Добірка наукової літератури з теми "DIN 4074"

Measurement and relevance for timber grading of cracks in softwood logs and sawn timber Cracks in timber of Abies alba Mill. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. are of high importance for the optical and mechanical quality of sawn timber products. A sample of 92 logs was assessed in detail before and after the sawing and drying process. The quantity, types and form of cracks were taken on both round wood and sawn product. Emphasis was put on the question, whether cracks take significant influence on the grading results of the sawn timber according to the grading standards DIN 4074-1:2003-06 and DIN EN 1611-1:1999+A1:2002. The assumption that the amount of cracks increases with the log diameter could not be proved. There is a difference between the two tree species as well as between fresh and dried wood. There were no strong correlations found between specific descriptors of cracks in roundwood and the actual amount of cracks in sawn timber.

Visual strength grading is widely used to estimate mechanical properties of structural timber. National visual grades are allocated to strength classes according to European standard EN1912. The recent discussion about the proper function of visual strength grading standards and the assignment of strength classes shows the need for further research in this field. Spanish-sourced radiata, Scots, Salzmann and maritime pine timber samples were visually graded in wet and dry condition according to the Spanish UNE56544 (2011) and German DIN4074-1 (2012) standards. Rejection was far higher dry due to distortion (warping) parameters. However, this rejection could be significantly mitigated by adopting a higher twist limit (2 mm / 25 mm width). UNE 56544 is more suitable for visually grading these species because it was specifically designed for them and a Spanish source. However, both standards underestimated the Scots pine rejection pieces which mechanical properties fulfill the MEG and S10 grades.

Background and Objectives: In the near future, in Europe a raised availability of hardwoods is expected. One possible sales market is the building sector, where medium dense European hardwoods could be used as load bearing elements. For the hardwood species beech, oak, and sweet chestnut technical building approvals already allow the production of hardwood glulam. For the species maple and ash this is not possible yet. This paper aims to evaluate the economic feasibility of glulam production from low dimension ash and maple timber from thinnings. Therefore, round wood qualities and the resulting lumber qualities are assessed and final as well as intermediate yields are calculated. Materials and Methods: 81 maple logs and 79 ash logs cut from trees from thinning operations in mixed (beech) forest stands were visually graded, cant sawn, and turned into strength-graded glulam lamellas. The volume yield of each production step was calculated. Results: The highest volume yield losses occur during milling of round wood (around 50%) and “presorting and planning” the dried lumber (56–60%). Strength grading is another key process in the production process. When grading according to DIN 4074-5 (2008), another 40–50% volume loss is reported, while combined visual and machine grading only produces 7–15% rejects. Conclusions: Yield raise potentials were identified especially in the production steps milling, presorting and planning and strength grading.

PT Vale menerapkan sistem dumping tanpa mundur di Disposal Hasan sebagai upaya untuk mengurangi risiko kecelakaan kerja di area disposal yang menyebabkan jarak dorong dozer D8R unit 4084 dan 4072 semakin jauh sehingga data waktu edar dozer semakin lama. Waktu edar yang semakin lama mengakibatkan nilai produksi dozer di Disposal Hasan tidak optimal. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menghitung produksi aktual harian dari dozer dan mengoptimasi produksi pada masing-masing unit dari dozer D8R yang beroperasi di Disposal Hasan dengan menggunakan metode linear programming. Pengumpulan data dilakukan di Disposal Hasan PT Vale Indonesia. Jumlah produksi dozer D8R didapatkan menggunakan rumus produksi dozer dan pengoptimalan dilakukan dengan linear programming metode simpleks dan metode grafik menggunakan software POM for Windows. Data-data yang didapatkan berupa data waktu edar, spesifikasi alat, fill factor, grade factor, efisiensi kerja alat, jam kerja alat, target produksi dan kapasitas disposal. Fungsi tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu jumlah produksi optimal masing-masing unit dozer. Fungsi kendala berupa waktu kerja, kapasitas Disposal Hasan, target produksi dan produksi aktual. Jumlah produksi harian aktual rata-rata dozer unit 4084 yaitu sebesar 11.596 ton/hari dan untuk unit 4072 yaitu sebesar 10.385 ton/hari. Produksi optimal untuk produksi dozer D8R unit 4084 yaitu sebesar 13.333 ton/hari dan untuk unit 4072 yaitu sebesar 11.429 ton/hari dengan jumlah total nilai produksi optimal dozer D8R yaitu sebesar 24.762 ton/hari.

Abstrak. Makanan Pendamping Air Susu Ibu (MP-ASI) merupakan makanan yang diberikan kepada bayi sebagai pendamping ASI. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui karakteristik bubur bayi berdasarkan sifat sensori dan mineral kalsium. Bubuk bubur bayi terbuat dari campuran tepung pisang kepok, tepung kacang hijau, susu bubuk skim dan minyak nabati. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 perlakuan dan ulangan sebanyak 6 kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua bubur bayi memiliki nilai organoleptik yang sama baiknya dengan contoh baku dan kadar mineral kalsium yang lebih rendah dari SNI (01-7111.1-2005) yaitu P1 (30%:70%) 78,5 mg/100g P2 (50%:50%) 40,4 mg/100g dan P3 (70%:30%) 7,1 mg/100g.Characteristics of Organoleptic Tests, Calcium Mineral Tests and Nutrient Sufficiency Figures of Baby Porridge Based on Kepok Banana Flour and Mung Bean FlourAbstract. Complementary Foods for Mother's Milk (MP-ASI) are foods that are given to infants as a companion to breast milk. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of baby porridge based on the sensory and mineral properties of calcium. Baby porridge powder is made from a mixture of kepok banana flour, mung bean flour, skim milk powder and vegetable oil. This study used a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 6 replications. The results showed that all baby porridge had the same good organoleptic value as the standard sample and the calcium mineral levels lower than SNI (01-7111.1-2005), namely P1 (30%:70%) 78.5 mg/100g P2 (50% :50%) 40.4 mg/100g and P3 (70%:30%) 7.1 mg/100g.

AbstrakKasus pelecehan seksual anak di Indonesia memasuki fase darurat. Data Komisi Perlindungan Anak (KPA) di Indonesia sekitar 12 % dari seluruh anak di dunia mengalami kekerasan seksual, di Indonesia tahun 2016 sebanyak 120 kasus, tahun 2017 sebanyak 116 kasus, tahun 2018 sebanyak 149 kasus, di Jawa Timur tahun 2017 sebanyak 393 kasus, Februari 2018 sebanyak 117 kasus, Kabupaten Probolinggo pada Januari-April tahun 2016 sebanyak 35 kasus. Hasil studi pendahuluan 16 Agustus 2018 kepada 16 ibu di TK dan PAUD Sumber secang, Condong diketahui 69% kesulitan menjawab pertanyaan anak tentang seksualitas. Tujuan penelitian melakukan analisis faktor pentingnya pengetahuan ibu tentang pendidikan seks dini. Desain pra eksperimental pre post test group design, populasi seluruh ibu anak di PAUD dan TK Desa Sumber Secang, Condong sebanyak 234 orang, sampel 146 orang, simple random sampling, instrumen kuesioner, lembar observasi, analisis data wilcoxon match Program Studi DIV Kebidanan paired test. Hasil penelitian 74,7% ibu memiliki usia 25-40 tahun, 41,1% SMP, dan 64,4% sebagai ibu rumah tangga, hasil pre test diketahui 40,4% ibu memiliki tingkat pengetahuan kurang baik tentang pendidikan seks dini (mean= 6,28) dan 40,4% ibu memiliki tingkat pengetahuan baik sesudah intervensi (mean= 9,80). Hasil analisis diperoleh p=0,000 < α 0,05. Kesimpulan penelitian terdapat pengaruh tingkat pengetahuan ibu sebelum dan sesudah diberikan intervensi berupa pendidikan kesehatan dengan AVA dan faktor yang mempengaruhinya meliputi usia, tingkat pendidikan dan pekerjaan ibu. Perlunya peran kedua yaitu ayah, pengasuh dalam memberikan pendidikan seks dini pada anak bagi ibu yang bekerja di luar rumah dan pentingnya integrasi pendidikan seks pada kurikulum pembelajaran. Kata kunci : faktor, pengetahuan, pendidikan seks dini, ibu AbstractChild sexual violence cases in Indonesia enter emergency phase. Data on Child Protection Commission (KPA) in Indonesia about 12% of all children in the world experiencing sexual violence, in Indonesia 2016 were 120 cases, 2017 were 116 cases, 2018 were 149 cases, in East Java 2017 were 393 cases , February 2018 were 117 cases, Probolinggo District in January-April 2016 were 35 cases. Preliminary study 16 August 2018 of 16 mothers in Kindergarten, Early School Education Sumber Secang,Condong village were 69% difficulty to answer children's questions about sexuality. The aims to analyse importance factors of mother's knowledge of early sex education. Pre experimental design pre post test group design, the population of all mother children in Kindergarten and Early School Education in Sumber Secang, Condong were 234 people, samples were 146 people, simple random sampling, questionnaire, observation sheet, analysis Wilcoxon match paired test . The results study 74.7% of mothers have age 25-40 y.o, 41.1% junior high school, 64.4% as housewives, pre test results were 40.4% mothers have low level of knowledge (mean = 6.28), 40.4% of mothers have good level of knowledge after the intervention (mean = 9.80), p = 0,000 < α 0.05. The conclusion have the influence of mothers knowledge level before and after intervention by AVA and factors that affect it include age, education level, employment. The need for a second roles are father, caregiver in providing early sex education to children for mothers working outdoors and importance to integrate of sex education on learning curriculum.Keywords: factor, knowledge, early sex education, mother