385.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study was to compare NCAA Division III male and female athletic administrators, coaches of men's and women's basketball, coaches of men's and women's tennis, coaches of men's baseball and women's softball, and athletes in those same sport regarding perceptions of gender equity in athletics at their own institution. Data on individual perceptions of equity attainment were obtained through a mail-out survey sent to 1895 individuals at a random sampling of 100 NCAA Division III schools.The results of the survey indicated that at least 70% of the respondents perceived there to be gender equity in 13 of the 20 items tested, while over 50% of the respondents perceived there to be gender equity in 18 of 20 items. Five null hypothesis were posited for the independent variables of gender, group affiliation, sport coached, and sport played. Each of the null hypotheses failed to be accepted (alpha = .05) in a multivariate analysis of variance(MANOVA).Further, when a series of analyses of variances (ANOVAs) were performed, significant differences at the .05 level were found in 4 of the 5 dependent variables tested: program support, financial support, sports offerings, scheduling, and changes in the past 2-3 years. For the interaction of gender and group affiliation, a significant difference was found in program support only.Females perceived there to be less equity than males in all factors. Athletes perceived there to be less equity than athletic directors in program support, financial support and changes; and less equity than coaches in program support and scheduling.Coaches of women's softball and women's basketball perceived there to be less equity in program support than coaches of men's sports. Coaches of women's sports indicated less equity than coaches of men's sports in financial support. Women's team captains perceived less equity than men's team captains in financial support. Women's softball players perceived less equity than other team captains in program support, while women's tennis perceived less equity than men's team captains in program support.For changes in the past two years, each gender indicated the opposite was favored. For other dependent variables, when an advantage was registered, the advantagefavored the men.Department of Educational Leadership
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Booysen, Conrad. "The application of discriminant analysis and logistical regression as methods of compilation in the prediction function in youth rugby." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27250.
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Chapman, Aurelia. "The ties that bind : the relationship between politics and cricket in South Africa (1989-1992)." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/996.
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Hollingsworth, Jerry Don. "An Analysis of the Perception of the Degree of Compliance of Selected Texas Public High Schools with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4960/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, few laws have had greater impact on public education than Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. As a result of this legislation, participation levels of female athletes have risen dramatically. Conducted in the Texas Education Agency's Region XI, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of high school principals, the lead coaches of male athletes, and the lead coaches of female athletes with regard to their schools' compliance with the components of Title IX. The study centered on the results of a survey instrument that included twenty Likert-scale questions as well as several demographic questions. The research questions sought to determine: (1) respondents' overall perception of compliance; (2) any differences in perceptions of compliance based upon the role of the individual; (3) any differences in perceptions based upon the percentage of students qualifying for free and reduced lunch; (4) any differences based upon the state classification of the schools; (5) any differences based upon the gender of respondents; (6) whether complaints filed via OCR result in a perception of increased compliance; and (7) the program component areas in which respondents view their schools to be most compliant. Descriptive and causal-comparative methods were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that school leaders in north central Texas public high schools perceived a high degree of compliance of their schools with the requirements of Title IX regardless of their role. A descriptive analysis of the responses based upon respondent role yielded slight differences between coaches of males and females. An ANOVA of responses considering the variables of free and reduced lunch as well as state classification did not yield a statistical significance in terms of perceptions of compliance. Although the mean scores of female respondents were slightly lower than males, the research did not yield statistically significant differences based upon gender. The study was inconclusive in terms of whether districts that have experienced formal Title IX complaints are more compliant with Title IX. Finally, the study indicated that school leaders should focus more attention on the areas of coaching assignment and compensation as well as publicity as they seek to comply with Title IX.
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Sulayman, Shamila. "Transformation policy for South African rugby : comparative perceptions." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1649.
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Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006In 1992 the game of rugby became a unified entity for the first time in the history of the game in South Africa. Prior to that, like every other sport within South Africa, as well as other societal facets, sport had been played, administered, managed and funded along racially segregated lines. This reality was a direct product of South Africa's ruling party's official policy of Apartheid, which had officially been in existence since 1948 and, which meant that South Africa was divided and ruled in terms of its peoples' races and cultures. For all of rugby's stakeholders from both divides, namely blacks and whites, it would, therefore, require a change in mindset, attitude and practice in order to embrace this newfound unity, which would bring people together on the playing fields for the first time in more than 100 years. It has become evident, though, that in spite of the South African Government's call, via the South African Sports Ministry and its overseeing body, the South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee (SASCOC), for more transparency in terms of the South African Rugby Union's (SARU's) intentions for transformation within South African rugby and in spite of the government's guidelines and objectives for a democratic approach to sport in South Africa, the transformation pace within South African rugby has been inconsistent and slowed. This slowed process has also been inconsistent with SARU's measures and attempts at developing players; particularly those who hail from historically disadvantaged backgrounds
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Downing, Jane Duvall. ""Welcome to the ball, Cinderella" : investigating gender, sexuality, race, and class through a study of the lived experience of women athletes /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9962519.
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Maddox, Sandra Davis. "Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972: Level of Implementation in Texas Public Schools." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278329/.
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Using a survey and case study formats, this study focused on the level of understanding and implementation of Title IX relating to Texas public school students. The survey focused on the degrees of principal understanding and the compliance with the statute. Additional areas of study analyzed the impact of such factors as principal gender and school level on understanding and implementation. The case study examined the degrees of implementation for a district that had experienced civil rights action and one that had not.
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Bickel, Luke A. "The perceptions of gender equity in intercollegiate athletics by student athletes at Ball State University." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1204197.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the steps taken by the Ball State University Athletic Department in order to achieve the gender equity expectations set forth by Title IX. The study also investigated the perceptions and understanding of student athletes at Ball StateUniversity toward the steps taken to achieve gender equity. This study utilized surveys with student athletes from Ball State University. The results suggest that student athletes do not feel they are treated equally by the athletic department. However, it is unclear as to whether student athletes are fully aware of the actions taken by the athletic department to ensure gender equity.Department of Educational Leadership
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Meyer, Peter. "Do NBA Fans Discriminate Against Race Or Nationality?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/258.
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Previous work found evidence that the racial composition of NBA teams was positively correlated with the racial composition of their metropolitan market areas during the 1990s. This paper finds continued evidence of this relationship in the 2000s, with an accompanying attendance boost from the incorporation of white players on teams located in whiter areas. There is also evidence that white players receive a salary premium relative to black players of equal performance quality. An examination of player performance indicates that demand for foreign players with the skill set of a forward or center is higher than demand for players of equal quality from the U.S. However, an analysis of salary discrimination related to foreign players produced no conclusive evidence.
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Sheehan, William F. "Proposition 48 and intercollegiate athletes' graduation rates /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9842564.
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Vilain, Jean-Baptiste. "Three essays in applied economics." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0009/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur plusieurs questions relatives à l'économie de l'éducation et à l'économie des équipes. Dans le premier chapitre, basé sur une collaboration avec Laurent Rossignol, nous nous concentrons sur l'orientation scolaire. Nous mettons en évidence l'existence de biais d'orientation dans le système éducatif français : l'orientation des élèves ne dépend pas uniquement de leur performance académique mais aussi de leur sexe et de leur origine sociale. Notre contribution principale est de distinguer l'impact des aspirations des élèves de l'impact de la notation des professeurs et de leurs recommandations sur ces biais d'orientation. Le second chapitre, coécrit avec Antoine Chapsal, vise à comprendre certaines incitations et effets psychologiques associés au travail en équipe, à partir de données sur les championnats par équipe de squash. Nous montrons que les joueurs valorisent le fait de participer au succès de leur équipe, ce qui explique en partie pourquoi les incitations à l'effort sont plus fortes dans des contextes collectifs que dans des contextes individuels. Le troisième chapitre, issu d'un travail initial avec Rodrigo Lopez-Kolkovsky, a pour but de développer une procédure d'estimation pour mesurer la productivité individuelle en équipe, à partir de données sur le football européen. Nous confrontons ensuite cette mesure à la valeur de marché des joueurs et nous montrons que les joueurs Noirs sont discriminés sur le marchéIn this dissertation, I investigate several questions of interest in the fields of economics of education and economics of teams. In the first chapter, based on initial work with Laurent Rossignol, we focus on tracking in education. We provide evidence of tracking gaps in the French education system: tracking does not solely depend on academic performance but also on gender and socio-economic status. Our main contribution is to disentangle the impact of differences in students' aspirations from the impact of teachers' grading and track recommendations on these tracking gaps. The second chapter, joint with Antoine Chapsal, aims at understanding some of the incentives and psychological effects associated to teamwork, based on team squash data. We show that players value the fact of being responsible for the success of their team, which partly explains that team-based contests can yield higher effort than individual-based contests. The third chapter, built upon initial work with Rodrigo Lopez-Kolkovsky, aims at developing an estimation procedure to measure individual productivity in teams, based on European football data. We confront this measure to players' market value and provide evidence for racial discrimination on the football market
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Knight, Dawn K. "A biography of George Taliaferro and his impact on the integration of professional football." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1272767.
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George Taliaferro was a trailblazer. He was the first black quarterback in professional football, the first black quarterback in the National Football League (NFL), and the first black man to be drafted by an NFL team.Taliaferro's story of perseverance revealed the slow and difficult process of integration in high school, at Indiana University, and in his professional football career. The obstacles he faced and the lessons he learned were representative of issues related to the integration of the NFL.A combination of personal narrative and historical investigation was used in this creative project. In addition to Taliaferro's first-hand accounts, depth and perspective were added through interviews and reportage.The biography that resulted, the story of Taliaferro's resolve, became a vehicle for telling a larger story, the integration of the NFL.Department of Journalism
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Turner, Bekki. "Preparation and Support of Female Head Athletic Trainers in Collegiate Sport." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1611.
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Title IX of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 has significantly improved women's access to previously male-dominated areas of education in the United States, but few of these studies have focused on the experiences of women currently in the higher education field. This study explored female head athletic trainers' perceptions of the role of U.S. higher education institutions in preparing and supporting their achievement of leadership positions in U.S. collegiate sports: it also explored their views on potential changes in current higher education curricula and certification processes. This phenomenological study used Ridgeway's status construction theory as its theoretical lens for examining the role of higher education in participants' career progressions. Data were collected from a purposeful sample of 9 female head athletic trainers from various intercollegiate schools in the United States. The trustworthiness of findings was increased through use of the constant comparison data analysis method and sharing transcripts and excerpts of findings with participants. The study findings showed that the participants perceived higher education program preparation and support as limited in both helping women achieve collegiate leadership positions and overcome barriers to professional advancement. Suggestions for improving athletic training educational programs included adding mentorship and role models, experiential learning and interactions with sport personnel, networking opportunities, leadership training, and courses in gender roles and biases. This study promotes positive social change by identifying underlying gender biases inhibiting women's promotions into sport leadership roles and by providing policy and curricular suggestions for addressing these, thereby promoting greater social equality.
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Sweany, Lisa. "Comparison of factors affecting the career paths of male and female directors of intercollegiate athletics." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1027118.
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The position of director of intercollegiate athletics represents the highest administrative position in athletics in colleges and universities. During the days of the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW), 90% of the women's programs were coached and administered by women. Shortly after the implementation of Title IX in 1972, this trend began to change and most women's programs began to fall under the leadership of male coaches and administrators. During the summer of 1982, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) took control of the AIAW forcing women administrators to take a backseat to their male colleagues. This lack of administrative and coaching representation has also resulted in fewer role models for female athletes.This study was designed to compare the qualifications of men and women directors of intercollegiate athletics to determine if the women must be more qualified than theirmale counterparts to hold the same position. This study may also serve as a blueprint for women in athletics as to the qualifications and experiences necessary in their attaining a position of director of intercollegiate athletics.The results of a survey questionnaire to 200 male directors of NCAA Division I, II, III, and NAIA colleges, with a return rate of 52.3%, were compared to an early study conducted on female directors to determine if the qualifications between the two genders were different. The educational results were very similar between the two genders, with both maintaining that a master's degree was extremely important in attaining their positions. Both genders also confirmed that at least one year of experience in athletic administration was crucial to their appointment as director of athletics.In examining the qualifications of both men and women who hold athletic administrative positions, it was not conclusive that educationally or professionally, the women were more qualified than their male colleagues. The responses to the survey by both men and women were very similar in their beliefs of what was important in attaining their current positions.School of Physical Education
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Carter, May. "So-- you do this for a living? : a study of women in adventure recreation in Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2000. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1371.
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This study explored the experiences of women working in the adventure recreation industry in Western Australia. Ten women employed in the local adventure recreation industry were selected as a cross-section sample. Selection criteria for this study included employment in the industry for more than five years, competency in several adventure recreation activities and extensive field experience in "hands-on" instructional roles. The women selected ranged in age from twenty-seven to fifty years of age. Years of employment in the adventure recreation industry ranged from five to thirty years. The purpose of this study was to describe the realities of working in the adventure recreation industry; explore the shared meanings held by the women about being a woman employed in adventure recreation; and investigate issues relating to women and non-traditional employment, in particular the adventure recreation industry. Research questions addressed access to employment, attraction of the adventure recreation industry, the meanings associated with women working in adventure recreation, and the influence of gender on their working experience. Interpretive interactionism was chosen as the qualitative research method. Two in-depth interviews were conducted with each of the women. The first interview sought answers to the research questions. The second interview provided an opportunity to clarify emergent themes and ensure the data interpretation was valid. Feminist poststructural theory guided the research process as it focused on power relationships, subjectivity and resistance, and was concerned with disrupting or displacing dominant discourses. The principal findings of this study related to the difficulties of meeting the physical and emotional demands of working in the adventure recreation industry. Lack of recognition of the responsibilities placed on women working in the adventure recreation industry was a major area of concern. Many of the women in this study felt that the perception that their job was easy and enjoyable did not meet the reality of their working life. Lack of adequate financial remuneration was also a major concern. It was felt that the remuneration offered by the industry was insufficient to compensate for its demands. Many women worked long hours and spent extended periods of time away from home, often to the detriment of social and family interactions. Lack of recognition and financial reward was compensated by the diverse range of opportunities offered for personal challenge and flexibility in working arrangements. Many of the women in this study acknowledged a close affinity with the natural environment and expressed their enjoyment of being active outdoors. Sharing their knowledge of technical skills, demonstrating how to appreciate the natural environment and be comfortable outdoors were major factors in career satisfaction. The adventure recreation industry has traditionally adopted male-defined attitudes and practices. Gender-based discrimination was often tolerated and seldom challenged. The predominance of masculine values within the adventure recreation industry has made it difficult for women to attain positions of power and influence. It was recognised that the position for women within the Western Australian adventure recreation industry was changing. As more women enter the adventure recreation workplace, traditional values are being challenged. The women in this study were moving into managerial and administrative positions and were gaining the power to create new opportunities and workplace environments that met the needs of women.
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Blackburn, Botswana Toney Thompson Carolyn. "Racial stacking in the National Football League reality or relic of the past? /." Diss., UMK access, 2007.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Education and Dept. of Sociology. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007."A dissertation in education and social science." Advisor: Carolyn Thompson. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed July 30, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-121). Online version of the print edition.
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Patel, Parwine. "Genèse et développement d’une rivalité rugbystique entre la Nouvelle-Zélande et l’Afrique du Sud avant l’apartheid (1899-1948) : constructions identitaires, jeux de pouvoirs impériaux et discriminations raciales." Thesis, La Réunion, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LARE0006.
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Depuis qu’elle existe, la rivalité rugbystique entre l’Afrique du Sud et la Nouvelle-Zélande a fait couler beaucoup d’encre du fait de son originalité et de sa nature complexe. Ainsi, au fur et à mesure de son développement, un certain nombre d’historiens (Buckley, 1996 ; Dobson, 1996 ; Nauright, 1993), de journalistes sportifs (Labuschagne, 1974 ; Harding & Williams, 2000), d’activistes (Thompson, 1975 ; Richards, 1999) et même des hommes politiques (Templeton, 1998) se sont penchés sur son histoire. D’une manière générale, ils s’accordent à situer le point de départ de ce duel singulier en 1921, date de la première tournée de l’équipe nationale de rugby sud-africaine en terre néo-zélandaise. Avec ce travail de thèse, je souhaite montrer que les compétitions entre ces deux ex-colonies britanniques démarrent bien plus tôt, dès les premiers matchs de rugby disputés entre Néo-Zélandais et Sud-Africains pendant la seconde guerre des Boers (1899-1902). Ces tournois font surgir au moins trois questions socio-politiques par le biais desquelles j’analyse, de manière chronologique, l’histoire des échanges rugbystiques entre deux nations en construction (Renan, 1882 ; Hobsbawm, 1990). Il s’agit d’une part, de mettre en évidence le processus qui conduit à la représentation des fédérations sud-africaine et néo-zélandaise de rugby au sein de l’instance internationale du rugby (International Rugby Football Board). D’autre part, j’examine l’évolution des rapports entre joueurs d’origine européenne et joueurs indigènes. Enfin, je porte une attention particulière à la création d’identités nationales dans deux territoires de l’Empire britannique qui s’émancipent à des rythmes différents du pouvoir central londonien. À partir d’archives numérisées, je tente ainsi de retracer l’origine de cette concurrence rugbystique et du racisme qui la caractérise en mettant en lumière les logiques de la domination impériale qui s’exercent autant sur le colon que sur le colonisé (Gleyse, 2004)Since its inception, the rugby rivalry between South Africa and New Zealand has been much written about because of its complex and peculiar nature. Over the years, a number of historians (Nauright, 1993; Buckley, 1996; Dobson, 1996), sports journalists (Labuschagne, 1974; Harding & Williams, 2000), activists (Thompson, 1975; Richards, 1999) and even politicians (Templeton, 1998) have examined its history. Most of them usually situate the starting point of this unique duel in 1921, when the first New Zealand tour by the South African national rugby team took place. In this thesis, I wish to show that competitions between these two former British colonies began much earlier, as soon as the first rugby matches were played between New Zealanders and South Africans during the Second Boer War (1899-1902). These tournaments raise at least three socio-political questions through which I analyze, in a chronological order, the history of rugby exchanges between two nations under, construction (Renan, 1882; Hobsbawm, 1990). The aim is, on the one hand, to highlight the process that led to the representation of the South African and New Zealand rugby unions within the international rugby body (International RugbyFootball Board). On the other hand, I examine the evolution of racial relations between players of European origin and indigenous players. Finally, I focus on the creation of national identities in two former territories of the British Empire, which emancipated themselves from the central London-based power at different rates. Using digitized archives, I thus attempt to trace the origins of this rugby rivalry and the racism that characterizes it while shedding light on the logic of imperial domination that were exercised on both the colonist and the colonized (Gleyse, 2004)
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Dieringer, Katherine I. "An Analysis of Changes in Perceptions of Certified Athletic Trainers from 1996 to 2006 on the Women in Athletic Training Survey." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3679/.
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This study investigates how perceptions vary in athletic trainers regarding issues pertaining to women in the profession. Subjects included 1500 male and 1500 female certified athletic trainers who responded to 44 demographic and perceptions survey items used to determine whether perceptions were different based on the respondent's gender. Results were compared to a previously disseminated survey in 1996 to also determine if perceptions had changed from 10 years earlier. Results regarding the presentation of awards and the attainment of leadership positions in the organization were also compared to actual data collected. The data suggested that males perceptions had not changed, but females' perceptions had changed, in that females perceived that opportunities had improved. Data regarding the number of females who had ascended to leadership positions or had received awards did not support these perceptions, however, and female athletic trainers continue to struggle to obtain equality in both of these areas. Additionally, homosocial reproduction continues to influence the decreased number of women who are hired into various jobs, or advance into leadership positions, maintaining patriarchy in the athletics arena and in the athletic training organizations. Results suggested that because athletic training has been dominated by men since its inception, patriarchy continues to influence the lack of ascension of women into leadership positions and awards recognition. Many women are choosing to leave the profession due to the gender role pressure that they can not sustain a career in athletic training and raise a family. Men's professional sports continue to reject the concept of hiring women to serve as athletic trainers with their athletes, which also continues to preserve a patriarchal environment.
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Cupido, Evan Dean. "A case-based analysis of the implementation of transformation in Western Cape rugby." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96918.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rugby in South Africa has a long racial and political history. This history was a direct result of the policy of apartheid in which a deliberate attempt was made to arrange all areas of life along racial lines. One saw rugby being played and administered on the basis of race in which disparities between races became apparent. Twenty years into democracy and one has seen transformation in South African sport been increasingly prioritized by national government in which numerous policies have been developed to bring about redress and equity in sport. The South African Rugby Union (SARU) and Provincial Rugby Unions in their attempt to transform rugby have implemented numerous strategic plans to ensure greater access to the game in historically disadvantaged areas. Yet despite the efforts of both state and non-state actors rugby at a senior national and provincial level is still dominated by white players even though the majority of rugby players at a junior level are non-white. The research focused on how transformation policies in rugby have been implemented in the Western Cape. The research design was a case study, in which the author conducted a number of interviews with rugby administrators and managers, both past and present, involved at the Western Province Rugby Football Union (WPRFU). The objectives of the research was to look at what implementation initiatives have been put in place, both on and off the field, to bring about transformation of rugby in the Western Cape. The case study focused on rugby played at an intermediate level in which rugby institutions, school rugby and recruitment and club rugby in the Western Cape were explored. The research focused on how transformation policies have been implemented by those involved with rugby at a provincial and local level. Implementation of transformation policies in rugby was seen as a dynamic and complex process in which both state and non-state actors played an important role. Thus the theoretical approach of the research was a bottom-up approach to public policy implementation. The findings showed that while there was no strict enforcement of a quota on teams at the intermediate level the WPRFU have carried out a number of implementation initiatives in which transformation has been advanced. This is particularly true of transformation off the field in which employment equity and preferential procurement of the Union’s broader administrative structure has been advanced. Yet findings into school and club level rugby showed that there still existed great social and economic disparities between historically advantaged and disadvantaged groups. Thus the goal of achieving equity and access in rugby has yet to be reached at these levels. The research highlighted that transformation at a senior professional level will remain a challenge as rugby cannot escape the socioeconomic context in which it is embedded in. Therefore increase focus needs to be placed on transforming rugby at school and club level in which disadvantaged groups need to be assisted so as to ensure that rugby is played on a level playing field.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Rugby in Suid-Afrika het ’n lang rasse- en politieke geskiedenis. Hierdie geskiedenis is die direkte gevolg van die apartheidsbeleid, wat opsetlik daarop gemik was om alle lewensfasette op grond van rasseonderskeid te organiseer. Rugby is ook op grond van ras gespeel en geadministreer, en die ongelykhede tussen rasse het duidelik daaruit geblyk. Twintig jaar sedert demokrasie ingestel is, word transformasie in Suid-Afrikaanse sport toenemend deur die nasionale regering voorop gestel. Verskeie beleide is ontwikkel om herstel en gelykheid in sport te bewerkstellig. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Rugbyunie (Saru) en provinsiale rugbyunies het talle strategiese planne implementeer in hulle poging om rugby te transformeer en groter toegang tot die spel onder histories-benadeelde gemeenskappe te verseker. Ten spyte van pogings deur regerings- sowel as nieregeringsrolspelers oorheers blanke spelers steeds rugby op senior-nasionale en -provinsiale vlak, al is die meeste spelers op junior vlak nieblank. Die navorsing fokus op die implementering van transformasiebeleide in rugby in die WesKaap. Die navorsingsontwerp is ’n gevallestudie waarin die outeur ’n aantal onderhoude met rugbyadministrateurs en -bestuurders gevoer het wat tans of in die verlede by die Westelike Provinsie Rugby Voetbalunie (WPRVU) betrokke is of was. Die navorsingsdoelwit was om te kyk na die implementeringsinisiatiewe wat ingestel is, op die veld sowel as daarvan af, om transformasie in rugby in die Wes-Kaap te bewerkstellig. Die gevallestudie het gefokus op rugby op intermediêre vlak; rugby-instellings, skoolrugby en -werwings en klubrugby in die Wes-Kaap is ondersoek. Die navorsing het gefokus op die manier waarop transformasiebeleide op provinsiale en plaaslike vlak geïmplementeer is. Beleidsimplementering het geblyk ’n dinamiese en komplekse proses te wees waarop regerings- sowel as nieregeringsrolspelers ’n belangrike invloed het. Die teoretiese benadering tot die navorsing was dus ’n onder-na-bo-benadering tot openbare beleidsimplementering. Die bevindinge toon dat, hoewel ’n streng kwotastelsel nie op spanne op intermediêre vlak toegepas is nie, die WPRVU wel transformasie deur middel van ’n aantal implementeringsinisiatiewe bevorder het. Dit geld in die besonder van transformasie weg van die veld af, waar die Unie se breër administratiewe struktuur diensbillikheid en voorkeurverkryging bevorder het. Bevindings wat rugby op skool- en klubvlak betref, het egter getoon dat daar steeds groot sosiale en ekonomiese ongelykhede tussen historiesbevoordeelde en -benadeelde groepe bestaan. Op hierdie vlak is die doelwit om gelykheid en toegang in rugby te bewerkstellig dus nog onbereik. Die navorsing beklemtoon dat transformasie op senior provinsiale vlak ’n uitdaging sal bly, aangesien rugby nie kan ontsnap aan die sosio-ekonomiese konteks waarin dit gesetel is nie. Wat dus nodig is, is ’n verhoogde fokus om rugby op skool- en klubvlak te transformeer en dat benadeelde groepe bygestaan word om te verseker dat die speelveld vir rugby gelyk gemaak word.
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McKay, Brian J. "An attitudinal study of gender equity perceptions from athletic administrators and coaches in the Mid-American Conference." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1304659.
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Within the past three years, men's track and field teams were being eliminated in the Mid-American Conference (MAC). Gender equity legislation, namely Title IX, was being blamed for those cuts. By probing the beliefs and opinions of coaches and administrators, a more accurate representation of gender equity could be drawn. The focus of this study was to gain a greater understanding of how gender equity is perceived by Mid-American Conference (MAC) athletic administrators and coaches.Q-methodology was chosen as the most relevant method to achieve the desired outcome. This method would take the subjective opinions and beliefs of the subjects and transform them into numbers that could be analyzed. The resulting information would create factors, or groups,which would help draw some conclusions on the true impact of gender equity legislation in the MAC.The subjects of this study provided two distinct factors labeled: "Title IX Defenders" and "Title IX Amenders." Title IX Defenders felt adamant that Title IX should not be altered. They primarily wanted to protect the integrity of the legislation. Title IX Amenders felt that Title IX should be altered to prevent further damage to men's non-revenue athletes, while continuing to protect female athletes.Department of Journalism
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Dirkx, Jos. "Trends in gender norms in South African sport and ramifications for the state of women's football." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17887.
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Perchot, Rodolphe. "Racial stacking et stéreotypes raciaux en sport collectif : le cas particulier du basket-ball en contexte français." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993175.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ce travail doctoral s'intéresse au phénomène de catégorisation et de stéréotypie à l'oeuvre lorsque se joue la discrimination relative à l'appartenance ethnique au basket-ball. Dans une première phase réalisée en milieu naturel (racial stacking dans le championnat de basket-ball professionnel français), une première étude met en évidence une tendance à la surreprésentation des joueurs " blancs " au poste de meneur, considéré comme central au regard de la performance. Dans une seconde phase s'articlant autour de trois expériences, en impliquant des sujets (sportifs et non sportifs) en tant qu'entraîneurs dans un contexte expérimental, sont mis en évidence l'existence de biais de catégorisation (racial stacking), de stéréotypes (attribution de caractéristiques en adéquation avec les stéréotypes raciaux) et de discours (implication plus favorable dans les discours pour un joueur blanc que pour un joueur noir). Contrairement aux hypothèses attendues, les sujets qui appartiennent au milieu sportif mobilisent plus fortement les stéréotypes raciaux que les sujets non sportifs. Dans une troisième phase, une étude à propos du concept de centralité au basket-ball permet de déterminer que les postes de meneur de jeu et d'arrière (extérieurs) sont considérés comme plus centraux que les postes d'ailier fort et de pivot (intérieur) et le poste d'ailier comme polyvalent (à la fois central et non central). Dans une quatrième phase, nous avons mis en exergue que les biais de catégorisation et de stéréotypie peuvent être activés dans un univers virtuel dans lequel les joueurs ont des capacités équivalentes (jeu vidéo). Les effets de discrimination (favoritisme endogroupe) sont potentialisés par l'issue positive du match. Dans une cinquième phase, à travers l'accès à la nature des relations entre basketteurs blancs et basketteurs noirs, alors que de prime abord les résultats semblent mettre en évidence une discrimination positive à l'égard des basketteurs noirs, l'analyse fait apparaître un effet de survalorisation à l'avantage des basketteurs blancs (biais d'auto-favoritisme), considérés comme plus prépondérants dans leur équipe que leurs homologues noirs. Enfin, dans une dernière phase ayant pour objectif de tester les effets de la menace du stéréotype sur la performance (aspect moteur) et le discours (aspect cognitif), les résultats ne mettent pas en évidence d'effet de la menace du stéréotype. L'évaluation entraîne une amélioration de la performance chez les joueurs noirs alors qu'elle n'a pas d'effet sur les joueurs blancs. De plus, les joueurs noirs verbalisent le stéréotype comme un boost, alors que pour les joueurs blancs, il est considéré comme un frein. En conclusion, ce travail doctoral démontre l'importance d'une investigation plurielle afin d'approfondir la compréhension des phénomènes de discrimination en sport