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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

KVON, Z. D., E. B. OLSHANETSKY, D. A. KOZLOV, N. N. MIKHAILOV, and S. A. DVORETSKII. "A NEW TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON-HOLE SYSTEM." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 12n13 (May 20, 2009): 2888–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209062499.

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A two-dimensional electron-hole system consisting of light high-mobility electrons with a density of Ns = (4 - 7) × 1010 cm -2 and heavier lower-mobility holes with a density Ps = (0.7 - 1.6) × 1011 cm -2 has been discovered in a quantum well based on mercury telluride with the (013) surface orientation. The system exhibits a number of specific magnetotransport properties in both the classical magnetotransport (positive magnetoresistance and sign-variable Hall effect) and the quantum Hall effect regime. These properties are associated with the coexistence of two-dimensional electrons and holes and actually manifest the first realization of a two-dimensional semimetal.

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2

Zaluzec, N. J., and M. G. Strauss. "EELS parallel detection using 2-dimensional CCD array." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 662–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100105370.

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Conventional parallel detectors for Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) have been mainly based upon systems using linear photodiode arrays in a conjugate image plane of an electron spectrometer. We have developed a unique two dimensional charge coupled device (CCD) camera system which can be used as a detector for EEL spectroscopy and imaging, utilizing high sensitivity, high resolution CCD's, which are typically used in medial or astronomic imaging.The present detector system is based upon a Tektronics TK512M 512 x 512 pixel CCD array, (figure 1) which is optically coupled to a YAG:Ce single crystal scintillator. This CCD imaging system views an electron energy loss spectrum which is magnified by a quadrupole doublet lens attached to a Gatan 607 electron spectrometer on a Philips EM420 TEM as is illustrated in figure 2. The CCD controller, detector head electronics and electron optics were developed at Argonne specifically for high speed data acquisition and allow the recording of complete spectra in as short a time as 10 μsec or approximately 103 times faster than the typical 1024 pixel photodiode arrays’ thus allowing the potential for time resolved spectroscopy.

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3

von Harrach, H. S., and J. A. Colling. "A 2-dimensional detection system for Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 408–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100154019.

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A UHV-compatible parallel and serial detection system for electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) has been developed for the VG HB501 field-emission scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) using a 2-dimensional detector. As pointed out previously the charge coupled devices (CCD) available commercially are vastly superior, in terms of read-out noise, to linear photodiode arrays which are currently used for parallel EELS detection. This feature, together with the ability of operating as an imaging and storage device, makes the 2-dimensional CCD array an attractive choice for parallel EELS and low light-level imaging applications.The system reported here (Fig. 1) is an extension of the VG ELS501 sector magnetspectrometer used for serial EELS with many STEMS. It uses one quadrupole lens to magnify the energy-loss spectrum over a range of 2 to 0.1 eV per detector element. An electromagnetic deflector steers the spectrum to one of three YAG scintillators. Two of these scintillators with suitable masks are used for parallel EELS detection; the third is used for serial EELS and energy filtered STEM imaging via a lightguide and photomultiplier system by scanning the beam across a variable slit as in ELS 501 systems.

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4

Hu, G. Y., and R. F. O'Connell. "Dielectric response of a quasi-one-dimensional electron system." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 2, no. 47 (November 26, 1990): 9381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/2/47/013.

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5

XU, W. "FAR-INFRARED EMISSION BY HEATED ELECTRONS IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR SYSTEM." Modern Physics Letters B 10, no. 06 (March 10, 1996): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984996000225.

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In this letter, we present a detailed theoretical study that explores the possibility to use AlGaAs/GaAs-based two-dimensional semiconductor systems (2DSSs) as the far-infrared (FIR) generators at zero-magnetic field and by electrically heated electrons. A simple model from which the intensity of FIR radiation can be calculated as a function of photon frequency is developed by calculating the electron-energy-loss induced by hot-electron interaction with electromagnetic field, mediated by electron-phonon scattering. The main results obtained from the present study are: (1) in a 2DSS, FIR radiation is mainly generated among the different electronic subbands; (2) the polarization of FIR generated from a 2DSS is along the growth direction; (3) the intensity of FIR radiation increases rapidly with increasing energy excitation, i.e., with electron temperature; (4) the frequency of electromagnetic wave generated is around ω~|εm– εn|/ħ with εn the electronic subband energy; and (5) for an AlGaAs-GaAs-AlGaAs single quantum well structure, the frequency of the FIR emission can be tuned by varying the width of the well layer. We have also studied the influence of electron density, lattice temperature, etc. on the FIR emission by heated electrons in 2DSSs.

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6

Huang, Geng-Ling, Rue-Ron Hsu, Chin-Rong Lee, and Hsiang-Nan Li. "Study of a 2+1 dimensional electron-monopole system via supersymmetry." Physics Letters A 191, no. 1-2 (August 1994): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(94)90552-5.

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7

Zvyagin, A. A., H. Johannesson, and M. Granath. "Multichannel Kondo screening in a one-dimensional correlated electron system." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 41, no. 2 (January 15, 1998): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i1998-00567-2.

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8

Taboryski, R., and P. E. Lindelof. "Spin-orbit effects in a 2-dimensional electron gas system with 2 subbands occupied." Physica B: Condensed Matter 165-166 (August 1990): 859–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(09)80015-x.

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9

Yi, Wang, Wang Kelin, and Wan Shaolong. "Soliton-Like Bipolaron in Two-Dimensional Deformable Electron-Phonon System." Communications in Theoretical Physics 29, no. 2 (March 15, 1998): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/29/2/309.

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10

Lissayou, J., J. C. Bissey, and Y. Servant. "Electron paramagnetic resonance of the two-dimensional system Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O." Solid State Communications 57, no. 8 (February 1986): 717–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(86)90359-5.

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11

Bissey, Jean-Claude, Jean Lissayou, and Yves Servant. "Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of the two-dimensional system Mn(HCOO)2·2H2O." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 59, no. 1-2 (May 1986): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(86)90003-x.

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12

Gurzhi, R. N., A. N. Kalinenko, and A. I. Kopeliovich. "Inefficiency of odd relaxation and propagation of electron beams in a two-dimensional electron system." Surface Science 361-362 (July 1996): 497–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(96)00454-2.

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13

FAN, HONG-YI. "ENTANGLED STATE REPRESENTATIONS FOR DESCRIBING 2-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON SYSTEM IN UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD." International Journal of Modern Physics B 18, no. 20n21 (August 30, 2004): 2771–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979204026196.

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Анотація:

We review how to rely on the quantum entanglement idea of Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen and the developed Dirac's symbolic method to set up two kinds of entangled state representations for describing the motion and states of an electron in uniform magnetic field. The entangled states can be employed for conveniently expressing Landau wave function and Laughlin wave function with a fresh look. We analyze the entanglement involved in electron's coordinates (or momenta) eigenstates, and in the angular momentum-orbit radius entangled state. Various applications of these two representations, such as in developing angular momentum theory, squeezing mechanism, Wigner function and tomography theory for this system are presented. Thus the present review systematically summarizes a distinct approach for tackling this physical system.

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14

Rauh, Alexander. "Analytical Localization Lengths in an One-Dimensional Disordered Electron System." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 64, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2009): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2009-3-407.

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Abstract Analytical approximations of the Lyapunov exponent are derived for a random displacement model with equal potential barriers and random positions of the scatterers. Two asymptotic regions are considered corresponding to high and low reflectivity of the single scattering potential. The analytical results are in terms of a distribution function W for certain phases of the transfer matrices. A functional equation for W is derived and numerically solved. This serves to validate the analytical asymptotic formulas which turn out to be accurate in the high and low reflectivity regions with dimensionless wave number K < 2 and K > 6, respectively. The high wave number asymptotics allows for an analytical examination of the sufficient conditions for Anderson localization

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15

Beckel, Andreas, Daming Zhou, Bastian Marquardt, Dirk Reuter, Andreas D. Wieck, Martin Geller, and Axel Lorke. "Momentum matching in the tunneling between 2-dimensional and 0-dimensional electron systems." Applied Physics Letters 100, no. 23 (June 4, 2012): 232110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4728114.

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16

Takanashi, K., H. Wu, Y. Kuramoto, Zh H. Cheng, T. Sakamoto, M. Owari, and Y. Nihei. "An ion and electron multibeam system for three-dimensional microanalysis." Surface and Interface Analysis 30, no. 1 (2000): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1096-9918(200008)30:1<493::aid-sia765>3.0.co;2-3.

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17

Yanetka, I. "On the One-Dimensional Electron System with the Plasmon-Mediated Interparticle Interaction." physica status solidi (b) 206, no. 2 (April 1998): 653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3951(199804)206:2<653::aid-pssb653>3.0.co;2-j.

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18

Huang, Yalei, Xinyu Yao, Fangyi Qi, Weihao Shen, and Guixin Cao. "Anomalous resistivity upturn in the van der Waals ferromagnet Fe₅GeTe₂." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 16 (October 17, 2022): 162403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0109735.

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Fe nGeTe2 ( n = 3, 4, and 5) has recently attracted increasing attention due to its two-dimensional van der Waals characteristic and high temperature ferromagnetism, which makes promises for spintronic devices. A Fe(1) split site is an important structural characteristic of Fe5GeTe2, which makes it very different from other Fe nGeTe2 ( n = 3 and 4) systems. The local atomic disorder and short-range order can be induced by the split site. In this work, high-quality van der Waals ferromagnet Fe5GeTe2 single crystals were grown to study low-temperature transport properties. We found a resistivity upturn below 10 K. The temperature and magnetic field dependence of the resistivity are in good agreement with a combination of the theory of disorder-enhanced three-dimensional electron–electron and single-channel Kondo effect. The Kondo effect exists only at low magnetic fields [Formula: see text], while electron–electron interaction dominates the appearance for the low-temperature resistivity upturn. We believe that the enhanced three-dimensional electron–electron interaction in this system is induced by the local atomic structural disorder due to the split site of Fe(1). Our results indicate that the split site of Fe plays an important role for the exceptional transport properties.

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19

D’Antuono, M., A. Kalaboukhov, R. Caruso, S. Wissberg, S. Weitz Sobelman, B. Kalisky, G. Ausanio, M. Salluzzo, and D. Stornaiuolo. "Nanopatterning of oxide 2-dimensional electron systems using low-temperature ion milling." Nanotechnology 33, no. 8 (November 30, 2021): 085301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac385e.

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Abstract We present a ‘top-down’ patterning technique based on ion milling performed at low-temperature, for the realization of oxide two-dimensional electron system devices with dimensions down to 160 nm. Using electrical transport and scanning Superconducting QUantum Interference Device measurements we demonstrate that the low-temperature ion milling process does not damage the 2DES properties nor creates oxygen vacancies-related conducting paths in the STO substrate. As opposed to other procedures used to realize oxide 2DES devices, the one we propose gives lateral access to the 2DES along the in-plane directions, finally opening the way to coupling with other materials, including superconductors.

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20

Orlenko, Elena, and Fedor Orlenko. "An Effect of the Space Dimension of Electron Fermi Gas upon the Spin Ordering in Clusters and Nanoparticles." Chemosensors 7, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors7010015.

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Herein, the collective effects of spin polarization in a degenerate electron gas of an arbitrary space dimension are discussed. We consider these low-dimensional systems in light of potential wells (rectangular or cylindrical), and as a two- or one-dimensional oscillator system with the second (and third) spatial dimension proportional to the oscillator’s length. The concept of “intermediate” sizes ν = 6, 5, 4 corresponding to the quasi-low dimensions ν* = 0, 1, 2, contrary to “pure” space dimensions ν = 1, 2 is introduced. A general effect of the space dimension upon the spontaneous polarization in electron Fermi gas is detected.

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21

Rees, David G., and Kimitoshi Kono. "Single-File Transport of Classical Electrons on the Surface of Liquid Helium." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 09, no. 04 (December 2014): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793048014400062.

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Electrons trapped on the surface of liquid helium form a model two-dimensional system. Because the electron density is low (~ 109 cm-2) and the Coulomb interaction between the electrons is essentially unscreened, the system can be regarded as a classical analogue of the degenerate Fermi gas. Electrons on helium have therefore long been used to study many-body transport phenomena in two dimensions. Here we review recent experiments investigating the transport of electrons on helium through microscopic constrictions formed in microchannel devices. Two constriction geometries are studied; short saddle-point constrictions and long constrictions in which the length greatly exceeds the width. In both cases, the constriction width can be tuned electrostatically so that the electrons move in single file. As the width of the short constriction is increased, a periodic suppression of the electron current is observed due to pinning for commensurate states of the electron lattice. A related phenomenon is observed for the long constriction whereby the quasi-one-dimensional Wigner lattice exhibits reentrant melting as the number of electron chains increases. Our results demonstrate that electrons on helium are an ideal system in which to study many-body transport in the limit of single-file motion. [Formula: see text] Special Issue Comments: This article presents experimental results on the dynamics of classical electrons moving on the surface of liquid helium in narrow channels with constrictions, with a focus on the "quantum wire", i.e. single file, regime. This article is related to the Special Issue articles about advanced statistical properties in single file dynamics34 and the mathematical results on electron dynamics in liquid helium.35

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22

OLSZEWSKI, S. "MAGNETIC MOMENT OF 2-DIMENSIONAL AND 3-DIMENSIONAL MANY-ELECTRON SYSTEMS EXAMINED WITH DEPENDENCE ON A COMMON SIZE PARAMETER." Modern Physics Letters B 16, no. 30 (December 30, 2002): 1183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984902004585.

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The orbital magnetic moments induced by a constant magnetic field in a two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) electron gas are calculated on the same footing independent of the conventional method based on statistical thermodynamics. The dependence of the moment on a common size parameter — defined as the cubic root of the volume occupied by one electron in a 3D gas — is found to be a similar monotonic function for both kinds of electron gas. This monotonic dependence is compared with the oscillating function of the size parameter obtained for the magnetic moment calculated in the case of a 2D slice of the tightly-bound s-electron states in a simple-cubic, or body-centred cubic, lattice.

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23

OLPAK, MEHMET ALI. "DIRAC EQUATION ON A CURVED (2+1)-DIMENSIONAL HYPERSURFACE." Modern Physics Letters A 27, no. 03 (January 30, 2012): 1250016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732312500162.

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Interest on (2+1)-dimensional electron systems has increased considerably after the realization of novel properties of graphene sheets, in which the behavior of electrons is effectively described by relativistic equations. Having this fact in mind, the following problem is studied in this work: when a spin-1/2 particle is constrained to move on a curved surface, is it possible to describe this particle without giving reference to the dimensions external to the surface? As a special case of this, a relativistic spin-1/2 particle which is constrained to move on a (2+1)-dimensional hypersurface of the (3+1)-dimensional Minkowskian spacetime is considered, and an effective Dirac equation for this particle is derived using the so-called thin layer method. Some of the results are compared with those obtained in a previous work by Burgess and Jensen.

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24

Wang, Xiaoqun. "A Kondo Impurity in One-Dimensional Correlated Conduction Electrons." Modern Physics Letters B 12, no. 17 (July 20, 1998): 667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984998000780.

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A spin-1/2 magnetic impurity coupled to a one-dimensional correlated electron system have been studied by applying the density renormalization group method. The Kondo temperature is substantially enhanced by strong repulsive interactions in the chain, but it changes non-monotonically in the case of electron attraction. The magnetization of the impurity at zero-temperature shows local Fermi liquid behavior.

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25

WAN, X., K. YANG, and E. H. REZAYI. "RECONSTRUCTION OF FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL EDGES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 20n22 (August 30, 2002): 2985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202013389.

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Edge reconstruction has been a well-known effect for integer quantum Hall liquids in the presence of both electron interactions and a confining potential generated by charged background. At more generic fractional fillings, we point out that confined two-dimensional interacting electrons can exhibit the similar reconstruction effect. Our exact diagonalization results show that, in a fractional quantum Hall system with a sharp cleaved edge potential, the electron density oscillation near the edge increases with the distance between the electron gas and the background charge layer. As a results, the outermost hump can detach from the bulk beyond certain point. We suggest that the edge reconstruction effect is relevant to the recent edge tunneling experiments,1 as well as the microwave absorption experiment on two-dimensional electrons in an antidot array.2 Calculating the finite-temperature density profiles, we estimate the temperature above which the edge reconstruction disappears to further discuss the relevance to the microwave absorption experiment.

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26

Weis, J., Y. Y. Wei, and K. v. Klitzing. "Probing the depletion region of a two-dimensional electron system in high magnetic fields." Physica B: Condensed Matter 256-258 (December 1998): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(98)00574-2.

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27

Brown, R. J., M. Pepper, H. Ahmed, D. G. Hasko, D. A. Ritchie, J. E. F. Frost, D. C. Peacock, and G. A. C. Jones. "Differential negative resistance in a one-dimensional mesoscopic system due to single-electron tunnelling." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 2, no. 8 (February 26, 1990): 2105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/2/8/017.

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28

Popov, V. V., and T. V. Teperik. "Total polarization conversion in a two-dimensional electron system under cyclotron polariton resonance conditions." Journal of Optics B: Quantum and Semiclassical Optics 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): S194—S197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1464-4266/3/2/368.

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29

Briggeman, Megan, Michelle Tomczyk, Binbin Tian, Hyungwoo Lee, Jung-Woo Lee, Yuchi He, Anthony Tylan-Tyler, et al. "Pascal conductance series in ballistic one-dimensional LaAlO3/SrTiO3 channels." Science 367, no. 6479 (February 13, 2020): 769–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat6467.

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One-dimensional electronic systems can support exotic collective phases because of the enhanced role of electron correlations. We describe the experimental observation of a series of quantized conductance steps within strongly interacting electron waveguides formed at the lanthanum aluminate–strontium titanate (LaAlO3/SrTiO3) interface. The waveguide conductance follows a characteristic sequence within Pascal’s triangle: (1, 3, 6, 10, 15, …) ⋅ e2/h, where e is the electron charge and h is the Planck constant. This behavior is consistent with the existence of a family of degenerate quantum liquids formed from bound states of n = 2, 3, 4, … electrons. Our experimental setup could provide a setting for solid-state analogs of a wide range of composite fermionic phases.

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30

Bucheli, D., S. Caprara, C. Castellani, and M. Grilli. "Metal–superconductor transition in low-dimensional superconducting clusters embedded in two-dimensional electron systems." New Journal of Physics 15, no. 2 (February 8, 2013): 023014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/2/023014.

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31

TAKASHINA, K., Y. NIIDA, V. T. RENARD, A. FUJIWARA, T. FUJISAWA, and Y. HIRAYAMA. "NEGATIVE MAGNETORESISTANCE OF A SILICON 2DEG UNDER IN-PLANE MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO SPIN-SPLITTING OF UPPER SUBBANDS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 12n13 (May 20, 2009): 2938–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797920906258x.

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Анотація:

We examine the effect of an in-plane magnetic field on the resistance of a 2-dimensional electron system confined in a silicon quantum well when the Fermi energy is tuned through the upper valley-subband edge while the electrons are otherwise valley-polarized. In contrast to previous experiments on valley-degenerate systems which only showed positive magnetoresistance, when the Fermi energy is at or near the upper valley-subband edge, the magnetoresistance is found to show a distinct negative contribution which is interpreted as being due to spin polarization of the upper valley-subband.

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32

Suresha, Kasala. "Hot Electron Transport in Two-dimensional SiGe/Si Quantum Wells." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 1103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50288.

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Abstract: The hot carrier energy loss rate in a two-dimensioal electron gas in SiGe/Si quantum well has been theoretically studied and carrier concentration ranging from 1.0x1012 to 5.0x1014 m-2. The energy loss rate in this highly non-parabolic system is dominated by acoustic deformation potential scattering, whereas the acoustic piezoelectric scattering is negligible. We also studied variation of energy loss rate with thickness of various quantum wells

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33

Schlottmann, P. "Exact Results for Highly Correlated Electron Systems in One Dimension." International Journal of Modern Physics B 11, no. 04n05 (February 20, 1997): 355–667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979297000368.

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One-dimensional conductors are a long-standing topic of research with direct applications to organic conductors and mesoscopic rings. The discovery of the ceramic high-temperature superconductors has revitalized the interest in low-dimensional charge and spin fluctuations of highly correlated electron systems. Several mechanisms proposed to explain the high-T c superconductors invoke properties of the two-dimensional Hubbard model, but probably also some one-dimensional aspects are relevant. Numerous one-dimensional models for correlated electrons have been studied with various approximate, asymptotically exact and exact methods. These results lead to the concept of Luttinger liquid for interacting electron gases without excitation gaps (metallic systems). Characteristic of Luttinger liquids are the charge and spin separation, marginal Fermi liquid properties, e.g. the absence of quasiparticles in the vicinity of the Fermi surface, nonuniversal power-law singularities in the one-particle spectral function and the related absence of a discontinuity in the momentum distribution at the Fermi level, the power-law decay of correlation functions for long times and large distances, persistent currents in finite rings, etc. Due to the peculiarities of the phase space in one dimension some of the models have sufficient conserved currents to be completely integrable. We review exact results derived within the framework of Bethe's ansatz for integrable one-dimensional models of correlated electrons. The Bethe-ansatz method is presented by explicitly showing the steps leading to the solution of the N-component electron gas interacting via a δ-function potential (repulsive and attractive interaction), which is probably the simplest model of correlated electrons. Emphasis is given to the procedure to extract the groundstate properties, the classification of states, the excitation spectrum, the thermodynamics and finite size effects, such as critical exponents of correlation functions and persistent currents. The method is then applied to numerous other models, e.g. (i) a two-band model involving attractive and repulsive potentials and crystalline fields splitting the bands, (ii) the traditional Hubbard chain with attractive and repulsive U, (iii) the degenerate Hubbard model with repulsive U, which displays a metal–insulator transition at a finite U, (iv) a two-band Hubbard model with repulsive U, (v) the traditional supersymmetric t–J model (vi) a two-band supersymmetric t–J model with band-splitting and (vii) the N-component supersymmetric t–J model. Finally, results for models with long-range interactions, in particular r-2 and sinh -2(r) potentials, are briefly reviewed.

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34

Zhou, Biao, Shoji Ishibashi, Tatsuru Ishii, Takahiko Sekine, Ryosuke Takehara, Kazuya Miyagawa, Kazushi Kanoda, Eiji Nishibori, and Akiko Kobayashi. "Single-component molecular conductor [Pt(dmdt)2]—a three-dimensional ambient-pressure molecular Dirac electron system." Chemical Communications 55, no. 23 (2019): 3327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc00218a.

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35

SITKO, PIOTR. "ON THE INTERACTION ENERGY OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON FQHE SYSTEMS WITHIN THE CHERN–SIMONS APPROACH." International Journal of Modern Physics B 13, no. 17 (July 10, 1999): 2263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797929900237x.

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The interaction energy of the two-dimensional electron system in the region of fractional quantum Hall effect is considered within the Chern–Simons composite fermion approach. In the limit when Coulomb interaction is very small comparing to the cyclotron energy the RPA results are obtained for the fillings ν=1/3, 1/5, 2/3, 2/5, 3/7 and compared with the exact diagonalization results for small systems (extrapolated for infinite systems). They show very poor agreement suggesting the need for looking for alternative approaches.

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36

Кулик, Л. В., А. В. Горбунов, А. С. Журавлев, В. Б. Тимофеев та И. В. Кукушкин. "Двумерные триплетные магнитоэкситоны и магнетофермионный конденсат в GaAs/AlGaAs гетероструктурах". Физика твердого тела 60, № 8 (2018): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2018.08.46255.01gr.

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AbstractA fundamentally new collective state, namely, the magnetofermionic condensate, is discovered during photoexcitation of a sufficiently dense gas of long-lived triplet cyclotron magnetoexcitons in a twodimensional Hall insulator with a high electron mobility, a filling factor of ν = 2, and temperatures of T < 1 K. The condensed phase coherently interacts with an external electromagnetic field, exhibits superradiant properties in the recombination of correlated condensate electrons with heavy holes in the valence band, and spreads nondissipatively in the layer of a two-dimensional electron gas to macroscopical large distances, transferring an integer spin. The observed effects are explained in terms of a coherent condensate in a nonequilibrium system of two-dimensional fermions with a fully quantized energy spectrum, in which a degenerate ensemble of long-lived triplet magnetoexcitons obeying the Bose statistics is present.

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37

Motokawa, Natsuko, Hitoshi Miyasaka, Masahiro Yamashita, and Kim R Dunbar. "An Electron-Transfer Ferromagnet withTc=107 K Based on a Three-Dimensional [Ru2]2/TCNQ System." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 47, no. 40 (September 22, 2008): 7760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200802574.

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38

Motokawa, Natsuko, Hitoshi Miyasaka, Masahiro Yamashita, and Kim R Dunbar. "An Electron-Transfer Ferromagnet withTc=107 K Based on a Three-Dimensional [Ru2]2/TCNQ System." Angewandte Chemie 120, no. 40 (September 22, 2008): 7874–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200802574.

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39

Mimura, Hidekazu, Hitoshi Ohmori, and Kazuto Yamauchi. "Development of Focusing System for X-Ray Free Electron Laser." Key Engineering Materials 516 (June 2012): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.516.251.

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The X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) is a new type of synchrotron facility, which can produce full coherent light at X-ray wavelength ranges. Its focusing system makes it possible to create an extremely intensive XFEL beam. Long-size focusing mirrors are necessary for this system from the viewpoint of X-ray radiation damage. We established the figuring system with an accuracy at the nanometre level. The focusing mirror has an elliptical curved shape with a length of 400 mm. Figure accuracy with a peak-to-valley height of 2 nm is achieved. The Kirkpatrick Baez focusing system was also designed and developed for two-dimensional focusing at Japanese XFEL.

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40

MORGENSTERN, M. "Comparing measured and calculated local density of states in a disordered two-dimensional electron system." Physica B: Condensed Matter 329-333 (May 2003): 1536–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(02)02279-2.

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41

Xue, Yudong, Zachary S. Fishman, Yunting Wang, Zhenhua Pan, Xin Shen, Rito Yanagi, Gregory S. Hutchings, et al. "Hydrogen evolution activity tuning via two-dimensional electron accumulation at buried interfaces." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 36 (2019): 20696–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta07123g.

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The buried electrocatalytic interfaces between bimetallic sulfide nanosheets and ALD TiO₂ coatings achieved remarkable HER activity improvement, offering a general strategy for improving the charge-transfer kinetics of an electrocatalytic system.

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42

Kushwaha, M. S., and F. Garcia-Möliner. "Response functions for quasi-n-dimensional (n = 2, 1, 0) electron systems." Physics Letters A 205, no. 2-3 (September 1995): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(95)00566-l.

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43

Karwowski, J., J. Planelles, and F. Rajadell. "Average energy of anN-electron system in a finite-dimensional and spin-adapted model space." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 61, no. 1 (1997): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-461x(1997)61:1<63::aid-qua7>3.0.co;2-2.

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44

Tanatar, B., and E. Demirel. "Quasi-Particle Properties of a One-Dimensional Electron System Interacting with a Short-Range Potential." physica status solidi (b) 220, no. 2 (August 2000): 909–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3951(200008)220:2<909::aid-pssb909>3.0.co;2-3.

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45

Aksenchyk, A. V., and I. F. Kirynovich. "Simulation of High-Power Klystrons with Heterogeneous Focusing Magnetic Field." Doklady BGUIR 20, no. 2 (April 6, 2022): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35596/1729-7648-2022-20-2-94-98.

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The work shows a significant effect of the focusing magnetic field on the output characteristics of the klystron. When the calculations are done using nonlinear one-dimensional models, optimization of the parameters makes it possible to obtain versions of devices with the efficiency of 0.8 – 0.9 and higher. However, when testing these options using nonlinear two-dimensional models that take into account the radial motion of electrons, there is a significant discrepancy in the output characteristics obtained from the one-dimensional and two-dimensional models. This is due to the fact that during the motion of the electron beam, the radii of the leading centers of the large particles change the coefficients of interaction of the particle fields with the electromagnetic fields of the resonators change, which leads to a change in the output characteristics of the klystrons: efficiency, output power, and gain. On the other hand, it seemed that setting a large focusing magnetic field to exclude the radial motion of particles could eliminate this drawback, however, another problem arises here - the magnetic system for focusing becomes unacceptably large and it is technically difficult to obtain magnetic induction values of more than 2 T (the weight of the magnetic system can be several hundred kilograms). Therefore, one should choose the magnetic field induction for focusing the electron beam no more than 1T. In this paper, a twodimensional nonlinear mathematical model (2.5D) is proposed that takes into account the azimuthal component in the equations of motion. In the model, the induction of the focusing magnetic field is set in the form of tables. This makes it possible to set the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field at any place in the interaction space of the klystron. The calculation of a powerful relativistic klystron with an accelerating voltage of 1000 kV and the beam current of 250 A was carried out. The use of an inhomogeneous magnetic field makes it possible to reduce the deposition of electrons in the region of the gaps. Therefore, a decrease in the electron deposition leads to an increase in the durability of klystrons.

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46

Hasan, M. Z., Y. Li, Y. D. Chuang, P. A. Montano, Z. Hussain, H. Eisaki, N. Motoyama, and S. Uchida. "Particle-Hole Pair Excitations in a Quasi-Zero-Dimensional Mott Insulator." International Journal of Modern Physics B 17, no. 18n20 (August 10, 2003): 3513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979203021319.

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We investigate momentum dependence of charge excitations across the effective Mott gap in a quasi-zero dimensional (q-ZD) model cuprate Li 2 CuO 2, using high resolution inelastic X-ray scattering by working near a resonance. In comparison to quasi-one dimensional (q-1D) systems such as Sr 2 CuO 3 or SrCuO 2, momentum dependence is much weaker in Li 2 CuO 2. Particle-hole pair excitations at the gap edge in these low dimensional Mott systems are found to be strongly dependent on the effective dimensionality (or topology) of the lattice and the strength of electron–electron interaction.

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47

WEGER, M., and L. BURLACHKOV. "RENORMALIZATION OF FERMI VELOCITY IN A COMPOSITE TWO DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GAS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 07, no. 01n03 (January 1993): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979293000214.

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We calculate the self-energy Σ(k, ω) of an electron gas with a Coulomb interaction in a composite 2D system, consisting of metallic layers of thickness d ≳ a 0, where a 0 = ħ2∊1/ me 2 is the Bohr radius, separated by layers with a dielectric constant ∊2 and a lattice constant c perpendicular to the planes. The behavior of the electron gas is determined by the dimensionless parameters k F a 0 and k F c ∊2/∊1. We find that when ∊2/∊1 is large (≈5 or more), the velocity v(k) becomes strongly k-dependent near k F , and v ( k F ) is enhanced by a factor of 5-10. This behavior is similar to the one found by Lindhard in 1954 for an unscreened electron gas; however here we take screening into account. The peak in v(k) is very sharp (δ k/k F is a few percent) and becomes sharper as ∊2/∊1 increases. This velocity renormalization has dramatic effects on the transport properties; the conductivity at low T increases like the square of the velocity renormalization and the resistivity due to elastic scattering becomes temperature dependent, increasing approximately linearly with T. For scattering by phonons, ρ ∝ T 2. Preliminary measurements suggest an increase in v k in YBCO very close to k F .

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48

Schreiber, Katherine A., and Gábor A. Csáthy. "Competition of Pairing and Nematicity in the Two-Dimensional Electron Gas." Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics 11, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050550.

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Due to its extremely rich phase diagram, the two-dimensional electron gas exposed to perpendicular magnetic fields has been the subject of intense and sustained study. One particularly interesting problem in this system is that of the half-filled Landau level, where the Fermi sea of composite fermions, a fractional quantum Hall state arising from a pairing instability of the composite fermions, and the quantum Hall nematic were observed in the half-filled N = 0, N = 1, and N ≥ 2 Landau levels, respectively. Thus, different ground states developed in different half-filled Landau levels. This situation has recently changed, when evidence for both the paired fractional quantum Hall state and the quantum Hall nematic was reported in the half-filled N = 1 Landau level. Furthermore, a direct quantum phase transition between these two ordered states was found. These results highlight an intimate connection between pairing and nematicity, which is a topic of current interest in several strongly correlated systems, in a well-understood and low-disorder environment.

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49

Wu-Morrow, Xiao-Rong, Cecile Dewitt-Morette, and Lev Rozansky. "Chern Numbers and Green's Functions in Solid State Physics." International Journal of Modern Physics B 11, no. 11 (May 10, 1997): 1389–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797929700071x.

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Using the energy Green's function formulation proposed by Niu 1 for particle densities, we construct and clarify the nature of the topological invariant assigned to the Hall conductance in the Hall system of 2-dimensional noninteracting electron gas; we identify this topological quantum number explicitly as the first Chern number of a complex vector bundle over a 2-torus parametrized by the magnetic potential (a1, a2); the fibres are finite dimensional spaces spanned by eigenfunctions of the system with energy eigenvalues below the Fermi energy. Other cases can be treated by a similar procedure, namely, by recognizing that some physical quantities are integrals of curvatures defined on a nontrivial finite dimensional complex bundle. Therefore, in suitable units, they take integer values. We treat, as an example, the electron density response to a dilation of a periodic potential. The integer in this case is the number of Bloch bands. The quantization of the Hall conductance and density response is also shown in the presence of disorder.

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50

Liu, Jian-Jun, Teng Liu, and Chang-Cang Huang. "Synthesis and characterization of a photochromic magnesium(II) coordination polymer based on a naphthalene diimide ligand." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 73, no. 6 (May 9, 2017): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229617006544.

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Naphthalene diimides, which are planar, chemically robust and redox-active, are an attractive class of electron-deficient dyes, which can undergo a single reversible one-electron reduction to form stable radical anions in the presence of electron donors upon irradiation. This makes them excellent candidates for organic linkers in the construction of photochromic coordination polymers. Such a photochromic one-dimensional linear coordination polymer has been prepared using N,N′-bis(3-carboxyphenyl)naphthalene-1,8:4,5-tetracarboximide (H2BBNDI). Crystallization of H2BBNDI with magnesium nitrate in an N,N′-dimethylformamide (DMF)/ethanol/H2O mixed-solvent system under solvothermal conditions afforded the one-dimensional coordination polymer catena-poly[[bis(dimethylformamide-κO)magnesium(II)]-bis[μ-N-(3-carboxylatophenyl)-N′-(3-carboxylphenyl)naphthalene-1,8:4,5-tetracarboximide-κ2 O:O′]], [Mg(C28H13N2O8)2(C3H7NO)2] n . The asymmetric unit contains half of a magnesium cation, one HBBNDI− ligand and one DMF molecule. Two partially deprotonated HBBNDI− ligands bridge two magnesium cations to form a one-dimensional chain. Strong inter-chain π–π interactions between the naphthalene rings of the HBBNDI− ligand and the imide rings of adjacent chains provide a two-dimensional structure. The supramolecular three-dimensional framework is stabilized by π–π interactions between naphthalene rings of neighbouring two-dimensional supramolecular networks. The complex exhibits a reversible photochromic behaviour, which may originate from the photoinduced electron-transfer generation of radicals in the HBBNDI− ligand.

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