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1
Shaw, Joshua. "Regulating assisted reproduction: Discrimination and the right to privacy." Clinical Ethics 14, no. 2 (April 23, 2019): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477750919845086.
Анотація:
Advances in fertility medicine have led some ethicists to call for stricter regulations on assisted reproduction. One counterargument is that such restrictions are unfair, for they impose far more stringent limits on the procreative liberties of individuals who rely on assisted reproductive technology than on those who reproduce through unassisted coital reproduction. This paper argues that a morally relevant distinction can be drawn between these two cases—one that supports stricter regulations on assisted reproduction. The argument, roughly, is this: it is not possible to regulate unassisted reproduction more stringently without violating the right to privacy. However, it is possible to regulate assisted reproduction without violating it, and the moral benefits of doing so warrant stricter regulations. Two arguments are made for this claim. First, it is not possible to regulate procreative rights in cases of unassisted reproduction in isolation from other freedoms—freedoms protected by the right to privacy. However, it is possible to regulate procreative liberties in isolation from other rights in cases of assisted reproduction. Second, procreative rights do not appear in general to be positive rights that entitle their possessors to assistance from others, and hence they are not violated by sterner regulations on assisted reproduction. However, parallel regulations on unassisted reproduction would violate a right to noninterference that is almost certainly protected by the right to privacy.
2
Krickovic-Pele, Ksenija, and Kosana Beker. "Gender and social controversies of in vitro fertilization in Serbia: Discrimination against childless women." Temida 17, no. 3 (2014): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1403049k.
Анотація:
This paper analyses gender and social controversies of assisted reproductive technologies and the discrimination of childless women in Serbia. Primary goals of this paper are critical analysis of new reproductive technologies phenomenon, discrimination against women without children and critical analysis of the legal framework regulating biomedical assisted reproduction in Serbia from gender studies and feminist methodology perspectives, as well as presentation of the research results on discrimination of childless women. For the purpose of this research the survey and the content analysis have been used. A survey was conducted of 50 female participants in the in vitro fertilization program at the Department for Gynecology and Obstetrics in Novi Sad. The results indicate that the regulations on biomedical assisted reproduction and the criteria for inclusion in the in vitro fertilization program are discriminatory and that women involved in the program feel discriminated against, usually at work and in their own surroundings. The conclusion is that it is necessary to change the regulations governing this area, further work on the elimination of discrimination against childless women and destigmatisation of women and couples that cannot or do not want to have children.
3
Tonkens, Ryan. "Infertilitism: unjustified discrimination of assisted reproduction patients." Monash Bioethics Review 35, no. 1-4 (May 4, 2018): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40592-018-0078-x.
4
Zivojinovic, Dragica. "The principle of equality and the right to assisted procreation." Stanovnistvo 50, no. 1 (2012): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1201069z.
Анотація:
The principle of equality is the foundation of developing an entire system of human rights, and its implementation represents the standard of respecting each right individually. With these premises as a starting point, the subject of the author?s interests is whether the right to assisted reproduction, as a segment of reproductive rights, is regulated in conformity with the equality principal. In order to reach an answer, the author examines the concept of human assisted reproduction and analyzes the application of reproductive technologies in the light of legal, social and political reforms which affected marriages, the family and partnership in general at the end of the 20th century. The author finds that the most significant ones among them are the emancipation of women, recognition and legal formation of same sex unions and statements prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation. Furthermore, by considering the right to assisted reproduction in the context of other human rights with which it is interconnected and interdependent (the right to life, right to privacy, the right to a family life, health rights, children?s rights), the author finds there are no absolute, unlimited rights in the contemporary system of human rights, but that they inevitably have certain restrictions. Since the same limitation attribute also characterizes the right to assisted reproduction, the author further researches whether there is discrimination, positive or negative, towards the existing forms of limitations to this right. The following forms of limitations have been singled out, as the key ones for this analysis: request for (non)marital status and heterosexual orientation, sexual affiliation and age and the accessibility (prohibition) of applying certain methods of assisted reproduction which are primarily in the function of eliminating female sterility. The author concludes that there are elements of discrimination based on family status, sexual orientation, age and sexual affiliation. The author finds that emphasizing the need to protect the best interests of children, as a crucial reason for justifying their introduction, can hardly be defended both legally and ethically. The author believes that the basis of limitation lies in the reasons of social suitability, namely buying social peace at the present level of development of social conscience. By appealing to the principal of equality, the author intercedes in favor of accessibility to the right for assisted reproduction under equal conditions and limitations for each user, and prohibiting discrimination on any basis.
5
Eckert, Henri. "Discrimination et reproduction sociale ou l'emploi qui reste..." Agora débats/jeunesses 57, no. 1 (2011): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/agora.057.0107.
6
Permatasari, Dian, Hadina Eka Camalia, and Emdat Suprayitno. "PKM KELOMPOK KRR DALAM PENCEGAHAN PERILAKU SEKS PRANIKAH DI MTS TARATE KABUPATEN SUMENEP." Jurnal Abdi Masyarakat Kita 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33759/asta.v1i2.165.
Анотація:
Reproductive health has the concept that everyone can have a satisfaction and a safe and responsible Sexual life. Therefore it is the right of every youth to be informed and gain access to Seksual and reproductive health true, complete and honest that enables them to make choices and decisions responsible for their reproductive and Sexual health rights. The main objective of reproductive health is to provide reproductive health services comprehensively to each individual and partner, especially to adolescents so that Each individual is able to undergo the reproductive process in a healthy and responsible manner as well as free from discrimination and violence, including recognition and respect for reproductive and Sexual health rights as an integral part of Human Rights. Providing access to education and adolescent reproductive health services is expected to increase the independence of adolescents in regulating functions and processes reproduction, including their Sexual life, so that their reproductive health rights can be fulfilled in improving the quality of life and the quality of their offspring both physically, mentally and social and free from fear, violence and discrimination. The result achieved from this activity is an increase in participants' knowledge about puberty and reproductive health. Specific objectives of the development of the education system and health services Reproduction for adolescents is to protect adolescents from the risk of early marriage, unwanted pregnancies, abortions, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS and Sexual violence.
7
Penney, Trevor B., Xiaoqin Cheng, Yan Ling Leow, Audrey Wei Ying Bay, Esther Wu, Sophie K. Herbst, and Shih Cheng Yen. "Saccades and Subjective Time in Seconds Range Duration Reproduction." Timing & Time Perception 4, no. 2 (June 10, 2016): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134468-00002066.
Анотація:
A transient suppression of visual perception during saccades ensures perceptual stability. In two experiments, we examined whether saccades affect time perception of visual and auditory stimuli in the seconds range. Specifically, participants completed a duration reproduction task in which they memorized the duration of a 6 s timing signal during the training phase and later reproduced that duration during the test phase. Four experimental conditions differed in saccade requirements and the presence or absence of a secondary discrimination task during the test phase. For both visual and auditory timing signals, participants reproduced longer durations when the secondary discrimination task required saccades to be made (i.e., overt attention shift) during reproduction as compared to when the discrimination task merely required fixation at screen center. Moreover, greater total saccade duration in a trial resulted in greater time distortion. However, in the visual modality, requiring participants to covertly shift attention (i.e., no saccade) to complete the discrimination task increased reproduced duration as much as making a saccade, whereas in the auditory modality making a saccade increased reproduced duration more than making a covert attention shift. In addition, we examined microsaccades in the conditions that did not require full saccades for both the visual and auditory experiments. Greater total microsaccade duration in a trial resulted in greater time distortion in both modalities. Taken together, the experiments suggest that saccades and microsaccades affect seconds range visual and auditory interval timing via attention and saccadic suppression mechanisms.
8
Sears, Alan. "Situating Sexuality in Social Reproduction." Historical Materialism 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 138–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-12341474.
Анотація:
The years since the rise of gay liberation in 1969 have seen remarkable changes in the realm of sexuality. Lesbians and gay men have won important rights and attained a cultural visibility that would have been impossible to imagine even thirty years ago. Yet these rights are limited, and apply only to specific sections of those who face exclusion, discrimination or violence on the basis of their queerness in the realm of gender and/or sexuality.
9
Jannah, Miftachul, Pedvin Ratna Meikawati, and Swasti Artanti. "Reproduksi Sehat, Remaja Sehat di Posyandu Remaja Pashmina." Jurnal ABDIMAS-HIP : Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 2, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37402/abdimaship.vol2.iss2.152.
Анотація:
Adolescents are people aged 12 to 24 years. Adolescence is a transition from childhood to adulthood. This means that the process of introduction and knowledge of reproductive health has actually started at this time. In simple terms, reproduction comes from the word "re" which means to return and "production" which means to make or produce. Reproductive health, as part of general health, is thus also a human right of every person, both men and women. Women's human rights are regulated in Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights Article 3 paragraph (3) which states that everyone has the right to the protection of human rights and human freedoms without discrimination. Reproductive health according to Law Number 36 Year 2009 is a complete physical, mental and social condition, not merely free from disease or disability related to the reproductive system, function and process in men and women. The purpose of this community service is to provide reproductive health education about healthy reproduction, healthy adolescents, especially about anemia in adolescents, reproductive health and free sex in adolescents. Methods of reproductive health counseling carried out are (1) Socialization and licensing, (2) Conducting reproductive health counseling, (3) Evaluation of the results of reproductive health counseling activities by means of pre and post tests. The results of the reproductive health counseling activity showed high enthusiasm, indicated by the very good response of participants in receiving material on healthy reproduction, healthy adolescents and the willingness of participants to ask questions. The enthusiasm of the participants is expected to increase the understanding of girls and boys about the importance of healthy reproduction, healthy adolescents.
10
Gill, Richard J., and Robert L. Hammond. "Workers influence royal reproduction." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1711 (November 3, 2010): 1524–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1774.
Анотація:
Understanding which parties regulate reproduction is fundamental to understanding conflict resolution in animal societies. In social insects, workers can influence male production and sex ratio. Surprisingly, few studies have investigated worker influence over which queen(s) reproduce(s) in multiple queen (MQ) colonies (skew), despite skew determining worker-brood relatedness and so worker fitness. We provide evidence for worker influence over skew in a functionally monogynous population of the ant Leptothorax acervorum . Observations of MQ colonies leading up to egg laying showed worker aggressive and non-aggressive behaviour towards queens and predicted which queen monopolized reproduction. In contrast, among-queen interactions were rare and did not predict queen reproduction. Furthermore, parentage analysis showed workers favoured their mother when present, ensuring closely related fullsibs (average r = 0.5) were reared instead of less related offspring of other resident queens ( r ≤ 0.375). Discrimination among queens using relatedness-based cues, however, seems unlikely as workers also biased their behaviour in colonies without a mother queen. In other polygynous populations of this species, workers are not aggressive towards queens and MQs reproduce, showing the outcome of social conflicts varies within species. In conclusion, this study supports non-reproductive parties having the power and information to influence skew within cooperative breeding groups.
11
Kashyntseva, O. Y., and O. Y. Pokalchuk. "The fulfillment of reproductive rights in Ukraine: balancing the EU standards and the challenges of the war." Medicne pravo, no. 2(32) (October 10, 2023): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25040/medicallaw2023.02.009.
Анотація:
The article discusses the importance of ensuring reproductive rights in Ukraine, particularly amidst the challenges posed by war and the need to align with EU standards. The authors emphasize the crucial role of reproduction and bioethics in protecting human life and dignity during armed conflicts. The article underscores the importance of upholding international legal principles and conventions related to reproductive rights and healthcare, including informed consent, non-discrimination, and the protection of privacy and confidentiality. Ukraine's progress towards aligning its national legislation with the EU, as part of its efforts to acquire candidate country status, is also highlighted.
12
Howie, Will, Richard King, and Denis Martin. "Listener Discrimination Between Common Speaker-Based 3D Audio Reproduction Formats." Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 65, no. 10 (October 30, 2017): 796–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.17743/jaes.2017.0030.
13
Garrafa, Volnei, Alcinda Maria Machado Godoi, and Sheila Pereira Soares. "HIV/AIDS and the principle of non-discrimination and non-stigmatization." Revista Latinoamericana de Bioética 12, no. 23 (July 11, 2012): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18359/rlbi.965.
Анотація:
<p>The text examines the article 11 of the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights of UNESCO that deals with the principle of non-discrimination and non-stigmatization. Both concepts are related to the theme of human dignity, while discrimination is an inherent part of stigma: stigma does not exist if there is no discrimination. In this context, this paper aims to study the relationship between stigma, discrimination and HIV / AIDS. The study argues that to loosen the bonds that hold the subjects that are attached to them is necessary questioning the broader forces - social, cultural, political and economic - that structure stigma, stigmatization and discrimination as social processes directly linked to production and reproduction of structural inequalities.</p>
14
McMAHON, CONOR, GILLES SUREAU, and JEAN-FRANÇOIS FERVEUR. "Mapping of genetic loci that change pheromone discrimination in Drosophila males." Genetical Research 79, no. 2 (April 2002): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672301005535.
Анотація:
Reproduction in individual animals of sexual species depends largely upon their ability to detect and distinguish specific signal(s) among those produced by various potential sexual partners. In Drosophila melanogaster males, there is a natural polymorphism for discrimination of female and male principal pheromones that segregates with chromosome 3. We have mapped two loci on chromosome 3 that change sex-pheromone discrimination in males. We successively exploited meiotic recombination, deficiencies and enhancer-trap strains; excision of the transposon in two selected enhancer-trap strains clearly reverted the discrimination phenotype. These results indicate that pheromonal discrimination is a character that can be genetically manipulated, and provide further insights into the evolution of the specific mate recognition system.
15
Lee, KangJae Jerry, and David Scott. "Racial Discrimination and African Americans’ Travel Behavior." Journal of Travel Research 56, no. 3 (August 4, 2016): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287516643184.
Анотація:
This study investigated African Americans’ travel behavior using Bourdieu’s concept of habitus. In-depth and face-to-face interviews were conducted with 13 middle-class African Americans. Vignette technique was used during the interviews. The study identified four salient themes: (1) racial discrimination during travel, (2) fear of racism, (3) storytelling and safety instructions: social reproduction of the fear of racism, and (4) race-related travel choices. The findings showed that informants’ travel behavior was linked to an acute fear of racism. They affirmed that African Americans’ travel patterns need to be conceived as a defensive mechanism against potential racial discrimination. Implications for research methods and tourism management are discussed.
16
Gom, Lori A., and Stewart B. Rood. "The discrimination of cottonwood clones in a mature grove along the Oldman River in southern Alberta." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 8 (November 21, 1999): 1084–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-123.
Анотація:
In southwestern Alberta, the prairie cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia James), and interspecific hybrids provide the foundation of the biologically rich riparian forests. In addition to seedling-based reproduction, these cottonwoods are capable of clonal propagation, the extent of which is poorly understood. To investigate clonality in mature cottonwoods, a method for clone recognition was investigated. Between 1995 and 1997, the morphology and phenology of each tree in a mature cottonwood grove along the Oldman River were characterized. In decreasing order of utility, the characteristics most effective in revealing clones were sex, leaf shape, floral (inflorescence) phenology, and leaf phenology: flushing, senescence, and abscission. Independent traits of poplar bud gall mite (Aceria parapopuli Keifer) susceptibility and trunk architecture were less useful in clone delineation but validated the clonal determinations. Based on the analysis, the grove's 391 trunks (>10 cm diameter) included 115 genotypes, 48 single-trunked individuals, and 67 multiple-trunked clones. The clones (genets) contained from 2 to 53 trunks (ramets). It was found that 88% of trunks belonged to clonal groups, a proportion that was higher than anticipated. The extensive capacity for clonal recruitment should thus be considered in analyses of cottonwood reproductive ecology and cottonwood conservation and restoration programs.Key words: asexual reproduction, clone delineation, cottonwoods, morphology, phenology, Populus.
17
Lau, Pin Lean. "Evolved Eugenics and Reinforcement of “Othering”: Renewed Ethico-Legal Perspectives of Genome Editing in Reproduction." BioTech 12, no. 3 (July 11, 2023): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biotech12030051.
Анотація:
This article extends an exploration into renewed ethico-legal perspectives of genome editing technologies, examined from an evolved conceptualization of eugenics in contemporary human reproduction. Whilst the ethico-legal conundrums presented by genome-editing technologies in various aspects of modern medicine have thus far inspired a comprehensive trove of academic scholarship—and notwithstanding the World Health Organization’s (WHO) publication of guidelines on human genome editing in 2021—the legislative landscape for these technologies remain relatively unchanged. Accordingly, this paper presents the unresolved problematic questions that still require significant reflection. First, the paper highlights these questions, which primarily center around the tension between reproductive autonomy and the legal governance of reproductive/genome editing technologies by a democratic state. Secondly, the paper interrogates the evolved conceptualization of eugenics, exercised on the part of prospective parents as part of reproductive autonomy. By this, the paper predicates that it indirectly reinforces societal and systemic problems of discrimination and “othering”, increasing reproductive inequalities in excluded communities. Thirdly, the paper attempts to offer narratives of intersectionality as a facilitating tool in a continuing dialogue to build belonging, foster a healthy and balanced exercise of reproductive autonomy, and increase reproductive equalities.
18
Shinkfield, Alison J., W. A. Sparrow, and R. H. Day. "Visual Discrimination and Motor Reproduction of Movement by Individuals With Mental Retardation." American Journal on Mental Retardation 102, no. 2 (1997): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(1997)102<0172:vdamro>2.0.co;2.
19
Kao, Th, and S. Huang. "Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility: A Mechanism for Self/Nonself Discrimination during Sexual Reproduction." Plant Physiology 105, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.105.2.461.
20
Kim, Sungyoung, and William L. Martens. "Low‐frequency interaural cross correlation discrimination in stereophonic reproduction of musical tones." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, no. 4 (April 2005): 2392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4785858.
21
Darity, William A., and Patrick L. Mason. "Evidence on Discrimination in Employment: Codes of Color, Codes of Gender." Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 63–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.2.63.
Анотація:
There is substantial racial and gender disparity in the American economy. As we will demonstrate, discriminatory treatment within the labor market is a major cause of this inequality. Yet, there appear to have been particular periods in which racial minorities, and then women, experienced substantial reductions in economic disparity and discrimination. Some questions remain: Why did the movement toward racial equality stagnate after the mid-1970s? What factors are most responsible for the remaining gender inequality? What is the role of the competitive process in elimination or reproduction of discrimination in employment? How successful has the passage of federal antidiscrimination legislation in the 1960s been in producing an equal opportunity environment where job applicants are now evaluated on their qualifications? To give away the answer at the outset, discrimination by race has diminished somewhat, and discrimination by gender has diminished substantially; neither employment discrimination by race or by gender is close to ending. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and subsequent related legislation has purged American society of the most overt forms of discrimination, while discriminatory practices have continued in more covert and subtle forms. Furthermore, racial discrimination is masked and rationalized by widely-held presumptions of black inferiority.
22
Thiébaut, B., and B. Comps. "Répartition de la matière sèche entre les organes végétatifs et reproducteurs dans les pousses annuelles du hêtre européen (Fagus sylvatica)." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 2225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-279.
Анотація:
Resource allocations in plants can be estimated to study biomass distribution in the various organs during a vegetative cycle. Six isolated Europeen beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) of the same age were chosen within a station characterized by homogeneous ecological conditions: 229 annual shoots located on equivalent first order axes in the ramification were analysed to describe the distribution of dry material in leaves and stipules (for maintenance), in the axis (for present growth), in buds (for future growth), in infructescences (for female reproduction), and in male inflorescences (for male reproduction). The discrimination between acquisitions and allocations, which correspond to two different but complementary realities, is discussed. Development strategies are different between long and short vegetative shoots; the first one favours growth to explore the environment while the latter favours the maintenance to exploit it. When these two kinds of shoots flower and have additional resources, these new acquisitions are profitable both to vegetative and reproductive functions in short shoots, whereas a competition occurs between these functions in long shoots. Key words: resource allocations, dry material, annual shoots, European beech, Fagus sylvatica.
23
Halaiko, A. M. "Complexity of the legal nature of the right to reproduction." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 2 (May 11, 2024): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2024.02.22.
Анотація:
This article examines reproductive health as an important component of physical and mental well-being in modern society. It focuses on a wide range of services and information covering sexual and reproductive health, contraception, family planning, STD treatment, pregnancy and childbirth. It is indicated that the effectiveness of reproductive health protection is supported by international norms, including the Sustainable Development Goals No. 3, and is based on the principles of dignity, equality and the right to free choice. It is emphasized that reproductive health is a fundamental human right, which is directly related to the right to life and health. Research in this area helps to clarify the effectiveness of legal norms and protection measures, the article also highlights the problem of discrimination, particularly on the basis of gender, in the context of reproductive health, and emphasizes the importance of combating this inequality. In addition, the article points to the importance of access to information about reproductive health as a key aspect of human rights that contributes to public education and awareness. The article also considers the complex nature of the right to reproduction, which includes biological, legal, ethical and social aspects that interact with each other and require a careful balance between human rights, ethical principles and social needs. It is motivated that the right to reproduction implies the right of each individual to make free choices regarding sexual behavior, family planning and access to quality reproductive health services, but the realization of these rights may face ethical and moral dilemmas, as well as different approaches to legal regulation in different countries. Also important is the social aspect, which includes the availability and quality of reproductive health services, as well as taking into account socio-cultural norms and values. It was found that all these aspects require a careful balance between human rights, ethical principles and social needs, in order to ensure adequate protection and support of the reproductive health of each person.
24
Fénéron, Renée, Chantal Poteaux, Marie Boilève, Jorge Valenzuela, and Fabrice Savarit. "Discrimination of the Social ParasiteEctatomma parasiticumby Its Host Sibling Species (E. tuberculatum)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/573541.
Анотація:
Among social parasites, workerless inquilines entirely depend on their host for survival and reproduction. They are usually close phylogenetic relatives of their host, which raises important questions about their evolutionary history and mechanisms of speciation at play. Here we present new findings onEctatomma parasiticum, the only inquiline ant described in the Ectatomminae subfamily. Field data confirmed its rarity and local distribution in a facultative polygynous population ofE. tuberculatumin Mexico. Genetic analyses demonstrated that the parasite is a sibling species of its host, from which it may have diverged recently. Polygyny is suggested to have favored the evolution of social parasite by sympatric speciation. Nevertheless, host workers from this population were able to discriminate parasites from their conspecifics. They treated the parasitic queens either as individuals of interest or as intruders, depending on their colonial origin, probably because of the peculiar chemical profile of the parasites and/or their reproductive status. We suggest thatE. parasiticumcould have conserved from its host sibling species the queen-specific substances that produce attracting and settling effect on workers, which, in return, would increase the probability to be detected. This hypothesis could explain the imperfect social integration of the parasite into host colonies.
25
Mintarsih, Mimin, and PITROTUSSAADAH PITROTUSSAADAH. "Hak-Hak Reproduksi Perempuan dalam Islam." Jurnal Studi Gender dan Anak 9, no. 01 (June 13, 2022): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/jsga.v9i01.6060.
Анотація:
Indonesia is known as a country with the highest Mother Mortality Rate in South East Asia. According to the Women’s Health Foundation (YKP) the main causes of death are bleeding (46,7%), Eclampsia (14,5%), and infection which can be treated quickly. In addition, AKI is also caused because pregnant women are helped by incompetent people. Women’s reproductive health problems should require the involvement and care of many parties, families, communities, religious leaders, medical experts, law officers, and policy makers. Actually, it is normal if the topic is about reproduction health because it is the main problem for the women. The reproduction organ and function is the main distinction between men and women. But then the point is not about the anatomy and physic only. It mainly about how to sue the unbalanced reality relationship that can cause the women is unhealthy in implementing their reproduction function.
In Islamic history, there are so many interpretations (Tafsir) that written by the priests in order to explain Al-Quran. The interpretations sometimes contain opinions, ideas, or quotations that discuss gender distinction in interpreting Al-Quran that can result in gender discrimination in the tafsir literature that the Moslems get.
The understanding of women reproduction rights that is socialized by the priests really helps the understanding of the protection and prevention of mother mortality in the society that still has strong belief of their religion. In Islam, women reproduction rights are the rights that must be guaranteed because of its reproduction function. Quantitatively, the rights are balanced with the men’s rights as doer of reproduction function.
Nowadays, the religion interpretation plays very strategic role to reinforce gender equality. The interpretation of this women reproduction rights contains several rights that have to guarantee the reproduction function. Moreover, if we know very high risk that the women have in implementing their reproduction function namely pregnancy, giving a birth and breast feeding.
Religion exists to give secure peaceful and blessing feeling and to reinforce justice. Now, it’s time for Al-Quran and Hadits interpreter are demanded to involve intensely in order to overcome the high rate of violence in social area and exclusively in domestic area, that full of violence to the women. Reinterpretation of theological view and understanding of the right is no doubt.
26
Yang, Nan, Gordon Waddington, Roger Adams, and Jia Han. "Joint position reproduction and joint position discrimination at the ankle are not related." Somatosensory & Motor Research 37, no. 2 (April 2, 2020): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08990220.2020.1746638.
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Vevea, Jack L. "Recovering stimuli from memory: A statistical method for linking discrimination and reproduction responses." British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 59, no. 2 (November 2006): 321–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/000711005x73754.
28
Park, Jinyoung, Joo-Hee Kang, Jiwon Park, Young Ho Ko, and Sun Bae Bang. "Discrimination of Copper Molten Marks through a Fire Reproduction Experiment Using Microstructure Features." Materials 15, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 8206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15228206.
Анотація:
The copper molten marks at a fire site provide important clues for determining the causes of fire. Four factors have been presented to quantitatively discriminate copper molten marks, namely the fraction of (001) component perpendicular to the demarcation line, the grain aspect ratio, the fraction of Σ3 boundaries, and the fraction of maximum grain size. However, only laboratory-level results of these parameters have been presented, and their applicability in actual fires is yet to be verified. In this study, a fire reproduction experimental system was configured to generate molten marks similar to those in actual fire sites. The molten marks were measured by electron backscatter diffraction and applied to the four discriminant factors. The results obtained similar characteristics to those of the laboratory unit, confirming the applicability of the four discriminant factors. Discriminant equations and processes that can distinguish the primary and secondary arc beads were derived using the molten marks generated in the laboratory and reproduction experiments. Furthermore, a probabilistic discrimination method and classification model developed by machine learning were proposed. Therefore, the use of the discriminants in actual fires can improve the reliability of the statistics and prevent the recurrence of similar fires.
29
Nakeva von Mentzer, Cecilia. "Phonemic discrimination and reproduction in 4-5-year-old children: Relations to hearing." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 133 (June 2020): 109981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.109981.
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Szendi Md Habil, I., S. Szalóki, A. Bagi, E. Rudics, and E. Hallgató. "Research of time processing disorder within the investigation of specific traits of schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.640.
Анотація:
Introduction Schizophrenia is essentially related to one’s self-perception and the relationship to the world. One possible explanation for symptoms of schizophrenia in activities is the disruption of timing, which can develop into a disorder of activity perception and attribution. Objectives Our study aimed to investigate the specificity of time perception disorder within the schizophrenia-bipolar spectrum, within the time interval around one second. Methods In the study, N = 15 schizophrenic (M = 37.28 years, SD = 9.49 years), N = 9 bipolar (M = 49.44 years, SD = 8.48 years), N = 10 schizoaffective (M = 41.32 years, SD = 10.75 years) patients with compensated clinical condition and N = 28 healthy control subjects (M = 36.5 years, SD = 9.9 years) participated. Time processing was examined with a perceptual (discrimination) and a productive (synchronization) task. Results Concerning the interval discrimination, patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder lag behind controls in the majority of indicators (0.373–0.772). In terms of production and reproduction, the deviation of schizoaffective patients indicates a moderate difference, but subjects with schizophrenia show a large effect size, and subjects with bipolar disorder demonstrate a small effect size. Conclusions Our results suggest that the schizophrenic group exhibits a comprehensive time-processing disorder and in this respect can be distinguished from the bipolar affective and the control group. People with schizoaffective disorder show an intermediate performance in reproduction between the schizophrenic and bipolar groups, while in the case of discrimination deficit, they approach schizophrenics. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Mette, Christian. "Time Perception in Adult ADHD: Findings from a Decade—A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 3098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043098.
Анотація:
Time perception is impaired in adult ADHD. Since the term time perception subsumes different constructs, including time estimation, time reproduction, time production, and duration discrimination, it remains open whether certain domains are more affected than other domains in adult ADHD. The aim of this explorative review is to present the current state of research on time perception in adult ADHD by analysing studies from the past 10 years. A review of the literature addressing adult ADHD time perception, time estimation, and time reproduction was performed. The search strategy was conducted by using the databases “PubMed”, “Medline”, and “PSYNDEX”. The results of the present review indicate that the number of studies on time perception in adult ADHD is very scarce. Moreover, the main investigated domains of time perception in the past decade were time estimation, time reproduction and time management. Whereas some of the found studies were able to demonstrate a distinct deficit in time estimation, time reproduction and time management other studies were unable to demonstrate a clear association between ADHD and time estimation and time reproduction deficits. However, the diagnostic protocols, study design, and methodology varied between studies. Further studies on time estimation and time reproduction need to be carried out.
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Levy, Mélanie. "Surrogacy and Parenthood: A European Saga of Genetic Essentialism and Gender Discrimination." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, no. 29.1 (2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.36641/mjgl.29.1.surrogacy.
Анотація:
This paper tells a story of shifting normativities, from tradition to modernity and back, regarding the recognition of legal parenthood in non-traditional families created through crossborder surrogacy. The cross-border nature of the surrogacy is often forced as most domestic legal frameworks in Europe still restrict the creation of non-traditional families through assisted reproductive technologies. Once back home, these families struggle to have birth certificates recognized and establish legal parenthood. The disjuncture between social reality and domestic law creates a situation of legal limbo. In its recent case law, the European Court of Human Rights has pushed for domestic authorities to rectify this situation but, at the same time, has filled the legal limbo with genetic essentialism and allowed for gender discrimination when recognizing legal parenthood. While giving full effect to a genetic father’s foreign birth certificate based on identity and best interests arguments, the Court accepts that a genetic mother must adopt to establish a legal parent-child relationship. The paper critically addresses this intriguing imbalance. It deconstructs the Court’s genetic essentialism encouraging a biologically determined view of parenting, which sidelines the social (i.e., non-genetically related) parent and contradicts the purpose of assisted reproduction to overcome biological barriers. The paper concludes by rejecting the gender-discriminatory element of power and control over legal motherhood imposed by the procedural step of adoption.
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Sun, Hairuo. "The Impact of Marital Status and Fertility Status on Female Employment in China." Communications in Humanities Research 8, no. 1 (October 31, 2023): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/8/20230977.
Анотація:
Since the founding of the country, Chinas system of guaranteeing womens employment has become increasingly sophisticated. However, from the application of Chinas comprehensive two-child policy to the opening of the three-child policy to the current abolition of marriage restrictions on birth registration in some regions, marriage and childbirth have become increasingly important issues for women seeking employment. At the same time, the data survey shows that, in reality, women still receive discrimination and unequal treatment in employment due to marriage and childbirth. As women of childbearing age are responsible for both population reproduction and social reproduction, attention should be paid to how marriage and motherhood affect womens employment. By analyzing various factors in womens employment, such as enterprises, government, family members, and social opinion, this study focuses on the possible effects, such as experiencing workplace discrimination more frequently in marriage and childbirth, on women and proposes corresponding solutions. In conclusion, the focus of creating a female-friendly employment environment is not on protection, but on building a good and sound social welfare system that takes into account the clear demands of womens development.
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Steinberg, Nili, Roger Adams, Moshe Ayalon, Nadav Dotan, Shiri Bretter, and Gordon Waddington. "Recent Ankle Injury, Sport Participation Level, and Tests of Proprioception." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 8 (November 1, 2019): 824–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0164.
Анотація:
Objective: Assessing the effects of ankle injury and sport participation level on ankle proprioceptive sensitivity using a joint position reproduction (JPR) test and an inversion movement extent discrimination test. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Biomechanics lab. Participants: Forty-five student athletes ages 21–30 (mean = 24.8 y). Main Outcome Measures: Participants were tested for ankle inversion sensitivity using 2 devices; movement reproduction error was obtained from JPR in a non-weight-bearing (N-WB) state at 10° and 15° of inversion, and an ankle proprioceptive sensitivity score was obtained from the active movement extent discrimination apparatus (AMEDA), representing the ability to differentiate 5 inversion movement extents between 10.5° and 14.5°, with testing in both N-WB and weight-bearing (WB) states. Results: For the 34 athletes with no ankle injury in the previous 12 months, the sensitivity scores achieved on the AMEDA were significantly higher (P < .01) than those for the 11 athletes with ankle injury, and the injury effect was significantly greater in WB (P = .01). In JPR testing, the 2.96° error of reproduction for athletes with no recent ankle injury was not significantly different from the 3.36° error for those with ankle injury (P = .46). Correlation of current sport participation level with JPR showed less error for higher-level performers (r = .49, P = .001) but no significant relationship to WB or N-WB AMEDA scores (both P > .61). WB AMEDA scores were significantly higher for athletes who had competed at a higher level of sport competition when <18 years old (r = −.57, P < .001). Conclusions: Previous ankle sprains affected proprioceptive scores on the WB AMEDA and N-WB AMEDA tests, indicating the sensitivity of the AMEDA movement discrimination test to the effects of ankle injury. The correlation between JPR scores and current level of sport participation suggests the sensitivity of the JPR test to current ankle use.
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Bauböck, Rainer. "PART IV: Rights of Migrants, and Rights of Political Communities: Cultural Minority Rights for Immigrants." International Migration Review 30, no. 1 (March 1996): 203–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000116.
Анотація:
This paper argues that cultural minorities enjoy a basic right to recognition and rejects the idea that migrants implicitly renounce their cultural claims when they leave their countries of origin, when they enter the receiving society, or when they may return. Need for cultural recognition arises from the “ethnicization” of immigrant minorities. A catalog of minority rights provides a reference list for assessing the particular cultural rights of immigrant minorities. They can generally claim rights which recognize a multicultural transformation of receiving societies (equality, liberty, protection from individual discrimination, and public resources for cultural reproduction). However, most immigrants cannot reasonably claim rights derived from historic discrimination, or from collective autonomy within a federation of potentially separate polities.
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Riemer, Martin, Darren Rhodes, and Thomas Wolbers. "Systematic Underreproduction of Time Is Independent of Judgment Certainty." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6890674.
Анотація:
We recently proposed that systematic underreproduction of time is caused by a general judgment bias towards earlier responses, instead of reflecting a genuine misperception of temporal intervals. Here we tested whether this bias can be explained by the uncertainty associated with temporal judgments. We applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to inhibit neuronal processes in the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and tested its effects on time discrimination and reproduction tasks. The results show increased certainty for discriminative time judgments after PPC inhibition. They suggest that the right PPC plays an inhibitory role for time perception, possibly by mediating the multisensory integration between temporal stimuli and other quantities. Importantly, this increased judgment certainty had no influence on the degree of temporal underreproduction. We conclude that the systematic underreproduction of time is not caused by uncertainty for temporal judgments.
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Romani, Laurence, Lotte Holck, and Annette Risberg. "Benevolent discrimination: Explaining how human resources professionals can be blind to the harm of diversity initiatives." Organization 26, no. 3 (November 22, 2018): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508418812585.
Анотація:
This article contributes to critical diversity management studies by exploring how human resources professionals do not see that the diversity measures they initiate can contribute to the reproduction of inequalities. We argue that framing such practices as benevolent obscures the fact that they are discriminatory acts. Drawing on the concept of benevolent discrimination, we conceptualise it along three dimensions: (1) a well-intended effort to address discrimination within (2) a social relationship that constructs the others as inferior and in need of help, which is granted with (3) the expectation that they will accommodate into the existing hierarchical order. Benevolent discrimination is a subtle and structural form of discrimination that is difficult to see for those performing it, because it frames their action as positive, in solidarity with the (inferior) other who is helped, and within a hierarchical order that is taken for granted. We develop the concept of benevolent discrimination building on an in-depth qualitative case study of a Swedish organisation that is believed to be exemplary in its engagement in diversity management initiatives. The organisation is however swayed by an inequality regime based on the intersection of class and ethnicity. We argue that it is precisely because human resources professionals frame their actions as acts of benevolence that they cannot see how they take part in organisational discrimination.
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Clarissa Hennig Leal, Mônia, and Dérique Soares Crestane. "Algorithmic discrimination as a form of structural discrimination: Standards of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights related to vulnerable groups and the challenges to judicial review related to structural injunctions." UNIO – EU Law Journal 9, no. 1 (July 15, 2023): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/unio.9.1.5271.
Анотація:
In the era of the “information society”, many aspects of analogic life are migrating to the virtual space. Personal, educational, and professional relationships are becoming digital or hybrid. Although there are many conveniences in the virtual world, new dangers also arise, such as algorithmic discrimination. This occurs when the decision to grant or deny access to goods and services is made by an opaque or non-transparent algorithm. In this context, the following question arises: how can structural injunctions provide a basis for creating standards of protection in the face of legislative insufficiency and jurisdictional standards that confront algorithmic discrimination as a reproduction of structural discrimination? To this end, the hypothetical deductive approach, analytical procedure method, and bibliographic research technique were used. Thus, in the first part of this article, structural discrimination is contextualised, with special emphasis on the standards established by the Inter American Court of Human Rights. Next, the phenomenon of algorithmic discrimination and its relationship with historically observed structural discrimination in society are addressed. Finally, the possibility of using structural injunctions to provide Courts with an analysis of the phenomenon of algorithmic discrimination and formulate minimum standards to be observed by actors involved in the development of algorithms, especially those of artificial intelligence (AI), is examined. The conclusion is that structural injunctions adopted by Courts seeking to attack the roots of discrimination, especially those related to vulnerable groups, are an important tool to prevent algorithmic discrimination, as well as that the standards related to the protection of these groups established by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights should be taken as parameters for legislation and regulation of the use of AI.
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Lu, Hu, Xuezhang Zou, and Pingping Zhang. "Learning Progressive Modality-Shared Transformers for Effective Visible-Infrared Person Re-identification." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 2 (June 26, 2023): 1835–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i2.25273.
Анотація:
Visible-Infrared Person Re-Identification (VI-ReID) is a challenging retrieval task under complex modality changes. Existing methods usually focus on extracting discriminative visual features while ignoring the reliability and commonality of visual features between different modalities. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning framework named Progressive Modality-shared Transformer (PMT) for effective VI-ReID. To reduce the negative effect of modality gaps, we first take the gray-scale images as an auxiliary modality and propose a progressive learning strategy. Then, we propose a Modality-Shared Enhancement Loss (MSEL) to guide the model to explore more reliable identity information from modality-shared features. Finally, to cope with the problem of large intra-class differences and small inter-class differences, we propose a Discriminative Center Loss (DCL) combined with the MSEL to further improve the discrimination of reliable features. Extensive experiments on SYSU-MM01 and RegDB datasets show that our proposed framework performs better than most state-of-the-art methods. For model reproduction, we release the source code at https://github.com/hulu88/PMT.
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Merleaux, April. "Equal Risks: Workplace Discrimination, Toxic Exposure, and the Environmental Politics of Reproduction, 1976–91." Environmental History 26, no. 3 (May 29, 2021): 484–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emab025.
Анотація:
Abstract This article describes a period when environmental organizations actively worked to achieve equal rights for women in the 1970s and 1980s. Using archival records from the Environmental Defense Fund and from women’s occupational health activists, I argue that a significant, if under-recognized, catalyst for environmentalists’ engagement with feminist politics was the emergence of workplace exclusion policies. Pushed to hire women by newly enforced sex discrimination statutes in the 1970s, industrial employers categorically excluded women from jobs with hazardous toxic substances. Environmentalists joined a coalition of labor and women’s rights advocates that together challenged exclusion policies in the courts and regulatory agencies. The coalition devised a litigation strategy that they hoped would raise environmental standards and end sex discrimination, issues that they saw as intrinsically related. They forwarded an equal protection approach to environmental hazards as part of a broader campaign to expand how regulators assessed toxic risks. They sought gender-neutral protection, and they challenged the gender biases in scientific research priorities and regulatory standards. Their litigation culminated in the US Supreme Court’s decision in United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls (1991), which prohibited sex-based exclusion policies. In the realms of women’s employment law and abortion rights, the case was a success. It was not, however, a milestone for environmental protection. It failed to achieve key coalition objectives since it did not raise environmental standards or require companies to remediate toxic workplaces. Ultimately, the ruling preserved equal risks in toxic jobs rather than asserting equal rights to environmental protection.
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Jonsson, Anna-Carin, and Dennis Beach. "Institutional discrimination: Stereotypes and social reproduction of “class” in the Swedish upper-secondary school." Social Psychology of Education 18, no. 4 (March 22, 2015): 703–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11218-014-9279-1.
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Gutmann, Valerie. "Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Failure to Cover Does Not Violate ADA, Title VII, or PDA." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 2 (2003): 314–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00094.x.
Анотація:
In Saks v. Franklin Covey Co., the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that the American with Disabilities Act (ADA), Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA), and New York state law do not proscribe an employer's self-insured employee health plan from excluding surgical impregnation procedures from its coverage. Although the court found that infertility qualifies as a disability under the ADA, it restricted required coverage of certain infedty treatments.Title I of the ADA prohibits an employer from discriminating on the basis of disability “in regard to … fringe benefits available by virtue of employment, whether or not administered by the covered entity.” The ADA defines “disability” as “a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.” In Bragdon v. Abbott, the U.S. Supreme Court found that reproduction was a major life activity under the ADA.
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Phillips, JA. "Taxonomy and reproduction in Australian species of Diliphus (Dictyotales, Phaeophyta)." Australian Systematic Botany 5, no. 6 (1992): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9920657.
Анотація:
Eight species of Dilophus are recognised for Australia. Detailed descriptions are given for five species, D. fastigiatus, D. gunnianus, D. intermedius, D. marginatus and D. robustus. D. moniliformis and D. crinitus from Western Australia and D. decumbens from subantarctic Macquarie I. remain poorly known. Sporophytes and gametophytes are reported for the five species providing first records of sporophytes of D. robustus, female gametophytes of D. intermedius, and both male and female gametophytes of D. robustus and D. marginatus. The arrangement and structure of sporangia and gametangia have been intensively studied and many reproductive characters not previously used in species discrimination have been incorporated into species' descriptions and used to develop species' concepts. Species are delimited on the following combination of characters: arrangement, size and structure of sporangia, arrangement and structure of gametangia, and the number of medullary cell layers.
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Kazyak, Emily, and Nicholas K. Park. "Doing family: The reproduction of heterosexuality in accounts of parenthood." Journal of Sociology 56, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 646–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783319888288.
Анотація:
The cultural and legal landscape in the United States has shifted towards increased recognition of LGBQ-parent families. This shift raises questions about the everyday experiences of LGBQ parents and whether the cultural and legal changes also manifest in diminished experiences of discrimination. Drawing on data from 74 interviews with LGBQ parents, we analyze their accounts of whether they are read as a parent by others in their daily interactions. Our findings reveal the ways in which heterosexuality is a key component of how membership to the category of ‘parent’ is produced in social interactions. Our findings also illustrate how assumptions about heterosexuality are both racialized and gendered. Our focus on accountability foregrounds power in everyday interactions and provides a lens through which to understand how inequality and disempowerment for LGBQ people can persist in American society despite cultural and legal changes.
45
Saenen, Leen, Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry, and Geert Verheyden. "Development and Validation of a Novel Robot-Based Assessment of Upper Limb Sensory Processing in Chronic Stroke." Brain Sciences 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12081005.
Анотація:
Upper limb sensory processing deficits are common in the chronic phase after stroke and are associated with decreased functional performance. Yet, current clinical assessments show suboptimal psychometric properties. Our aim was to develop and validate a novel robot-based assessment of sensory processing. We assessed 60 healthy participants and 20 participants with chronic stroke using existing clinical and robot-based assessments of sensorimotor function. In addition, sensory processing was evaluated with a new evaluation protocol, using a bimanual planar robot, through passive or active exploration, reproduction and identification of 15 geometrical shapes. The discriminative validity of this novel assessment was evaluated by comparing the performance between healthy participants and participants with stroke, and the convergent validity was evaluated by calculating the correlation coefficients with existing assessments for people with stroke. The results showed that participants with stroke showed a significantly worse sensory processing ability than healthy participants (passive condition: p = 0.028, Hedges’ g = 0.58; active condition: p = 0.012, Hedges’ g = 0.73), as shown by the less accurate reproduction and identification of shapes. The novel assessment showed moderate to high correlations with the tactile discrimination test: a sensitive clinical assessment of sensory processing (r = 0.52–0.71). We conclude that the novel robot-based sensory processing assessment shows good discriminant and convergent validity for use in participants with chronic stroke.
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Lucon-Xiccato, Tyrone, and Angelo Bisazza. "Discrimination reversal learning reveals greater female behavioural flexibility in guppies." Biology Letters 10, no. 6 (June 2014): 20140206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0206.
Анотація:
Behavioural flexibility allows an animal to adapt its behaviour in response to changes in the environment. Research conducted in primates, rodents and domestic fowl suggests greater behavioural persistence and reduced behavioural flexibility in males. We investigated sex differences in behavioural flexibility in fish by comparing male and female guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) in a reversal learning task. Fish were first trained on a colour discrimination, which was learned equally rapidly by males and females. However, once the reward contingency was reversed, females were better at inhibiting the previous response and reached criterion twice as fast as males. When reward reversing was repeated, males gradually reduced the number of errors, and the two sexes had a comparable performance after four reversals. We suggest that sex differences in behavioural flexibility in guppies can be explained in terms of the different roles that males and females play in reproduction.
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Hudson, Maria, Gina Netto, Mike Noon, Filip Sosenko, Philomena de Lima, and Nicolina Kamenou-Aigbekaen. "Ethnicity and low wage traps: favouritism, homosocial reproduction and economic marginalization." Work, Employment and Society 31, no. 6 (January 17, 2017): 992–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017016674898.
Анотація:
This article analyses the relationship between cultural difference, social connections and opportunity structures using interview evidence from low-paid workers and managers in local government, the health service, facilities management and housing. Exploring the operation of homosocial reproduction it reveals the double-edged nature of informality and the role of favouritism in particular in perpetuating ethnic advantage and privilege. While demonstrating that uses of homosocial reproduction need to be sensitive to intersections of identities or categories of difference, the article adds further evidence of the persistent gap between equal opportunities policies and practice for ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom labour market. The article concludes that stronger forms of positive action, and even positive discrimination, are needed to address the low pay traps and restricted opportunities of ethnic minority workers.
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White, Adam J., Stefan Robinson, Eric Anderson, Rachael Bullingham, Allyson Pollock, and Ryan Scoats. "The Lack of Age Representation in the Governance of Rugby Union in England." Sociology of Sport Journal 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2018-0149.
Анотація:
Diversity and representation in sport governing bodies has become an issue for both public discussion and academic debate in recent times. Previous work has primarily centered on gender inequalities within the forever changing masculine terrain of sport. However, no work has yet examined the representation and participation of young people in the decision-making structures of sporting bodies. This paper holds up England’s Rugby Union for organizational analysis, using the notion of homologous reproduction as a heuristic framework. In doing so, it explores the reproduction of this governing body for the systematic exclusion of young people in decision-making processes over the last few decades. This framework is then twined with Article 11 of the United Nation’s Convention for the Rights of the Child, to make the case that the RFU desires homologous reproduction in order to avoid dealing with what youth are currently concerned with –head injuries. Given such a high proportion of rugby’s participants being under twenty-five years of age, we conclude the lack of young people within the decision-making process represents a form of willful discrimination.
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Sperisen, Vera. "«Hier geboren, aber im Urlaub daheim» – vom geteilten Differenzwissen zur natio-ethno-kulturellen Zuschreibung im Unterricht." Didactica Historica 6, no. 1 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33055/didacticahistorica.2020.006.01.85.long.
Анотація:
The theme of ‘migration’ has become a popular teaching topic in order to address social issues such as belonging, discrimination, equal opportunities and participation in school life. Empirical findings show, however, that didactics of history and politics are challenged in development and conceptual work so that current teaching practice can move away from the simple reproduction of hegemonic orders of belonging. Historical approaches offer an opportunity to critically discuss shifts in discourse and the constructedness of social categories.
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Álvarez-Cansino, Leonor, Mari Cruz Díaz Barradas, María Zunzunegui, Mari Paz Esquivias, and Todd E. Dawson. "Gender-specific variation in physiology in the dioecious shrub Corema album throughout its distributional range." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 12 (2012): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12131.
Анотація:
Different requirements for reproduction between sexes in dioecious plants can lead to gender-specific physiological responses to environmental constraints. Females generally endure higher reproductive investment and costs than males, displaying lower water and nutrient use efficiency and growth. We studied the ecophysiology of the dioecious shrub Corema album L. (D.) Don. to assess how drought impacts physiological responses and gender dimorphism along an aridity gradient within the species’ range. Leaf gas exchange, photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), water potential (Ψ), vegetative growth (VG) and leaf C isotopic discrimination and nitrogen content were measured in three populations under markedly different climatic conditions. Physiological responses and growth indicated higher level of stress in the drier environments, leading to increased WUE (Δ) and lower VG. Physiological stress increases among plants were related to incremental changes in the degree of gender dimorphism, with significant effects on Ψ and Fv/Fm (P < 0.05); males showed higher VG (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis of instantaneous and integrated measurements revealed gender-related effects across the climatic gradient (P < 0.01). Reproduction investment has an effect on the physiological performance and growth of C. album. Gender responses are site-specific, being influenced by climate. The increase in physiological stress with aridity could lead to the potential retreat and variation in structure in these populations if genders are affected differently by the predicted climate change.