Дисертації з теми "Disaster Wastes"

Depending on their nature and severity, disasters can create large volumes of debris and waste. Waste volumes from a single event can be the equivalent of many times the annual waste generation rate of the affected community. These volumes can overwhelm existing solid waste management facilities and personnel. Mismanagement of disaster waste can affect both the response and long term recovery of a disaster affected area. Previous research into disaster waste management has been either context specific or event specific, making it difficult to transfer lessons from one disaster event to another. The aim of this research is to develop a systems understanding of disaster waste management and in turn develop context- and disaster-transferrable decision-making guidance for emergency and waste managers. To research this complex and multi-disciplinary problem, a multi-hazard, multi-context, multi-case study approach was adopted. The research focussed on five major disaster events: 2011 Christchurch earthquake, 2009 Victorian Bushfires, 2009 Samoan tsunami, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake and 2005 Hurricane Katrina. The first stage of the analysis involved the development of a set of ‘disaster & disaster waste’ impact indicators. The indicators demonstrate a method by which disaster managers, planners and researchers can simplify the very large spectra of possible disaster impacts, into some key decision-drivers which will likely influence post-disaster management requirements. The second stage of the research was to develop a set of criteria to represent the desirable environmental, economic, social and recovery effects of a successful disaster waste management system. These criteria were used to assess the effectiveness of the disaster waste management approaches for the case studies. The third stage of the research was the cross-case analysis. Six main elements of disaster waste management systems were identified and analysed. These were: strategic management, funding mechanisms, operational management, environmental and human health risk management, and legislation and regulation. Within each of these system elements, key decision-making guidance (linked to the ‘disaster & disaster waste’ indicators) and management principles were developed. The ‘disaster & disaster waste’ impact indicators, the effects assessment criteria and management principles have all been developed so that they can be practically applied to disaster waste management planning and response in the future.

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Dahl, Erik. Second Reader: Piombo, Jessica. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Volunteer, Convergene, Real ID, National Identity Card, WHTI, Volunteer Mobilization Center, First Responder Credentialing Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-105). Also available in print.

Le système de gestion des déchets se réorganise lors des événements exceptionnels pour répondre à l'évolution des contraintes en lien avec l'évolution des quantités et types de déchets, le mélange des déchets et les interdépendances avec les autres systèmes techniques urbains (coupure des routes, encombrement des réseaux, etc.). De nombreux acteurs, notamment de la gestion de crise, voient alors évoluer leurs implications dans la gestion des déchets post-catastrophe. Cette thèse s'intéresse à ces aspects de l'après événement et de la gestion des déchets autour de la question suivante : comment le système et les filières de gestion des déchets se transforment face à des contraintes extérieures fortes, comme celles produites par une catastrophe naturelle ? Pour cela, la recherche doctorale utilise et spécifie une méthode inspirée de l'analyse fonctionnelle. Elle enrichit les études classiques, qui structurent en deux temps - « analyse fonctionnelle » et « analyse dysfonctionnelle » - l'étude du système, en proposant de décliner six temporalités qui font écho à la gestion des risques naturels : le système fonctionnel, la pré-catastrophe, la survenue de l'aléa, la phase d'urgence, le relèvement et le recouvrement. L'analyse fonctionnelle est également couplée à une analyse filière : les filières de gestion des déchets sont paramétrées dans le système pour permettre de suivre leur évolution. La méthode conçue dans la thèse a été appliquée pour analyser la gestion des déchets dans la vallée de la Roya après la tempête Alex en octobre 2020. Malgré les difficultés relatives à la pandémie de Covid-19, cette phase d'application a donné lieu à deux déplacements terrains (respectivement d'un mois et d'une semaine) qui ont pu être réalisés en 2021 et complétés par des entretiens à distance. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'hypothèse de considérer de nouvelles filières parait raisonnable : une filière générale « déchets post-catastrophe » ou encore des filières déchets verts post-catastrophe, etc. Toutefois, la thèse questionne la pertinence en termes de préparation et de planification de la mise en place de telles filières, notamment vis-à-vis de l'incertitude de leur activation et de la disponibilité de moyens humains, techniques et financiers pour les mettre en place. La possibilité de replacer la gestion des déchets comme une activité d'importance vitale est une alternative qui parait également intéressante. Elle pourrait induire d'autres aspects sur la responsabilisation des acteurs de la gestion des déchets, la conservation des filières existantes même après une catastrophe, et l'intégration du système de gestion des déchets dans la culture commune de la gestion de crise en lien avec les autres activités d'importance vitale, dont les autres systèmes sociotechniques urbains (énergie, transport, télécommunication, eau et assainissement)
The waste management system reorganises during exceptional events to address new constraints linked both to the sudden shift in the quantities, types and mixes of waste, and to the interdependencies with other urban technical systems (road cutting, network congestion, etc.). The involvement in waste management of many stakeholders, particularly from emergency management, evolves. This thesis focuses on these aspects of post-event and waste management around the following question: how do the waste management system and chains transform in the face of strong external constraints, such as those produced by a natural disaster ? Doctoral research uses and specifies a method inspired by functional analysis. It enriches classic studies, which structure the study of the system in two stages - “functional analysis” and “dysfunctional analysis”, by proposing to break down the analysis into six temporalities from natural risk management: the functional system, the pre-disaster, the occurrence of the hazard, the emergency phase, rehabilitation and recovery. The functional analysis is coupled with a chain analysis: the waste management chains are configured in the system to enable the monitoring of their evolution. The method is applied to analyse waste management in the Roya Valley (South France) after Storm Alex in October 2020. Despite the difficulties related to the Covid-19 pandemic, this application phase extended into two field trips (which respectively lasted for a month and a week) which were carried out in 2021 and supplemented by remote interviews. The results show that the hypothesis of considering new waste chains such as a general “disaster waste” chain or even a green disaster waste chain seems reasonable. However, the thesis questions the relevance in terms of preparation and planning of the establishment of such chains, particularly with the uncertainty of their activation and the availability of human, technical and financial means to implement them. Another alternative seems interesting: the possibility of considering waste management as a critical infrastructure (called "activity of vital importance" in France). This qualification could help bring clarity over the responsibilities of waste management stakeholders, and promote the conservation of existing chains even after a disaster. In addition, it might foster the integration of the waste management system into the common culture of crisis management shared between other critical activities, including other urban sociotechnical networks (energy, transport, telecommunications, water and sanitation)

In order to see if, and how, future aid efforts can be improved and better contribute to a more sustainable and resilient society this essay is about how management of solid waste generated in emergency situations work and what effects the waste have on public health. This is investigated using information collected from secondary sources and interviews with three persons who have knowledge and experience in the subject. Health and sustainability are of importance in the guidelines that deal with management of waste in disaster situations. However, there are no documentations of real experiences of disaster waste impacts on human health. Even so the waste might contaminate drinking water and increase the amount of disease-carrying vectors in the area. Previous conditions in the country, low priority of waste and information to the public are some of the main features preventing optimal function of a sustainable and healthy waste management.
För att se om och hur framtida biståndsinsatser kan förbättras och i större utsträckning bidra till ett mer hållbart och motståndskraftigt samhälle handlar denna uppsats om hur hanteringen av katastrofavfall fungerar och vilka effekter detta avfall har på människors hälsa. Detta undersöks med hjälp av information som samlats in från sekundärkällor samt intervjuer med tre personer som har kunskap och erfarenhet i ämnet. Hälsa och hållbarhet är av betydelse i de riktlinjer som behandlar hantering av avfall i katastrofsituationer. Trots att inga verkliga erfarenheter av katastrofavfalls effekter på människors hälsa finns dokumenterade kan avfallet förorena dricksvatten och öka mängden smittspridande vektorer i området. Tidigare förhållanden i området, låg prioritet av avfall och dålig information till allmänheten är några av de viktigaste funktionerna som förhindrar optimal funktion av en hållbar och sund avfallshantering.

Though increasing nature of impacts from disasters has made post disaster management a significant area of concern, management of disaster waste is identified as an area of least concern. It presents momentous challenges for those with inadequate capacities due to large volumes and hazardous constituents created, particularly in developing countries. This is equally applicable to Sri Lanka which was severely affected by the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 and from three decades of civil war. In this context, it is vital to explore capacities which need to be enhanced for post disaster waste management. Accordingly, this study focuses on identification of existing capacities of post disaster waste management with special emphasise on Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste at national level entities in Sri Lanka. Disaster C&D waste comprises of waste such as debris generated from totally or partially damaged buildings and infrastructure as a direct impact of disasters or from demolished buildings and infrastructure at rehabilitation or early recovery stages. Literature revealed that after the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, collected disaster waste containing a considerable proportion of C&D waste was not recycled or reused at its optimum capacity in Sri Lanka, instead disposing it at landfill sites. Initially, a literature review and document survey was conducted on capacity building with special emphasise on post disaster waste management to identify capacity building principles, strategies, evaluation measures and challenges, if there are any. Pilot interviews were conducted to identify current post disaster waste management practices in Sri Lanka. Multiple case studies and expert interviews were subsequently conducted to gather primary data on existing capacities of post disaster waste management in Sri Lanka. Three case studies which included fourteen individuals and seven experts representing government and non governmental organisations and other sector entities were selected for data collection. Semi-structured interviews were conducted as the main data collection method and code based analysis and cognitive mapping were used to analyse collected data. Results revealed existing capacities, capacity gaps and factors affecting capacity building for post disaster waste management including: skills and confidence building, links and collaborations, continuity and sustainability, research and development, communication and coordination, organisational implementations and investments in infrastructure. Approaches for enhancing capacities in post disaster waste management were identified. They include establishment of a regulatory body and enforceable rules and regulations, promotion of holistic approaches for training and development focussing on indigenous and sustainable methods, development of formal and transparent procedures to establish linkages and collaborations, create awareness on sustainable, environmentally friendly and culturally supportive techniques on disaster waste management. These approaches were identified with the aim to contribute towards achieving sustainable post disaster C&D waste management.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(地球環境学)
甲第19387号
地環博第143号
新制||地環||29(附属図書館)
32401
新制||地環||29
京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻
(主査)教授 勝見 武, 教授 高岡 昌輝, 准教授 乾 徹
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Quando eventi naturali come terremoti, alluvioni e frane colpiscono aree urbane ad alta densità abitativa, si possono generare grandi quantità di rifiuti e detriti. Ad esempio, in Italia, la forte urbanizzazione degli anni ‘50 e l'aumento demografico hanno portato ad un uso improprio del territorio, a volte illegale, con la costruzione di strutture vulnerabili in territori ad alto rischio sismico e idrogeologico. La peculiarità di eventi come terremoti e alluvioni è la grande produzione di rifiuti (macerie e detriti), in un tempo molto breve. Questo genera un forte impatto e numerosi problemi durante la gestione dell’emergenza. Una errata gestione di questi rifiuti in caso di calamità può causare danni ambientali rilevanti, perdite economiche significative ed anche impatti psicologici sulle popolazioni colpite, già soggette ad alti livelli di stress. I rifiuti prodotti possono avere caratteristiche diverse; tali differenze sono principalmente dovute al tipo di disastro, macerie per i terremoti e detriti per le alluvioni, all’area geografica, zone rurali contro aree costiere, alla densità abitativa, aree fortemente antropizzate produrranno una risposta molto differente rispetto a zone industriali a bassa densità abitativa. Lo studio della letteratura scientifica dimostra che le informazioni relative alla gestione dei rifiuti di emergenza sono ancora molto scarse, mancano protocolli e piani di emergenza specifici per gestire questa particolare tipologia di rifiuti. Queste mancanze obbligano le autorità locali e la protezione civile ad utilizzare metodi empirici, maturati dall’esperienza sul campo. Lo stato dell’arte attuale impone la ricerca e la definizione di protocolli per la gestione dei rifiuti in emergenza, al fine di colmare queste lacune e fornire uno strumento di supporto da utilizzare durante le emergenze. Questa ricerca scientifica si concentra sulla definizione di migliori pratiche di gestione dei rifiuti in emergenza. Il lavoro parte dall’analisi di determinati casi studio italiani e prosegue con la definizione di diversi scenari possibili per la gestione di rifiuti dopo terremoti o alluvioni. per ricercare le. Attualmente in Italia manca una legislazione specifica ed anche un protocollo standardizzato, che potrebbe favorire una strategia di recupero più efficiente. In questo contesto, è importante considerare l’impatto ambientale generato dalle differenti strategie di gestione dei rifiuti (ad esempio, la creazione di un deposito temporaneo dove pretrattare il materiale). Con questi presupposti, una valutazione del ciclo di vita (LCA) del materiale trattato ed una analisi economica si sono rivelati gli strumenti vincenti per identificare l’impatto ambientale ed economico generato delle diverse strategie di gestione ipotizzate, identificandone anche i principali punti critici.
The intensification of extreme natural events, caused by climate change, together with strong urbanization, makes it essential for society to be prepared to cope with these emergency situations. The main priority after a natural event, that hit an anthropized area, is to save all human lives involved in the disaster. Subsequently, it will be necessary to restore a normal situation. Events such as floods, landslides and earthquakes generate a huge amount of debris and rubbles, creating numerous problems during emergency activities. To remedy this, it will be necessary to clean up the affected area as soon as possible, from this material. To ensure that the disaster waste management is efficient, it is necessary to have a protocol or at least a guideline to follow. In the world, a lot of protocols exist to manage the emergency situation after the natural event, but there is not enough information for the disaster waste management. This lack drives local authorities to use empirical management methods. The empirical method is based on experience in the field and does not take into account a scientific methodological approach, that analyses the environmental and economic impact generated by the disaster waste management. The guiding principles should be the reduction of the environmental footprint and of management costs; however, the emergency does not allow to carry out such analyses before choosing a strategy for the management of waste, due to the lack of time.

The Master of Engineering Management Project was sponsored by the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA) and consisted of two phases: The first was an analysis of existing information detailing the effects of hazardous natural events on Canterbury Lifeline Utilities in the past 15 years. The aim of this “Lessons Learned” project was to produce an analysis report that identified key themes from the research, gaps in the existing data and to provide recommendations from these “Lessons Learned.” The Second phase was the development of a practical “Disaster Mitigation Guideline” that outlined lessons in the field of Emergency Sanitation. This research would build upon the first stage and would draw from international reference to develop a guideline that has practical implementation possibilities throughout the world.

A necessidade de minimizar os impactos causados por desastres, e pelos resíduos sólidos neles gerados, motivaram o desenvolvimento da gestão de resíduos de desastres em todo o mundo. Plataformas de sensoriamento remoto orbital e aeronaves tripuladas vêm sendo empregadas no auxílio à gestão de desastres e de seus resíduo, ainda que de forma restrita a casos mais extremos. O desenvolvimento tecnológico dos veículos aéreos não tripulados (VANTs), em especial os modelos civis comerciais de baixo custo, e a formulação da legislação que trata do seu uso, tem viabilizado sua aplicação em distintas áreas, dentre elas o mapeamento de precisão. A fim de analisar a aplicabilidade dessas plataformas de auxilio ao diagnóstico da geração de resíduos de desastres, foram selecionados dois conjuntos fotografias previamente obtidos com um VANT comercial quadrirotor. Em seguida, foi realizado o processamento desses dados no PhotoScan, visando a geração de mapas informativos. Buscou-se analisar a capacidade de identificação, quantificação e caracterização dos resíduos sólidos dispostos nas áreas mapeadas. Aspectos legais, econômicos e técnicos associados ao uso da ferramenta foram contemplados, afim de melhor fundamentar a aplicabilidade em questão. Os resultados indicaram relevante potencial de identificação e quantificação dos resíduos encontrados, e algumas limitações na capacidade de caracterizá-los. A atual legislação, e os aspectos econômicos e técnicos levantados favorecem a utilização de mini-VANT comercial para o uso proposto, ainda que de forma limitada à desastres onde a extensão afetada não seja demasiadamente extensa. A observância às boas praticas na escolha do equipamento, no planejamento e execução de vôo são fundamentais para a geração de mapas informativos contendo o posicionamento, o volume estimado e a composição estimada dos montes de resíduos encontrados.
The need to minimize the impacts caused by disasters, and the solid waste generated, motivated the development of methods and practices for the management of disaster residues all over the world. Orbital remote sensing platforms and manned aircraft have been used in the management of disasters and their residues, even though it restricts them to the most extreme cases. The technological development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), especially low-cost commercial civil models, and the formulation of legislation that deals with their use, has made their application viable in different areas, including precision mapping. In order to analyze the applicability of these platforms in aid of the diagnosis of disaster waste generation, two sets of photographs previously obtained with an \"off the shelf\" UAV were selected. Then, the processing of these data in PhotoScan was carried out, aiming at the generation of informative maps. It was sought to analyze the capacity of identification, quantification and characterization of the solid residues disposed in the mapped areas. Legal, economic and technical aspects associated to the use of the tool were contemplated, in order to better base the applicability on the question. The results indicated relevant potential of identification and quantification of the residues found, and some limitations in their capacity of characterization. The current legislation, and the economic and technical aspects raised favor the use of commercial mini-VANT for the proposed use, even though in a limited way to disasters where the affected extension is not too extensive. The observance of good practices in the choice of equipment, in the planning and execution of its execution are fundamental for the generation of informative maps containing the positioning, the estimated volume and the estimated composition of the amounts of residues found.

Fine grained sediment deposition in urban environments during natural hazard events can impact critical infrastructure and properties (urban terrain) leading to reduced social and economic function and potentially adverse public health effects. Therefore, clean-up of the sediments is required to minimise impacts and restore social and economic functionality as soon as possible. The strategies employed to manage and coordinate the clean-up significantly influence the speed, cost and quality of the clean-up operation. Additionally, the physical properties of the fine grained sediment affects the clean-up, transport, storage and future usage of the sediment. The goals of the research are to assess the resources, time and cost required for fine grained sediment clean-up in an urban environment following a disaster and to determine how the geotechnical properties of sediment will affect urban clean-up strategies. The thesis focuses on the impact of fine grained sediment (<1 mm) deposition from three liquefaction events during the Canterbury earthquake sequence (2010-2011) on residential suburbs and transport networks in Christchurch. It also presents how geotechnical properties of the material may affect clean-up strategies and methods by presenting geotechnical analysis of tephra material from the North Island of New Zealand. Finally, lessons for disaster response planning and decision making for clean-up of sediment in urban environments are presented. A series of semi-structured interviews of key stakeholders supported by relevant academic literature and media reports were used to record the clean-up operation coordination and management and to make a preliminary qualification of the Christchurch liquefaction ejecta clean-up (costs breakdown, time, volume, resources, coordination, planning and priorities). Further analysis of the costs and resources involved for better accuracy was required and so the analysis of Christchurch City Council road management database (RAMM) was done. In order to make a transition from general fine sediment clean-up to specific types of fine disaster sediment clean-up, adequate information about the material properties is required as they will define how the material will be handled, transported and stored. Laboratory analysis of young volcanic tephra from the New Zealand’s North Island was performed to identify their geotechnical properties (density, granulometry, plasticity, composition and angle of repose). The major findings of this research were that emergency planning and the use of the coordinated incident management system (CIMS) system during the emergency were important to facilitate rapid clean-up tasking, management of resources and ultimately recovery from widespread and voluminous liquefaction ejecta deposition in eastern Christchurch. A total estimated cost of approximately $NZ 40 million was calculated for the Christchurch City clean-up following the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence with a partial cost of $NZ 12 million for the Southern part of the city, where up to 33% (418 km) of the road network was impacted by liquefaction ejecta and required clearing of the material following the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Over 500,000 tonnes of ejecta has been stockpiled at Burwood landfill for all three liquefaction inducing earthquake events. The average cost per kilometre for the event clean-up was $NZ 5,500/km (4 September 2010), $NZ 11,650/km (22 February 2011) and $NZ 11,185/km (13 June 2011). The duration of clean-up time of residential properties and the road network was approximately two to three months for each of the three liquefaction ejecta events; despite events volumes and spatial distribution of ejecta. Interviews and quantitative analysis of RAMM data revealed that the experience and knowledge gained from the Darfield earthquake (4 September 2010) clean-up increased the efficiency of the following Christchurch earthquake induced liquefaction ejecta clean-up events. Density, particle size, particle shape, clay content and moisture content, are the important geotechnical properties that need to be considered when planning for a clean-up method that incorporates collection, transport and disposal or storage. The geotechnical properties for the tephra samples were analysed to increase preparedness and reaction response of potentially affected North Island cities from possible product from the active volcanoes in their region. The geotechnical results from this study show that volcanic tephra could be used in road or construction material but the properties would have to be further investigated for a New Zealand context. Using fresh volcanic material in road, building or flood control construction requires good understanding of the material properties and precaution during design and construction to extra care, but if well planned, it can be economically beneficial.

A warmer climate is expected to increase the risks of natural disasters globally. China is one of the hotspots of climate impacts since its infrastructures and industries are often hard hit. Yet little is known about the nature and the extent to which they are affected. This thesis builds novel system-of-systems risk assessment methodologies and data for China, representing infrastructures (energy, transport, waste, water and digital communications) as interdependent networks that support spatially distributed users of infrastructure services. A unique national-scale geo-spatial network database containing 64,834 existing infrastructure assets is assembled. For the first time, flood and drought exposure maps of China's key infrastructures are created, highlighting the locations of key urban areas to understand how its infrastructures and population could be exposed to climate impacts. To deepen the understanding of how climate change will affect the Chinese infrastructure system and hence its economy, economic impact modelling is applied. The research combines a detailed firm-level econometric analysis of 162,830 companies with a macroeconomic input-output model to estimate flood impacts on China's manufacturing sector over the period 2003 - 2010. It is estimated that flooding on average reduces firm output by 3.18% - 3.87% per year and their propagating effects on the Chinese macroeconomic system to be a 1.38% - 1.68% annual loss in total direct and indirect output, which amounts to 17,323 - 21,082 RMB billion. Several infrastructure sectors - electricity, the heat production and supply industry, gas production and supply, the water production and supply industry - are indirectly affected owing to the effects of supply chain disruptions. Taking the above analysis one step further, this thesis explores how climate disaster risks may change over the period 2016 - 2055, using flooding as a case study. A global river routing (CaMa-Flood) model at a spatial resolution of 0.25° x 0.25° is applied and downscaled for China, using the daily runoff of 11 Atmospheric and Oceanic General Circulation Models (AOGCMs). Combining the flood analysis with the infrastructure database, this research demonstrates the changing locations of exposed infrastructures and their dependent customers. We find that by 2055, the number of infrastructure assets exposed to increasing probability of flooding under RCP 4.5 are 41, 268, 115, 53, 739, 1098, 432 for airports, dams, data centres, ports, power plants, rail stations, reservoirs respectively - almost 8% of all assets for each sector. The lengths of line assets exposed to increasing flood hazards are 14,376 km, 32,740 km, 102,877 km and 25,310 km oil pipelines, rail tracks, roads and transmission lines respectively. Under RCP 8.4, the numbers increase to 51, 301, 137, 71, 812, 1066, 424 for point assets. Linear assets increase to 19,938 km, 39,859 km, 122,155 km and 30,861 km. Further, we demonstrate that indirect exposure of customers reliant on those infrastructure assets outside the floodplain could also be high. The average number of customers affected by increasing flood probabilities are 54 million, 114 million and 131 million for airports, power plants and stations respectively. However, within this aggregate increase there is large spatial variation, which has implications for spatial planning of adaptation to flood risk to infrastructure. This is a first substantial study of flood impacts to infrastructure both in terms of direct exposure and their indirect implications. Lastly, to shed some light on the potential vulnerability of China's infrastructure system to climate impacts, this thesis develops a framework that identifies the drivers of infrastructure development in China using evidence from policy documents and a unique geospatial dataset for the years 1900 - 2010. Understanding these drivers will provide a useful foundation for future research in terms of developing infrastructure models that could project the locations of future infrastructure assets and networks in China, thereby quantifying how China's infrastructure exposure and vulnerability will change over time. Overall this research provides an integrated system-of-systems perspective of understanding network and economic vulnerabilities and risks to Chinese energy, transport, water, waste and digital communication infrastructures due to climate change. This is crucial in informing the long-term planning and adaptation in China.

碩士
國立交通大學
交通運輸研究所
100
The earthquake disaster causes potential serious economic and human damages for those countries located at the fault zone and the post-disaster construction waste not only has damaged the eco-environment but has brought threat to the victims’ healthy and safety problem. Therefore, this study aims to build up a post-disaster construction waste clean-up and reusing system which is able to coordinate every member belongs to this reverse logistics supply chain. The proposed model have three different objective, minimization of total operating cost, minimization of victims’ mental load and maximization of victims’ satisfaction, and then, discussing the trade-off between those objective functions help government to make the optimal distribution assignment under different political concerning. To test the improving performance of proposed model and the trade-off between objective functions, this study uses diverse scenarios to evaluate the performance of our post-disaster construction waste clean-up system. The results of the numerical experiment show that the operating cost surely cam be improved by coordinating the members of waste clean-up supply chain, and improving victims’ mental load and satisfaction by corresponding objective weight setting. Beside, the study also implies that the potential risk of victims’ protest is exist if the clean-up progressing behind the planned schedule.

碩士
國立中央大學
國際永續發展碩士在職專班
101
Disaster waste management is an issue that needs to be considered in the emergency plans of every country because large quantities of extra waste will be generated by the disaster crisis. Honduras’ exposure to natural phenomena, especially storm disasters, is extremely high causing severe impacts to its territory, economy, and people. Therefore, this study aimed to provide some waste management guidance in an event that a storm disaster affects the country of Honduras and more specifically its capital city Tegucigalpa. The scope of the thesis was to provide waste generation estimates in areas of the city with a higher risk of being affected and also to locate a potential place where the great quantities of disaster waste could be managed before its final disposal. An equation model developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers was applied, and factors such as amount of households, storm intensity, amount of vegetation, amount of commercial structures, and precipitation were used to calculate the generation of extra waste due to a storm disaster. The geoprocessing tools of ArcGIS were used to analyze different parameters to narrow out different areas that could serve as potential sites for the management of disaster waste. The results of this study show that an approximate amount of 324,000 tons of extra waste (corresponding to approximately 8 times the annual solid waste) could be possibly generated by a worst-case scenario during a storm disaster; and that this quantity of waste could be stored for later management in an area of nearly 70 hectares located in the vicinity of the city of Tegucigalpa.

This master’s thesis examines the relationship between emergency management planning and comprehensive land use planning. The incorporation of emergency management practices into the comprehensive planning process allows for a better understanding of the impact of development, zoning, building code, and economic development on the mitigation of hazards that face the community. Academic curricula may provide a brief introduction of the relationship between hazard mitigation and land use; however, a more detailed exploration of how emergency management planning and regional or urban planning are interrelated is needed. The impact of weather-related events, natural disasters, or other human-caused shock or disruption can dramatically impact the physical, social, and psychological structures of a community. This research provides regional planners with the history of emergency management planning in the United States. It examines how cross-sharing of information and process between both planning disciplines can contribute to more robust community development and disaster plans. A case study illustrates the impact of urban development on natural hazard mitigation and the subsequent risks to public safety, which resulted from the planning decisions. Place identity, place dependence, and public participation concerning hazard mitigation and disaster management are explored to provide planners and emergency managers with a context of the psychological influences which may impact a community member’s decisions when faced with significant disruption of place. Best practices that guide the integration of regional planning and emergency management planning are provided to increase the understanding of both planning processes to increase the capacity of a community to absorb and rebound from a natural disaster or sudden shock.

Following a grounded theory research model, the research uncovered and presented the state of debris recycling to a national association of demolition contractors to measure their willingness and attitudes towards the growing trend in the circular economy and adapting their business models to incorporate it into their own contracts. The first part was finding the deficiencies in the current model based on government reports and through interviews with county-level emergency managers. Second, successful businesses that already use the circular economy design in their operations were used as exemplars to emulate and their opinions and suggestions were discussed. The outputs of the emergency managers and the successful businesses was folded into the third phase of the research with surveys to the membership of the National Demolition Association (NDA) with multiple-choice, scalar questions and open-ended, opinion-heavy questions throughout. The findings were reported back to the head of the partnering organization, the NDA, to focus outreach, training, and policy advocacy concentration for the national organization as a whole, but to related and tangentially-connected industries to their own.

Good soil condition belongs to the basic requirements of well-ballanced environment. That is why the soil has to correspond to hygienic requirements and be protected against substances harmful to human health, e.g. toxic materials, germs of transmissible illnesses and parasites. The most common cause of soil contamination is anthropogenic incidence. Contaminated soil belongs to waste and has to be removed in a proper way. is A special way of waste removal is soil decontamination. Its goal is to remove harmful substances and regain the original use of the soil.