Дисертації з теми "Dioxyde d'uranium – Synthèse (chimie)"
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Vigier, Jean-François. "Synthèse d’oxydes d’actinides en milieu chlorure fondu : études structurales et mécanismes réactionnels." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10051.
The study developed in this thesis concerns actinide oxides synthesis for nuclear fuel refabrication, and more specifically, the actinide (III) precipitation in molten salt LiCl-CaCl2 (30-70%mol) salt at 700°C using wet argon sparging. First, this conversion method is described for neodymium (III) and cerium (III) coconversion. The conversion rates are around 99.9%, and the obtained powders contain mixed oxychloride Ce1-xNdxOCl as main component, with a small amount of mixed oxide Ce1-xNdxO2-0.5x for the high cerium ratio. A second oxychloride CeIV(Nd0.7Ce0.3)IIIO3Cl is obtained in specific conditions and in very low quantity. The structure of this oxychloride is described in this study. The partially oxidative property of the conversion method induces the oxidation of a part of cerium (III) to oxidation state (IV). In the case of uranium (III) conversion by wet argon sparging, all the uranium is oxidized and give the oxide UO2 as single compound. The conversion rate for this element is over 99.9% in the molten chloride, but significant amount of uranium is lost by volatilization during the conversion. Finally, the U(III) and Pu(III) coconversion study shows the highest precipitation sensitivity of uranium (III) in comparison with plutonium (III), responsible of a successive conversion of the two elements, giving an oxide mixture of UO2 et PuO2 with quantitative conversion rate. Surprisingly, the conversion of Pu(III) in the same conditions led to a mixture of PuO2 and PuOCl, characteristic of a partial oxidation from Pu (III) to Pu (IV), in contrast with coconversion of U(III)-Pu(III)
Vigier, Jean-François. "Synthèse d’oxydes d’actinides en milieu chlorure fondu : études structurales et mécanismes réactionnels." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10051/document.
The study developed in this thesis concerns actinide oxides synthesis for nuclear fuel refabrication, and more specifically, the actinide (III) precipitation in molten salt LiCl-CaCl2 (30-70%mol) salt at 700°C using wet argon sparging. First, this conversion method is described for neodymium (III) and cerium (III) coconversion. The conversion rates are around 99.9%, and the obtained powders contain mixed oxychloride Ce1-xNdxOCl as main component, with a small amount of mixed oxide Ce1-xNdxO2-0.5x for the high cerium ratio. A second oxychloride CeIV(Nd0.7Ce0.3)IIIO3Cl is obtained in specific conditions and in very low quantity. The structure of this oxychloride is described in this study. The partially oxidative property of the conversion method induces the oxidation of a part of cerium (III) to oxidation state (IV). In the case of uranium (III) conversion by wet argon sparging, all the uranium is oxidized and give the oxide UO2 as single compound. The conversion rate for this element is over 99.9% in the molten chloride, but significant amount of uranium is lost by volatilization during the conversion. Finally, the U(III) and Pu(III) coconversion study shows the highest precipitation sensitivity of uranium (III) in comparison with plutonium (III), responsible of a successive conversion of the two elements, giving an oxide mixture of UO2 et PuO2 with quantitative conversion rate. Surprisingly, the conversion of Pu(III) in the same conditions led to a mixture of PuO2 and PuOCl, characteristic of a partial oxidation from Pu (III) to Pu (IV), in contrast with coconversion of U(III)-Pu(III)
Jouffret, Laurent. "Synthèse hydrothermale d’uranyle-vanadates et d’uranyle-phosphates : influence des amines et dimensionnalité des arrangements inorganiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10065.
Solid state chemistry of hybrid organic-inorganic compounds containing uranium has been enriched recently by a multiplication of papers dealing with two and three dimensional inorganic materials. This work deals with hydrothermal synthesis of compounds in the uranyl-phosphate-amine and uranyl-vanadate-amine systems. Determination of their structure was done by X-ray diffraction on single crystals. Their thermal stability was also studied. According to the pH of the initial solutions, and nature of the amine used, different families of compounds appear. With a basic pH, the obtained compounds are two dimensional with the layers corresponding to those found in naturally occurring phases, such as carnotite type layer for the uranyl-vanadate system and autunite for the uranyl-phosphate system. With an acidic pH, compounds with three dimensional frameworks are stabilized by the presence of the amines. The frameworks result from uranophane type uranyl-vanadate or uranyl-phosphate layers connected by uranyl pillars. They display different U/V or U/P ratios depending on the geometric isomer of the uranophane layer. Identification of new geometric isomers has led to a simple classification of the isomers which helps to their comparison and to the understanding of their formation. Finally, using ethylene diamine in the uranyl-phosphate system reduces in situ uranium (VI) into uranium (IV) and forms a uranium (IV) phosphate in which the uranium-phosphate layers alternate with diprotonated ethylene diamine layers
Jouffret, Laurent. "Synthèse hydrothermale d’uranyle-vanadates et d’uranyle-phosphates : influence des amines et dimensionnalité des arrangements inorganiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10065/document.
Solid state chemistry of hybrid organic-inorganic compounds containing uranium has been enriched recently by a multiplication of papers dealing with two and three dimensional inorganic materials. This work deals with hydrothermal synthesis of compounds in the uranyl-phosphate-amine and uranyl-vanadate-amine systems. Determination of their structure was done by X-ray diffraction on single crystals. Their thermal stability was also studied. According to the pH of the initial solutions, and nature of the amine used, different families of compounds appear. With a basic pH, the obtained compounds are two dimensional with the layers corresponding to those found in naturally occurring phases, such as carnotite type layer for the uranyl-vanadate system and autunite for the uranyl-phosphate system. With an acidic pH, compounds with three dimensional frameworks are stabilized by the presence of the amines. The frameworks result from uranophane type uranyl-vanadate or uranyl-phosphate layers connected by uranyl pillars. They display different U/V or U/P ratios depending on the geometric isomer of the uranophane layer. Identification of new geometric isomers has led to a simple classification of the isomers which helps to their comparison and to the understanding of their formation. Finally, using ethylene diamine in the uranyl-phosphate system reduces in situ uranium (VI) into uranium (IV) and forms a uranium (IV) phosphate in which the uranium-phosphate layers alternate with diprotonated ethylene diamine layers
Pipon, Yves Moncoffre Nathalie Toulhoat Nelly. "Diffusion thermique et sous irradiation du chlore dans le dioxyde d'uranium." [s.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/13/97/07/PDF/These_Yves.pdf.
Baurens, Bertrand. "Couplages thermo-chimie mécaniques dans le dioxyde d'uranium : application à l' intéraction pastille-gaine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4047/document.
Nuclear fuels under power transient undergo high thermal and mechanical stresses, as well as deep chemical modifications. Stresses on the cladding at the inter-pellet plane due to the pellet thermal expansion, associated to the corrosive fission product release, can lead to clad failures, resulting from a stress corrosion cracking mechanism. The thermal, mechanical and chemical properties of the UO2 irradiated fuel are closely dependent and play a major role on the behavior of the material during a power transient. The aim of this work is to model at the pellet scale the chemical, thermal and mechanical coupled changes of the UO2 fuel during a power transient scenario and to evaluate the consequences on the fuel behavior. The final objective is to obtain an evaluation of the iodine release source term to be used in I-SCC modelling codes dedicated to Pellet-Clad-Interaction studies
Pipon, Yves. "Diffusion thermique et sous irradiation du chlore dans le dioxyde d'uranium." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00139707.
- l'influence de la température a été étudiée en effectuant des recuits thermiques dans une gamme de température comprise entre 900 et 1300°C ; nous avons montré que le chlore implanté était mobile dès 1000°C et déterminé une énergie d'activation de 4,3 eV ;
- l'influence de l'irradiation par des produits de fission a été étudiée en irradiant les échantillons avec des ions 127I (énergie de 63,5 MeV). Nous avons pu déterminer que la diffusion du chlore implanté sous irradiation et dans la gamme de température 30 – 250°C n'était pas purement athermique. Nous avons calculé un coefficient de diffusion sous irradiation D250 °C de l'ordre de 10^(-14) cm^2s^(-1).
Nous avons montré l'importance des défauts d'implantation et d'irradiation qui constituent notamment des chemins préférentiels pour un transport rapide du chlore. Les calculs ab-initio effectués en complément de l'étude expérimentale montrent que le site préférentiel du chlore est un site substitutionnel. Cela nous permet de penser que le mécanisme de diffusion du chlore est un mécanisme atomique de type Frank-Turnbull ou bien un mécanisme de diffusion par paires « lacune / chlore ».
Hingant, Nina. "Synthèse, frittage et dissolution de solutions solides d'oxydes mixtes de thorium et d'uranium(IV) : influence de la méthode de préparation du précurseur." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112225.
Mixed actinide dioxides are currently considered as potential fuels for the third and fourth generations of nuclear reactors. In this context, thorium-uranium (IV) dioxide solid solutions were studied as model compounds to underline the influence of the method of preparation on their physico-chemical properties. Two methods of synthesis, both based on the initial precipitation of oxalate precursors have been developed. The first consisted in the direct precipitation ("open" system) while the second involved hydrothermal conditions ("closed" system). The second method led to a significant improvement in the crystallization of the samples especially in the field of the increase of the grain size. In these conditions, the formation of a complete solid solution Th1 xUx(C2O4)2 ?€? 2H2O was prepared between both end-members. Its crystal structure was also resolved. Whatever the initial method considered, these compounds led to the final dioxides after heating above 400°C. The various steps associated to this transformation, involving the dehydration of precursors then the decomposition of oxalate groups have been clarified. Moreover, the use of wet chemistry methods allowed to reduce the sintering temperature of the final thorium-uranium (IV) dioxide solid solutions. Whatever the method of preparation considered, dense samples (95% to 97% of the calculated value) were obtained after only 3 hours of heating at 1500°C. Additionally, the use of hydrothermal conditions significantly increased the grain size, leading to the reduction of the occurrence of the grain boundaries and of the global residual porosity. The significant improvement in the homogeneity of cations distribution in the samples was also highlighted. Finally, the chemical durability of thorium-uranium (IV) dioxide solid solutions was evaluated through the development of leaching tests in nitric acid. The optimized homogeneity especially in terms of the cations distribution, allowed to limit the influence of the composition, probably because of the absence of UO2 aggregates in the samples while the decrease of the number of grain boundaries led to dissolution rates one order of magnitude lower than that determined for samples prepared in "open" conditions. Finally, the precipitation of thorium in secondary neoformed phases (such as ThO2, xH2O or Th(OH)4) when the saturation conditions were reached in the leachate was also underlined
Belhabib, Tayeb. "Comportement thermique des défauts lacunaires induits par l'hélium et les gaz de fission dans le dioxyde d'uranium." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831705.
Gilardi, Thierry. "Etude par analyse thermique à vitesse de transformation contrôlée des mécanismes d'oxydation et de réduction des oxydes d'urnium." Aix-Marseille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX11054.
Soulié, Aurélien. "Etude à l'échelle atomique de la plasticité et de la sur-stœchiométrie dans le dioxyde d'uranium." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS353/document.
The aim of this work is to study on the first hand plasticity in uranium dioxide by the mean of an atomic scale characterization of dislocations glide mechanisms, and on the other hand to study hyper-stoichiometric uranium dioxide by the determination of atomic configurations and their relations that appear on the phase diagram as a function of O/U ratio and temperature. To achieve this, we perform atomic scale simulations by energy minimization and molecular dynamics using a complex variable charge empirical potential, which let the ionic charges vary as the local atomic environment is modified. We firstly characterize plasticity in UO₂ single crystals and show that it is governed in the {100} main glide planes by thermally activated edge dislocations glide at low temperatures by a mechanism of nucleation and growth of kink pairs on these dislocations. Then, the same empirical potential let us derive at the atomic scale the structure of the high temperature disordered UO₂₊ₓ phase and the evolution with temperature of the ordered structure U₄O₉. This gives an atomistic description of part of the U-O phase diagram. So, the tool we use, a variable charge empirical potential, let us understand more precisely UO₂ properties, and more generally we prove that this kind of tool is a promising alternative to classical empirical potentials and ab-initio methods to model complex atomic systems
Pizzi, Elisabetta. "Influence de la pression partielle d'oxygene sur les concentrations en defauts et sur la diffusion de l'oxygene dans l'UO2+x." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00969106.
Hibert, Nicolas. "Synthèse et caractérisation structurale des complexes de plutonium à base de peroxyde." Thesis, Lille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUR054.
In the framework of the improvement of the reused nuclear fuel manufacturing and the Pu multirecycling, U-Pu coconversion represent a potential alternative to the current mixing process of uranium and plutonium oxide powders. Compared to carbon-based U-Pu coconversion processes, the peroxide process has the advantage of, among others, leading to the absence of residual carbon in oxide powder. However, the current knowledge of plutonium peroxide is incomplete and scattered, hindering the plutonium conversion and U-Pu coconversion technological developments. Thus, the evaluation of the feasibility of this process requires a preliminary strengthening of the knowledge of plutonium peroxide physico-chemical properties. The first part of this work has been dedicated to the characterization of plutonium peroxide soluble complexes and salts. Molar extinction coefficient of soluble complexes have been estimated in order to quantify the plutonium loss in precipitation experiments. The experimental conditions enabling very high yield of precipitation of Pu and an easy-filterable powder have been determined. Moreover, a new database of plutonium peroxide salt properties has been established from the characterizations obtained. In the second part, syntheses carried out with mixed systems such as U-Pu and U-Th have led to obtaining a mix of uranyl peroxide and +IV actinide peroxide salt. The experimental conditions enabling very high yields for uranium and for plutonium and an easy-filterable powder have been determined. Then, thermal treatment of the precipitate has led to obtaining an oxide powder with a good ability to the manufacturing of sintered oxide pellet and which enables to demonstrate the feasibility of U-Pu conversion process at the laboratory scale
Gupta, Florence. "Etude du comportement du produit de fission césium dans le dioxyde d’uranium par méthode ab initio." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112129.
The knowledge of the behaviour of fission products in the nuclear fuel is very important for safety considerations and for understanding the evolution of the fuel properties under irradiation. In this work, we focussed mainly on the behaviour of caesium in UO2 through ab initio studies of its solubility at point defects in the matrix, its diffusion and its contribution to the formation of solid phases in the fuel. The role of electronic correlation effects of the f electrons of uranium on these properties and on the description of the defect free crystal, is assessed. The formation energies of the main point defects are calculated and their concentration as a function of fuel stoichiometry and temperature is estimated. The migration barriers and migration paths for the self-diffusion of oxygen and uranium vacancies and oxygen interstitials in UO2 are discussed. The solubility of Cs is found to be very low in UO2 in agreement with experimental findings. The most favourable trapping sites are determined as a function of oxygen concentration in the fuel. Our results show that in the hyper-stoichiometric regime, the diffusion of Cs from its most favourable trapping site is limited by the uranium vacancy diffusion mechanism. We also considered the formation of the main solid phases of caesium resulting from its oxidation (Cs2O, Cs2O2, CsO2) and from its interaction with the fuel (Cs2UO4), with molybdenum (Cs2MoO4) and with the zirconium of the clad (Cs2ZrO3), since the formation of such phases, their solubility and their interdependence will affect the release of caesium
Baillon, Fabien. "Procédé de synthèse du dioxyde de titane : analyse et modélisation des solutions titane-sulfate; influence des ultrasons sur la précipitation." Paris, ENMP, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENMP1046.
Ponsard, Louise. "Conversion catalytique du CO pour la synthèse de monomères oxygénés." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASF002.
The production and exploitation of fossil-based chemicals leads to increased emissions of greenhouse gases, responsible for unprecedented climate change. Small molecules (CO and CO₂), currently seen as waste products, could be considered as appealing carbon sources for the transition of our linear economy to a circular economy. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a small molecule released by the chemical industry as gaseous waste, and is accessible through the electroreduction of CO₂. In this manuscript, the utilization of CO from both industrial and electrochemical sources is disclosed, constituting here a carbon source for the synthesis of oxygenated monomers. During this PhD thesis, new catalytic systems were developed for the synthesis of new monomers through the carbonylation of oxygenated heterocycles. The utilisation of CO produced by CO₂-electroreduction in a carbonylation reaction for the synthesis of beta-lactone from epoxides was also shown feasible. The formation of acrylic acid by β-propiolactone isomerisation is reported herein, in mild conditions. The mechanism of this reaction was elucidated by DFT calculations. Finally, the study of the reaction of carbonylation of acrylic acid was proved to be an efficient strategy for the synthesis of oxygenated monomers
Gergely, Bernadett. "Synthèse et caractérisation de catalyseurs à base d'oxyde d'étain et de gallium." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10166.
Marchand, Benoît. "Effets de la température et de l'irradiation sur la mobilité du xénon dans UO$_2$ : étude profilométrique et microstructurale." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830100.
Besançon, Manon. "Synthèse in situ de nanocomposites par chimie sol-gel non-hydrolytique en voie fondu." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2020. https://n2t.net/ark:/47881/m6pn95cw.
Polymer nanocomposites have drawn considerable attention due to the improvement of structural and functional properties of polymer based systems. The common way to elaborate nanocomposites is the dispersion of fillers into the polymer. However, the agglomeration of nanofillers in the polymer and the increasing concerns about the manipulation of nanoobjects are the main issues of this technique. To overcome these problems, a “bottom-up” approach has been developed in recent years combining reactive extrusion and hydrolytic sol-gel chemistry. This approach has some limitations for non-polar polymers. Indeed, water is required and the surface of such inorganic phases presents hydroxyl groups involving a weak interaction with the polymer matrix. Our approach is to use non-hydrolytic sol-gel chemistry to generate nanofillers in the molten polymer. The specificity of NHSG is the use of an oxygen donor instead of water and the ability to control the shape and the size of nanofillers. Syntheses of titanium dioxide and layered titanium phosphonates were carried out in molten polymer. Different precursors were investigated in order to improve the compatibility between matrix and fillers and obtain homogeneous dispersion of small size fillers. The influence of the polymer nature on the obtained fillers morphology has also been studied
Brun, Catherine. "Modélisation de la cinétique de réduction d'oxydes d'uranium par l'hydrogène. Réactivités de germination et de croissance." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00842470.
Aloisi, Alicia. "Synthèse de nouveaux ligands tripodes et de leurs complexes de coordination pour l’activation de petites molécules." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS360/document.
The extensive use of fossile fuel is currently causing climate change. Anthropogenic emissions of CO₂ enhance the greenhouse effect, resulting in global warming. In order to mitigate this climate change, the share of renewable energy is increasing and hydrogen seems to be a good candidate to stock energy to compensate the seasonal variations of those energies. One way to store H₂ is the hydrogenation of CO₂ to synthesise liquid molecules as formic acid and methanol. Those liquids can be conveyed in an easier way. In case of a lack of energy, H₂ can be recovered through dehydrogenation of those molecules thinks to catalysts. In this thesis, we studied the synthesis of organometallic complexes able to activate those small molecules, thus, growing a fundamental knowledge. As a number of triphos-metal complexes are known to catalyse hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions, we focused on the elaboration of ligands alike. With those ligands in hand, several non-noble metal based complexes (Fe (II), Co (II) and Cu (I)) were synthesized, which are active in CO₂ hydroboration catalysis. A complex of ruthenium(II)was grafted on silica through one of this ligand, in order to recycle it when it used as a catalyst. On the second hand, we designed a new ligand which could favor metal-ligand cooperativity. H₂ was succesfully activated with a copper(I) complex coordinated by this ligand, demonstrating that cooperation of the ligand. Finally, the first known cobalt complex active in dehydrogenation of formic acid was synthesised
Dehaudt, Jérémy. "Synthèse de complexes de ruthénium à ligands 2,2’ : 6’,2’’-terpyridines trisubstitués pour la sensibilisation de cellules solaires à colorant." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA2014.
Developed twenty years ago by Prof Grätzel, Dye sensitized solar cells are an interesting alternative to the commonly commercialized silicon based solar panels. Unlike conventional solar cells, the operation principle of these devices is based from natural photosynthesis. Indeed, based on the sensitization of titanium dioxide by a dye that absorbs solar light such as chlorophyll from plants, these devices can reach solar energy to electricity conversion yield above 10% with low production costs. This PhD project deals with the synthesis of new ruthenium complexes bearing terpyridine ligands. Terpyridine ligands have been prepared by a straightforward and mild method. A new route has been developed for the synthesis of 4,4’,4’’-tricarboxy-2,2’ :6’,2’’-terpyridine (H3tcterpy) and compared to the initial pathway using green chemistry criteria. The complexes obtained from these ligands have been studied by UV-visible and emission spectroscopies and electrochemistry with a view to determine their spectral responses and their energetic properties. Some of these dyes have been tested in dye sensitized solar cells, reaching solar energy conversion to electricity yields up to 5.57%
Wang, Jingjuan. "Design of efficient catalysts for hydrogenation of carbon oxides to alcohols and olefins." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10052.
Catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide leads to valorisation of syngas which can be produced from fossil and renewable resources. This thesis addresses design of new catalysts for synthesis of alcohols and olefins from syngas containing carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Catalyst characterization has demonstrated formation of bimetallic particles in copper-cobalt mixed supported catalysts and enrichment of metallic particles with copper on the outer surface in the reduced catalysts. Comparison with catalytic data suggests that these bimetallic particles probably contain the active sites for the synthesis of alcohols from syngas. The supports (SiO2, Al2O3 and carbon nanotubes), and some promoters, especially iron, also have a very strong influence on the catalyst performance. Promotion with iron also increases productivity of Rh catalysts in the synthesis of ethanol from syngas. The formation of interfaces between the iron and rhodium seems to improve the selectivity of this reaction to ethanol, while carbon monoxide conversion principally depends on rhodium dispersion. The Fe/ZrO2 catalysts promoted with potassium showed a very important selectivity for the synthesis of olefins from carbon dioxide. This increase in selectivity was attributed to the synergy between iron and oxidized species Fe0/χ-Fe5C2 which are involved in this reaction
Fogeron, Thibault. "Synthèse de complexes inspirés des formiate déshydrogénases à Mo/W : application à la catalyse moléculaire de la réduction du CO2." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS132.
In the context of global warming, the development of new sources of energy, clean and sustainable, is a key challenge of our society. The reduction of CO2 could allow the storage of renewable energies and offer an answer to the dramatic increase of CO2 in the atmosphere. Development of molecular catalysts offers the possibility of studying the structure-reactivity relationships. However, the library of existing homogeneous catalysts in the literature is quite limited. In order to find new potential catalysts, we decided to take inspiration from the active site of formate dehydrogenases (FDH). The synthesis of molecules mimicking this active site is an interesting challenge. In this thesis, we described the synthesis of two ligands inspired from the molybdopterin (chapter I). The synthesis of CoCp(dithiolène) complexes allows us to better characterize these ligands (chapter II). Moreover, the observation of the reactivity of these ligands allows us to understand their behaviour during electrocatalysis. The [MoO(dithiolene)2]2- complexes obtained from the bio-inspired ligands are,so far, the best mimics of the active site of FDH in the literature (chapter III). In this chapter, the generalization of synthetic procedure was also explored. Finally, [Ni(dithiolene)2]- synthesize from the bio-inspired ligands are the first dithiolene complexes able to reduce CO2 (chapter IV). They are among the few non-nobles metal complexes catalyzing the reduction of CO2 into formate
Vaksler, Yevhenii. "Synthèse, structure et propriétés des modifications polymorphiques de molécules bioactives." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUR020.
Active pharmaceutical ingredients can retain their properties constant indefinitely in a solid state. As a result, numerous drugs are produced and stored in the most stable solid phase among the known ones. However, more than 50% of solid-state drugs may have more than one polymorphic modification. Different polymorphic forms of the same compound can possess different properties, which affect significantly the effectiveness of a drug, its abilities to be manufactured and stored. The control of polymorphism in active pharmaceutical ingredients is a relatively new approaching problem, whose regulations just start to develop. To achieve effective monitoring of the properties during the production and dosage forms predictable characteristics, it is necessary to control the root causes of polymorphism. They are a molecule conformational change and / or the formation of a new set of intermolecular interactions.In the first part of this thesis, two experimental methods for the control over the polymorphic composition of the active pharmaceutical ingredients and their selective crystallization from the supercritical carbon dioxide are presented. The first is the monitoring of the conformations of bioactive molecules with in situ infrared and Raman spectroscopies. The relationships between conformations in solution and recrystallized polymorphic modifications are shown in the example of mefenamic acid and carbamazepine, substances especially susceptible to polymorphism. The second complementary method allows one to grow high-quality single crystals directly from the solution in carbon dioxide, to determine their structure by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and, as a result, to clearly establish a reference for fast methods of analysis of polymorphic composition (vibrational, thermal analysis, etc.). It is studied for a co crystal of mefenamic acid and nicotinamide (vitamin B3).In the second part of the current thesis, the new quantum-chemical method for the analysis of a crystal structure transformation under external (pressure, milling, etc.) and internal (low stability of a form) influences is proposed. Based on the approach of pairwise interactions in crystals it allows one to define the most strongly bound parts of crystalline arrangements and probable directions of shear deformations. Thereby, this technique helps to determine the probable mechanical properties of individual polymorphic modifications and the entailed polymorphic transformations of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. The calculations are performed for the popular drugs: aspirin, piracetam and ibuprofen
Loubert, Gaël. "Etude de la précipitation quantitative de l’uranium(VI) et du plutonium(IV) en milieu acide nitrique par de nouveaux ligands organiques." Thesis, Lille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R074.
Due to the uranium natural resource depletion and the high growth in energy requirements, the fourth-generation nuclear power plants, with FNR, which involve the uranium and plutonium recycling, can be a future appropriate industrial route. Nonetheless, these evolutions modify potentially the spent fuel reprocessing. Furthermore, U(VI) and Pu(IV) precipitation, without any valency adjustment, would provide an answer to the efficiency and safety demands. In this context, the present work is interested in new organic ligands research allowing the quantitative precipitation of uranium(VI) and plutonium (IV) in a concentrated acid medium. The whole studies led to the identification of new organic ligands, and these new ligands are able to massively precipitate uranium(VI) in a nitric acid medium. Among these identified molecules, the oxalic acid/NCP ligands association has been used to precipitate both of these two actinides. A determination of the precipitate has been done in order to identify the structures and the morphologies of the precipitate. The solubility measurements over time have allowed to assess the fast precipitating kinetic and the very low solubility of the precipitated component. Finally, the thermal treatment of the precipitate gives rise to the formation of actinides oxides whose properties match the requirements of the fuel shaping step. The extension of these results made it possible to offer an innovating conversion process of both actinides in a nitric acid medium and that without any valency adjustment, which fit to all the conditions of the requirement specifications of the spent fuel reprocessing for the fourth generation of nuclear reactors
Slostowski, Cédric. "Synthèse solvothermale supercritique de nanostructures d'oxyde de cérium." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954292.
Kourieh, Reem. "Synthèse et caractérisation de catalyseurs de type oxydes mixtes pour des applications environnementales." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993106.
Foltran, Stéphanie. "Le CO2 supercritique pour la synthèse de carbonates cycliques catalysée par des liquides ioniques : étude des propriétés thermodynamiques et des mécanismes réactionnels par spectroscopie vibrationnelle et modélisation moléculaire." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14619/document.
This thesis aims to understand the thermodynamic properties and reaction mechanisms generated in the cycloaddition reaction of epoxides in supercritical CO2 medium catalyzed by ionic liquids for the green synthesis of cyclic carbonates. Thermodynamic properties (solubility, swelling, phase diagram) of epoxide/CO2 binary mixtures were determined for commercial mono-epoxides and vegetable based epoxidized oils. Kinetics study in-situ by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy were performed to determine the influence of the nature of the ionic liquids studied and of different parameters such as temperature and pressure on the reaction. Molecular modeling using DFT method has helped us to propose a reaction mechanism consistent with the experimental results and to understand what are the respective roles of the anion and cation of the ionic liquid in the reaction
Del, Vecchio Antonio. "New methodologies for the radiolabeling of drug candidates." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS277.
Radioisotope labeling is a relevant topic for health applications in academy, pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. In this context, carbon isotopes play a basic role in drug development and ADME and toxicological studies. Traditional synthesis with radiocarbon (¹⁴C), based on lengthy and multistep approaches, have hampered the sustainability of the strategy. The aim of this PhD thesis is the development of new methodologies for the late-stage carbon labeling of drug candidates and specifically of cyclic ureas and carbamates. These chemical entities, widely present in pharma and crop science, were used to be labeled using toxic radioactive reagents such as phosgene and carbon monoxide. As valuable alternative, the employ of CO₂, the most readily available building block for carbon-14 and carbon-11 radioisotopes, has been proposed. Unfortunately, [¹⁴C]CO₂ is a poorly reactive building block that requires strong nucleophiles or harsh conditions for its functionalization. Consequently, the incorporation of the isotope at the very beginning of the synthetic process is required causing, de facto, a dramatic stepwise increase of the radioactive waste production, with a heavy environmental impact. In this thesis, we investigate the use of a sequential Staudinger/aza-Wittig reaction that allows the rapid incorporation of CO₂ to provide the corresponding isocyanate. The cyclic urea and carbamate could be so obtained by intramolecular reaction with an amine or hydroxyl moieties. After optimization, the methodology could be successfully performed one-pot, at room temperature within five minutes, demonstrating also a broad scope reliability. Those conditions allowed a direct translation to [¹⁴C] and [¹¹C] chemistry, in collaboration with the Service Hospitalier Joliot Curie (Orsay) and the Karolinska Institute (Sweden), furnishing a powerful tool for the labeling of drug candidates within both the radioisotopes
Contreras, Moreno Viviana. "Captage et valorisation du CO2 par voie chimique : application à la synthèse de carbonates cycliques à partir d’époxydes." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAM0021/document.
Today, the utilisation of CO2 as raw material for the synthesis of high-value added products like cyclic carbonates, is one of the alternatives used for reducing greenhouse gases. This thesis aims to understand and design a CO2 valorisation process by modelling the thermodynamic and the mass transfer/reaction kinetics generated during the cyclic carbonates synthesis from CO2, epoxides and a heterocyclic compound as catalyst. By using this new catalytic system, cyclic carbonates, which are used in the polymeric, pharmaceutic or cosmetic industry, can be produced with good yields at low temperatures and pressures and without any solvent. Thermodynamic properties as solubility and Henry's law constant have been estimated for CO2/epoxide binary systems. Mass transfer occurring without and with reaction has been studied in order to determine respectively the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient and the reaction regime. A kinetic study has been performed to propose a model able to represent the reaction and to estimate the kinetic parameters. This information has been used in the design and the simulation of the production process of epichlorohydrin carbonate on Aspen Hysys
Behloul, Chakib Rafik. "Méthodes de conception de réacteurs multifonctionnels (réacteur-échangeur-séparateur) : application à la synthèse directe de DME à partir de CO₂ et d’H₂." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0249.
The depletion of resources and the accumulation of pollutant gases in the atmosphere are nowadays of growing concern. The current energy transition requires that certain material and energy transformation processes be partially modified or profoundly reconsidered to fit more sustainable operating conditions. Low-carbon electricity and hydrogen can substitute fossil fuels, leading to an energy mix with a low greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint. In addition to hydrogen, the production of alternative fuels and high value-added products is another way to support the energy transition.Looking for optimal, sustainable and economical processes is therefore a major challenge that process engineers are facing. The present work has thus focused on the intensification of mass and energy transformation processes, through multifunctional units, which take advantage of the synergies between elementary functions of transformation (reaction, transfer, separation, etc.) within an intensive equipment. The concept of multifunctional reactors, coupling several elementary functions, has been a real success when historical demonstrators were created (Eastman-Kodak process, etc.), but their implementation has not been generalized, due to a lack of practical design methodology.This work focuses on the implementation of some intensification methodologies to understand and improve the performance of a process involving balanced exothermic reactions. The dimethyl ether (DME) direct synthesis from CO₂ and H₂ is considered as a case study. Different exploratory ways for the DME direct synthesis process development have been investigated based on modeling and simulation. Reactor- Heat exchanger, multifunctional reactor (reactor-heat exchanger-membrane separator), hybrid elementary block processes and a process involving the cooled reactor in a conventional process environment in the presence of additional unit operations and recycle loop are studied from different angles. Different optimization cases and strategies have been addressed which differ by the decision variables and the solving method. The different methodologies applied have demonstrated the relevance of the solutions obtained and the opening towards process innovation.At the equipment level, the profiles optimization represents the heart of the methodology. The results demonstrate the potential of multifunctional reactors: a CO₂ conversion per pass of 98%, a DME yield of 95% and the possibility to remove a distillation column are obtained. In order to assess the maximum achievable performance in a multifunctional reactor, a hybrid process of elementary blocks has been optimized. At the process scale, the reactor behavior has been studied to further understand the impact of the reactor integration in a recycle loop and to estimate the local and global effects on the multiple performance criteria. Based on various criteria (overall DME yield, overall CO₂ conversion, TRL, etc.), the comparison of the different designs revealed that a reduction of the equipment number by a factor of 11 is possible in the case of a multi-functional reactor choice
Pennisi, Vanessa. "Contribution à l'identification et à l'évaluation d'un combustible UO2 dopé à potentiel oxygène maîtrisé." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0191/document.
Temperature and oxygen partial pressure (PO2) of nuclear oxide fuels are the main parametersgoverning both their thermochemical evolution in reactor and the speciation of volatile fissionproducts such as Cs, I or Te. An innovative way to limit the risk of cladding rupture by corrosionunder irradiation consists in buffering the oxygen partial pressure of the fuel under operation in a PO2domain where the fission gas are harmless towards Zr clad, by using solid redox buffers as additives.Niobium, with its NbO2/NbO and Nb2O5/NbO2 redox couples has been found to be a promisingcandidate to this end. A manufacturing process of a buffered UO2 fuel, doped with niobium has beenoptimized, in order to fulfill usual specifications (density, microstructure). The experimental study ofthe UO2-NbOx system has shown the existence of a liquid phase between UO2 and NbOx at 810°C,which was not reported in the literature. The characterization of Nb containing phases present in UO2both in solid solution and as precipitates has lead us to propose a solubility thermodynamic model ofniobium in UO2 at 1700°C. An extensive study of the niobium precipitates shows the co-existence inthe fuel of NbO2 and NbO as major phases, together with small amounts of metallic Nb. The coexistenceof niobium under two oxidation states inside the fuel is a key element of demonstration of apossible in-situ buffering effect, which is likely to impact some properties of the material that aredependent upon PO2, such as densification. These results confirm the promising potential of oxygenbuffered fuels as regard to their performance in reactor
Ben, Nasr Chérif. "Complexation du nickel (II) et des lanthanides (III) par des phosphoramides bidentes : Application à l'extraction liquide-liquide." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10032.