Статті в журналах: "Disaster transport management"

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Hussain, Sajjad, Saira Miraj, and Rani Saddique. "Social Work and Community Based Disaster Risk Management in Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (September 8, 2019): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v10i1.105.

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Pakistan is exposed to various natural calamities due to its geophysical condition and climatic changes. In addition, man-made disasters also pose a threat to human lives and properties which includes industrial and transport disasters including oil spills, civil unrest, wars and conflicts. Although it is not possible to stop or prevent natural disasters, but the negative impacts of natural disasters can be minimized through human efforts. The government of Pakistan has adopted participatory approach as part of its policy for disaster management. This research paper is based on the analysis of secondary data for reviewing the existing policies with emphasis on disaster risk reduction in pre and post disaster period. The paper concludes that participation of target community is indispensable for disaster risk reduction on sustainable basis. The article suggests that community should be meaningfully involved in disaster risk reduction efforts at the local level. In this connection the role of social workers is indispensable for disaster risk reduction on sustainable basis.

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Ingrassia, Pier Luigi, Luca Ragazzoni, Marco Tengattini, Luca Carenzo, and Francesco Della Corte. "Nationwide Program of Education for Undergraduates in the Field of Disaster Medicine: Development of a Core Curriculum Centered on Blended Learning and Simulation Tools." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 29, no. 5 (August 22, 2014): 508–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x14000831.

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AbstractIn recent years, effective models of disaster medicine curricula for medical schools have been established. However, only a small percentage of medical schools worldwide have considered at least basic disaster medicine teaching in their study program. In Italy, disaster medicine has not yet been included in the medical school curriculum. Perceiving the lack of a specific course on disaster medicine, the Segretariato Italiano Studenti in Medicina (SISM) contacted the Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale in Medicina di Emergenza e dei Disastri ed Informatica applicata alla didattica e alla pratica Medica (CRIMEDIM) with a proposal for a nationwide program in this field. Seven modules (introduction to disaster medicine, prehospital disaster management, definition of triage, characteristics of hospital disaster plans, treatment of the health consequences of different disasters, psychosocial care, and presentation of past disasters) were developed using an e-learning platform and a 12-hour classroom session which involved problem-based learning (PBL) activities, table-top exercises, and a computerized simulation (Table 1). The modules were designed as a framework for a disaster medicine curriculum for undergraduates and covered the three main disciplines (clinical and psychosocial, public health, and emergency and risk management) of the core of “Disaster Health” according to the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WADEM) international guidelines for disaster medicine education. From January 2011 through May 2013, 21 editions of the course were delivered to 21 different medical schools, and 524 students attended the course. The blended approach and the use of simulation tools were appreciated by all participants and successfully increased participants’ knowledge of disaster medicine and basic competencies in performing mass-casualty triage. This manuscript reports on the designing process and the initial outcomes with respect to learners' achievements and satisfaction of a 1-month educational course on the fundamentals of disaster medicine. This experience might represent a valid and innovative solution for a disaster medicine curriculum for medical students that is easily delivered by medical schools.Table 1List of Modules and TopicsModuleTopics1. Introduction to disaster medicine and public health during emergencies- Modern taxonomy of disaster and common disaster medicine definitions- Differences between disaster and emergency medicine- Principles of public health during disasters- Different phases of disaster management2. Prehospital disaster management- Mass-casualty disposition, treatment area, and transport issues- Disaster plans and command-and-control chain structure- Functional response roles3. Specific disaster medicine and triage procedures in the- Mass-casualty triage definitions and principlesmanagement of disasters- Different methodologies and protocols- Patient assessment, triage levels and tags4. Hospital disaster preparedness and response- Hospital disaster laws- Hospital preparedness plans for in-hospital and out-hospital disasters with an all-hazard approach- Medical management for a massive influx of casualties5. Health consequences of different disasters- Characteristics of different types of disasters- Health impact of natural and man-made disasters- Disaster-related injury after exposure to a different disasters with an all-hazard approach6. Psychosocial care- Techniques to deal with psychic reactions caused by exposure to disaster scenarios- Treatment approaches to acute and delayed critical incident stress reactions7. Presentation of past disasters and public health emergencies, andCase study:review of assistance experiences- Haiti earthquake- Cholera outbreaks in Haiti- National and international disaster response mechanismIngrassiaPL, RagazzoniL, TengattiniM, CarenzoL, Della CorteF. Nationwide program of education for undergraduates in the field of disaster medicine: development of a core curriculum centered on blended learning and simulation tools. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(5):1-8.

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Acikara, Turgut, Bo Xia, Tan Yigitcanlar, and Carol Hon. "Contribution of Social Media Analytics to Disaster Response Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of the Literature." Sustainability 15, no. 11 (May 31, 2023): 8860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118860.

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Disasters are sudden and catastrophic events with fatal consequences. Time-sensitive information collection from disaster zones is crucial for improved and data-driven disaster response. However, information collection from disaster zones in a prompt way is not easy or even possible. Human-centric information provided by citizen sensors through social media platforms create an opportunity for prompt information collection from disaster zones. There is, nevertheless, limited scholarly work that provides a comprehensive review on the potential of social media analytics for disaster response. This study utilizes a systematic literature review with PRISMA protocol to investigate the potential of social media analytics for enhanced disaster response. The findings of the systematic review of the literature pieces (n = 102) disclosed that (a) social media analytics in the disaster management research domain is an emerging field of research and practice; (b) the central focus on the research domain is on the utilization of social media data for disaster response to natural hazards, but the social media data-driven disaster response to human-made disasters is an increasing research focus; (c) human-centric information intelligence provided by social media analytics in disaster response mainly concentrates on collective intelligence, location awareness, and situation awareness, and (d) there is limited scholarly research investigating near-real-time transport network management aftermath disasters. The findings inform authorities’ decision-making processes as near-real time disaster response management depending on social media analytics is a critical element of securing sustainable cities and communities.

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Choi, Hyeongho, and Euipyeong Lee. "Analysis of Emergency Rescue Responses in Large-Scale Disasters in Japan." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.3.97.

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This study analyzed emergency rescue responses in large-scale disasters in Japan using White Paper on Japan Fire Service, White Paper on Japan Police, Defense of Japan (Annual White Paper), White Paper on Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in Japan, and Annual Health, Labour and Welfare Report published by the Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FDMA), the National Police Agency (NPA), the Ministry of Defence (MOD), the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLITT), and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), to contribute to establishing emergency rescue responses during large-scale disasters in Korea. When the resources of disaster areas in Japan are inadequate for emergency response during a disaster due to its large-scale, prefectural governors request to mobilize the Emergency Fire Response Team (EFRT) of FDMA, the Inter-Prefectural Emergency Rescue Unit (IERU) of NPA, the Self-Defense Force of MOD, the Technical Emergency Control Force of MLITT, and the Disaster Medical Assistance Team of MHLW. These teams mobilized from the entire country perform emergency rescue activities through strong connection and collaboration under the command of prefectural governors.

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Yang, Zhuyu, Bruno Barroca, Aurélia Bony-Dandrieux, and Hélène Dolidon. "Resilience Indicator of Urban Transport Infrastructure: A Review on Current Approaches." Infrastructures 7, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7030033.

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Urban transport infrastructures (TIs) play a central role in an urban society that faces more and more disasters. TIs, part of critical infrastructures (CIs), are highly correlated with urban disaster management in terms of their resilience when cities are facing a crisis or disaster. According to many studies, indicator assessment has been frequently used for the resilience management of CIs in recent decades. Defining and characterizing indicators can be useful for disaster managers as it could help monitor and improve the capacities and performance of TIs. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is (1) to identify and summarize the existing indicators of TIs resilience from the currently available literature, and (2) to discuss the possible future studies of the resilience indicator of TIs. The first results indicated that there are some barriers to identify indicators following the common search method through keywords. Additionally, the indicators found are mainly related to technical information, the disruption stage, and internal TIs. Finally, due to the complexity of indicator assessment, sub-indicators and indicator spatialization are widely used in the resilience assessment of urban TIs studies.

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Arimoto, Hideki, Shinsuke Furuya, Kimiko Yamashita, Kazuharu Tanaka, Tomoko Maruyama, Muneyuki Takeuchi, Kazuko Wada, et al. "Disaster Medical Management of Pediatric and Perinatal Disaster Medical Liaison (PPDML) for Children and Pregnant Women in Osaka, Japan." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s121—s122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19002619.

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Introduction:Children are a vulnerable population in disasters. However, there were few pediatricians, neonatologists, and obstetricians in the Japan Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT), so disaster medical headquarters had limited knowledge to solve these problems. Pediatric and perinatal disaster liaison coordinators were trained to improve disaster medical management for children and pregnant women since the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake.Aim:To analyze and report the activity of PPDML during these years in Osaka, Japan.Methods:The records of PPDML in major disasters and disaster drills from 2017 to 2018 were reviewed.Results:The DMAT had disaster drills twice a year in Osaka, and PPDML participated in the drill for the first time in July 2017. In the drill, PPDML coordinated the pediatric and perinatal issues with DMAT and Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) in disaster headquarters. In June 20184. months after the drill, PPDML participated for the second time in February 2018 when the North Osaka Earthquake occurred. PPDML coordinated transport of 22 children and babies with congenital heart disease from the damaged National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital. The operation was finished within 5 hours after requested transportation.Discussion:To protect children and pregnant women, cooperation between the disaster medical network and the pediatric and perinatal network is absolutely important for any phase in disaster. Because PPDML had attended in disaster drills before, the experience could make PPDML achieve good performance in a real disaster in North Osaka Earthquake. It can be concluded that cooperation between disaster medical network and PPDML is very useful to manage the disaster issues for children and pregnant women, and the most important thing is to cooperate not only in disaster but also in ordinary days.

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Hada, Yasunori, Shinya Kondo, Kimiro Meguro, Miho Ohara, Shinsaku Zama, Makoto Endo, Keiji Kobayashi, et al. "Implementation of Demonstration of Information Linkage Supposing the Tokyo Metropolitan Near Field Earthquake Disaster." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2012): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0160.

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For the purpose of realizing horizontal information sharing among organizations involved in disaster management in the Tokyo metropolitan area, this study aims to extract problems in responding to disaster in the initial stage of a Tokyo metropolitan near-field earthquake disaster, to develop applications for disaster management to contribute to solving these problems, and to implement a demonstration of the information linkage incorporating applications for officials of local governments in charge of disaster management and fire-fighting. To put it concretely, Kanagawa Prefecture, Yokohama City, and Kawasaki City were selected as the area for demonstration, and simultaneous multiple fires and emergency medical transport by helicopter and ambulance were taken up as the main subjects of the demonstration. The demonstration was implemented for application to disaster management consisting of fire spread simulation, an information-sharing network for disaster relief helicopters, a system for emergency medical transport by ambulance, a system for disaster response management and an all-purpose disaster information viewer, and information linkage incorporating an information-sharing database.

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Case, Timothy, Cecily Morrison, and Alain Vuylsteke. "The Clinical Application of Mobile Technology to Disaster Medicine." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 27, no. 5 (August 14, 2012): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x12001173.

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AbstractMobile health care technology (mHealth) has the potential to improve communication and clinical information management in disasters. This study reviews the literature on health care and computing published in the past five years to determine the types and efficacy of mobile applications available to disaster medicine, along with lessons learned.Five types of applications are identified: (1) disaster scene management; (2) remote monitoring of casualties; (3) medical image transmission (teleradiology); (4) decision support applications; and (5) field hospital information technology (IT) systems. Most projects have not yet reached the deployment stage, but evaluation exercises show that mHealth should allow faster processing and transport of patients, improved accuracy of triage and better monitoring of unattended patients at a disaster scene. Deployments of teleradiology and field hospital IT systems to disaster zones suggest that mHealth can improve resource allocation and patient care. The key problems include suitability of equipment for use in disaster zones and providing sufficient training to ensure staff familiarity with complex equipment. Future research should focus on providing unbiased observations of the use of mHealth in disaster medicine.CaseT, MorrisonC, VuylstekeA. The clinical application of mobile technology to disaster medicine. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(5):1-9.

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Walunjkar, Gajanan Madhavrao, Anne Koteswara Rao, and V. Srinivasa Rao. "Disaster Relief Management Using Reinforcement Learning-Based Routing." International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 17, no. 1 (January 2021): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbdcn.2021010102.

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Effective disaster management is required for the peoples who are trapped in the disaster scenario but unfortunately when disaster situation occurs the infrastructure support is no longer available to the rescue team. Ad hoc networks which are infrastructure-less networks can easily deploy in such situation. In disaster area mobility model, disaster area is divided into different zones such as incident zone, casualty treatment zones, transport areas, hospital zones, etc. Also, in order to tackle high mobility of nodes and frequent failure of links in a network, there is a need of adaptive routing protocol. Reinforcement learning is used to design such adaptive routing protocol which shows good improvement in packet delivery ratio, delay and average energy consumed.

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Choi, Hyeongho, and Euipyeong Lee. "Comparative Analysis of Emergency Rescue Exercises for Large-Scale Disasters in Korea and Japan." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.5.143.

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Korea is conducting emergency rescue drills led by fire agencies in preparation for a major disaster. On the other hand, in Japan, when large-scale disasters occur, Emergency Fire Response Teams (EFRTs) from national fire headquarters are mobilized by requests or orders from the director-general of the Fire and Disaster Management Agency. EFRTs perform emergency rescue together with the Inter-Prefectural Emergency Rescue Unit of the National Police Agency, a disaster relief unit of the Self-Defense Forces, Technical Emergency Control Force of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and the Disaster Medical Assistance Team of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Thus, EFRTs perform these exercises in collaboration with these working institutions. This study suggests the introduction of national mobilization of EFRTs and mobilization by various means such as transport planes of Self-Defense Forces or large helicopters, hutment training, and self-sufficient rear support exercises, such as Japan has done national exercises, and annual joint exercises of emergency fire response teams in block units.

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Rautela, Piyoosh. "Redefining disaster: need for managing accidents as disasters." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 15, no. 5 (October 1, 2006): 799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560610712748.

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PurposeThe cumulative impact of accidents not considered as disasters far surpasses the impact of disasters. Accidents taking toll of human lives and economy are often underreported and go unnoticed and the victims of these incidences are also ill compensated. It is therefore necessary to pay adequate attention to accidents and formulate appropriate policies for giving equal treatment to the victims of these events and also to make efforts for mitigating these. This paper aims to discuss this.Design/methodology/approachThe paper discusses the impact of accidents and attempts to assert that these are a cause of major concern. The database of the disasters (EM‐DAT) of Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), Belgium has been utilised for ascertaining the toll of disasters, while for assessing the cumulative toll of the accidents and disasters database available at departmental web sites (Department of Road Transport and Highways, Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways, Government of India (www.morth.nic.in) and Railway Ministry, Government of India (www.indianrailways.gov.in) together with some other web sites have been used. The two databases have been correlated to establish that the cumulative toll is far more than what is generally perceived to be the toll of the disasters.FindingsBased on the correlation of one event each under the category of natural and man made disasters (landslides, transport accidents) it is concluded that these correlations establish that the toll of accidents is many times more than the disaster events and there exists a pressing need to pay adequate attention towards managing accidents that take heavy toll of the global resources.Research limitations/implicationsAt present there exists no formal and comprehensive database recording the toll of accidents and the study is based on the database compiled from different sources. The paper establishes beyond doubt that the magnitude of the toll of accidents is far more than that of disasters and there exists pressing need for managing accidents.Practical implicationsThis paper would bring forth the importance of managing accidents before the policy makers and initiate advocacy for putting in more resources for managing these events. In the long run the victims would not be differentiated on the basis of the magnitude of the incidents they have faced.Originality/valueThe paper shows the importance of managing major accidents and provides guidance for appropriate changes to be made.

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Safitri, Nur Diana, and Makoto Chikaraishi. "Monitoring the elasticity of travel demand with respect to changes in the transport network for better policy decisions during disasters." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (July 20, 2023): e0288969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288969.

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When a disaster occurs, disaster management goes through a number of phases, namely normal, emergency response, adaptation, and recovery. Being able to identify the transition between these phases would be useful for policymakers, for example, in order to shift their focus from meeting the travel needs of affected people during the emergency response phase, to meeting travel needs for adaptation and recovery activities. This study proposes a data-driven method which may be useful for assessing phase transitions for transport management during a disaster. Specifically, we argue that changes in elasticities of travel demand with respect to changes in the transport network can be a useful indicator of phase transition, since they depict changes in consumers’ tastes, i.e., changes in the degree of travel necessity during disaster. Two hypotheses are formulated to investigate the changes in elasticity during a disaster: 1) the elasticity of travel demand is more elastic soon after a disaster as travel becomes a luxury good, and 2) it becomes less elastic afterwards as travel goes back to being a necessity good. To empirically confirm the hypotheses, we develop a multilevel log-log linear model, where the transport network service level information varying over time during a disaster is used as an explanatory variable, and tested mobile phone location and transport network data captured during the heavy rain disaster in Japan in July 2018. We also utilized a change point detection algorithm to identify a structural change that occurred in these elasticities. We confirm that our empirical results support our hypotheses, i.e., in the affected areas, the elasticity was more elastic soon after the disaster, while the elasticity tended to go back to normal around one month later. These results suggest that the proposed method can be useful to judge the phase transition for disaster management.

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Lee, Ju Ho. "The Design of Disaster Prevention Base for Efficient Operation of Disaster Management Resources: Focusing on the Operation Plan of Disaster Prevention Base in Japan." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 18, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/crisisonomy.2022.18.1.51.

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This study aims to present the policy implications and directions of the introduction of disaster prevention facilities for efficient operation of domestic disaster management resources by analyzing the functions and operation plans of disaster prevention facilities in Japan. As a result of analyzing the website data of Japan’s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and the disaster management base operation manual, the purpose of the disaster management base operation was found in the central resource control efficiency and disaster management resource support for affected areas. On the premise of introducing a disaster prevention base in Korea, a review of the operator when introducing a disaster prevention base, considerations for a disaster prevention base that should be included in the safety management plan when operating a disaster prevention base in a wide area, legal supplementary tasks necessary for this, and the current disaster management resource operation supplementary tasks for the problems that have occurred were also suggested.

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Steflovich, MSFES, EMT, NREMT, Michael. "Management of emergency department diversion during the COVID-19 pandemic and disaster periods." Journal of Emergency Management 21, no. 7 (February 28, 2023): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.0723.

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Background: Recent news has shown the strain on hospital emergency departments (EDs) and emergency medical services agencies due to the surge of COVID-19; however, compared to all emergency medical service transports, is it true that the United States is seeing an increase in the frequency of diversions? In this quantitative research report, data were collected and analyzed from a national prehospital emergency medical services information system, which allowed for a comparison of the frequency of diverted ambulances, transport times, and final patient acuity of patients arriving by diverted ambulances before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical analysis was performed on data obtained from the National Emergency Medical Services Information System to compare the frequency of ambulance diversion prior to the COVID-19 disaster and during COVID-19.Findings: Analysis of data obtained from the National Emergency Medical Services Information System found that there was not a significant increase in the percentage of ambulance transports that were diverted during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before the pandemic. However, there were significant increases in the volume of all transports and diverted transports during the COVID-19 pandemic (p 0.01 for both measures).Conclusion: The significant increases seen in the demand for services, combined with an overall downward trend in the number of healthcare facilities, have resulted in an increase in the volume of diversions, despite the overall demand increasing as well. The COVID-19 pandemic serves as a disaster/public health crisis that is subject to the same phases compared to other types of disasters. The significant findings of this report should provide the emergency services field a big picture, understanding that the problem at hand is multifaceted, with these findings shining light on the effects of current issues between emergency services and hospital EDs.

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Steflovich, Michael. "Management of emergency department diversion during the COVID-19 pandemic and disaster periods." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 17, no. 4 (July 25, 2023): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2022.0448.

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Background: Recent news has shown the strain on hospital emergency departments (EDs) and emergency medical services agencies due to the surge of COVID-19; however, compared to all emergency medical service transports, is it true that the United States is seeing an increase in the frequency of diversions? In this quantitative research report, data were collected and analyzed from a national prehospital emergency medical services information system, which allowed for a comparison of the frequency of diverted ambulances, transport times, and final patient acuity of patients arriving by diverted ambulances before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical analysis was performed on data obtained from the National Emergency Medical Services Information System to compare the frequency of ambulance diversion prior to the COVID-19 disaster and during COVID-19. Findings: Analysis of data obtained from the National Emergency Medical Services Information System found that there was not a significant increase in the percentage of ambulance transports that were diverted during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before the pandemic. However, there were significant increases in the volume of all transports and diverted transports during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.01 for both measures). Conclusion: The significant increases seen in the demand for services, combined with an overall downward trend in the number of healthcare facilities, have resulted in an increase in the volume of diversions, despite the overall demand increasing as well. The COVID-19 pandemic serves as a disaster/public health crisis that is subject to the same phases compared to other types of disasters. The significant findings of this report should provide the emergency services field a big picture, understanding that the problem at hand is multifaceted, with these findings shining light on the effects of current issues between emergency services and hospital EDs.

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Ridley, R. W., and J. B. Zwischenberger. "Tracheoinnominate fistula: surgical management of an iatrogenic disaster." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 120, no. 8 (May 19, 2006): 676–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215106001514.

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Tracheoinnominate fistula (TIF) is a rare condition with significant potential for mortality if surgical intervention is not immediate. We present two cases of successfully managed TIF. Both cases involve ligation and resection of the innominate artery at the TIF followed by a pectoralis major muscle flap. In both cases, success was largely due to a high index of suspicion and immediate control of the bleeding with transport to the operating room for surgical repair. The history, aetiology, and pathogenesis of TIF are reviewed, yielding an algorithm for recommended management of TIF.

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Hidayat, Raden Didiet Rachmat, Basri Fahriza, Lira Agusinta, Aswanti Setyawan, and Sandriana Marina. "Study of the formation of National Logistics Cluster for Disaster Management (KLASNASLOG PB) by National Disaster Management Authority (BNPB) to streamline transport for disaster management in Indonesia." MATEC Web of Conferences 229 (2018): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822904005.

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Activities to build information management which is conducted by establishing the National Logistics Cluster for Disaster Management (KLASNASLOG PB) in Indonesia have been carried out by the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) as a non-departmental government agency in collaboration with other stakeholders and humanitarian agencies since 2014. The aim of this research is to understand the activities of KLASNASLOG PB formation in Indonesia during 2014 - 2016. This research was conducted using qualitative and fishbone analysis to describe clearly regarding the KLASNASLOG PB formation activities in accordance with PERKA BNPB No. 10, 2012, “Logistics Assistance Management in Emergency Status Disaster” and PERKA BNPB No. 3, 2016, “Emergency Response Command System”. BNPB has established KLASNASLOG PB for the first time in Indonesia on December 10, 2016, in Pidie Jaya Regency, Aceh Province.

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Aringhieri, Roberto, Sara Bigharaz, Davide Duma, and Alberto Guastalla. "Fairness in ambulance routing for post disaster management." Central European Journal of Operations Research 30, no. 1 (October 26, 2021): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10100-021-00785-y.

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AbstractDisaster management generally includes the post-disaster stage, which consists of the actions taken in response to the disaster damages. These actions include the employment of emergency plans and assigned resources to (i) rescue affected people immediately, (ii) deliver personnel, medical care and equipment to the disaster area, and (iii) aid to prevent the infrastructural and environmental losses. In the response phase, humanitarian logistics directly influence the efficiency of the relief operation. Ambulances routing problem is defined as employing the optimisation tools to manage the flow of ambulances for finding the best ambulance tours to transport the injured to hospitals. Researchers pointed out the importance of equity and fairness in humanitarian relief services: managing the operations of ambulances in the immediate aftermath of a disaster must be done impartially and efficiently to rescue affected people with different priority in accordance with the restrictions. Our research aim is to find the best ambulance tours to transport the patients during a disaster in relief operations while considering fairness and equity to deliver services to patients in balance. The problem is formulated as a new variant of the team orienteering problem with hierarchical objectives to address also the efficiency issue. Due to the limitation of solving the proposed model using a general-purpose solver, we propose a new hybrid algorithm based on a machine learning and neighbourhood search. Based on a new set of realistic benchmark instances, our quantitative analysis proves that our algorithm is capable to largely reduce the solution running time especially when the complexity of the problem increases. Further, a comparison between the fair solution and the system optimum solution is also provided.

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Gretenkort, Peter, Henning Harke, Jan Blazejak, Bernd Pache, and Georgios Leledakis. "Interface between Hospital and Fire Authorities — A Concept for Management of Incidents in Hospitals." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 17, no. 1 (March 2002): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0000011x.

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AbstractIntroduction:Although every hospital needs a security plan for the support of immobile patients who do not possess autonomous escape capabilities, little information exists to assist in the development of practical patient evacuation methods.Hypothesis:1) In hospitals during disasters, incident leadership of the fire authorities can be supported effectively by hospital executives experienced in the management of mass casualties; and 2) As an alternative for canvas carry sheets, rescue drag sheets can be employed for emergency, elevator-independent, patient evacuation.Methods:A hospital evacuation exercise was planned and performed to obtain experiences in incident command and to permit calculation of elevator-independent patient transport times. Performance of incident leadership was observed by means of pre-defined checklists. The effectiveness and efficiency of carrying teams with five persons each were compared to those with a rescue drag sheet employed by a single person.Results:Incident command for hospitals during a disaster is enhanced considerably by pre-defined and trained executives who are placed at the immediate disposal of the fire authorities. For elevator-independent patient transport, the rescue drag sheet was superior to conventional carrying measures because of a reduced number of transport personnel required to move each patient. With this method, patient transport times averaged 54 m/min. flat and 18 seconds for one floor descent.Conclusion:Experiences from a hospital during an evacuation exercise provided decision criteria for changes in the disaster preparedness plan. Hospital incident leadership was assigned to executives-in-charge in close co-operation with the fire authorities. All beds were equipped with a rescue drag sheet. Both concepts may help to cope with an emergency evacuation of a hospital.

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Sugawara, Junichi, Tetsuro Hoshiai, Kazuyo Sato, Hideki Tokunaga, Hidekazu Nishigori, Takanari Arai, Kunihiro Okamura, and Nobuo Yaegashi. "Impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on Regional Obstetrical Care in Miyagi Prefecture." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 31, no. 3 (March 23, 2016): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1600025x.

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AbstractObjectivesThe authors report the results of surveys on the emergency transport or evacuation status of obstetric patients conducted in Miyagi prefecture, one of the major disaster areas of the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami.MethodsThe surveys examined the damages to maternity institutions, evacuation status and transport of pregnant women, and prehospital childbirths and were conducted in 50 maternity institutions and 12 fire departments in Miyagi.ResultsTwo coastal institutions were destroyed completely, and four institutions were destroyed partially by the tsunami, forcing them to stop medical services. In the two-month period after the disaster, 217 pregnant women received hospital transport or gave birth after evacuation. Satisfactory perinatal outcomes were maintained. Emergency obstetric transport increased to approximately 1.4 fold the number before the disaster. Twenty-three women had prehospital childbirths, indicating a marked increase to approximately three times the number of the previous year.ConclusionIn the acute phase of the tsunami disaster, maternity institutions were damaged severely and perinatal transport was not possible; as a result, pregnant women inevitably gave birth in unplanned institutions, and the number of prehospital births was increased extremely. To obtain satisfactory obstetric outcomes, it is necessary to construct a future disaster management system and to re-recognize pregnant women as people with special needs in disaster situations.SugawaraJ, HoshiaiT, SatoK, TokunagaH, NishigoriH, AraiT, OkamuraK, YaegashiN. Impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake on regional obstetrical care in Miyagi Prefecture. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(3):255– 258.

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Urquieta, Emmanuel, and Joseph Varon. "Mexico City's Petroleos Mexicanos Explosion: Disaster Management and Air Medical Transport." Air Medical Journal 33, no. 6 (November 2014): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2014.07.004.

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Desi-Nezhad, Zahra, Fatemeh Sabouhi, and Mohammad Hossein Dehghani Sadrabadi. "An optimization approach for disaster relief network design under uncertainty and disruption with sustainability considerations." RAIRO - Operations Research 56, no. 2 (March 2022): 751–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2022021.

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Human-made, natural, and unexpected disasters always cause human and financial losses to communities. Disaster management is a framework with proven performance to reduce the damage caused by disaster and supply chain disruptions. Transferring the injured people from affected areas to hospitals at the minimum possible time is a crucial goal in times of disaster. This paper develops a two-stage stochastic programming model to transport the injured people from affected areas to hospitals in the incidence of multiple disruptions at transportation links and facilities under uncertainties. Herein, economic, social, and environmental aspects of sustainability are considered, while simultaneous disruptions are managed to minimize the adverse impacts of the disasters. We aim to determine optimal locations to establish transfer points and flows between the relief network nodes with sustainability considerations. Ultimately, a case study in District 12 of Tehran, Iran is conducted to ensure the proposed model’s validity and performance. Various sensitivity analyses are also implemented to ensure the model’s effectiveness. The results indicate that disruptions in facilities and transportation links lead to increased relief time, hence has the most significant negative impact on relief operations.

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Sarafova, Eugenia. "Data quality assessment of Copernicus Climate Change Service health domain data for the development of disaster risk reduction plans." Journal of the Bulgarian Geographical Society 46 (July 1, 2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jbgs.e85567.

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Bulgaria, located in the Balkans, is subject to a number of natural disasters including floods, earthquakes, landslides, forest fires, strong winds, droughts, heavy snowfall and extreme temperatures. In addition to natural disasters, the country is at risk for man-made events like industrial and nuclear accidents, transport accidents, and infectious diseases. Disaster planning and prevention is a complex process that requires multiple data sources. At the same time, spatial data are often not available on-line, so the country's GIS specialists may find existing spatial data to be a great challenge. This research analyses the application of the health sector data provided by the Copernicus Climate Change Service to support the development, implementation and evaluation of disaster risk management plans in Bulgaria. The climate data visualizations provided by the service enable scientists and other stakeholders to view climate change data in a format that is simple to use, visually understandable, and usable for decision makers in government, business, and non-governmental organizations. Many of these visualizations are interdisciplinary and may be critical for gathering and applying information needed to develop disaster risk reduction plans.

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Šach, F., V. Švihla, V. Černohous, and P. Kantor. "Management of mountain forests in the hydrology of a landscape, the Czech Republic." Journal of Forest Science 60, No. 1 (January 30, 2014): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/73/2013-jfs.

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Forests important from a water-management perspective cover 723,000 ha of the Czech Republic (CR), i.e. 27.6% of the forest area. These forests play an important role especially in a mountain landscape. Forests decrease peak flood flows, compensate water discharge and represent a source of high-quality fresh water. The optimum hydrological function is provided by forests that are healthy, ecologically stable, diversified, proper to site, growing on a good forest soil, managed by small-area felling and emulating natural processes. For mountain sites of the CR, the optimum proportion of Norway spruce (+ Silver fir) ranges from 70 to 80% and of European beech from 20 to 30%. Clear-cuts due to air pollution disasters led to replacement of the forest stand by perennial grassland increasing stormflows and decreasing the soil water supply to groundwater resources and the quality of water discharged from the forest. Skidding and hauling operations and an improperly constructed and maintained road network increased the surface runoff from a forest. Intraskeletal erosion occurs on pollution-disaster stone fields and in dying forest stands on stony sites. Reforestation of stone fields is necessary for the preservation of forests on stony and bouldery localities and their services for the cultural landscape situated below. In mountain headwaters, torrent control and forest amelioration are of great importance. These decrease peak flood flows, compensate water discharge and reduce bed-load and sediment transport. Forest amelioration enables the reforestation of waterlogged pollution-disaster areas.  

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Mazur, Stefan M., and James Rippey. "Transport and Use of Point-of-Care Ultrasound by a Disaster Medical Assistance Team." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 24, no. 2 (April 2009): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00006701.

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AbstractThe role of ultrasound in disaster medicine has not been not well established. This report describes the transport and use of point-of-care ultrasound by Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) responding to a mass-casualty incident due to a cyclone. Ultrasound-competent physicians on the team were able to use portable ultrasound on cyclone casualties to exclude intra-abdominal hemorrhage, peri cardial fluid, pneumothoraces, and hemothoraces Information obtained using ultrasound made initial patient management, and subsequent decisions regarding triage for transport safer and based on more detailed clinical information.

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Kubo, Tastuhiko. "WHO Health EDRM Research Network and Health Data Management." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 38, S1 (May 2023): s75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x23002200.

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Introduction:The WHO Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (H-EDRM) Research Network has identified that health data collection during health emergencies and disasters is a key element to enable proper coordination and timely response, and research priorities of the network.Method:Focus group discussion was performed to identify key challenges which hinder accomplishment of the data collection.Results:It was concluded that the issue faces significant challenges including; (1) Access: Logistic issues including safety, transport and communication did not allow experts such as epidemiologists to access onsite and relevant stakeholders. It is also challenging for local public health stakeholders to accept new experts during emergencies. (2) Tools: forms or tools that are concise and operational to be accepted by frontline responders should be provided. (3) Standardization: to set standard forms or tools and its operational mechanism is essential to collect health data, otherwise collected data will be partial and fragmented. (4) Governance: overall governance of procedure and data ownership must be clarified before its implication administratively and legally. These should be endorsed by local health authorities. (5) Ethical procedure: Obtaining informed consent and conducting timely procedures is difficult. Contextually, health data collection during emergencies and disasters in many cases is inappropriate. (6) Operation: Collected data should contribute to ongoing operation in a timely manner. The discussion also found the standard tool of the WHO; the Emergency Medical Teams Minimum Data Set, which has been already used in more than ten countries and has been providing leading examples for this topic.Conclusion:Further research to fulfill the identified challenges and gaps will facilitate the collection and strengthen the health emergency and disaster risk management.

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Yang, Jianliang, Hanping Hou, Yong Chen, and Lu Han. "An Internet of Things based material delivery model for disaster management in libraries." Library Hi Tech 38, no. 1 (October 4, 2019): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lht-11-2017-0252.

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Purpose Based on the context of the Internet of Things (IoT), the territorial public emergency supplies will be networked, platform-based management, unified emergency dispatch. The problem of supplies dispatching in the “last kilometer” of emergency is solved, and the supplies needed in the disaster area are promptly delivered to the hands of the victims so that they can quickly be rescued after the disaster and to save valuable time for rapid rescue, which can greatly decrease casualties and property losses. This paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach By analyzing the shortage of existing emergency supplies dispatching research and taking all factors such as disaster area demand, social reserve, road conditions, mode of transport, loading limit, disaster area satisfaction rate and road capacity into consideration under the background of IoT, a variety of the territorial emergency supplies dispatching model with more rescue points, more affected areas are constructed. The objective function of the model is to aim in finding the shortest rescue time, giving the solution algorithm, and finally simulating the simulation case. Findings Based on the context of the IoT, the territorial public emergency supplies will be networked, platform-based management, unified emergency dispatch. Considering factors such as road conditions, modes of transport and road capacity, the authors construct a number of emergency rescue plans, multiple disaster scenarios and various emergency supplies dispatching models. The authors simulate the situation through simulation cases with the shortest time being the ultimate goal. The problem of supplies dispatching in the “last kilometer” of emergency is solved, and the supplies needed in the disaster area are promptly delivered to the hands of the victims so that they can quickly be rescued after the disaster and to save valuable time for rapid rescue, which can greatly decrease casualties and property losses. Originality/value This paper provides little research on the dispatch of emergency supplies. The problems of direct dispatch from the rescue point to the affected area and dispatch of supplies without relying on the arrival of emergency supplies at the rear are addressed. Therefore, this study does not focus on the arrival of emergency supplies at the rear but on direct dispatching issues during territorial public emergency supplies from the rescue point to the disaster point.

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Stannard, Tyler, E. Liang Liu, Lindsay A. Flax, Raymond E. Swienton, Kelly R. Klein, Jodi D. Jones, and Mandy M. Pascual. "Next Level Triage: Applications of Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Disaster Response and Recovery." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1900342x.

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Introduction:Ultrasound applications are widespread, and their utility in resource-limited environments are numerous. In disasters, the use of ultrasound can help reallocate resources by guiding decisions on management and transportation priorities. These interventions can occur on-scene, at triage collection points, during transport, and at the receiving medical facility. Literature related to this specific topic is limited. However, literature regarding prehospital use of ultrasound, ultrasound in combat situations, and some articles specific to disaster medicine allude to the potential growth of ultrasound utilization in disaster response.Aim:To evaluate the utility of point-of-care ultrasound in a disaster response based on studies involving ultrasonography in resource-limited environments.Methods:A narrative review of MEDLINE, MEDLINE InProcess, EPub, and Embase found 20 articles for inclusion.Results:Experiences from past disasters, prehospital care, and combat experiences have demonstrated the value of ultrasound both as a diagnostic and interventional modality.Discussion:Current literature supports the use of ultrasound in disaster response as a real-time, portable, safe, reliable, repeatable, easy-to-use, and accurate tool. While both false positives and false negatives were reported in prehospital studies, these values correlate to accepted false positive and negative rates of standard in-hospital point-of-care ultrasound exams. Studies involving austere environments demonstrate the ability to apply ultrasound in extreme conditions and to obtain high-quality images with only modest training and real-time remote guidance. The potential for point-of-care ultrasound in triage and management of mass casualty incidents is there. However, as these studies are heterogeneous and observational in nature, further research is needed as to how to integrate ultrasound into the response and recovery phases.

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Griffiths, RN, BAN, MHP, Jane L., Neil R. Kirby, ASM, MPH, B Bus HRD, BA, Ass Dip App Sc (Ambulance), and James A. Waterson, RN, BA (Hons), M. Med Ed. "Three years experience with forward-site mass casualty triage-, evacuation-, operating room-, ICU-, and radiography-enabled disaster vehicles: Development of usage strategies from drills and deployments." American Journal of Disaster Medicine 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/ajdm.2014.0179.

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Objective: Delineation of the advantages and problems related to the use of forward-site operating room-, Intensive Care Unit (ICU)-, radiography-, and mass casualty-enabled disaster vehicles for site evacuation, patient stabilization, and triage. Setting: The vehicles discussed have six ventilated ICU spaces, two ORs, on-site radiography, 21 intermediate acuity spaces with stretchers, and 54 seated minor acuity spaces. Each space has piped oxygen with an independent vehicle-loaded supply. The vehicles are operated by the Dubai Corporate Ambulance Services. Their support hospital is the main trauma center for the Emirate of Dubai and provides the vehicles' surgical, intensivist, anesthesia, and nursing staff. The disaster vehicles have been deployed 264 times in the last 5 years (these figures do not include deployments for drills).Interventions: Introducing this new service required extensive initial planning and ongoing analysis of the performance of the disaster vehicles that offer ambulance services and receiving hospitals a largearray of possibilities in terms of triage, stabilization of priority I and II patients, and management of priority III patients.Preliminary results: In both drills and in disasters, the vehicles were valuable in forward triage and stabilization and in the transport of large numbers of priority III patients. This has avoided the depletion of emergency transport available for priority I and II patients.Conclusions: The successful utilization of disaster vehicles requires seamless cooperation between the hospital staffing the vehicles and the ambulance service deploying them. They are particularly effective during preplanned deployments to high-risk situations. These vehicles also potentially provide self-sufficient refuges for forward teams in hostile environments.

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Wedawatta, Gayan, Udayangani Kulatunga, Dilanthi Amaratunga, and Ahmed Parvez. "Disaster risk reduction infrastructure requirements for South-Western Bangladesh." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 6, no. 4 (September 5, 2016): 379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-06-2015-0022.

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Purpose Development of effective disaster risk reduction (DRR) strategies for communities at risk of being affected by natural disasters is considered essential, especially in the wake of devastating disaster events reported worldwide. As part of a wider research study investigating community perspectives on existing and potential strategies for enhancing resilience to natural disasters, community perspectives on infrastructure and structural protection requirements were investigated. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Patuakhali region in South-Western Bangladesh is a region significantly at risk of multiple natural hazards. In order to engage local communities and obtain their perspectives, focus group discussions were held with local community leaders and policy makers of at-risk communities in Patuakhali region, South-Western Bangladesh. Findings Infrastructure and structural protection requirements highlighted included multi-purpose cyclone shelters, permanent embankments and improved transport infrastructure. Much of the discussions of focus group interviews were focused on cyclone shelters and embankments, suggesting their critical importance in reducing disaster risk and also dependence of coastal communities on those two measures. Originality/value The research design adopted sought to answer the research questions raised and also to inform local policy makers on community perspectives. Local policy makers involved in DRR initiatives in the region were informed of community perspectives and requirements, thus contributing to community engagement in implementing DRR activities.

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Wei, Meng, Jiangang Xu, and Yiwen Wang. "Resilience Assessment of Traffic Networks in Coastal Cities under Climate Change: A Case Study of One City with Unique Land Use Characteristics." Land 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): 1834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101834.

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How to assess the risk of flood disasters and improve the resilience of coastal cities has become a scientific problem that must be solved urgently. This paper aims to construct a resilience assessment model for transport systems in the context of climate change based on an analysis of the spatial characteristics of regional transport networks and complex network theory, using the Pudong New Area in Shanghai, China as the empirical object. Other objectives of the developed model are to establish a system of homogeneity, efficiency, and stability indicators and to assess the impact of flood depth (up to 7 m) on the resilience of transport networks in terms of static network structure and dynamic network performance by designing flood inundation disturbance scenarios. Finally, the characteristics, change trends, and conceptual connotations of the resilience of transport networks in coastal cities are condensed. The results of this study provide a solid scientific basis for future flood disaster risk management in global coastal cities.

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Prakash, A. "(A342) Distribution Network Design in Relief Chain Management: Learnings from the 2008 Kosi Floods, Bihar, India." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003268.

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Logistics has always been an important factor in humanitarian aid operations, to the extent that logistics efforts account for 80% of disaster relief. They often have to be carried out in an environment with destabilized infrastructures ranging from a lack of electricity supplies to limited transport infrastructure. Furthermore, since most natural disasters are unpredictable, the demand for goods in these disasters is also unpredictable. Thus it is evident that humanitarian logistics is challenging as it has to be more flexible, and has to function under severe constraints. In India, humanitarian logistics remains a neglected field ins disaster management, the cost of which is paid by loss of human lives and property. In recent Kosi Flood the total population of 33,45,545 people living in 993 villages of 412 panchayats of 35 blocks of 5 districts were affected. A total of 3, 40,742 houses were damaged and 7, 12,140 animals were affected. A total of 239 humans and 1232 animal's lives were lost (Department of Planning and Development, Government of Bihar). The Paper analyses, Madhepura district government's mechanisms of managing logistics while responding to Kosi floods 2008. It evaluates the efficiency of these mechanisms with respect to its outreach to flood affected people. It review and analyses the strengths and weaknesses of the adopted distribution network design for relief management with reference to strategic locations of the relief camps, during the first month of the kosi floods in 2008. It suggests ways to improve disaster logistics at district level in Bihar. The study looks into the possibilities of adopting newer approaches in the field of logistics that could be implemented with greater efficiency under similar conditions. The logistics in the devastating floods at the district level in a developing country has key learning lessons for similar resource poor environments.

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Tanabe, Mihoko, Michelle Hynes, Anjum Rizvi, Nimisha Goswami, Nadeem Mahmood, and Sandra Krause. "Building resilience for sexual and reproductive health at the community level: learning from three crisis-affected provinces in Pakistan." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 9 (September 2022): e009251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009251.

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Pakistan regularly faces natural disasters and has a longstanding disaster risk management infrastructure. It is also a nation with high maternal and newborn mortality. Rahnuma-Family Planning Association of Pakistan, with support from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Women’s Refugee Commission and the International Planned Parenthood Federation South Asia Region’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Programme in Crisis and Post Crisis Situations Initiative, embarked on building community capacity to prepare for and respond to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) risks in select disaster-prone areas in Pakistan, and linking communities to existing disaster risk management structures at national, regional and district levels.The initiative began with a training of trainers at the national level, which was cascaded to six union councils (UCs) in three districts in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh provinces. Participants developed action plans for their respective UCs that addressed gaps in implementing the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) for SRH, the international standard of care for SRH in emergency settings. Communities spent 1.5 years implementing their action plans to strengthen their capacity to respond to SRH needs in the event of an emergency.Project learning highlights the benefits of investing in preparedness to strengthen core services and linking communities to existing formal structures. Action planning led to immediate gains and longer-term benefits. The MISP for SRH was integrated into disaster risk management at all levels. Community mobilisation, awareness raising and the creation of blood donor groups and emergency transport contributed to averting mortality at the community level.

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Yancey, Arthur H. "The Role of Aeromedical Transportation in Global Disaster Health Care." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 5, no. 4 (December 1990): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00027102.

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AbstractThere are several unique aspects of aeromedical transportation that render it vital to the overall management of disaster emergencies. Valuable time can be saved in moving medical expertise, supplies, and equipment into the disaster area as well as in moving victims out of the hazardous area quickly and in large numbers. Chaotic ground traffic at and near the disaster scene as well as environmental obstacles en route often may be avoided. Large numbers of disaster victims can be cared for efficiently en route by proportionately fewer health care personnel than is possible using traditional land carriers due to the concentration of many patients in one aircraft. Patients with similar injuries (e.g., burns) can be routed to and concentrated in centralized institutions that specialize in the care of those specific injuries. The plans for execution of the foregoing should include the use of military troop-transport aircraft that may be converted easily for patient transport. Also, military personnel should be involved, as they are part of a highly organized structure that can be mobilized more easily and swiftly than can most civilian organizations. The United States Air Force aeromedical evacuation policies and management structure is reviewed with attention directed toward additions and adaptations of this system needed to allow it to serve global disaster response. Such a highly evolved system will require a governing body with global reach for purposes of coordination and management. The resources for such a system currently exist but such an organization has yet to be formed.

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Carr, Brendan G., Lauren Walsh, Justin C. Williams, John P. Pryor, and Charles C. Branas. "A Geographic Simulation Model for the Treatment of Trauma Patients in Disasters." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 31, no. 4 (May 25, 2016): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x16000510.

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AbstractBackgroundThough the US civilian trauma care system plays a critical role in disaster response, there is currently no systems-based strategy that enables hospital emergency management and local and regional emergency planners to quantify, and potentially prepare for, surges in trauma care demand that accompany mass-casualty disasters.ObjectiveA proof-of-concept model that estimates the geographic distributions of patients, trauma center resource usage, and mortality rates for varying disaster sizes, in and around the 25 largest US cities, is presented. The model was designed to be scalable, and its inputs can be modified depending on the planning assumptions of different locales and for different types of mass-casualty events.MethodsTo demonstrate the model’s potential application to real-life planning scenarios, sample disaster responses for 25 major US cities were investigated using a hybrid of geographic information systems and dynamic simulation-optimization. In each city, a simulated, fast-onset disaster epicenter, such as might occur with a bombing, was located randomly within one mile of its population center. Patients then were assigned and transported, in simulation, via the new model to Level 1, 2, and 3 trauma centers, in and around each city, over a 48-hour period for disaster scenario sizes of 100, 500, 5000, and 10,000 casualties.ResultsAcross all 25 cities, total mean mortality rates ranged from 26.3% in the smallest disaster scenario to 41.9% in the largest. Out-of-hospital mortality rates increased (from 21.3% to 38.5%) while in-hospital mortality rates decreased (from 5.0% to 3.4%) as disaster scenario sizes increased. The mean number of trauma centers involved ranged from 3.0 in the smallest disaster scenario to 63.4 in the largest. Cities that were less geographically isolated with more concentrated trauma centers in their surrounding regions had lower total and out-of-hospital mortality rates. The nine US cities listed as being the most likely targets of terrorist attacks involved, on average, more trauma centers and had lower mortality rates compared with the remaining 16 cities.ConclusionsThe disaster response simulation model discussed here may offer insights to emergency planners and health systems in more realistically planning for mass-casualty events. Longer wait and transport times needed to distribute high numbers of patients to distant trauma centers in fast-onset disasters may create predictable increases in mortality and trauma center resource consumption. The results of the modeled scenarios indicate the need for a systems-based approach to trauma care management during disasters, since the local trauma center network was often too small to provide adequate care for the projected patient surge. Simulation of out-of-hospital resources that might be called upon during disasters, as well as guidance in the appropriate execution of mutual aid agreements and prevention of over-response, could be of value to preparedness planners and emergency response leaders. Study assumptions and limitations are discussed.CarrBG, WalshL, WilliamsJC, PryorJP, BranasCC. A geographic simulation model for the treatment of trauma patients in disasters. Prehosp Disaster Med.2016;31(4):413–421.

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Challender, Joel. "Storm Surge Impact to Subterranean Areas by Hurricane Sandy, and Lessons for Japan’s Storm Surge Countermeasures." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p0274.

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Hurricane Sandy caused critical damage to subterranean infrastructure in New York and also claimed 285 human lives across the Eastern Seaboard. The storm surge impact easily overwhelmed existing pumping systems, devastating power supply and paralyzing transport. Despite extensive preparations and pre-storm public information efforts, inundation and underground flooding caused causalities. The size of the disaster, sheer scope of damage and multifaceted response spanning the onset through to the recovery phase provides useful lessons for Japan, given its vulnerability to similar storm surges and flooding disasters, such as the Ise Bay Typhoon of 1959. Given this, a delegation composed of members of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) and Researchers from Japan’s Universities and Academic Societies working in disaster prevention conducted two surveys in 2013 and 2014. This involved hearing from emergency management officers in New York, Washington D.C and coastal communities about their experiences evacuating vulnerable residents and protecting critical infrastructure. The author of this paper was a member of both delegations. Based on fieldwork from these joint surveys and other materials, this paper outlines the scope of the damage that a storm of Sandy’s size was capable of inflicting, and looks at lessons applicable to Japan for preventing similar damage to infrastructure and human life in future storm surge events, and discusses how New York is attempting to become a more resilient city in preparation for the next flooding or storm surge disaster.

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Joo, Jingul, Jungmin Lee, and Moojong Park. "Evaluation of Carbon Emissions According to the Steep Slope Maintenance Project." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 23, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2023.23.1.37.

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Reducing carbon emissions due to climate change has emerged as a national objective. To achieve carbon-free emissions nationally by 2050, evaluating and reducing carbon emissions is essential for efficient disaster management. In this study, a method for quantitatively evaluating carbon emissions in disaster management projects was proposed. Disaster management projects were divided into detailed processes, and in each process, the extent of equipment operation and amount of raw material used for unit construction work were presented using standard production of construction work. The carbon emissions resulting from equipment operation and material usage were based on the standards given by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport. Finnally, amount of carbon emissions for unit construction volume during each detailed process were estimated. Using developed methods, carbon emissions were calculated at the steep slope maintenance project. The results indicated that 89.4% of the total carbon emissions were generated from pouring concrete, such as cement and ready-mixed concrete. Thus, reduction of cement and concrete usage is essential for reducing carbon emissions in disaster management projects.

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Lévy, F. "(P1-27) Jumbo Air Crash: A Serious Disaster Management Question." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11003591.

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The new jumbo jets, such as the Airbus680, which can transport 600 to 800 passengers, need special consideration in case of a crash, especially if the crash occurs near the airport. Survival parameters depend on the effect of the brutal deceleration and the high probability of thermic effects due to fire, but also the toxicity of the smoke. These new jets requires a different approach to planning for crashes. The scale of the disaster will be totally new in terms of numbers of casualties, numbers of fatalities, and numbers of family members to for whom to provide psychological and technical information. In addition, the problem of identification of the victims will be heightened, and will require more forensic teams. There is, in fact, only one way to manage this kind of disaster: international cooperation and coordination.

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Ghaffarian, Saman, Norman Kerle, and Tatiana Filatova. "Remote Sensing-Based Proxies for Urban Disaster Risk Management and Resilience: A Review." Remote Sensing 10, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 1760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111760.

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Rapid increase in population and growing concentration of capital in urban areas has escalated both the severity and longer-term impact of natural disasters. As a result, Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and reduction have been gaining increasing importance for urban areas. Remote sensing plays a key role in providing information for urban DRM analysis due to its agile data acquisition, synoptic perspective, growing range of data types, and instrument sophistication, as well as low cost. As a consequence numerous methods have been developed to extract information for various phases of DRM analysis. However, given the diverse information needs, only few of the parameters of interest are extracted directly, while the majority have to be elicited indirectly using proxies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the proxies developed for two risk elements typically associated with pre-disaster situations (vulnerability and resilience), and two post-disaster elements (damage and recovery), while focusing on urban DRM. The proxies were reviewed in the context of four main environments and their corresponding sub-categories: built-up (buildings, transport, and others), economic (macro, regional and urban economics, and logistics), social (services and infrastructures, and socio-economic status), and natural. All environments and the corresponding proxies are discussed and analyzed in terms of their reliability and sufficiency in comprehensively addressing the selected DRM assessments. We highlight strength and identify gaps and limitations in current proxies, including inconsistencies in terminology for indirect measurements. We present a systematic overview for each group of the reviewed proxies that could simplify cross-fertilization across different DRM domains and may assist the further development of methods. While systemizing examples from the wider remote sensing domain and insights from social and economic sciences, we suggest a direction for developing new proxies, also potentially suitable for capturing functional recovery.

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Orengo Serra, Karen L., and Maria Sanchez-Jauregui. "Food supply chain resilience model for critical infrastructure collapses due to natural disasters." British Food Journal 124, no. 13 (December 31, 2021): 14–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-11-2020-1066.

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PurposeCritical infrastructure (CI) plays an essential role in reading, reacting and responding while dealing with natural disasters. This study address food supply chain resilience by proposing an FSC resilience model that explains the food product and transport flow via production, processing, distribution and retailing in circumstances of (CI) collapses post a natural disaster.Design/methodology/approachA combination of qualitative methods was conducted to obtain a comprehensive overview of the food and beverage sector in Puerto Rico. The full dataset comprised of seven focus groups for a total of 52 participants and 12 in-depth interviews.FindingsFSC resilience is seen in this study through the managerial actions taken by members of the Chain: innovating, transforming, adapting, and flexibilising business models and operations.Originality/valueThis study is the first to address FSC resilience from the perspective of net food importer economy in the context of natural disasters and prolonged Critical infrastructure (CI) breakdown, and the first one in proposing an FSC resilience model that explains the food product and transport flow via production, processing, distribution and retailing in circumstances of CI collapses post a natural disaster.

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Frogel, Michael, Arthur Cooper, and George Foltin. "A Comprehensive Coalition Based Regional Approach to Pediatric Disaster Planning." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19001316.

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Introduction:Children, who comprise 25% of the US population, are frequently victims of disasters and have special needs during these events.Aim:To prepare NYC for a large-scale pediatric disaster, NYCPDC has worked with an increasing number of providers that initially included a small number of hospitals and agencies. Through a cooperative team approach, stakeholders now include public health, emergency management, and emergency medical services, 28 hospitals, community-based providers, and the Medical Reserve Corps.Methods:The NYCPDC utilized an inclusive iterative process model whereby a desired plan was achieved by stakeholders reviewing the literature and current practice through discussion and consensus building. NYCPDC used this model in developing a comprehensive regional pediatric disaster plan.Results:The Plan included disaster scene triage (adapted for pediatric use) to transport (with prioritization) to surge and evacuation. Additionally, site-specific plans utilizing Guidelines and Templates now include Pediatric Long-Term Care Facilities, Hospital Pediatric Departments, Pediatric and Ob/Newborn/Neonatal Intensive Care Services and Outpatient/Urgent Care Centers. A force multiplier course in critical care for non-intensivists is provided. An extensive Pediatric Exercise program has been used to develop, operationalize and revise plans based on lessons learned. This includes pediatric tabletop, functional and full-scale exercises at individual hospitals leading to citywide exercises at 13 and subsequently all 28 hospitals caring for children.Discussion:The NYCPDC has comprehensively planned for the special needs of children during disasters utilizing a pediatric coalition based regional approach that matches pediatric resources to needs to provide best outcomes.The NYCPDC has responded to real-time events (H1N1, Haiti Earthquake, Superstorm Sandy, Ebola), and participated in local (NYC boroughs and executive leadership) and nationwide coalitions (National Pediatric Disaster Coalition). The NYCPDC has had the opportunity to present their Pediatric Disaster Planning and Response efforts at local, national and International conferences.

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Frogel, Michael, John Jermyn, George Foltin, and Arthur Cooper. "A Comprehensive Coalition-Based Regional Approach to Pediatric Disaster Planning." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 38, S1 (May 2023): s187—s188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x23004843.

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Introduction:Children, who comprise 25% of the US population, are frequently victims of disasters and have special needs during these events. To prepare NYC for a large-scale Pediatric Disaster, NYCPDC has worked with an increasing number of providers that initially included only a small number of hospitals and agencies. Through a cooperative team approach, stakeholders now include local public health, emergency management and emergency medical services, 28 hospitals, community-based providers, and the Medical Reserve Corps.Method:The NYCPDC utilized an inclusive iterative process model whereby a desired plan was achieved by stakeholders reviewing the literature and current practice through repeated discussion and consensus building. NYCPDC used this model in developing a comprehensive regional pediatric disaster plan.Results:The plan included disaster scene triage (adapted for pediatric use) to transport (with prioritization) to surge and evacuation. Additionally, site-specific plans utilizing guidelines and templates now include Pediatric Long-Term Care Facilities, Hospital Pediatric Departments including Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Services and Outpatient/Urgent Care Centers. A force multiplier course in critical care for non-intensivists has been provided. An extensive Pediatric Exercise program has been used to develop, operationalize and revise plans based on lessons learned. This initially included pediatric tabletop, functional and full-scale exercises at individual hospitals leading to citywide exercises at 13 and subsequently all 28 hospitals caring for children.Conclusion:The NYCPDC has comprehensively planned for the special needs of children during disasters utilizing a pediatric coalition based regional approach that matches pediatric resources to needs to provide best outcomes.The NYCPDC has responded to real time events (H1N1, Haiti Earthquake, Superstorm Sandy, Ebola), and participated in local (NYC boroughs and executive leadership) and nationwide coalitions (including the National Pediatric Disaster Coalition). The NYCPDC has had the opportunity to present their Pediatric Disaster Planning and Response efforts at local, national and International conferences.

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Lyulko, O. M., and V. I. Zolotareva. "Aspects of eliminating medical and sanitary consequences of the flood disaster in the Republic of Crimea on June 17–18, 2021." Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations, no. 2 (June 7, 2023): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2023-0-2-56-62.

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Relevance. In current realities, various models of disaster management and response have been implemented in disaster medicine across regions. In natural emergency scenarios, management and response efforts would hardly ever see functional unity of all the emergency response units of disaster medicine and civil defense with an integral management hierarchy and 24h duty.The study objective is to assess the efficiency of a new organizational model of disaster medicine service deployed in the Republic of Crimea to eliminate medical and sanitary consequences of heavy precipitation, large-scale flooding and mudslides, that hit the urban districts of Kerch, Yalta, on June 17-18, 2021.Methods. We studied the operations and response efforts undertaken in natural emergency setting by the Kerch disaster medicine and civil defense service and Yalta ambulance stations, both being part of the Regional Center for Disaster Medicine of the Republic of Crimea. In addition, we analyzed the abnormal atmospheric front passage with heavy precipitation in urban districts of Kerch (17.06.2021) and Yalta (18.06.2021).Results and discussion. At the very onset of natural emergency situation in the Republic of Crimea on June 17-18, 2021, dispatchers of the disaster medicine service, as well as dispatchers and managers of Yalta and Kerch ambulance stations implemented timely and adequate measures to ensure smooth operation of emergency medical units deployed in the emergency area. Those measures include prompt notification and engagement of management staff, deployment of transport vehicles and workforce to safe areas, recruitment of backup power sources into the grid, mobilized additional ambulance crews, as well as adequate assessment of incurred damages. The study provided the disaster medicine service with an unprecedented opportunity for real-time 24h. monitoring of the civil defense Center for Disaster Medicine operation in a natural emergency.Conclusion. The study allows to assess the format of integrating civil defense and disaster medicine forces under the shared management by the Disaster Medicine Center of the Republic of Crimea.

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G., Károly. "River, lake and sea traffic safety issues regarding waste generated during disasters." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXII, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-19-i2-024.

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This publication present questions related to river and sea traffic safety and waste management in disaster situations taking into consideration domestic and international waste management policies, river and sea transport industry recommendations, instructions, and provisions. The principal objective is to examine how applicable are the technical security solutions and regulations to enhance safe and efficient waste management to meet of today's challenges.

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Géza, Károly. "River, lake and sea traffic safety issues regarding waste generated during disasters." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XXI, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-18-i2-011.

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This publication present questions related to river and sea traffic safety and waste management in disaster situations taking into consideration domestic and international waste management policies, river and sea transport industry recommendations, instructions, and provisions. The principal objective is to examine how applicable are the technical security solutions and regulations to enhance safe and efficient waste management to meet of today's challenges.

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Lwin, Ko Ko, Yoshihide Sekimoto, and Wataru Takeuchi. "Development of GIS Integrated Big Data Research Toolbox (BigGIS-RTX) for Mobile CDR Data Processing in Disasters Management." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 2 (March 19, 2018): 380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p0380.

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This article reports the development of a geographical information system (GIS) embedded text-based geospatial Big Data research toolbox (BigGIS-RTX) designed especially for mobile CDR (Call Details Record) data processing in urban transport planning and disaster management. BigGIS-RTX is a standalone computer program that aims to provide a bridge between geospatial Big Data and end users (i.e. students and researchers) by reducing difficulties in handling geospatial Big Data processing and analysis tasks. This research toolbox makes it possible to handle text-based geospatial Big Data cleaning, formatting, subsetting, and extraction by keywords or structured query language (SQL), CDR data aggregation by base transceiver stations (BTSs), generation of origin–destination (OD) trips, OD matrices, and OD routes, and computation of OD links. Moreover, this research toolbox can be integrated with current commercial GIS software to perform further geospatial analysis functions to improve spatial decision making in urban and transport planning and disaster management. In this report, we discuss two current research outputs using BigGIS-RTX: first, multitemporal grid square population estimation and second, human mobility studies in transportation planning. These research outputs are essential for disaster management and emergency preparedness in terms of providing knowledge and information about population distribution changes over space and time, human mobility flow by a user defined time frame, and travel volume or link count information for individual road segments. This research is part of the core project “Development of a Comprehensive Disaster Resilience System and Collaboration Platform in Myanmar” in a research collaboration between Yangon Technological University, Myanmar, and The University of Tokyo, Japan, sponsored by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

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Kondo, Hisayoshi, Yuichi Koido, Yuzuru Kawashima, Yoshitaka Kohayagawa, Miho Misaki, Ayako Takahashi, Yuji Kondo, Kayako Chishima, and Yoshiki Toyokuni. "Consideration of Medical and Public Health Coordination - Experience from the 2016 Kumamoto, Japan Earthquake." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, no. 02 (April 2019): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000177.

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Objective:The aim of this study was to identify disaster medical operation improvements from the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake (Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan) and to extract further lessons learned to prepare for future expected major earthquakes.Methods:The records of communications logs, chronological transitions of chain of command, and team registration logs for the Disaster Medical Assistant Team (DMAT), as well as other disaster medical relief teams, were evaluated.Results:A total of 466 DMAT teams and 2,071 DMAT team members were deployed to the Kumamoto area, and 1,894 disaster medical relief teams and 8,471 disaster medical relief team member deployments followed. The DMAT established a medical coordination command post at several key disaster hospitals to designate medical coverage areas. The DMAT evacuated over 1,400 patients from damaged hospitals, transported medical supplies to affected hospitals, and coordinated 14 doctor helicopters used for severe patient transport. To keep constant medical and public health operations, DMAT provided medical coordination management until the local medical coordination was on-track. Several logistic teams, which are highly trained on operation and management of medical coordination command, were dispatched to assist management operation. The DMAT also helped to establish Disaster Coordination and Management Council at the prefectural- and municipal-level, and also coordinated command control for public health operations. The DMAT could provide not only medical assistance at the acute phase of the disaster, but also could provide medical coordination for public health and welfare.Conclusion:During the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake, needs of public health and welfare increased enormously due to the sudden evacuation of a large number of residents. To provide constant medical assistance at the disaster area, DMAT, logistic teams, and other disaster medical relief teams must operate constant coordination at the medical headquarter command. For future expected major earthquakes in Japan, it will be required to educate and secure high enough numbers of disaster medical assistance and health care personnel to provide continuous medical and public health care for the affected area residents.Kondo H, Koido Y, Kawashima Y, Kohayagawa Y, Misaki M, Takahashi A, Kondo Y, Chishima K, Toyokuni Y. Consideration of medical and public health coordination – experience from the 2016 Kumamoto, Japan Earthquake. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(2):149–154

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Frogel, Michael, John Jermyn, George Foltin, and Arthur Cooper. "Lessons Learned from 28 Hospitals and City Agencies: Pediatric Disaster Exercise." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 38, S1 (May 2023): s102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x23002819.

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Introduction:Children are frequently victims of disasters. However, gaps remain in pediatric disaster preparedness. The New York City Pediatric Disaster Coalition (NYCPDC) is funded by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) to prepare NYC for mass casualty events that involve large numbers of children. The NYC PDC conducted a functional exercise testing surge, communications, and secondary transport. Participants included 28 NYC hospitals, the NYC Fire Department-Emergency Medical Services (FDNY-EMS), NYC Emergency Management (NYCEM), NYC DOHMH and the NYC Medical Reserve Corps (MRC).Method:The hospitals and agencies participated in group and individual planning meetings. Scenario-driven, operations-based activities challenged participants to employ their facility's existing pediatric surge and secondary transport plans during an event. The exercise assessed: Communications, Emergency Operation Plans, Surge, Patient Tracking, Patient Transfer, Supplies, and Staffing. Internal and external evaluators assessed the exercise performance.Results:An After-Action Report was written based on information from evaluation data, site-specific and group hot-washes, and an after-action conference. Strengths included meaningful improvement of plans before/after the exercise and doubling pediatric critical care capacity through the implementation of the exercise objectives. Challenges included: gaps in communication/patient tracking, lack of sufficient sub-specialty support, the need for "babysitters” and inadequate supplies of blood products and ventilators.Conclusion:Conducting a multi-hospital and agency pediatric specific exercise demonstrated current planning and produced lessons learned to address planning and training gaps that can improve citywide planning and capabilities during future full-scale exercise and real-time events.

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Djalali, Ahmadreza, Luca Carenzo, Luca Ragazzoni, Massimo Azzaretto, Roberta Petrino, Francesco Della Corte, and Pier Luigi Ingrassia. "Does Hospital Disaster Preparedness Predict Response Performance During a Full-scale Exercise? A Pilot Study." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 29, no. 5 (August 5, 2014): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1400082x.

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AbstractIntroductionThe assessment of hospital disaster preparedness and response performance is a way to find and remove possible gaps and weaknesses in hospital disaster management effectiveness. The aim of this pilot study was to test the association between the level of preparedness and the level of response performance during a full-scale hospital exercise.MethodThis pilot study was conducted in a hospital during a full-scale exercise in the Piedmont region of Italy. The preparedness evaluation was conducted by a group of three experts, three days before the exercise, and the response evaluation was conducted during the exercise. The functional capacity module was used for preparedness evaluation, and the response performance of the “command and control” function of the hospital was evaluated by nine semiquantitative performance indicators.ResultsThe preparedness of the chosen hospital was 59%, while the response performance was evaluated as 70%. The hospital staff conducted Simple Triage and Rapid Transport (START) triage while they received 61 casualties, which was 90% correct for the yellow group and 100% correct for the green group.ConclusionThis pilot study showed that it is possible to use standardized evaluations tools, to simultaneously assess the relationship between preparedness elements and response performance measures. An experimental study including a group of hospitals, also using more comprehensive evaluation tools, should be done to evaluate the correlation between the level of preparedness and the response performance of a hospital, and the impact of hospital disaster planning, on the outcome of disasters victims.DjalaliA,CarenzoL,RagazzoniL,AzzarettoM,PetrinoR,Della CorteF,IngrassiaPL.Does hospital disaster preparedness predict response performance during a full-scale exercise? A pilot study.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(4):1-7.

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Tripathy, Siba Prasada. "Bi-objective covering salesman problem with uncertainty." Journal of Decision Analytics and Intelligent Computing 3, no. 1 (August 15, 2023): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31181/jdaic10015082023t.

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Humanitarian relief transportation and mass fatality management activities are the most strenuous tasks after a natural or artificial disaster. A feasible and realistic transport model is essential for accomplishing the tasks in a planned way. Covering Salesman Problem (CSP) is a variant of Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) which has been used in many application areas, including disaster management. In this paper, we consider a bi-objective CSP in an uncertain environment where Interval Type 2 fuzzy numbers represent the costs of the edges. A new local search technique is introduced in the memetic algorithm, which has been used to solve the problem. A computational experiment on a set of instances indicates the effectiveness of the introduced local search technique along with the proposed methodology.

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