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Книги з теми "- dimensional electron system (2 DES)"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Andrei, Eva Y., ed. Two-Dimensional Electron Systems. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-1286-2.

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2

Göres, Jörn. Correlation effects in 2-dimensional electron systems: Composite fermions and electron liquid crystals. Stuttgart: Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, 2004.

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3

Aoki, H., M. Tsukada, M. Schlüter, and F. Lévy, eds. New Horizons in Low-Dimensional Electron Systems. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3190-2.

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4

Okiji, Ayao, and Norio Kawakami, eds. Correlation Effects in Low-Dimensional Electron Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85129-2.

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5

The Electron Hole System in Two-Dimensional Semiconductors and Their Heterostructures. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2020.

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6

Schreiber, Katherine A. Ground States of the Two-Dimensional Electron System at Half-Filling under Hydrostatic Pressure. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26322-5.

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7

Alexandrov, Georgii A. Carbon sink archives: An integrated system for storing, retrieving and analyzing 2-dimensional data related to the problem of terrestrial carbon sink. Tsukuba, Japan: Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 2009.

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8

Staples, I. Application of the coupled cluster method to the two dimensional triangular lattice frustrated spin-1/2 system with an antiferromagnetic Heisenberg Hamiltonian. Manchester: UMIST, 1994.

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9

service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Cooperative Design, Visualization, and Engineering: 9th International Conference, CDVE 2012, Osaka, Japan, September 2-5, 2012. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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10

Araújo, Ana Cláudia Vaz de. Síntese de nanopartículas de óxido de ferro e nanocompósitos com polianilina. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-120-2.

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In this work magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized through the precipitation method from an aqueous ferrous sulfate solution under ultrasound. A 23 factorial design in duplicate was carried out to determine the best synthesis conditions and to obtain the smallest crystallite sizes. Selected conditions were ultrasound frequency of 593 kHz for 40 min in 1.0 mol L-1 NaOH medium. Average crystallite sizes were of the order of 25 nm. The phase obtained was identified by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) as magnetite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed polydisperse particles with dimensions around 57 nm, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed average particle diameters around 29 nm, in the same order of magnitude of the crystallite size determined with Scherrer’s equation. These magnetic nanoparticles were used to obtain nanocomposites with polyaniline (PAni). The material was prepared under exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) or under heating, from dispersions of the nanoparticles in an acidic solution of aniline. Unlike other synthetic routes reported elsewhere, this new route does not utilize any additional oxidizing agent. XRD analysis showed the appearance of a second crystalline phase in all the PAni-Fe3O4 composites, which was indexed as goethite. Furthermore, the crystallite size decreases nearly 50 % with the increase in the synthesis time. This size decrease suggests that the nanoparticles are consumed during the synthesis. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the amount of polyaniline increases with synthesis time. The nanocomposite electric conductivity was around 10-5 S cm-1, nearly one order of magnitude higher than for pure magnetite. Conductivity varied with the amount of PAni in the system, suggesting that the electric properties of the nanocomposites can be tuned according to their composition. Under an external magnetic field the nanocomposites showed hysteresis behavior at room temperature, characteristic of ferromagnetic materials. Saturation magnetization (MS) for pure magnetite was ~ 74 emu g-1. For the PAni-Fe3O4 nanocomposites, MS ranged from ~ 2 to 70 emu g-1, depending on the synthesis conditions. This suggests that composition can also be used to control the magnetic properties of the material.

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11

Schreiber, Katherine A. Ground States of the Two-Dimensional Electron System at Half-Filling under Hydrostatic Pressure. Springer International Publishing AG, 2020.

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12

Schreiber, Katherine A. Ground States of the Two-Dimensional Electron System at Half-Filling under Hydrostatic Pressure. Springer, 2019.

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13

Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Interacting Electron–Hole–Phonon System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0011.

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Chapter 11 employs variational differential techniques and the Schwinger Action Principle to derive coupled-field Green’s function equations for a multi-component system, modeled as an interacting electron-hole-phonon system. The coupled Fermion Green’s function equations involve five interactions (electron-electron, hole-hole, electron-hole, electron-phonon, and hole-phonon). Starting with quantum Hamilton equations of motion for the various electron/hole creation/annihilation operators and their nonequilibrium average/expectation values, variational differentiation with respect to particle sources leads to a chain of coupled Green’s function equations involving differing species of Green’s functions. For example, the 1-electron Green’s function equation is coupled to the 2-electron Green’s function (as earlier), also to the 1-electron/1-hole Green’s function, and to the Green’s function for 1-electron propagation influenced by a nontrivial phonon field. Similar remarks apply to the 1-hole Green’s function equation, and all others. Higher order Green’s function equations are derived by further variational differentiation with respect to sources, yielding additional couplings. Chapter 11 also introduces the 1-phonon Green’s function, emphasizing the role of electron coupling in phonon propagation, leading to dynamic, nonlocal electron screening of the phonon spectrum and hybridization of the ion and electron plasmons, a Bohm-Staver phonon mode, and the Kohn anomaly. Furthermore, the single-electron Green’s function with only phonon coupling can be rewritten, as usual, coupled to the 2-electron Green’s function with an effective time-dependent electron-electron interaction potential mediated by the 1-phonon Green’s function, leading to the polaron as an electron propagating jointly with its induced lattice polarization. An alternative formulation of the coupled Green’s function equations for the electron-hole-phonon model is applied in the development of a generalized shielded potential approximation, analysing its inverse dielectric screening response function and associated hybridized collective modes. A brief discussion of the (theoretical) origin of the exciton-plasmon interaction follows.

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14

Zarembo, Jaroslavs. Research and Development of the Synchronous Reluctance Motor Traction Drive. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227844.

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The aim of the Doctoral Thesis is the design, development and testing of an electric drive based on SynRM and a two-level frequency inverter for traction application. Within the research an electric motor in the overall dimensions of an existing serial induction motor for the trolleybus was developed, manufactured, and investigated. The result of the work was the development and testing of a new model of traction SynRM with control system for trolleybus drive. The Doctoral Thesis has been written in English. It consists of an Introduction, 5 chapters, Conclusions, 58 figures, 12 tables, and 2 appendices; the total number of pages is 80, including appendices. The Bibliography contains 40 titles.

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15

Borovsky, Joseph E., Gian Luca Delzanno, Elena Kronberg, and Cecilia Norgren, eds. Cold-Ion Populations and Cold-Electron Populations in the Earth’s Magnetosphere and Their Impact on the System. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88976-438-9.

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16

Shallow Water Hydrodynamics - Mathematical Theory and Numerical Solution for a Two-dimensional System of Shallow Water Equations. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0422-9894(08)x7007-2.

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17

Concha Cantú, Hugo A., Miguel Ángel Lara Otaola, and Jesús Orozco Henríquez. Towards a Global Index of Electoral Justice: International IDEA Discussion Paper 2/2020. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, and Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.29.

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Globally, a wide variety of indices and indicators evaluate and provide information on different aspects of democracy and electoral procedures. On the one hand, there are indices that measure the quality of democracy and its resilience over time, focusing on building blocks such as the existence of representative governments, civil and political rights and necessary power limits. Other indices evaluate the quality of elections and specific aspects, such as voter registration, campaign financing and the performance of electoral authorities. Finally, others evaluate rule of law and access to justice. However, none of these indices focuses on the dimension of electoral justice, understood as the means and procedural mechanisms that guarantee free and fair elections, carried out in accordance with the law, and that guarantee the exercise and fulfilment of political rights. This is about to change. International IDEA, with the support of the Electoral Tribunal of the Federal Judiciary of Mexico, makes an unprecedented proposal for the construction of a Global Index dedicated exclusively to electoral justice. This document includes a measurement proposal with normative design, process and result indicators, which will offer useful and comparative information on the electoral conflict resolution system of a given country or countries. It will provide comparative knowledge on electoral processes and institutions from around the world and assess the quality of their electoral justice.

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18

Inclán, María. Opportunities for Mobilization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869465.003.0003.

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This chapter analyzes the development of the Zapatista cycle of protests from 1994 to 2003 in relation to the political opportunities opened to the movement during Mexico’s democratic transition. In particular, it describes to what extent Zapatista protest activity was affected by the four traditional dimensions identified in the literature of political opportunity: (1) negotiating periods, as well as changes in power as signs of openings in the political system at the local and national levels; (2) the timing and competitiveness of elections as measures of the relative vulnerability of political elites; (3) the presence of a potential political ally in power; and (4) the Mexican state’s capacity for repression. The chapter compares the explanatory power of these factors to another factor that the literature has highlighted as a crucial variable for mobilization, namely the availability of a network of preexisting organizations.

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19

Glazov, M. M. Electron & Nuclear Spin Dynamics in Semiconductor Nanostructures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807308.001.0001.

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In recent years, the physics community has experienced a revival of interest in spin effects in solid state systems. On one hand, solid state systems, particularly semicon- ductors and semiconductor nanosystems, allow one to perform benchtop studies of quantum and relativistic phenomena. On the other hand, interest is supported by the prospects of realizing spin-based electronics where the electron or nuclear spins can play a role of quantum or classical information carriers. This book aims at rather detailed presentation of multifaceted physics of interacting electron and nuclear spins in semiconductors and, particularly, in semiconductor-based low-dimensional structures. The hyperfine interaction of the charge carrier and nuclear spins increases in nanosystems compared with bulk materials due to localization of electrons and holes and results in the spin exchange between these two systems. It gives rise to beautiful and complex physics occurring in the manybody and nonlinear system of electrons and nuclei in semiconductor nanosystems. As a result, an understanding of the intertwined spin systems of electrons and nuclei is crucial for in-depth studying and control of spin phenomena in semiconductors. The book addresses a number of the most prominent effects taking place in semiconductor nanosystems including hyperfine interaction, nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamical nuclear polarization, spin-Faraday and -Kerr effects, processes of electron spin decoherence and relaxation, effects of electron spin precession mode-locking and frequency focusing, as well as fluctuations of electron and nuclear spins.

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20

van Houselt, Arie, and Harold J. W. Zandvliet. Self-organizing atom chains. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.9.

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This article examines the intriguing physical properties of nanowires, with particular emphasis on self-organizing atom chains. It begins with an overview of the one-dimensional free electron model and some interesting phenomena of one-dimensional electron systems. It derives an expression for the 1D density of states, which exhibits a singularity at the bottom of the band and extends the free-electron model, taking into consideration a weak periodic potential that is induced by the lattice. It also describes the electrostatic interactions between the electrons and goes on to discuss two interesting features of 1D systems: the quantization of conductance and Peierls instability. Finally, the article presents the experimental results of a nearly ideal one-dimensional system, namely self-organizing platinum atom chains on a Ge(001) surface, focusing on their formation, quantum confinement between the Pt chains and the occurrence of a Peierls transition within the chains.

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21

Saitoh, E. Topological spin current. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses another type of equilibrium-spin current similar to the exchange-spin current—the topological spin current. Topological spin currents are driven by topological-band structure and classified into bulk and surface topological spin currents. The former is confined onto electron-band manifolds, sometimes affecting their motions. This confinement is addressed through the standard method of combining the equations of motion and the Boltzmann equation for semi-classical electrons in a band. The latter class, on the other hand, is a surface-spin current, which is limited near surfaces of a three-dimensional system and flows along these surfaces. This type is known to appear in topological insulators, where the bulk is insulating but the surface or edge is electrically conducting due to the surface or edge state.

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22

Levin, Frank S. Quantum Boxes, Stringed Instruments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0008.

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Chapter 7 illustrates the results obtained by applying the Schrödinger equation to a simple pedagogical quantum system, the particle in a one-dimensional box. The wave functions are seen to be sine waves; their wavelengths are evaluated and used to calculate the quantized energies via the de Broglie relation. An energy-level diagram of some of the energies is constructed; on it are illustrations of the corresponding wave functions and probability distributions. The wave functions are seen to be either symmetric or antisymmetric about the midpoint of the line representing the box, thereby providing a lead-in to the later exploration of certain symmetry properties of multi-electron atoms. It is next pointed out that the Schrödinger equation for this system is identical to Newton’s equation describing the vibrations of a stretched musical string. The different meaning of the two solutions is discussed, as is the concept and structure of linear superpositions of them.

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23

Comtet1, Alain, and Yves Tourigny2. Impurity models and products of random matrices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797319.003.0011.

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This is an introduction to the theory of one-dimensional disordered systems and products of random matrices, confined to the 2×2 case. The notion of impurity model—that is, a system in which the interactions are highly localized—links the two themes and enables their study by elementary mathematical tools. After discussing the spectral theory of some impurity models, Furstenberg’s theorem is stated and illustrated, which gives sufficient conditions for the exponential growth of a product of independent, identically distributed matrices.

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24

Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Retarded Green’s Functions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 introduces single-particle retarded Green’s functions, which provide the probability amplitude that a particle created at (x, t) is later annihilated at (x′,t′). Partial Green’s functions, which represent the time development of one (or a few) state(s) that may be understood as localized but are in interaction with a continuum of states, are discussed and applied to chemisorption. Introductions are also made to the Dyson integral equation, T-matrix and the Dirac delta-function potential, with the latter applied to random impurity scattering. The retarded Green’s function in the presence of random impurity scattering is exhibited in the Born and self-consistent Born approximations, with application to Ando’s semi-elliptic density of states for the 2D Landau-quantized electron-impurity system. Important retarded Green’s functions and their methods of derivation are discussed. These include Green’s functions for electrons in magnetic fields in both three dimensions and two dimensions, also a Hamilton equation-of-motion method for the determination of Green’s functions with application to a 2D saddle potential in a time-dependent electric field. Moreover, separable Hamiltonians and their product Green’s functions are discussed with application to a one-dimensional superlattice in axial electric and magnetic fields. Green’s function matching/joining techniques are introduced and applied to spatially varying mass (heterostructures) and non-local electrostatics (surface plasmons).

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25

Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Quantum Statistical Field Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.001.0001.

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The methods of coupled quantum field theory, which had great initial success in relativistic elementary particle physics and have subsequently played a major role in the extensive development of non-relativistic quantum many-particle theory and condensed matter physics, are at the core of this book. As an introduction to the subject, this presentation is intended to facilitate delivery of the material in an easily digestible form to students at a relatively early stage of their scientific development, specifically advanced undergraduates (rather than second or third year graduate students), who are mathematically strong physics majors. The mechanism to accomplish this is the early introduction of variational calculus with particle sources and the Schwinger Action Principle, accompanied by Green’s functions, and, in addition, a brief derivation of quantum mechanical ensemble theory introducing statistical thermodynamics. Important achievements of the theory in condensed matter and quantum statistical physics are reviewed in detail to help develop research capability. These include the derivation of coupled field Green’s function equations of motion for a model electron-hole-phonon system, extensive discussions of retarded, thermodynamic and non-equilibrium Green’s functions, and their associated spectral representations and approximation procedures. Phenomenology emerging in these discussions includes quantum plasma dynamic, nonlocal screening, plasmons, polaritons, linear electromagnetic response, excitons, polarons, phonons, magnetic Landau quantization, van der Waals interactions, chemisorption, etc. Considerable attention is also given to low-dimensional and nanostructured systems, including quantum wells, wires, dots and superlattices, as well as materials having exceptional conduction properties such as superconductors, superfluids and graphene.

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26

Fermüller, Cornelia. Motion Illusions in Man and Machine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0006.

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At the level of mathematical abstraction, computing image motion amounts to an estimation problem and can be analyzed using the tools of statistics and signal processing. As shown in this chapter, intrinsic limitations to the estimation processes make it impossible to derive veridical estimates for all images. Image motion is estimated erroneously, and as a result higher level processes compute erroneous three-dimensional motion and moving scenes. Specifically, two limitations are discussed: (a) due to noise in image data, there is statistical bias that affects anisotropic patterns and (2) the filters computing changes in time are asymmetric (causal), using data only from the past but not the future, and misestimate on locally asymmetric intensity signals of certain spatial frequencies. Since these limitations are not an artifact of the hardware but are inherent to the computations, they will affect any system and thus create illusions in man and machine.

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