Статті в журналах: "Direct ethanol metabolithe"

1

Werner, Jens, Mouris Saghir, Andrew L. Warshaw, Kent B. Lewandrowski, Michael Laposata, Renato V. Iozzo, Edward A. Carter, Richard J. Schatz, and Carlos Fernández-del Castillo. "Alcoholic pancreatitis in rats: injury from nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 283, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): G65—G73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00419.2001.

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The mechanism by which alcohol injures the pancreas remains unknown. Recent investigations suggest a role for fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE), a nonoxidative metabolite of ethanol, in the pathogenesis of alcohol pancreatitis. In this study, we characterized ethanol-induced injury in rats and evaluated the contribution of oxidative and nonoxidative ethanol metabolites in this form of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic injury in rats was assessed by edema, intrapancreatic trypsinogen activation, and microscopy after infusing ethanol with or without inhibitors of oxidative ethanol metabolism. Plasma and tissue levels of FAEE and ethanol were measured and correlated with pancreatic injury. Ethanol infusion generated plasma and tissue FAEE and, in a dose-dependent fashion, induced a pancreas-specific injury consisting of edema, trypsinogen activation, and formation of vacuoles in the pancreatic acini. Inhibition of the oxidation of ethanol significantly increased both FAEE concentration in plasma and pancreas and worsened the pancreatitis-like injury. This study provides direct evidence that ethanol, through its nonoxidative metabolic pathway, can produce pancreas-specific toxicity in vivo and suggests that FAEE are responsible for the development of early pancreatic cell damage in acute alcohol-induced pancreatitis.

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2

Tong, Ming, Lisa Longato, Quynh-GiaoLy Nguyen, William C. Chen, Amy Spaisman, and Suzanne M. de la Monte. "Acetaldehyde-Mediated Neurotoxicity: Relevance to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/213286.

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Ethanol-induced neuro-developmental abnormalities are associated with impaired insulin and IGF signaling, and increased oxidative stress in CNS neurons. We examined the roles of ethanol and its principal toxic metabolite, acetaldehyde, as mediators of impaired insulin/IGF signaling and oxidative injury in immature cerebellar neurons. Cultures were exposed to 3.5 mM acetaldehyde or 50 mM ethanol ± 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP), an inhibitor of ethanol metabolism, and viability, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and insulin responsiveness were measured 48 hours later. Acetaldehyde or ethanol increased neuronal death and levels of 8-OHdG and 4-HNE, and reduced mitochondrial function. Ethanol inhibited insulin responsiveness, whereas acetaldehyde did not. 4-MP abated ethanol-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, but failed to restore insulin responsiveness. Furthermore, alcohol and aldehyde metabolizing enzyme genes were inhibited by prenatal ethanol exposure; this effect was mediated by acetaldehyde and not ethanol + 4MP. These findings suggest that brain insulin resistance in prenatal alcohol exposure is caused by direct effects of ethanol, whereas oxidative stress induced neuronal injury is likely mediated by ethanol and its toxic metabolites. Moreover, the adverse effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on brain development may be exacerbated by down-regulation of genes needed for metabolism and detoxification of alcohol in the brain.

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Chumnanpuen, Pramote, Michael Adsetts Edberg Hansen, Jørn Smedsgaard, and Jens Nielsen. "Dynamic Metabolic Footprinting Reveals the Key Components of Metabolic Network in YeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae." International Journal of Genomics 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/894296.

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Metabolic footprinting offers a relatively easy approach to exploit the potentials of metabolomics for phenotypic characterization of microbial cells. To capture the highly dynamic nature of metabolites, we propose the use of dynamic metabolic footprinting instead of the traditional method which relies on analysis at a single time point. Using direct infusion-mass spectrometry (DI-MS), we could observe the dynamic metabolic footprinting in yeastS. cerevisiaeBY4709 (wild type) cultured on 3 different C-sources (glucose, glycerol, and ethanol) and sampled along 10 time points with 5 biological replicates. In order to analyze the dynamic mass spectrometry data, we developed the novel analysis methods that allow us to perform correlation analysis to identify metabolites that significantly correlate over time during growth on the different carbon sources. Both positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) modes were performed to obtain the complete information about the metabolite content. Using sparse principal component analysis (Sparse PCA), we further identified those pairs of metabolites that significantly contribute to the separation. From the list of significant metabolite pairs, we reconstructed an interaction map that provides information of how different metabolic pathways have correlated patterns during growth on the different carbon sources.

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4

Wurst, Friedrich Martin, Sebastian Dresen, John P. Allen, Gerhard Wiesbeck, Marc Graf, and Wolfgang Weinmann. "Ethyl sulphate: a direct ethanol metabolite reflecting recent alcohol consumption." Addiction 101, no. 2 (February 2006): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01245.x.

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5

Yonei, Y., H. Wayland, and P. H. Guth. "Role of arachidonic acid metabolites in ethanol vasoaction in rat gastric submucosa." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 255, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): G731—G737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1988.255.6.g731.

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By use of an in vivo microscopy technique in the anesthetized rat, the effect of 0.5-8.0% ethanol on gastric submucosal blood vessel diameter was studied. The direct application of ethanol onto the exposed submucosal vasculature caused a dose-dependent dilatation of the arterioles (9 +/- 3% by 2% ethanol) but had no effect on venular diameter. In rats pretreated with 5 mg/kg indomethacin subcutaneously to inhibit cyclooxygenase activity, the submucosal application of ethanol caused dose-dependent constriction of both arterioles and venules (2% ethanol decreasing diameters by 21 +/- 3 and 15 +/- 2%, respectively). This constriction by ethanol in indomethacin-pretreated rats was significantly inhibited by BW755C, a lipoxygenase inhibitor. Under these conditions, 2% ethanol had no significant effect on either arterioles or venules. In conclusion, ethanol appears to cause release of vasodilating prostaglandins and vasoconstricting leukotrienes that may mediate or modulate the microvascular response to ethanol.

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6

Nzodjou, Thierry Fokou, Jules Clement Nguedia Assob, Joseph Ngoupayo, Bathelemy Ngameni, and Jean Emmanuel Mbosso Teinkel. "Quantitative Screening and Study of the in vivo Subchronic Toxicity of Ethanolic Extract from the Stem Bark of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. (Burseraceae) in Wistar Rats." Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 9, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2023.v09i02.005.

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Many plant species have their own toxicity, direct or indirect. On this point, the perfect knowledge of the metabolite constituents of the plants as well as the toxicity related to them is necessary for an adequate use in the formulation of the Improved Traditional Medicines and all other products related to the plants. Our study aims to carry out the quantitave screening and the study of the subchronic toxicity of ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Canarium schweinfurthii. Harvested in Bamendjou in the West Cameroon region, the stem bark of C. schweinfurthii was extracted with ethanol at 700. The estimation of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, tannins, saponins and alkaloids has been evaluated by different methods described in the literature. The subchronic toxicity assessment was performed over a 90-day period, with 4 batches of 10 rats (5 males and 5 female’s albino Wistar rats) following OECD 408 guidelines. The determination of biochemical parameters, and hematological parameters was done in serum and histological sections on organ. Among the quantified compounds, saponins were the most abundant followed by polyphenols, alkaloids, then flavonoids and finally tannins. On repeated dosing for 90 days, the extract contributed to non-significant weight growth in rats at all dose levels in both male and female rats. Analysis of biochemical, hematological and histological parameters and histological sections did not show any serious signs of toxicity in the treated groups. Finally, the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of C. schweinfurthii even rich in secondary metabolites appears to conserve an acceptable safety for the formulation of improved traditional medicines.

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7

VAN WAVERSVELD, J., A. D. F. ADDINK, and G. VAN DEN THILLART. "Simultaneous Direct and Indirect Calorimetry on Normoxic and Anoxic Goldfish." Journal of Experimental Biology 142, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.142.1.325.

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Simultaneous direct and indirect calorimetry together with biochemical determinations of metabolite concentrations were used to compare the normoxic and anoxic energy metabolism of goldfish at 20°C. The normoxic and anoxic heat production levels determined by direct calorimetry were in agreement with previous results: 700 and 200Jh−1MW−1, respectively (where MW is metabolic weight, kg0.85). Metabolite determinations during normoxia and after 3 and 8 h of anoxia showed that during anoxia a thermodynamic steady state is reached. By simultaneous calorimetry the amounts of oxidized substrates during normoxia and anoxia and the amount of excreted ethanol, the end product of incomplete anaerobic oxidation, as well as normoxic and anoxic carbon dioxide production were determined. During normoxia and anoxia the same substrates for oxidation are used (carbohydrate and protein) by small starving goldfish, but the end products are different. During normoxia oxidation is complete (to CO2 and H2O; protein oxidation also has ammonia as an end product, but this is considered physiologically as complete oxidation), whereas during anoxia oxidation is incomplete, with ethanol, which is excreted, and CO2 as end products. From the indirect calorimetric calculations it appeared that anoxic goldfish also produce fat. Glycogen storage appears to be crucial in the anoxia survival strategy.

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8

Hajjar, J. J., E. R. Baker, D. M. Renison, P. W. Gardner, R. Zirin, and T. K. Tomicic. "Effect of ethanol on choline transport in rat jejunum." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 249, no. 2 (August 1, 1985): G177—G183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1985.249.2.g177.

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The effect of ethanol on choline transport across the rat jejunum was studied by intraluminal perfusion in vivo and by influx measurement across the brush-border membrane in vitro. Acute ethanol administration (4 g/kg) through a gastric tube caused an increase in net choline absorption within 1 h. The increase was prevented by pretreatment with pyrazole, an inhibitor of ethanol metabolism. Chronic ethanol administration also caused an increase in choline absorption, the effect being unrelated to the nutritional changes that occur with ethanol ingestion. In contrast, direct instillation of 0.65 M ethanol through the perfusate caused no changes in choline absorption, and the perfusion of a 1.14 M solution even decreased absorption. The in vitro influx of choline across the mucosal membrane of the isolated rat jejunum was also enhanced by pretreatment with ethanol given by gavage 1 h prior to experimentation. Similarly, the ethanol-related increase in the influx rate was inhibited by pyrazole but was unaffected by acetaldehyde or acetate. Like ethanol, pretreatment of rats with methanol stimulated the choline influx rate. The results suggest that ethanol metabolism, rather than the direct effect of ethanol by itself, stimulates the absorption and influx of choline into the rat jejunum. The effect is not produced by the primary metabolites of ethanol, acetaldehyde, or acetate but is very likely related to stimulation by other products of ethanol metabolism.

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9

Sanvisens, Arantza, Neus Robert, José Hernández, Paola Zuluaga, Magí Farré, Wifredo Coroleu, Montserrat Serra, Jordi Tor, and Robert Muga. "Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy: Analysis of Two Direct Metabolites of Ethanol in Meconium." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 3 (March 22, 2016): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17030417.

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10

Wurst, Friedrich Martin, Gregory E. Skipper, and Wolfgang Weinmann. "Ethyl glucuronide-the direct ethanol metabolite on the threshold from science to routine use." Addiction 98 (November 14, 2003): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1359-6357.2003.00588.x.

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11

Wang, Zhenyong, and David R. Dilley. "Ethanol Vapor Controls Superficial Scald of Apples during Storage: A New Alternative Approach." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 639f—639. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.639f.

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We are investigating alternative strategies to control scald on apples. Ethanol vapors were applied to `Law Rome' and `Red Delicious' apples in the storage chambers by ventilating air through aqueous solutions of ethanol at different concentrations, and in modified atmosphere packages by adding various initial concentrations of ethanol vapor. Fruits in storage chambers treated with ethanol vapor at 1600 ppm for about 2 months showed no scald when stored for an additional period in air storage whereas the scald index in control was up to 2.33 (the highest is 3). The similar results in the modified atmosphere experiments confirmed that ethanol vapor could prevent apple scald. Ethanol vapor treatment was also correlated with a reduction of α-farnesene production by the fruits. α-farnesene is an isoprenoid metabolite in the pathway to carotenoid synthesis that has been implicated indirectly as a factor in scald development. Evidence for this based on diphenylamine (DPA) reducing the level of a conjugated terpene product of α-farnesene oxidation. Our results suggested that the control of scald by ethanol vapor treatment may be related to the reduction of α-farnesene production and its subsequent oxidation. Ethanol vapor treatment resulted in accumulation of ethanol in the fruits in direct proportion to the ethanol concentration administered and reduced the rate of ethylene production, and the internal ethanol levels dropped rapidly when fruits were returned to air without ethanol vapor.

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12

Krause, Andrea, Henrike Julich, Manasee Mankar, and Barbara Reinhold-Hurek. "The Regulatory Network Controlling Ethanol-Induced Expression of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in the Endophyte Azoarcus sp. Strain BH72." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 30, no. 10 (October 2017): 778–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-01-17-0013-r.

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The habitat of the nitrogen-fixing endophyte Azoarcus sp. strain BH72 is grass roots grown under waterlogged conditions that produce, under these conditions, ethanol. Strain BH72 is well equipped to metabolize ethanol, with eight alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs), of which ExaA2 and ExaA3 are the most relevant ones. exaA2 and exaA3 cluster and are surrounded by genes encoding two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) termed ExaS-ExaR and ElmS-GacA. Functional genomic analyses revealed that i) expression of the corresponding genes was induced by ethanol, ii) the genes were also expressed in the rhizoplane or even inside of rice roots, iii) both TCSs were indispensable for growth on ethanol, and iv) they were important for competitiveness during rice root colonization. Both TCSs form a hierarchically organized ethanol-responsive signal transduction cascade with ExaS-ExaR as the highest level, essential for effective expression of the ethanol oxidation system based on ExaA2. Transcript and expression levels of exaA3 increased in tcs deletion mutants, suggesting no direct influence of both TCSs on its ethanol-induced expression. In conclusion, this underscores the importance of ethanol for the endophytic lifestyle of Azoarcus sp. strain BH72 and indicates a tight regulation of the ethanol oxidation system during root colonization.

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Mao, Qingqing, Dongxiao Chen, Xiaolei Shi, Yuwei Lu, Dan Yao, and Chi Chen. "Characterization of Urinary N-acetyltaurine as a Biomarker of Serum Acetate in Experimental Animal Models of Hyperacetatemia." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa049_036.

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Abstract Objectives Acetate is an intermediate metabolite originated from multiple important metabolic pathways. Even though blood acetate level has been associated with many health events, it is not commonly monitored in clinical practice, partially due to the needs for invasive blood collection and the challenges in acetate analysis. N-acetyltaurine (NAT) was earlier identified as a novel urinary metabolite of ethanol from the reaction between taurine and ethanol-derived acetate. As a direct metabolite of acetate, NAT has the potential to function as a urinary biomarker that reflects the acetate level inside the body. To test this hypothesis, this study examined the correlations between serum acetate level and urinary NAT level in three experimental animal models of hyperacetatemia. Methods Glycerol-triacetate (GTA) dosing, ethanol dosing, and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Type 1 diabetes were used to achieve hyperacetatemia in mice. In GTA model, serum samples were collected at 2 h and urine samples were collected for 24 h after dosing the mice with 5.8 g/kg GTA. In ethanol dosing, serum were collected at 2 h after intraperitoneal injection of 4 g/kg ethanol, while 24 h urine samples were collected before and after 14-day feeding of modified semi-solid diet containing 2.2%–6.7% (v/v) ethanol. In the Type I diabetes model, urine and serum samples were collected before and 5 days after the intraperitoneal injection of 180 mg/kg STZ. The concentrations of NAT and creatinine in urine, as well as acetate in serum, were measured using their respective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods. Results The occurrence of hyperacetatemia in three animal models was confirmed by the clear elevation of serum acetate concentrations. The concentrations of urinary NAT were also dramatically increased in three animal models, suggesting the correlations between serum acetate and urinary NAT. Conclusions Urinary NAT is an effective metabolic marker of hyperacetatemia in three experimental models. The results warrant further investigation on its application in other pathophysiological conditions and in humans. Funding Sources This research was partially supported by the Agricultural Experiment Station project MIN-18–125 (C. C.) from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

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Wurst, Friedrich Martin, Kenneth M. Dürsteler-MacFarland, Volker Auwaerter, Sonja Ergovic, Natasha Thon, Michel Yegles, Claudia Halter, Wolfgang Weinmann, and Gerhard A. Wiesbeck. "Assessment of Alcohol Use Among Methadone Maintenance Patients by Direct Ethanol Metabolites and Self-Reports." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 32, no. 9 (September 2008): 1552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00724.x.

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15

Rani, Zulmai, Ridwanto Ridwanto, Dikki Miswanda, Rafita Yuniarti, Ani Sutiani, Ricky Andi Syahputra, and Reza Irma. "Cytotoxicity Test of Cocoa Leaf Ethanol Extract (Theobroma Cacao L.) With Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Method." Indonesian Journal of Chemical Science and Technology (IJCST) 5, no. 2 (August 2, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/ijcst.v5i2.37452.

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Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division and the ability of these cells to invade other biological tissues, either by direct growth in adjacent tissues or by migration of cells to distant sites. The purpose of this study was to determine the class of secondary metabolites contained in the ethanol extract of cocoa leaves and their cytotoxicity by looking at the LC50 value using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. This research includes phytochemical screening of ethanol extract and the BSLT method by looking at the number of deaths of Artemia salina leach larvae (LC50). The results of phytochemical screening tests showed that the cocoa leaves contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and glycosides. The cytotoxicity test with probit analysis showed an LC50 value of 269,15 µg/mL, so it was concluded that the ethanol extract of cocoa leaves was toxic and had potential as an anticancer.

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Coen, Muireann, Jennifer Bodkin, Damla Power, William A. Bubb, Uwe Himmelreich, Philip W. Kuchel, and Tania C. Sorrell. "Antifungal Effects on Metabolite Profiles of Medically Important Yeast Species Measured by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 12 (December 2006): 4018–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00439-06.

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ABSTRACT Drug-induced inhibition of fungal growth is used in the diagnostic laboratory to predict therapeutic efficacy but is relatively slow, and determination of endpoints can be problematic. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy identifies the metabolic complement of microorganisms while monitoring utilization of constituents of the incubation medium. This technique may provide a rapid and objective indicator of antifungal effects. We evaluated the effects of caspofungin, amphotericin B (AMB), and voriconazole on metabolic profiles of yeast species cultured in RPMI-2% glucose-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid buffer in microtiter plates in a proof-of-principle study. 1H NMR spectra were obtained using Bruker NMR spectrometers at 1H frequencies of 600 and 360 MHz. Metabolites were identified by two-dimensional correlation NMR spectra, and relative peak integrals were calculated from one-dimensional 1H NMR spectra. MICs were determined by a modification of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution method M27-A. Utilization of glucose and branched-chain and aromatic amino acid substrates was accompanied by fungal production of acetate, acetaldehyde, ethanol, formate, fumarate, glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and succinate. Clear-cut metabolic endpoints indicating a greater than 50% reduction in substrate utilization and fungal metabolite production which correlated with MICs were noted at 16 and 24 h for all three drugs. At 8 h, reductions of greater than 50% for selected metabolites were noted for caspofungin and AMB. Direct NMR-based observation of metabolic alterations in yeast cultures reveals changes in key metabolic pathways and should be evaluated formally as a rapid technique for determining susceptibility to antifungal drugs.

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Sokolova, O. V., O. D. Yagmurov, and R. A. Nasyrov. "Forensic medical characteristic of the stromal component of myocardial tissue in cases of death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 20, no. 2 (December 15, 2018): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma12247.

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A histological examination of the stromal component of myocardial tissue, which is one of the main components of the histohematological barrier, in cases of alcoholic cardiomyopathy, revealed a set of morphological changes, the development of which is caused by a cascade of pathological processes which were resulted from prolonged toxic effects on the cardiac muscle of ethanol and its metabolites. Morphological changes of the stromal component of the histohematological barrier of the myocardium in the form of metabolic and replaceable sclerosis have been revealed. The immediate role in the processes of the formation of metabolic sclerosis, manifested as perimuscular cardiosclerosis and perivascular cardiosclerosis, is played by hypoxia, caused by the toxic effect of ethanol and its metabolites on the main structural components of the vascular walls of the microcirculatory bed with the development of their increased permeability. Sclerosis processes during the formation of pleximorphic cardiosclerosis in alcoholic cardiomyopathy are of a substitutionary nature, the development of which is associated with the alteration of cardiomyocytes, caused both by direct toxic effects on the myocytes of ethanol and its metabolites, and by progressive hypoxia phenomena. The revealed features of the spread of pleximorphic cardiosclerosis in the myocardium testify to the mosaic damage of the cardiac muscle in alcoholic cardiomyopathy. It is established that the relative area of the stroma of the myocardium does not depend on the age and sex belonging to those who died from alcoholic cardiomyopathy. The relative area of the stroma was almost the same in all the dead and did not have significant differences.

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Winans, Matthew J., Yuki Yamamoto, Yuki Fujimaru, Yuki Kusaba, Jennifer E. G. Gallagher, and Hiroshi Kitagaki. "Saccharomyces arboricola and Its Hybrids’ Propensity for Sake Production: Interspecific Hybrids Reveal Increased Fermentation Abilities and a Mosaic Metabolic Profile." Fermentation 6, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6010014.

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The use of interspecific hybrids during the industrial fermentation process has been well established, positioning the frontier of advancement in brewing to capitalize on the potential of Saccharomyces hybridization. Interspecific yeast hybrids used in modern monoculture inoculations benefit from a wide range of volatile metabolites that broaden the organoleptic complexity. This is the first report of sake brewing by Saccharomyces arboricola and its hybrids. S. arboricola x S. cerevisiae direct-mating generated cryotolerant interspecific hybrids which increased yields of ethanol and ethyl hexanoate compared to parental strains, important flavor attributes of fine Japanese ginjo sake rice wine. Hierarchical clustering heatmapping with principal component analysis for metabolic profiling was used in finding low levels of endogenous amino/organic acids clustered S. arboricola apart from the S. cerevisiae industrial strains. In sake fermentations, hybrid strains showed a mosaic profile of parental strains, while metabolic analysis suggested S. arboricola had a lower amino acid net uptake than S. cerevisiae. Additionally, this research found an increase in ethanolic fermentation from pyruvate and increased sulfur metabolism. Together, these results suggest S. arboricola is poised for in-depth metabolomic exploration in sake fermentation.

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Sokolova, Olga V., and Ruslan A. Nasyrov. "Features of morphological changes of the liver’s tissue in cases of sudden cardiac death because of alcoholic cardiomyopathy." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped8155-60.

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A retrospective analysis of acts of forensic autopsies from the archives of St Petersburg GBOOSE BSME and histological examination of liver tissue in an amount of 152 cases (78 women and 74 men) with a statistical processing of the results for studying and evaluating the morphological changes of liver’s tissue in cases of sudden cardiac death from alcohol cardiomyopathy. Identified in the course of the study morphological changes in the endothelial lining of the microvasculature showed that in addition to direct cytotoxic effects of ethanol and its metabolites in the basis of damage to the endothelial lining of the microvasculature are the cellular responses associated with exposure to mediators, the release of which is due to irritation of reactive cells, which entails a swelling deformation and increased activity endothelial cell membranes with the expansion of intercellular spaces. The development of increased permeability of the endothelial lining of transport contributes to a violation of electrolytes and nutrients to the changes of the liver’s tissue trophism, which is a substrate for the occurrence of degenerative processes and necrobiotic major structural components of the body. In turn, a direct toxic effect of ethanol and its metabolites on the wall microvascular contributes to ischemia and necrosis of the hepatocytes with the development of severe inflammatory reactions in the surrounding liver tissue, which in turn is the direct cause of the disturbances regeneration nature and excessive proliferation connective tissue with the subsequent restructuring of the vascular bed. Identified and described the morphological criteria of changes in liver’s tissue in cases of death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy should be considered in conjunction with other visceral manifestations, being a reflection of the alcohol intoxication in chronic alcoholism.

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Saadane, Fatma Zohra, Nour El Imene Boublata, Sarra Habbachi, Abir Bouzar, Wafa Habbachi, Abderachid Slimani, and Abdelkrim Tahraoui. "Valorisation of the Effects of Bioactive Compounds of the Ethanolic Extract of Ramalina Farinacea (Ramalinaceae) on the Development, Eating and Pupation Behavior of Drosophila Melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)." Journal of Bioresource Management 8, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35691/jbm.1202.0208.

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Plants are rich in bioactive chemical secondary metabolites and have proven insecticidal activity by killing or repelling insects. In this work, we aim to evaluate the direct and delayed effects of ethanolic plant extracts on the vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster). The treatment was performed by ingestion on second instar larvae (L2) to evaluate the impact of the ethanolic extract on development for 15 days and subsequently on the feeding behavior of the larvae. The results of this study indicate a slowing down of pupal growth until the adult stage, at the three concentrations (0.25 µg/ml, 0.5 µg/ml, 1.5 µg/ml, 2 µg/ml) used. The results also showed that after three days of treatment, third instar D. melanogster larvae lost the ability to detect the odors of their nutrient environments. Other numbers of larvae (34 %) do not make a choice in the different tests performed. This study indicates that the ethanolic extract of Ramalina farinacea has a neurotoxic property our results confirmed the presence of toxic secondary metabolites which have bioinsecticidal activities in this extract.

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Kip, Miriam Julia, Claudia Doris Spies, Tim Neumann, Yvonne Nachbar, Christer Alling, Steina Aradottir, Wolfgang Weinmann, and Friedrich Martin Wurst. "The Usefulness of Direct Ethanol Metabolites in Assessing Alcohol Intake in Nonintoxicated Male Patients in an Emergency Room Setting." Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 32, no. 7 (July 2008): 1284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00696.x.

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Rasineni, Karuna, Mukund P. Srinivasan, Appakalai N. Balamurugan, Bhupendra S. Kaphalia, Shaogui Wang, Wen-Xing Ding, Stephen J. Pandol, et al. "Recent Advances in Understanding the Complexity of Alcohol-Induced Pancreatic Dysfunction and Pancreatitis Development." Biomolecules 10, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10050669.

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Chronic excessive alcohol use is a well-recognized risk factor for pancreatic dysfunction and pancreatitis development. Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies indicates that the detrimental effects of alcohol on the pancreas are from the direct toxic effects of metabolites and byproducts of ethanol metabolism such as reactive oxygen species. Pancreatic dysfunction and pancreatitis development are now increasingly thought to be multifactorial conditions, where alcohol, genetics, lifestyle, and infectious agents may determine the initiation and course of the disease. In this review, we first highlight the role of nonoxidative ethanol metabolism in the generation and accumulation of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) that cause multi-organellar dysfunction in the pancreas which ultimately leads to pancreatitis development. Further, we discuss how alcohol-mediated altered autophagy leads to the development of pancreatitis. We also provide insights into how alcohol interactions with other co-morbidities such as smoking or viral infections may negatively affect exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function. Finally, we present potential strategies to ameliorate organellar dysfunction which could attenuate pancreatic dysfunction and pancreatitis severity.

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Martin Wurst, Friedrich, Gerhard A. Wiesbeck, Christer Alling, Steina Aradottir, Fritz Pragst, Bankole Johnson, Marty Javors, et al. "DIRECT ETHANOL METABOLITES SUCH AS ETHYL GLUCURONIDE (ETG), FATTY ACID ETHYL ESTERS (FAEES), PHOSPHATIDYL ETHANOL (PETH) AND ETHYL SULPHATE - A NEW LINE OF SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS." Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research 28, Supplement (August 2004): 53A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000374-200408002-00279.

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Wurst, Friedrich M., Natasha Thon, Michel Yegles, Claudia Halter, Wolfgang Weinmann, Barbara Laskowska, Johannes Strasser, Gregory Skipper, Gerhard A. Wiesbeck, and Kenneth Dürsteler-MacFarland. "Optimizing heroin-assisted treatment (HAT): Assessment of the contribution of direct ethanol metabolites in identifying hazardous and harmful alcohol use." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 115, no. 1-2 (May 2011): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.020.

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25

Politi, Lucia, Luca Morini, Angelo Groppi, Vala Poloni, Fulvia Pozzi, and Aldo Polettini. "Direct determination of the ethanol metabolites ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in urine by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 19, no. 10 (2005): 1321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.1932.

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26

Milić, Mirta, Ivana Bolanča, Dora Gjirlić, and Vesna Benković. "Assessment of Listerine Cool Mint mouthwash influence on possible DNA damage measured by buccal micronucleus cytome assay-preliminary results." Genetics & Applications 3, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31383/ga.vol3iss1pp24-35.

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Listerine is a brand of mouthwash most used worldwide in oral hygene maintainance. With its antimicrobic and antifungal characteristics, it can stop/diminish plaque and gingivitis development. Among different types of this mouthwash, all 5 ingredients of Listerine Cool Mint, 21.6% ethanol and 4 herbal extracts-thymol, menthol, eucalyptol and methyl salicylate, have shown capacity to cause cell damage and buccal epithelial cells are in direct contact. Buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMN) measures changes in differentiation as the frequency of basal/differentiated, binuclear, and cells in different phases of cell death-apoptosis/necrosis (cells with condensed chromatin, karriorhectic, pycnotic and karyolitic cells) and changes in genomic instability measured as micronucleus or nuclear buds/broken eggs frequency. Samples from 10 healthy individuals using Listerine Cool Mint mouthwash twice/day during two-week treatment were analyzed before and after the treatment. There was no significant influence on cell differentiation and genomic instability on the group level, although micronucleus frequency (MN) of entire group was higher after the treatment (1 vs. 1.5). We found interindividual differences and showed that strong alcoholic drinks consumers had higher MN. Future studies should include more individuals, especially with regular alcohol consummation for analysis of possible synergistic influence and therefore higher risk of genomic instability, together with genetic polymorphisms in enzymes responsible for metabolism of ethanol, since they can drastically influence the time duration of ethanol exposure and its metabolite acetaldehyde and also have an impact on genomic instability and possible development of oral squamous cell cancer.

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Damayanti, Sarah. "Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Sediaan Krim Pewarna Rambut Dari Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Bit (Beta vulgaris L.)." Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi & Herbal 4, no. 2 (April 28, 2022): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36656/jpfh.v4i2.869.

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The use of natural hair dyes is a solution to the problem of synthetic hair dyes. one of the plants such as beetroot contains a lot of secondary metabolites, one of which is flavonoids which can provide specific dyes. The natural color found in beetroot can be used as a natural dye in cosmetics. To find out at what concentration the beetroot produces the most optimal quality physical color of the hair dye preparation. This research method was carried out including making beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) ethanol extract by maceration for 5 days with 95% ethanol solvent and continued remeseration with the same solvent. The extract formula used was 10%, 15%, and 20% physical evaluation carried out included organoleptic test, irritation test, pH test, homogeneity test, stability test for washing, stability test for sunlight. As a result of inspection of the three hair dye cream formulations, the formulations met the requirements of the test formulations. The results of the hair tack test showed that it gave a good color at a density of 20% time. In the color stability test of the wash after 15 shampoo washes, all three formulations have a fixed color up to 9 washes. Also, in terms of color stability to sunlight, after exposure to direct sunlight, the color appears to change slightly, making the hair darker than before. The result of the concentration of beetroot ethanol extract that gives the best color is a concentration of 20%.

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Kemble, David J., and Mark A. Cervinski. "A Single-Column Gas Chromatography Method for Quantifying Toxic Alcohols." Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine 5, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jalm/jfz019.

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Abstract Background Rapid identification and quantification of toxic alcohols and ethylene glycol is imperative for appropriate treatment. Clinical laboratories frequently rely on direct injection gas chromatography (GC) methods, but these methods require inlet maintenance and multiple GC systems. To overcome these challenges, we developed a single-column headspace GC method for both toxic alcohols and glycols that streamlines patient sample analysis for toxic alcohol ingestion. Methods Optimal parameters for nonderivatized (volatile) and derivatized (glycol) plasma samples were determined using a 7890 A headspace sampler, an Agilent 7697 A GC system, a DB-200 column, and a flame ionization detector. Limit of Quantification (LoQ), linearity, imprecision, carry-over, method comparison, and interference studies were performed using quality control materials and prepared plasma samples. Results Our volatile method is linear to 3000 mg/L (ethanol) with LoQ concentrations below 20 mg/L (ethanol). The glycol method is linear to 2000 mg/L (ethylene glycol) with LoQ concentrations below 40 mg/L (ethylene glycol). Total assay impression ranged from 1.7% for ethanol to 13.3% for propylene glycol. Both methods were free of sample carryover and compared favorably with a similar clinical method at an outside laboratory. Propionic acid, an accumulating metabolite in methylmalonic acidemia that interferes with ethylene glycol identification by a different method, did not interfere with the ethylene glycol method reported here. Conclusions Our single-column headspace GC method provides reliable, robust, and rapid identification and quantification of commonly encountered toxic alcohols. Clinical laboratories relying on direct injection Gas Chromatography (GC) for toxic alcohol analysis face challenges including frequent inlet maintenance, sample carryover, or the need for separate GC systems for volatile and glycol analysis. We summarize our development and optimization of two headspace GC methods for nonderivatized (volatile) and derivatized (glycol) plasma samples that use a single DB-200 analytical column. These methods are comparable to other GC methods, not prone to sample carryover, eliminate the need for multiple GC systems or columns, and are readily applicable to other laboratories that provide toxic alcohol analysis.

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Sokolova, Olga V., Orazmurad D. Yagmurov, and Ruslan A. Nasyrov. "Morphological characteristic and assessment of changesin the main structural components of the histohematological barrier of the thyroid tissue in cases of the sudden cardiac death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 8, no. 5 (December 15, 2017): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped8530-34.

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A retrospective analysis of acts of forensic medical autopsies from the archive of St. Petersburg GBUS BSME and a histological study of thyroid gland tissue in 188 cases (95 women and 93 men) were carried out with statistical processing of the obtained results for the purpose of studying and assessing the morphological changes in the main components of the histohematological barrier of thyroid gland tissue in cases of the sudden cardiac death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy. The decrease in the weight of the thyroid gland in the investigated cases and the revealed morphological signs, indicative of a decrease in the memory function of the thyroid gland were found and can be caused by the prolonged toxic effect of ethanol and its metabolites. Morphological changes in the endothelial lining of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed are caused both by the direct cytotoxic action of ethanol and its metabolites and by the action of mediators, the release of which occurs as a result of stimulation of the reactive cells, which leads to swelling, deformation and increased activity of endothelial cell membranes with the expansion of intercellular spaces and the development of increased permeability of the endothelial lining, which, in its turn, contributes to disruption of electrolyte transport and nutrients transport with changes trophism thyroid gland tissue, which is a substrate for the appearance of dystrophic and necrobiotic processes in main structural components of the histogematogenous barrier of the thyroid gland. The revealed morphological changes in thyroid gland tissue in cases of death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy have a non-specific nature and should be considered in conjunction with other visceral manifestations that are a reflection of alcohol intoxication during the chronic alcoholism.

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Lalwani, Ashna M., Ali Yilmaz, Halil Bisgin, Zafer Ugur, Sumeyya Akyol, and Stewart Francis Graham. "The Biochemical Profile of Post-Mortem Brain from People Who Suffered from Epilepsy Reveals Novel Insights into the Etiopathogenesis of the Disease." Metabolites 10, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10060261.

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Epilepsy not-otherwise-specified (ENOS) is one of the most common causes of chronic disorders impacting human health, with complex multifactorial etiology and clinical presentation. Understanding the metabolic processes associated with the disorder may aid in the discovery of preventive and therapeutic measures. Post-mortem brain samples were harvested from the frontal cortex (BA8/46) of people diagnosed with ENOS cases (n = 15) and age- and sex-matched control subjects (n = 15). We employed a targeted metabolomics approach using a combination of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and direct injection/liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (DI/LC-MS/MS). We accurately identified and quantified 72 metabolites using 1H-NMR and 159 using DI/LC-MS/MS. Among the 212 detected metabolites, 14 showed significant concentration changes between ENOS cases and controls (p < 0.05; q < 0.05). Of these, adenosine monophosphate and O-acetylcholine were the most commonly selected metabolites used to develop predictive models capable of discriminating between ENOS and unaffected controls. Metabolomic set enrichment analysis identified ethanol degradation, butyrate metabolism and the mitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids as the top three significantly perturbed metabolic pathways. We report, for the first time, the metabolomic profiling of postmortem brain tissue form patients who died from epilepsy. These findings can potentially expand upon the complex etiopathogenesis and help identify key predictive biomarkers of ENOS.

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Parthasarathy, S., G. Thiribhuvanamala, P. Mohammed Faisal, and K. Prabakar. "Partial characterization of toxins associated with stem end rot of mango caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.836.

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In this study, the toxicity of liquid culture media from different isolates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae was characterized and some properties of the toxic metabolites were distinguished. In this work toxin producing ability of L. theobromae was revealed by studying the physical parameters viz., osmotic potential, toxin concentration, pH, temperature and biological parameter like host specificity and wilting index. The obtained results showed that the optimal toxin-production conditions for L. theobromae in potato dextrose broth under pH 6.0, at 25-35Â°C for 7 days. The liquid culture from all isolates were toxic to mango plants and induced the rapid wilting. The toxin obtained from the liquid culture has thermal, acid base stability and a broad range of toxicity to main host and non-host plants. Moreover, the direct bioassay for two components of the liquid filtrates precipitated by ethanol showed that the active ingredient of the toxin is a kind of non protein substance, which was further endorsed by the papain hydrolysis analysis. Our results confirmed the chemical nature of toxic compound elucidating the favorable environmental conditions for toxin production of L. theobromae and proved potential role of toxic metabolites in the mechanism of disease development.

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Combourieu, B., P. Besse, M. Sancelme, H. Veschambre, A. M. Delort, P. Poupin, and N. Truffaut. "Morpholine Degradation Pathway of Mycobacterium aurumMO1: Direct Evidence of Intermediates by In Situ 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.1.153-158.1998.

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ABSTRACT Resting Mycobacterium aurum MO1 cells were incubated with morpholine, a waste from the chemical industry. The kinetics of biodegradation was monitored by using in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The incubation medium was directly analyzed by1H NMR. This technique allowed the unambiguous identification of two intermediates of the metabolic pathway involved in the biodegradation process, glycolate and 2-(2-aminoethoxy)acetate. The latter compound, which was not commercially available, was synthesized, in three steps, from 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol. Quantitative analysis of the kinetics of degradation of morpholine was performed by integrating the signals of the different metabolites in1H-NMR spectra. Morpholine was degraded within 10 h. The intermediates increased during the first 10 h and finally disappeared after 20 h incubation. Assays of degradation were also carried out with glycolate and ethanolamine, hypothetical intermediates of the morpholine degradation pathway. They were degraded within 4 and 8 h, respectively. Until now, no tool for direct detection of intermediates or even morpholine has been available, consequently, only hypothetical pathways have been proposed. The approach described here gives both qualitative and quantitative information about the metabolic routes used in morpholine degradation by M. aurum MO1. It could be used to investigate many biodegradative processes.

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Wurst, Friedrich M., Michel Yegles, Christer Alling, Steina Aradottir, Jutta Dierkes, Gerhard A. Wiesbeck, Claudia C. Halter, Fritz Pragst, and Volker Auwaerter. "Measurement of direct ethanol metabolites in a case of a former driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol offender, now claiming abstinence." International Journal of Legal Medicine 122, no. 3 (February 6, 2008): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-007-0218-y.

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Ahsan, Nazmul, Nilanjana Paul, Nazrul Islam, and Anwarul A. Akhand. "Leaf Extract of Syzygium cumini Shows Anti-Vibrio Activity Involving DNA Damage." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 1 (November 4, 2012): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v11i1.12483.

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The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of an ethanol extract of leaf (EEL) of Syzygium cumini against Vibrio cholerae serogroups Ogawa and Inaba. The antimicrobial activity of EEL was evaluated by the disc diffusion method against multi-drug resistant Ogawa and Inaba. The EEL effectively inhibited the growth of both serogroups. This growth inhibition was accompanied by fragmentation of genomic DNA as revealed by agarose gel electrophoresis. This result suggested that the EEL might inhibit bacterial growth involving DNA damage either through activation of signal transduction pathways or through direct interaction of the metabolites present in the EEL with DNA. Therefore, EEL of S. cumini has potential growth inhibitory activity against multi drug resistant Vibrios. This inhibitory effect of EEL might be explored to develop effective candidate(s) to combat cholera. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v11i1.12483 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 11(1): 25-28, 2012 (June)

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Wurst, Friedrich M., Paul S. Haber, Gerhard Wiesbeck, Bianca Watson, Cate Wallace, John B. Whitfield, Claudia Halter, Wolfgang Weinmann, and Katherine M. Conigrave. "Assessment of alcohol consumption among hepatitis C-positive people receiving opioid maintenance treatment using direct ethanol metabolites and self-report: a pilot study." Addiction Biology 13, no. 3-4 (September 2008): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00076.x.

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Singh, R., E. Arain, A. Buth, J. Kado, A. Soubani, and N. Imran. "Ethylene Glycol Poisoning: An Unusual Cause of Altered Mental Status and the Lessons Learned from Management of the Disease in the Acute Setting." Case Reports in Critical Care 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9157393.

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Ethylene glycol is found in many household products and is a common toxic ingestion. Acute ingestions present with altered sensorium and an osmolal gap. The true toxicity of ethylene glycol is mediated by its metabolites, which are responsible for the increased anion gap metabolic acidosis, renal tubular damage, and crystalluria seen later in ingestions. Early intervention is key; however, diagnosis is often delayed, especially in elderly patients presenting with altered mental status. There are several laboratory tests which can be exploited for the diagnosis, quantification of ingestion, and monitoring of treatment, including the lactate and osmolal gaps. As methods of direct measurement of ethylene glycol are often not readily available, it is important to have a high degree of suspicion based on these indirect laboratory findings. Mainstay of treatment is bicarbonate, fomepizole or ethanol, and, often, hemodialysis. A validated equation can be used to estimate necessary duration of hemodialysis, and even if direct measurements of ethylene glycol are not available, monitoring for the closure of the anion, lactate, and osmolal gaps can guide treatment. We present the case of an elderly male with altered mental status, acute kidney injury, elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis, and profound lactate and osmolal gaps.

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Gurning, Kasta, and Dan Hilda Sinaga. "Characterization and Screening of Phytochemical Secondary Metabolite of Seri (Muntingia calabura, L) Leaves which is Potential as an Anti-Diabetic based on Indonesian Herbal Medicine Standard." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 6-s (December 15, 2020): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i6-s.4458.

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Indonesia has abundant natural resources, especially plants that can be used as raw material for herbal medicine. One of the plants is seri plant (Muntingia calabura, L.). The potential plant part in this study is the leaf part. The leaves of M. calabura were taken from plants that have produced fruit in fresh conditions, cleaned and dried in an open space protected from direct sunlight. The simplicia was powdered and then quartered, then extracted with ethanol as a solvent. The simplicia powder and extract obtained were screened for phytochemicals using the standard method. The characterization results showed that the simplicia powder and extract met the national standard of quality for Indonesian herbal medicines, both the simplicia powder and the extract contained secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids and steroids, saponins and tannins. The process of preparing and organizing samples from the leaves of this plant met the quality standards of Indonesian national herbal medicine and has the potential to be tested as an anti-diabetic. Keywords: Seri Leaves, characterization, phytochemical screening, quality standards, and anti-diabetic

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Peršurić, Željka, Lara Saftić Martinović, Mladenka Malenica, Ivana Gobin, Sandra Pedisić, Verica Dragović-Uzelac, and Sandra Kraljević Pavelić. "Assessment of the Biological Activity and Phenolic Composition of Ethanol Extracts of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peels." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 14, 2020): 5916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245916.

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Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a rich source of constituents with confirmed strong biological activities. However, pomegranate peel, which encompasses approximately 30–40% of its weight, is treated as a biological waste. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the potential of pomegranate peel extracts and to propose its functional properties that can be used for development of functional products. Eight ethanol extracts of pomegranate peels (PPEs) were characterized by use of direct infusion quadrupole-time of flight (Q-TOF), and afterwards tested on their antioxidant, antibacterial and antiproliferative activities. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the most prevalent compounds in pomegranate peels were punicalagin, granatin and their derivatives. Analysed extracts had high total phenolic contents that ranged from 5766.44 to 10599.43 mg GAE/100 g, and strong antioxidant activity (7551.31–7875.42 and 100.25–176.60 μmol TE/100 g for DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively). The results of biological activity assays showed that all PPEs possessed antibacterial activity, and that S. aureus was the most sensitive specie with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentrations ranging from 0.8 to 6.4 mg/mL. Additionally, the analysis of antiproliferative activity revealed high potency of PPEs, as the IC50 values ranged from 0.132 mg/mL to 0.396 mg/mL. Multivariate analysis pointed out the most discriminative metabolites for antioxidant or antiproliferative activity. Overall, the pomegranate peel confirmed to be a highly valuable source of bioactive compounds that could be used to improve the food functional characteristics.

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Deramchia, Nawel, and Mostefa Belhakem. "Antimicrobial activity of phenolic extracts and essential oil from Thymelaea hirsuta." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 7, no. 1 (September 25, 2017): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.7(1).p35-41.

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In the current study, the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract,organic solvents (petroleum ether, dichloromethane, methanol and ethanol extracts) as well as the essential oil of Thymelaea hirsuta was evaluated on various strains of dermal bacteria and fungi. Screening of phytochemicals was also carried out in order to determine the secondary metabolites available in the mixture (leaf / flower) of the plant. The activities of the T. hirsuta extracts were determined by diffusion method in agar medium for the bacteria and the direct contact procedure for the fungi for.The results obtained showed that all the extracts had an inhibitory activity on the growth of bacteria S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation showed the greatest influence on these strains. In addition, the antifungal activities of these extracts caused a short duration of the fungus activity (Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton rubrum) and this effect depended on the concentrations of the extracts applied. The level of inhibition was also found to vary with procedure of the extraction used. Overall, the studied extracts have the potential to be used as antimi-crobial agents against the tested microbes.

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40

Sokolova, Olga V., Orazmurad D. Yagmurov, and Ruslan A. Nasyrov. "Forensic medical assessment of morphological changes in the myocardium, affecting its contractile capacity in cases of death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 9, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped9123-28.

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A retrospective analysis of acts of forensic medical autopsies from the archive of BSME and a histological study of myocardial tissue in 180 cases (87 women and 93 men) were carried out with statistical processing of the obtained results for the purpose of studying and assessing the morphological changes in the main components of the histohematological barrier of myocardium, affecting the contractility of the cardiac muscle in cases of the death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy. As a result of the study, it was found that the occurrence of metabolic disturbances due to the toxic effects of ethanol and its metabolites contribute to the development of hypoxia of the heart muscle with the development of dystrophic and irreversible necrobiotic processes in it, which in its turn play a direct role in the formation of excitability processes, contractile function of myofibrils with the development of fatal rhythm disorders. The morphological changes in the contractile apparatus of the myocardium were discovered in the study in polarized light and can be used to diagnose alcohol damage to the heart. During the study of deaths from alcoholic cardiomyopathy in forensic medicine, it is recommended to use methods of polarization microscopy.

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Pisitpaibool, Supakit, Suchada Sukrong, Kijchai Kanjanaprapakul, and Muenduen Phisalaphong. "Effects of Preharvest Methyl Jasmonate Elicitation and Electrical Stimulation on Camptothecin Production by In Vitro Plants of Ophiorrhiza ridleyana Craib." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 4555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104555.

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To enhance plant camptothecin (CPT) production in vitro, 5-month-old Ophiorrhiza ridleyana Craib plant cultures were treated with solutions of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) dissolved in ethanol, which were applied to the surface of the solid culture medium. It was demonstrated that the maximum CPT content in the tissue-cultured plants was achieved after 12 h elicitation with 50 µM MeJA. The mean CPT contents in roots and stems were 50.8 and 67.0 µg/g DW, respectively, which were approximately 1.8- and 2.6-fold higher, respectively, than those of the control. However, MeJA elicitation showed no significant effect on CPT accumulation in O. ridleyana leaves. Moreover, it was found that direct electric current (DC) stimulation also significantly increased CPT accumulation in O. ridleyana. The treatment with DC at 20 mA for 3 min of stimulation enhanced 3-fold the CPT content in roots, stems, and leaves to 41.9, 36.0 and 19.6 µg/g DW, respectively, which were approximately 1.5-, 1.7- and 1.4-fold higher, respectively, as compared to those of the control. The results demonstrate that preharvest treatment by MeJA elicitation and electrical stimulation can be beneficial for secondary metabolite production of CPT in tissue-culture plants of O. ridleyana.

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Sankara, Assétou, Jean Claude W. Ouédraogo, Luc Pignolet, Marie-France Thévenon, and Yvonne L. Bonzi-Coulibaly. "Chemical Profiles and Anti-termite Activity of Hydrodistillation Residues From Three Aromatic Plants Acclimated in Burkina Faso." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 8 (July 15, 2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n8p245.

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Distillation process of aromatic plants produces a considerable amount of solid residues, which are rich in secondary metabolites known as bioactive compounds. In this context, residues from hydrodistillation of selected aromatic plants such as Mentha piperita L., Cymbopogon citratus Stapf and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh, have been studied for their total polyphenol content using Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR) method, total flavonoid content using aluminium chlorid (AlCl3) and antioxidant properties were determined as DPPH radical-scavenging ability (IC50). The anti-termite activity was evaluated by a direct non-choice test. The higher antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.20 mg/ml) and polyphenols content (224.32 mg GAE/g of dried extract) were showed with E. camaldulensis aqueous extract. However, M. piperita and C. citratus ethanolic extracts showed higher flavonoid content (190.99 and 185.19 mg QE/g of dried extract). The most active extract against termite Reticulitermes flavipes was E. camaldulensis ethanolic extract presenting toxicity at 5% and 10% w/w as concentrations. All these data showed that strategic extraction of residues from hydrodistillation can provide interesting bioactive compounds as novel anti-termite agents in plants protection and allow to give an added-value to aromatic plants.

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Worrall, S. "COMPARISON OF THE FORMATION OF PROTEINS MODIFIED BY DIRECT AND INDIRECT ETHANOL METABOLITES IN THE LIVER AND BLOOD OF RATS FED THE LIEBER-DE CARLI LIQUID DIET." Alcohol and Alcoholism 35, no. 2 (March 1, 2000): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/35.2.164.

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Pranoto, Hendro, and Meida Nugrahalia. "HEPATOPROTEKTIF EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN DAN BUAH KERSEN (Muntingia calabura L.) PADA TIKUS YANG DI INDUKSI ALKOHOL." JURNAL BIOSAINS 6, no. 2 (August 4, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jbio.v6i2.17938.

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Hepatoprotektif Ekstrak Etanol Daun dan Buah Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) pada Tikus yang di induksi Alkohol Hendro Pranoto*, Meida NugrahaliaDepartement Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia*Corresponding authors: hendrop.unimed77@gmail.comABSTRAKJalur utama metabolisme etanol terjadi pada jaringan hepar sehingga kerusakan terparah akibat meminum alkohol terjadi di organ ini. Terapi pengobatan menggunakan herbal untuk hepatoprotektif merupakan fokus penelitian tanaman obat saat ini. Tanaman kersen sudah digunakan secara tradisional di berbagai negara untuk keperluan pengobatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui potensi hepatoprotektif ekstrak etanol daun kersen (EEDK) dan ekstrak etanol buah kersen (EEBK) pada tikus putih (Rattus novergicus Sprague Dawley strain). 30 ekor tikus dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok yaitu kelompok I (diberikan 10 mL / KgBB CMC 0.5%); kelompok II (diberikan 3 mL alkohol 30%): kelompok III (diberikan 25 mg / KgBB sylimarin and 3 mL alcohol 30%); kelompok IV (500 mg / KgBB EEDK and 3mL alkohol 30%) and kelompok V (500 mg / KgBB EEBK and 3 mL alkohol 30%) for 15 days. Parameter yang diukur meliputi indeks organ hati, histopatologi hati, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, SGPT, ALP, total protein and albumin. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey menggunakan SPPS versi 22. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa terdapat penurunan yang signifikan pada indeks organ hati, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, SGPT and ALP jika dibandingkan dengan tikus yang di induksi dengan alkohol (kelompok II). Total protein dan albumin mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok II. Hasil skrining fitokimia bahwa pada daun dan buah kersen mengandung senyawa alkaloid, falvonoid, fenol dan terpenoid. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa baik EEDK dan EEBK berpotensi sebagai hepatoprotektif pada tikus yang diinduksi alkohol.. Kata Kunci: daun Kersen, buah Kersen, hepatoprotektif Hepatoprotective Ethanol Extracts of Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) Leaves and Fruit in Alcohol-Induced Rats ABSTRACTHerbal therapy for hepatoprotective therapy currently becomes the focus of the study in medicinal plants. Kersen have been used traditionally in various countries for medicinal purposes. This study was conducted to determine the hepatoprotective potential of ethanol extract of Kersen leaves (EEKL) and ethanol extract of Kersen fruits (EEKF) in laboratory rats (Rattus novergicus Sprague Dawley strain). 30 rats were divided into 6 groups namely group I (given 10mL/KgBW CMC 0.5%); group II (given 3mL 30% alcohol); group III (given 25 mg / KgBW silymarin and 3 mL of 30% alcohol); group IV (given 500 mg/kg BW of EEKL and 3mL of 30% alcohol); and group V (given 500 mg/kg BW of EEKF and 3mL of 30% alcohol) for 15 days. The parameters measured included the index of the liver, liver histopathology, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, SGPT, ALP, total protein, and albumin. The obtained data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test using SPSS version 22.From the results of the study, it was found that there was a significant decrease in the index of the liver, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, SGPT, and ALP compared to the rats induced with alcohol (group II). Total protein and albumin experienced a significant increase compared to group II. Phytochemical screening results showed that the leaves and cherries contain an alkaloid, flavonoid, phenols, and terpenoids. Thus, it can be concluded that both EEKL and EEKF have the potential to be hepatoprotective in alcohol-induced rats. Keywords: Kersen leaves, Kersen fruit, hepatoprotective

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Ben-Othman, Sana, Hedi Kaldmäe, Reelika Rätsep, Uko Bleive, Alar Aluvee, and Toonika Rinken. "Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phloretin and Other Phenolic Compounds from Apple Tree Leaves (Malus domestica Borkh.) and Comparison of Different Cultivars from Estonia." Antioxidants 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020189.

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Polyphenolic compounds, plant secondary metabolites essential for plant survival, are known for their high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, several polyphenols, such as phloretin, also have potential antiviral effects, making these compounds potential ingredients of biofunctional foods. A promising source for the extraction of phloretin is a by-product of apple production—apple tree leaves. Focusing on green technologies, the first aim of the present study was to optimize the direct ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions to gain the maximum yield of phloretin from air-dried apple leaves. For the optimization of process parameters, we applied the response surface method with Box–Behnken design. The optimal extraction conditions were extraction time 14.4 min, sonication amplitude 10% and 10 g of sample per 100 mL solvent (70% ethanol, w/w). Using these conditions, we assessed the content of individual and total polyphenolic compounds along with antioxidant activity in the leaves of different autumn and winter apple cultivars grown in Estonia. The analyses were carried out with chromatographic (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) and spectrophotometric methods. The phloretin concentration ranged from 292 to 726 µg/g and antioxidant activity from 6.06 to 11.42 mg GA eq./g, these being the highest in the local winter cultivars ‘Paide taliõun’ and ‘Tellissaare’, respectively.

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Rydzewska, G., B. Rossignol, and J. Morisset. "Involvement of phospholipase D in caerulein-induced phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis in rat pancreatic acini." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 265, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): G725—G734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1993.265.4.g725.

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Phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism stimulated by caerulein (Cae), a cholecystokinin analogue, was investigated in rat pancreatic acini prelabeled with [3H]choline or [3H]-myristic acid. Both labels were incorporated mostly into PC. An inhibition of choline incorporation into PC was first observed in response to Cae (100 and 500 pM) stimulation, as indicated by reduced [3H]choline incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable material. Whereas choline incorporation was reduced in PC, Cae (500 pM) significantly increased [3H]choline metabolites release in the incubation medium. Separation of these metabolites by thin-layer chromatography showed that approximately 90% of the labeled products released into the medium was phosphocholine; however, Cae caused significant increases of [3H]choline release after 5, 15, and 30 min. In response to Cae, manoalide, a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, totally prevented phosphocholine release into the medium but did not affect choline release. Staurosporine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, did not influence basal and Cae-induced choline release. In cells prelabeled with [3H]myristic acid, Cae stimulated within 5 min a rapid increase in intracellular [3H]phosphatidic acid (PA) levels in the presence of the PA phosphohydrolase inhibitor, propranolol; this PA production was further increased after 15 and 30 min of stimulation. The time course of [3H]PA formation in the presence of propranolol was similar to that of choline release in the medium. Staurosporine partially blocked PA accumulation stimulated by Cae after 30 min. In contrast, manoalide significantly reduced basal PA accumulation but did not prevent its production in response to Cae. In the presence of ethanol, Cae also significantly stimulated above control values the formation of [3H]phosphatidylethanol. These data indicate that Cae-induced PC hydrolysis in rat pancreatic acini is mediated mostly by phospholipase D (PLD) to produce PA and choline; they suggest a direct action of Cae on PLD activation, an effect independent of PLC activation

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Wurst, Friedrich Martin, Erika Kelso, Wolfgang Weinmann, Fritz Pragst, Michel Yegles, and Inger Sundström Poromaa. "Measurement of direct ethanol metabolites suggests higher rate of alcohol use among pregnant women than found with the AUDIT—a pilot study in a population-based sample of Swedish women." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198, no. 4 (April 2008): 407.e1–407.e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2007.10.801.

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Fucci, Nadia, Alessio Gili, Kyriaki Aroni, Paola Carletti, Vincenzo Lorenzo Pascali, and Cristiana Gambelunghe. "Monitoring people at risk of drinking by a rapid urinary ethyl glucuronide test." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 10, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intox-2017-0022.

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Abstract Alcohol and illicit drug abuse are major public health problems worldwide. Since alcohol is the predominant substance of choice in polydrug abusers, monitoring its use, along with urinary drug screening in patients in rehabilitation programs, appeared to be crucial in identifying patients at risk of alcohol disorders leading to impaired quality of life. Ethyl β-D-6-glucuronide, a non-oxidative, non-volatile, stable and minor direct ethanol metabolite, has a 6h to 4 day window of detection in urine after the last alcohol intake. Each of the 119 subjects (85 males, 34 females) registered with the Public Health Service for Drug Dependence Treatment provided a urine sample for ethylglucoronide (EtG) determination in an immunochemical test with a 500 ng/ml cutoff. All results were evaluated with confirmation criteria of a fully validated gas chromatography/mass spectrometry assay. The diagnostic performance of the EtG immunochemical test was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve analysis. The immunochemical test specificity was 100% for EtG urinary values above 500 ng/ml. No false positive results were found. With levels below 500 ng/ml, 12% of the samples were classified as negative. The average consumption of the incorrectly classified subjects was 171 ng/ml, with a misclassification error of 6.5% to 18.5%. High agreement between EtG as determined in an immunochemical test and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, suggests that the rapid EtG test is a reliable, cost-effective alcohol monitoring assay for patient management in many non-forensic settings, such as drug rehabilitation programs.

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Oloyede, Ganiyat K., Oluwatosin A. Adaramoye, and Oluwaseyi J. Oguntokun. "Phytochemical and hepatotoxicity studies on Adansonia digitata leaf extracts." Journal of Experimental and Applied Animal Sciences 1, no. 1 (April 25, 2013): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20454/jeaas.2013.650.

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Adansonia digitata (Bombacaceae) leaves are used in the treatment of kidney and bladder diseases in ethno-medicine. This research was aimed at justifying its use by isolating the secondary plant metabolites responsible for the observed hepatoprotective activity. Coumarin, terpenoids and steroids were the phytochemicals found in hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol soluble fractions of the crude ethanolic extract of A. digitata leaves. These compounds were isolated by chromatographic technique and their chemical structures were identified by direct comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in literature. Stigmasterol, friedelin, scopoletin, β–sitosterol and β–sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were isolated, identified and characterized by their UV, IR, 1H and 13C-NMR. β – sitosterol-3-O- β-D-glucopyranoside, though a known phytosterol is reported newly in the leaves of A. digitata from Nigeria. The UV and IR of four yet to be identified compounds are also reported. Only the ethylacetate soluble fraction of the crude ethanolic extract of A. digatata leaves was subjected to hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride – induced liver damage in rats and it showed significant hepatoprotective activity by reducing elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphate (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight (p<0.05). Extract at 100 mg/kg body weight showed better hepatoprotective influence than at 200 mg/kg body weight. Reduction in the effect of toxic carbon tetrachloride by the extract was further supported by histopathological results from liver samples which showed regeneration of hepatocytes.

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Balogun, Fatai Oladunni, and Saheed Sabiu. "A Review of the Phytochemistry, Ethnobotany, Toxicology, and Pharmacological Potentials of Crescentia cujete L. (Bignoniaceae)." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (July 7, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6683708.

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Crescentia cujete is an economical and medicinal plant of wide indigenous uses including hypertension, diarrhea, respiratory ailments, stomach troubles, infertility problems, cancer, and snakebite. Despite these attributes, C. cujete is largely underutilized, notwithstanding the few progresses made to date. Here, we reviewed the available findings on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, toxicology, and pharmacology, as well as other economic benefits of the plant. The information on the review was gathered from major scientific databases (Google scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, Springer, and BioMed Central) using journals, books, and/or chapters, dissertations, and conference proceedings. The review established the antidiabetic, antioxidant, acaricidal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antivenom, wound healing, neuroprotection, antiangiogenic, and cytotoxic properties from aqueous and organic (particularly ethanol) aerial parts attributed to several secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, cardiac glycosides, phytosterols, reducing sugar, and volatile oils. Economically, the fruit hard outer shell found applications as musical tools, tobacco pipes, bowls, food containers, and bioethanol production. While most of the current studies on C. cujete are mainly from Asia and South America (Philippines, Bangladesh, India, etc.), part of the persistence challenge is lack of comprehensive data on the plant from in vivo pharmacological studies of its already characterized compounds for probable clinical trials toward drug discovery. Consequently, upon this, modern and novel translational studies including the concept of ‘-omics’ are suggested for studies aiming to outfit more comprehensive data on its therapeutic profiles against pathological markers of diseases and to fully explore its economic benefits.

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