Дисертації з теми "Disaster risk governance"

A disaster always means a huge death toll, displacement and inconceivable destruction for a poor country such as Bangladesh. Recently, Bangladesh has taken a holistic approach to prioritising interrelated activities and the involvement of various organisations in disaster management. A number of disaster management committees (DMCs) have been formed to coordinate and implement risk reduction measures. But the levels of success of these organisations have varied in different regions. Improper consideration of local knowledge, corruption of actors, lack of coordination and capacity of actors, etc., are perceived as major causes of this. Primarily, this mini-thesis aims to measure the impact of self-organisation in disaster risk management.

The scholarly field of International Relations (IR) has been slow to appreciate the evolutions in forms of governance authority currently seen in the European political system. Michael Barnett has insisted that ‘IR scholars also have had to confront the possibility that territoriality, authority, and the state might be bundled in different ways in present-day Europe’ (2001, 52). This thesis outlines how modern governing authority is generated and maintained in a Europe that is strongly impacted by the many institutions, departments, and agencies of the European Union (EU). Using the specific cases of the EU’s disaster response organisation, the DG for Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid (ECHO), and the hub for EU internal security policy management, the DG for Home and Migration Affairs (HOME), this thesis understands the different policy areas under EU policymaker and bureaucrat jurisdictions as semi-autonomous fields of practice – fields that are largely confined to the groups of bureaucratic, diplomatic, corporate, NGO, contracted, and IO that exist in Brussels, decidedly removed from in-field or operational personnel. Transnational governance authority in Europe, at least in these two fields, is generated and maintained by actors recognised as highly expert in producing and using data to monitor for the risks of future disasters and entrenching that ability into central functional roles in their respective fields. Both ECHO and HOME actors came to be recognised as central authorities in their fields thanks to their ability to prepare for unknown future natural and manmade disasters by creating and collecting and managing data on them and then using this data to articulate possible future scenarios as risks. They use the resources at their disposal to generate and manage data about disaster and security monitoring and coordination, drawing on these resources to impress upon the other actors in their fields that cooperating with ECHO and HOME is the best way to minimise the risks posted by future disasters. In doing so, both sets of actors established the parameters by which other actors understood their own best practices: through the use of data to monitor for future scenarios and establish criteria upon which to justify policy decisions. The specific way ECHO and HOME actors were able to position themselves as primary or central figures, namely, by using centralised data management, demonstrates the role that risk practices play in generating and maintaining authority in complex institutional governance situations as currently seen in Europe.

Prevention, mitigation and response to large scale disasters is complex. It is widely argued that collaboration is a necessary component of successful disaster risk reduction (DRR). However, there are also significant challenges associated with collaboration for DRR. In this paper I carry out a descriptive, empirical case study of collaboration within disaster prevention and preparation in Sweden at the municipal level. The aim of the study is to identify potentially interesting patterns regarding collaboration and obstacles to collaboration in local disaster risk reduction. The study answers the question: to what extent do Sweden’s municipalities collaborate with other stakeholders on disaster risk reduction? Interesting patterns regarding the stability versus volatility of collaboration are identified. This study lays the foundation for further research on the potential and limitations of collaborative forms of governance for tackling complex societal phenomena that have a high degree of interdependency and uncertainty.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA
Much has been said about the continued escalation of disasters, impacting negatively on the people’s livelihoods; mostly the poor. However, not enough is done to minimise or reduce the vulnerability of the people to risks as evidenced by the increasing numbers of disaster victims locally, nationwide and globally (Sahoo, 2005; Humby, 2012, Niekerk, 2005; Heijmans, 2008 and Cannon, 1994). The increasing disaster strikes in the City of Cape Town remain a major challenge to the surrounding communities (Cape Argus, 27 August 2012; Radar, 2010; Pillay, 2012 and Humby, 2012). Despite the expiry of the United Nations’ declaration of the period 1990-99 as ‘the decade for natural disaster risk reduction in 1999, the years after the declaration were characterised by increased disaster strikes globally (Niekerk, 2005; GTZ, 2002; UNDP, 2004 and Alexander, 2006). Although, new global commitments such as the 2005-15 Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) which targeted to minimise disaster risks by 2015, very little has changed as people are increasingly becoming more vulnerable to risks than before (Niekerk, 2005; Heijmans, 2008; Alexander, 2006 and Radar, 2010). South Africa’s statistics on past recorded disaster events from the eighties to the present, show the same increased trend in the loss of property and human capital. For example, in South Africa, the period from 1980 to 2010 recorded 77 disaster strikes with a total of 1869 people being killed and negatively affecting 18 million livelihoods nationwide (Humby, 2012). Given such high figures of casualties, the negative impact of disaster remains one of South Africa’s major challenges as it curtails sustainable development. It is against this background that the study embarked on an investigation to establish the effectiveness and efficiency of the City of Cape Town Metro Municipal local government’s approaches to disaster risks. The principal objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the City of Cape Municipal Government in addressing the persistent disaster risks through a proper implementation of the core disaster principles of risk reduction, prevention and mitigation, as well as the post-disaster activities of preparedness, rehabilitation, response and recovery. The specific objectives of the study are: (i) to assess whether incorporating disaster risk management into the integrated developing plan (IDP) has the potential to mitigate or prevent disasters; (ii) to examine the extent to which the City of Cape Town can make use of the principle of co-operative governance and assistance in disaster risk management; and (iii) to evaluate the impact of public participation in disaster risk mitigation, prevention and reduction. The study employed an integrated approach to data gathering. Sources of data included government acts, policies, internet sources and journal articles were included. These sources were supplemented by individual interviews with disaster officials and community members. From the investigation, the study found that neither government nor the community can successfully manage to reduce, prevent or mitigate the impact of disasters. The study found out that collaboration between communities, and the government would help resolve the situation, with the private sectors taking a facilitative role than working separately. The study then emphasizes that a collaborative approach by different stakeholders would work well only if public participation and co-operative governance are institutionalised in the various sectors of the City of Cape Town.

Disasters and climate change threaten the very existence of a special group of developing states- Small Island Developing States (SIDS). This research tackles the problem of limited uptake of integrated approaches to address risk in practice- in particular through disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA). The benefits of these approaches are so significant that they can be considered to be investments in development. Focusing on Barbados, a SIDS, this research therefore seeks to identify the prospects for establishing an integrated disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation (DRR-CCA) development decision-making framework. It also seeks to understand the policy implications for other SIDS. In addressing the research problem, a risk governance framework and mixed methods approach is proposed for identifying the prospects for DRR-CCA. This allows for the challenges and the potential in actor networks, institutions, and the various dimensions of risk decision-making to be identified. The specific SIDS DRR-CCA risk governance framework utilised to generate the prospects is identified from literature. Data from documents, surveys and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 30 representatives from 20 organisations operating at different levels were gathered on DRR and CCA risk governance in Barbados from November, 2014 to May 2015. Analysis was carried out using document analysis, thematic analysis; social network analysis, and descriptive statistics. The research identifies that SIDS require an enhanced risk governance framework for DRR-CCA. This framework has a systemic approach at the core, as well as an explicit development approach supported by a joined-up governance approach. Furthermore, risk assessments should include assessments of adaptive capacity. Existing potential for DRR-CCA risk governance was identified in highly dense networks, established disaster management networks, and a unique polycentric network that engages intraregional partners in national governance. Notwithstanding, challenges related to cohesion within and across institutions and sectors; missing community and socio-economic participation; as well as issues connected to unadjusted mind-sets to address the DRR paradigm shift in practice, and limited development-socio-ecological systems approaches, meant that the prospects identified mainly addressed these shortcomings. A spatial methodology for DRR-CCA seemed feasible. This research contributes a framework for conceptualising DRR-CCA risk governance in SIDS which could be applicable to others. It offers a Caribbean SIDS perspective and practical suggestions for DRR-CCA that are relevant to SIDS practitioners and donors. Further research should focus on testing the prospects across the varying governance contexts of SIDS.

The research developed a sustainability assessment checklist for improving sustainability outcomes in post-disaster infrastructure recovery projects. The social, economic, environmental sustainability, and engineering and governance were the key elements. This research analysed three case studies and their existing disaster recovery strategies that were implemented to rebuild infrastructures damaged by natural disasters. The research sought to develop a comprehensive triple bottom line sustainability assessment checklist for post-disaster management in road infrastructure.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Resiliens är ett begrepp som används i allt större utsträckning inom risk och katastrofforskningen för att beskriva samhällets motståndskraft mot, förmåga att återhämta sig från samt utvecklas positivt efter större naturhändelser. Forskning visar på vikten av att involvera alla nivåer i samhället för att skapa resiliens vilket även uttrycks i internationella ramverk för katastrofriskreducering, klimatanpassning och hållbar utveckling. Det är framförallt på den lokala nivån som konsekvenserna av extrema naturhändelser manifestera och måste hanteras vilket innebär att allmänheten anses vara viktig att involvera i det katastrofriskreducerande arbetet för en ökad resiliens. Detta innebär ett så kallat ”bottom-up” sätt att arbeta. En faktor som enligt forskningen påverkar risken för katastrofer är olika sårbarheter i samhället. Hur sårbart ett samhälle är påverkas bland annat av ekonomiska, ekologiska och sociala faktorer och hur resurser är fördelade. Vissa grupper i samhället pekas ofta ut som mer sårbara, och ett led i att skapa resiliens är att tillgodose dessa gruppers specifika behov i relation till katastrofrisker. Teorier och modeller gällande samhällets resiliens mot katastrofer är ofta framtagna med fokus på miljöer med mer frekventa och dramatiska naturhändelser, och samhällen som präglas av en högre grad av socioekonomiska skillnader än vi har i dagens Sverige. Ett förändrat klimat och andra globala processer påverkar även det svenska samhället. Svenska staten och dess myndigheter påtalar allt mer vikten av att arbeta utifrån ett resiliensperspektiv i samhällsbyggandet. I den svenska kontexten ligger ett stort ansvar gällande risk och krishantering på den kommunala nivån, samt även på den enskilda individen, vilket kan tänkas borga för att involvera allmänheten i katastrofriskreduceringen och tillika skapa ett resilient lokalsamhälle. Syfte: Syftet med studien är trefaldig. Primärt syftar den till att få en övergripande förståelse för hur personer som är verksamma inom risk och krishantering på lokal nivå i en svensk kommun ser på att involvera allmänheten i det katastrofriskreducerande arbetet utifrån ett resiliensperspektiv. Sekundärt syftar studien till att undersöka hur man förhåller sig till olika gruppers behov i arbetet utifrån ett sårbarhetsperspektiv samt att undersöka relevansen av ett befintligt teoretiskt ramverk för community resilience i en svensk kontext. Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ explorativ fallstudie av Örebro kommun med en abduktiv ansats. Genom en kombination av strategiskt urval och snöbollsurval har nyckelpersoner som är verksamma inom kommunal verksamhet samt frivilligorganisationer inkluderats i studien. Datainsamlingen bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer som transkriberats och vidare analyserats genom kvalitativ textanalys. För att stärka studiens validitet har även kommundokument studerats för att möjliggöra en triangulering. Resultatet diskuteras utifrån teorier om resiliens, risk-governance och sårbarhet för katastrofer samt ett teoretiskt ramverk för community resilience. Resultat: Resultatet visar på: 1) en positiv syn hos respondenterna på att involvera allmänheten, framförallt som en resurs i den akuta krishanteringen genom att nyttja frivilliga, 2) möjligheter med att involvera allmänheten genom relationsbyggande nätverk och ökad samverkan med civilsamhället för att få information om hur människor upplever sin verklighet och vilka behov allmänheten har gällande information och stöttning, 3) hinder avseende kommunikation och samverkan mellan kommun och allmänhet vilket delvis kopplades till att det saknas användbara verktyg och att ny teknik inte nyttjas fullt ut, 4) brist på kontinuitet i samverkan mellan civilsamhället och kommunen och låg frekvens av större händelser, 5) ett bristande engagemang från allmänhetens sida. Resultatet pekar även på att resiliensramverket är relevant i den svenska kontexten.
Summary Background: Resiliens is a concept that is increasingly used in risk- and disaster research to describe society's resistance to, ability to recover from and to develop positively after major natural events. Research shows the importance of involving all levels of society in order to create resilience against disasters and is expressed in international frameworks for disaster risk reduction, climate change and sustainable development. Since the consequences of extreme natural events primarily manifests at the local level, they need to be locally managed. The importance of involving the public in disaster risk reduction, also called the “bottom-up approach” with the aim of building resilience is thus highlighted. One factor affecting societal disaster risk is vulnerability. How vulnerable a society is to disasters is influenced by economic, ecological and social factors and the distribution of resources. Certain groups in society are often referred to as more vulnerable and one part of building resilience against disasters is to cater to the specific needs of these groups in relation to disaster risks. Theories and models of societal resilience against disasters are often developed with focus on environments with more frequent and dramatic natural events and societies that are characterized by a greater degree of socio-economic differences than that of today's Sweden. But a changing climate and other global processes also affect the Swedish society. The Swedish state and its authorities increasingly emphasize the importance of taking a resilience perspective on societal development. The responsibility for risk and crisis management in Sweden is primarily focused at the municipal level, as well as on the individual, which could warrant the involvement of the public in disaster reduction in order to build a resilient local community. Purpose: The purpose of the study is threefold. It primarily aims at gaining an overall understanding of the views of individuals, involved in risk and crisis management at local level in Sweden, upon involving the public in disaster risk reduction from a resilience perspective. Secondarily, the study aims at investigating how the needs of different groups in the community is incorporated into the work, based on a vulnerability perspective, and thirdly to investigate the relevance of an existing theoretical framework for community resilience in a Swedish context. Method: The study was designed as a qualitative exploratory case study of Örebro municipality with an abductive approach. Through a combination of strategic selection and snowballing, key people working in the local council and non-governmental organizations have been included in the study. The data collection consisted of semistructured interviews that were transcribed and further analyzed through qualitative text analysis. In order to strengthen the validity of the study, municipal documents were studied to enable triangulation. The results were discussed through theories of resilience, risk governance and disaster vulnerability as well as a theoretical framework for community resilience by Norris et al. (2008). Results: The results show: 1) a positive view upon involving the public, primarily as a resource in emergency crisis management by using volunteers, 2) opportunities for involving the public through relational networking and enhanced cooperation with civil society, in order to gain information and knowledge on how people perceive their reality and the needs of the public regarding information and support, 3) communication and cooperation barriers between the municipality and the public are linked to the lack of useful tools and that new technologies are not fully utilized, 4) a lack of continuity in civil society and municipality collaboration, low frequency of major events, and lack of widespread commitment among the public. The result indicates that the resilience framework is also relevant in the Swedish context.

This paper examines how green areas may be used as strategic recovery zones in the event of an earthquake and how these zones may strengthen the resilience for future quakes in Istanbul. The paper also refers to investigating why the planning system in Turkey can pose a threat for the provision of green areas. Green areas have proven to be an important feature in natural disaster stricken cities for coping with disasters by strengthening the city’s resilience. However due to rapid population growth and high demand for housing and infrastructure, green areas risk disappearing when the city expands. This problem is evident all major cities of turkey and particularly in the country’s largest city Istanbul, where green areas are benign exploited instead of preserved; leaving larger city’s such as Istanbul vulnerable for future earthquake disasters. The high demand for new housing and functioning infrastructure in conjunction with a complicated planning system in Turkey leads to a vaguely regulated planning system, which creates a threat to green areas. This creates an uncertain situation for the city's ability and resilience to withstand a future earthquake disaster. The study will be based on a qualitative method. The empirical material will be presented through a previous research overview and a case study, which is also based on previous research on the subject. Essay analysis will be performed based on a quantitative text analysis based on concepts; urban disaster resilience, green infrastructure, land use planning and governance, presented in the essays theoretical framework. The general conclusions of the study are that there is a lack of good governance in the planning system in Turkey, which creates restrictions for a sustainable and resilient urban planning in the city of Istanbul. Green areas are resilience and capacity building areas in the city to handle future earthquake disaster, by providing open recovery zones in a densely built city. It is therefore important to plan for a long-term land use and to regard the green areas in the city to uphold strong urban disaster resilience for future earthquakes in Istanbul.

The 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico awakened communities to the increased risk of large-scale damage along their coastlines presented by new technology in deep water drilling. Normal accident theory and high reliability theory offer a framework through which to view the 2010 spill that features predictive criteria linked to a qualitative assessment of risk presented by technology and organizations. The 2010 spill took place in a sociotechnical system that can be described as complex and tightly coupled, and therefore prone to normal accidents. However, the entities in charge of managing this technology lacked the organizational capacity to safely operate within this sociotechnical system.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The so-called natural disasters have been the subject of much debate and study, both within and outside the field of Law. They entail, therefore, demands that require regulation, preferably in a more direct and effective way in the prevention and mitigation of the phenomena. In the present study, it has been chosen to use only the denomination 'disasters' due to the understanding that, although they have factors of natural origin in its causes, it is not possible to dissociate human action when these events occur. The main focus of this theoretical approach is the disasters that occur in Brazil, its most frequent causes, its most significant damages, the existing regulation in Brazil and in comparative Law, and the existence or not of effective legal accountability. To do this, research done in the institutes of Environmental Law is used, in view of its transversality with this branch of Law and in several fields of knowledge that surpass the orbit of Law, due to the understanding of the intrinsic interdisciplinarity in this matter and the necessity of the expansion of Its scope of action in the country, since disasters are events that generate, to a greater or lesser degree, destruction wherever they pass, impacting the environment, such as human relations, private goods and very often, even the survival of the populations on the affected sites
Os chamados desastres naturais tem sido objeto de muito debate e estudo, dentro e fora do âmbito do Direito. Acarretam, portanto, demandas que urgem regulamentação, de preferência mais direcionada e efetiva na prevenção e mitigação desses fenômenos. No presente estudo, preferiu-se utilizar apenas a denominação ‘desastres’ por entender que, ainda que tenham em suas causas, fatores de origem natural, não se pode dissociar a ação humana quando da ocorrência desses eventos. O foco principal dessa abordagem teórica são os desastres ocorrentes no Brasil, suas causas mais frequentes, seus danos mais significativos, a regulamentação existente no Brasil e no Direito comparado e a existência ou não de efetiva responsabilização legal. Para isso, utiliza-se de pesquisa nos institutos próprios do Direito Ambiental, tendo em vista sua transversalidade com esse ramo e em diversos campos do conhecimento que ultrapassam a órbita do Direito, por entender-se a interdisciplinaridade intrínseca nessa matéria e a necessidade da ampliação de seu escopo de atuação no país, uma vez que os desastres são eventos que geram, em maior ou menor grau, destruição por onde passam, impactando o meio ambiente, as relações humanas, os bens privados e, com muita frequência, até mesmo a sobrevivência das populações humanas dos locais afetados

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
The impact of disasters on hard-won social, environmental and economic developmental strides globally cannot be overemphasised. The magnitude and frequency of hazards (i.e. flooding, earthquakes, cyclones, typhoons etc.) poses great challenges for vulnerable populations as well as for those whose statutory responsibilities are to mitigate disaster risks within society. In view of the enormous uncertainties and complexities associated with disasters, several approaches to deal with disaster risks have emerged. These approaches have been characterised as structural measures (i.e. building retention dams, levees, drainage channels etc.) and non-structural measures (rules, regulations, policies, strategies, programmes etc.). Clearly, it can be agreed that the latter often determines the former, as its elements shape societal behaviour and action exhibited through institutions which uphold rules, professional ethics, standards, policies, regulations etc. When institutions that reflect government’s intended vision to achieve resilience and sustainability within society are weak, disaster risks are bound to be created. The existence of institutional deficiencies, such as inefficient flood mitigation plans and policies, poor solid waste management, weak regulatory frameworks etc., spurs expectations and demands (institutional pressures) for public sector organisations to provide solutions. While a wide range of scholarly works have paid much attention to exploring how organisations respond to institutional pressures to maintain legitimacy, there is no contribution providing explanations as to how institutional pressures exerted on public sector organisations influence strategic responses to address disaster risks. The aim of this thesis is to address this gap by exploring public sector organisations charged with the statutory responsibility of addressing flood risks, as such organisations play a dominating role in providing structural and non-structural measures. The study therefore provides evidence within the context of Nigeria to understand the interaction between governance structures and processes that contribute to the risk of flooding in the face of uncertainties and complexities. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, a qualitative phenomenological case study approach is utilised. Through interviews and focus group discussions, the experiences of public sector organisation officials, communities and World Bank funded projects were studied using the pressure and release model, the concept of institutional isomorphism from institutional theory and the organisational strategic response model. The study explores institutional constraints triggered by the interaction between social structures and processes that lead to unsafe conditions exacerbating flooding (dynamic pressures), institutional pressures exerted on public sector organisations and, finally, the responses of the public sector organisations to address the flood risks. Findings from the analysis of data are used to develop a framework for understanding the intricacies of organizational actions which ultimately reflects on the capacity of institutions to mitigate flood risks. Results from this study indicate that there are complex relationships existing between constructs of dynamic pressures manifested through climatic and geographic conditions, societal attitudes, financial constraints, technical deficiencies and institutional weakness. Institutional expectations and demands in the form of coercive, normative and mimetic pressures (isomorphic pressures) were found to influence public sector organisations’ responses to conform to or resist pressures based on antecedent factors and stimulating mechanisms. The findings also significantly contribute to the existing body of knowledge, providing a context-specific understanding of the root dimensions that propel institutional constituents to exert pressures on public sector organisations. Additionally, the study provides knowledge of the nature of institutional pressures exerted on public sector organisations that influence certain strategic choices. The fundamental challenge is that responding to flood risks mainly depends on power relations, scarce resources and the legitimacy-seeking attributes of public sector organisations charged with the statutory responsibility of addressing the risks. Institutional pressures may change over time and will require a choice of mechanisms to stimulate a positive response by public sector organisations to take actions. Implications for practice entails that the awareness of institutional pressures will aid understanding of institutional constraints of public sector organisations and will provide clarity on areas to prioritise to deliver positive disaster risk reduction outcomes.

The objective of the study was to find out whether the decentralisation of responsibulities for social economics development facilitated the management of disaster risk during the 2007 floods in Mozambique. the specific aims of the study were to : analyse and discuss national policies for decentralisation and their significance for DRM. 
Investigate which responsibilities, human and financial resources were available to local governments 
for the planning, implemantations and monitoring of DRM activities. Identify 
mechanisms institutions and activities for DRM and 
find out whether they provided to be effective. Explore how concerned 
communities participated in DRM activitiesto reduce 
their vulnerability to disaster risk. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Magister Artium - MA
The objective of the study was to find out whether the decentralisation of responsibulities for social economics development facilitated the management of disaster risk during the 2007 floods in Mozambique. the specific aims of the study were to : analyse and discuss national policies for decentralisation and their significance for DRM. Investigate which responsibilities, human and financial resources were available to local governments for the planning, implemantations and monitoring of DRM activities. Identify mechanisms institutions and activities for DRM and find out whether they provided to be effective. Explore how concerned communities participated in DRM activitiesto reduce their vulnerability to disaster risk.

Although it is widely acknowledged within disaster scholarship that women are more vulnerable to disasters than men, there is a dearth of literature explicitly discussing the ways in which governmental and non-governmental institutions have supported, strengthened and built the capabilities of Nepali women since the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Thus, the objective of this study was to undertake an institutional analysis of the role of gender in post-disaster recovery in Nepal. This overarching goal has been divided into two key research aims: 1. To examine how institutions have built the capabilities of Nepali women in a post-disaster context and whether this is sustainable. 2. To acknowledge and understand the power structures that govern Nepali women’s lives and how these affect their ability to participate in disaster risk management. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 53 participants from four categories: Nepali women and men who reside within Bhaktapur municipality; employees of non-governmental institutions who run community programmes aimed at increasing community capacity following disasters; and municipal and federal employees who work in the area of disaster risk reduction. Document analysis of Government policies and frameworks was also undertaken. My research suggests that although governmental and non-governmental institutions have taken initial steps towards enhancing the capacities of women post-disaster, there are still many opportunities available for these institutions to translate policy into practice, address the specific needs of disaster-affected women, provide targeted training to enhance their disaster preparedness, and positively transform their role in modern Nepali society. In particular, I demonstrate that key opportunities to enhance social inclusion and redress pre-existing gender inequalities have been missed by both the Government and I/NGOs who work in the field of disaster risk reduction; highlighting a policy-implementation gap created by slippages between policy and practice. Furthermore, my research underscores the gendered barriers that serve to constrain Nepali women and impede their ability to build disaster resilience, thus further entrenching their vulnerability. On this basis, I provide recommendations on how the policy-implementation gap can be addressed through ensuring policies are coherent and contain clear guidelines and standards, fostering gender mainstreaming and undertaking gender audits, and encouraging widespread coordination between governmental and non-governmental organisations. Finally, I demonstrate that although Nepali women living in Bhaktapur municipality have encountered new forms of insecurity as a direct result of the earthquake, post-recovery conditions have fostered some long-term positive social and economic changes for women. These changes include the diversification of women’s employment and women undertaking traditional ‘men’s work’, in addition to experiencing heightened confidence and respect as a result of their contributions in the aftermath of the earthquake.
Thesis (M.Phil.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences, 2022

碩士
國防大學
戰略研究所
102
Energy is one of the major developments in the government critical infrastructure protection plan. The Nuclear power is one of the major resources that brings country, business, and people’s daily life to operation. In 2011, the nuclear crisis caused by the earthquake in Japan has raised concerns on nuclear power around the world. Now, the nuclear power infrastructure protection is mainly managed by Atomic Energy Council, however all the institutions should work together on the risk management. Therefore, this research discuss about military actions on disaster relief from risk management perspective. Research findings are: First, military plays an important role on disaster prevention of nuclear infrastructure protection, based on having existing resources. Second is decentralized responsibility of the risk management. The military and local government can join together to prevent the disaster of nuclear infrastructure protection. Last, by incorporating different institutions’ opinions and experiences to better enhance military reactions on disaster relief.

碩士
國防大學
戰略研究所
100
The risks created by a risk society are uncertain and comprehensive. Thus, the work related to extensive Disaster Prevention and Relief (DPR) cannot be handled or effectively managed by one government unit or military alone. Therefore, there is an urgent need for all stakeholders within the society to participate in the extensive DPR work, in order to respond to uncertain risks and pursue for common security needs. 　　This research adopts literature review, history research, and in-depth interview to examine this issue. The “collaborative governance” model is used to discuss the risk management framework for ROC military participating in DPR, with focuses on the role of military and how military work with other civilian government agencies. Furthermore, this research aims to verify the interactions and field situations of the five DPR system－military, law enforcement, fire department, civilian government, and volunteer worker with the hope to propose an integrated risk management mechanism for the military to participate in DPR under “collaborative governance” model to effectively mitigate the hidden risks within a society. 　　Research findings are: First, military is one of the actors of the government security managing structure; and its role in the DPR system should be assisting. The second is that through public and civilian agencies cooperation model, it is easier for the military to collaborate with other agencies in DPR. The last is the integrated risk management mechanism can be used as the execution guidance for military to participate in and conduct DPR.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Worldwide, different types of hazards lead to disasters with varying social, environmental and economic impacts. Disasters kill and injure people, destroy homes, alter environmental equilibria, and disrupt markets. To reduce disaster risk, human systems have developed and promoted several approaches to disaster risk reduction (DRR), including policy-making, structural measures, individual and collective soft measures. Climate change has the potential to increase the frequency and intensity of some of these hazards. However, the impacts of climate change on natural hazards are often regional or local and need to be carefully investigated case by case. To cope with climate change, societies enact two main mechanisms, namely, mitigation and adaptation. In particular, climate change adaptation (CCA) allows communities, economies, and the environment to adapt to changes in climate and their short and long-term impacts. Therefore, CCA is a topic under exploration in its potential contribution to DRR. In the last decade, academic scholars, practitioners, and policy-makers have come to better understand the potential connections between climate change and natural hazards and to reflect on the potential contributions of CCA to DRR. It has been noted that the climate change and disaster risk communities have followed parallel paths with limited interactions, separate information silos, and isolated goals. With this realisation, these communities began to reflect on how CCA could be integrated into DRR. While such integration is now recognised, its governance still requires investigation. Such investigation is particularly important given that governments at multiple levels face increasing pressures from non government actors in terms of managing public affairs, including climate change and disaster risk. These governments usually respond to such pressures by enlarging the range of actors involved in CCA, DRR, and their integration. Understanding the roles of these actors, and the mechanisms regulating their interactions, is key for a better understanding of CCA & DRR integration. Against this background, the aim of this work is to explore the governance of CCA & DRR integration as promoted in the Hunter Valley, a hotspot for climate change in Australia. These issues are explored in three local governments (LGs) that have been selected as case studies: Newcastle, Lake Macquarie, and Singleton. Within the selected areas, the case studies will evaluate diverse groups of actors, their roles, and their interactions within governance. Specifically, this includes exploring the ways in which governance is promoted by a) the LGs, which are required to provide their own responses to climate change; b) the private sector, which both is affected by and contributes to climate change; and c) local communities, which promote their own responses and often bear the burdens of climate change-related risks. A portrait of such governance will ultimately be proposed to provide a phenomenological, multi-perspective, and exploratory research project. Two complementary qualitative methods are utilised to collect primary data. First, a qualitative content analysis is performed to explore how CCA and DRR are incorporated into official documents by the selected LGs. The LGs promoted the integration of CCA & DRR into land use, the built environment, building standards, and public assets. In addition, the LGs also promote public participation mechanisms by which some residents can contribute to adaptive planning. This analysis establishes the extent to which the LGs understood climate change and related risks and involved non-State actors in CCA & DRR integration. In this way, it provides an initial understanding of the actors involved and their interactions. Next, a phenomenological study will use semi-structured interviews to examine different actors performing their roles in CCA & DRR integration and participating in its governance. Specifically, interviews will examine climate change and related risks as perceived in the selected areas, the roles played by different actors in performing CCA & DRR integration, and the governance mechanisms put into place among these actors to promote such integration. It will be revealed that for some actors, climate change is an important issue and adaptation is important. Meanwhile, other actors did show scepticism or stated that it would be a problem in the future. In addition, both local communities and the private sector enact their own adaptive strategies with different degrees of effectiveness and contextualisation. Interactions occur between actors, for example, between LGs and local communities. However, conflicts also arise among actors, e.g. due to diverging interests, sensitivity to the topic of climate change, and power differences between actors. The aforementioned arguments will be developed through six standalone papers published in peer-reviewed academic journals. The discussion section will synthesise these arguments and highlight the significant governance role of actors in the context of CCA & DRR integration. However, challenges will also emerge to inhibit actors’ potential. The primary significance of this work is in analysing governance on the basis of individual and collective perceptions, experiences, and understandings of CCA & DRR integration by the investigated actors. The research represents a background for future research on governance in the context of CCA & DRR integration, and on the ways that actors perform and interact in the context of such governance.

Ph.D., Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011
In this study, the linkages between sustainable development, disaster-risk reduction and governance are explored, with reference to climate change adaptation. The purpose of the assessment is to ascertain the effectiveness, or lack thereof, of these inter-linkages with regard to climate change adaptation in South Africa. First, a brief review of theoretical debates on sustainable development, disaster-risk reduction, governance and climate change adaptation is given. Currently, it seems, sustainable development, disaster-risk reduction and governance are viewed exclusively from each other and from climate change adaptation. Some theoretical debates suggest that successful, long-term climate change adaptation can only be accomplished if linkages between these concepts, and practices, where relevant, are recognized in development policies. There is thus, a need to understand the relationships between climate change adaptation and development policy AND their linkages and tradeoffs. Coupled to this understanding, there is also a need to assess the role of institutions as well as institutional barriers that may retard or pose a threat to long-term sustainable adaptation. For this case study, the focus is on the 2004/05 drought that occurred in the Eastern Cape. The drought of 2004/05 was particularly severe. Some parts of the Eastern Cape were declared disaster areas. This declaration prompted responses from the various spheres of government, e.g. national, provincial and local. The intention therefore is, firstly, to gain clarity on the linkages between development/sustainable development policies, disaster-risk reduction and governance in the Province that operated during this period and in the periods following this drought. Secondly, the intention is to understand how the spheres of governance work together in responding to climate-related disasters. Responses from the community reveal that coupled to poor development planning; there is also limited and poor institutional capacity to respond to the direct and indirect impacts of climate variability and change. This poor institutional capacity is further complicated by a lack of coordination between the three spheres of government, i.e. national, provincial and local, as well as across national government departments. It is suggested that first, a good structure of cooperative governance and disaster-risk reduction is needed in South Africa. This structure should allow for multi-faceted and holistic development planning that focuses on saving lives, protecting livelihoods and assets. A good structure of governance should provide an environment that is sustainable and conducive to long-term climate change adaptation. What this case study also reveals is that monetary relief and assistance alone is not an effective response to climate variability and change. What is thus also needed is more vigilant monitoring of development projects and relief-funds as well as coordinated governance of development activities between national, provincial and local governments. Such an organized structure of governance could aid the country in gearing up for climate change adaptation.

Despite increasing philosophical knowledge of disaster planning and preparedness, disasters still remain a challenge in many communities. As a result, communities, environment and economies remain considerably vulnerable and at the risk of disaster destruction hence, sustainable development is undermined. The purpose of this study is to review and assess the state of community readiness in order to prevent and mitigate common hazards in the City of Johannesburg, especially in previously disadvantaged communities such as Protea-South. A survey and interviews was conducted with the local community members. Results show that, this community like many others, is at high risk, due to their living circumstances. e.g. the presence of densely built shacks on a flood plain; poor hygiene and sanitation, pollution, poverty etc. There is therefore a need for a paradigm shift by institutions from emergency response and the provision of hard infrastructure to disaster prevention, preparedness and soft infrastructure provision by means of an approach encompassing collaborative planning.

碩士
開南大學
公共事務管理學系碩士班
95
ABSTRACT From the 921 Earthquake in 1999 till now, there have been several natural calamities in Taiwan, including typhoons named Bilis, Xangsane, Trami, Chebi, and Toraji, which have landed on Taiwan and caused great casualties to people in Taiwan. Fu Hsing Township is the only aboriginal township in Taoyuan. Every time a typhoon comes, abundant rainfall it brings not only causes landslides and mudflows, but also washes away roads and breaks bridges, thus cutting connections between aboriginal settlements. In recent years the idea of hazard control has been prevalent and has attracted attention in living circles of hazard control communities in the U.S. and Japan. According to article 10 of Taiwan’s Law on Calamities Prevention and Relief, such prevention and relief is the jurisdiction of township and city offices. In order to understand current status on prevention and relief of natural calamities in Fu Hsing Township, Taoyuan Hsien, this research has conducted an investigation through extensive interviews with relevant persons in frontline of disaster prevention and emergency response system to find out some problems in rescue process. Taking the township as an individual case, the research has focused on emergency rescue business. It has analyzed difficulties and limitations rescue team faces in a natural disaster when doing preventive work and rescuing. This research finds out that in consideration of expenditure and human resources, it is difficult for the township to implement a large-scale mobilization aimed at preventing natural disasters and conducting rescues in such disasters. But if the township trains people who are part of existing organizations in the community and offer them with equipment for the above-mentioned purposes, the township can be equipped with preliminary disaster prevention and rescue capability, which is capable to reduce fatalities and financial loss at the crucial moment. In this research six suggestions are made. They are: a. Creating a sole channel of communication and installing a stationary disaster rescue center b. Establishment of disaster preventive radio communication system and a data base integrating all disaster prevention and rescue information c. Rescue and relief equipment and facilities should be filled and training of personnel should be solidly implemented as routine work d. Local government can establish a financial assistance mechanism. For example, the fund needed can be raised or sponsored by private groups. An evaluation of performance can be made on communities applicable to community disaster prevention plan and financial aid or public commendation be given to communities with good performance. e. Helping social communities to form disaster prevention promoting organizations and integrating current disaster prevention and rescue organizations into a fundamental promotional platform f. Encouraging residents of social communities to care about social topics through lectures and group sessions Key phrases: natural disaster, risk governance, disaster control community, disaster prevention and control