Дисертації з теми "Digital Participatory Planning Tools"

The past decade has seen a gradual but steady increase in the use of games in participatory planning practices. Since the 'Gamification' gained momentum, the thoroughly thought-through simulation and gaming discipline of the 1970s has been replaced by an amalgam of confusion and optimism about the role and added value of games in planning practice. The lack of clarity about what games really are and the scarcity of studies on how they can be used in dealing with contemporary participatory planning concerns have limited the use of digital games in planning to pedagogic and communication purposes. This research contributes to debates on the role and added value of digital games in participatory planning practices by unravelling the types of knowledge that can be produced by digital games and the many ways in which data flows happen between the real world and the imaginary world of games. To do so this research focuses on the epistemological analysis of digital games and core concepts of participatory planning, democracy and power, using a four-staged problem-centred Design Science Research (DSR) approach; 1) it first explores the existing limitations and potentials of the use of games in scientific fields in general; 2) it reviews the role of knowledge in participatory planning practices and its consequent effect on the defined role of games; 3) it proposes a new framework for using games as a research tool in participatory planning which conceptualizes games as artefacts with embedded information system; 4) it validates the framework by designing, testing and evaluating a game, called Mythoplastis with the aim of capturing the perception of the public about various locations in Manchester, UK. The study concludes that while games are powerful tools for capturing mental model of their players, the dominant gaming and simulation legacy and the emphasis on the scientific validity measures cease planners to be open or receptive to the artistic values of digital games and their potential in being used as research tools. It shows that by bridging the gap between commonly ignored theoretical and practical efforts of main stream game designers with the serious game design frameworks, new conceptions and roles of games can be explored. The designed game, Mythoplastis, shows how real world data can be abstracted in the game world for research purposes. It is also argued that for participatory planning to move beyond generalized and deterministic discourses about the role of planners and supporting tools, it is crucial for planners to re-examine the role of knowledge and validity measures in the conception of participation in planning.

This study deals with finding a way to enable citizen-led urban innovation through technology while concentrating on various aspects of controversial city developments. Therefore the literature concerning this topic is first investigated and current online systems designed for citizens to engage in city development decisions explored. In addition, literature, approaches and systems related to conflict resolution are also presented and discussed. By means of applying multiple design cycles, including several user studies, an online platform for citizens to elaborate controversial ideas for the city together was developed. These design cycles were focused on first finding a suitable process to elaborate on ideas and find consent. The process implementing this is tested during two workshops that portray the procedure that would be realised on the platform. Findings after each workshop are used to revise the process. In order to design a user interface that could implement such a process first an expert focus group was asked to brainstorm solutions for multiple design questions. Considering this input two platform mock-ups were created and shown to participants to receive feedback. A final prototype of the online platform was then implemented and tested in a final user study. During this study participants elaborated an idea together to test the whole resulting product, while being able to use the online platform in an in the wild setting. In spite of discovering how dependent the usage of the platform is on its users, the feedback received for the general idea of using an online platform to elaborate on ideas and find consent was overall positive.

Geo-data visualization has always been an important tool in the urban planning process. Recent trends in geo-information technology are, however, offering additional opportunities for the development of new visualization tools. In parallel, developments have also taken place in the field of urban planning, which has evolved from the rational planning model towards a more strategic planning process with a greater emphasis on collaboration and inclusiveness. This study investigates how an innovative geo-data visualisation tool can be used to develop more inclusive and participatory planning processes, and it tests this approach by means of a case study in Tripoli, Lebanon. The study compared two geo-data visualization techniques regarding their potential for an increased involvement of different types of stakeholders in the urban planning processes: The first technique employed coloured printed transparency maps of the present land-use and the 2000-2020 Master Plan, both geo-referenced to a mosaic of QuickBird satellite imagery used to assist the participant’s orientation. The second technique was the Lenticular Foil Display (LFD) using the so-called flip effect, also based on the geo-coding of the same three “layers”. By tilting this product the observer was easily able to interpret the changes between present and planned state. The LFD technology is particularly useful for true-3D (auto-stereoscopic) viewing. Statistical evaluations of questionnaires concerning sociological and perception-scientific aspects revealed interesting details regarding the role of the new visualization method in the participatory city planning process. The result of the interviews revealed that all stakeholders were readily able to participate in the planning process and to contribute their ideas by sketch-map drawing and writing, using the LFD technology. Regarding the possibilities to stimulate the participation of different stakeholders in the planning process, the LFD was found to be more effective than the conventional approach using transparencies overlaid over orthophotos. Non-experts, in particular, preferred the LFD technology to the transparent overlays which were, however, the preferred approach for the professionals and experts familiar with Master Plan map-reading. One conclusion of the present study is that an efficient participatory urban-planning process should explicitly consider the level of map-reading skills of the stakeholders. Geo-data visualization products like the Multi-Flip-LFDs and other innovative approaches offer possibilities to improve stakeholder participation. The monograph closes by making concrete suggestions for further research into the development and optimization of LFDs.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2009.
"September 2009." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 201-206).
The advantages of participation, collaboration, and iteration shape the functionality of media tools like blogs, social networks, and user-created media sharing sites. At first glance, these tools should easily align with the stated values of many community and youth development organizations perched on edge of the digital divide in both the U.S. and abroad. The most critical growing disparity, thus, is not only access to these tools but also their integration into local programs that aim to empower individuals and build collective power. By adapting Edgar Schein's model of organizational culture, the author built a new methodology to investigate if facilitating the use of participatory media tools can also include a reflective realignment of program and curricular actions to core individual beliefs and organizational values. Through reflective analysis of the author's own practice, this thesis documents the evolution of a facilitation strategy to use participatory media training as a point of entry into community organizations. It argues that through collaborative and iterative reflection, an outside facilitator can: (1) foster individual voice and participation, (2) create critical moments to articulate and decipher an organization's culture, and (3) challenge, and therefore transform, how an organization learns and adapts. To develop this framework, this thesis relies on two core cases in Lawrence, MA and Bangalore, India, focusing on critical moments on a narrative timeline and analysis of like patterns of action.
(cont.) The outcome of this investigation is a discussion of how and why community practitioners should add this new dimension to their facilitation, to not only spark media storytelling and member activism but also to improve an organization's internal practices.
by Danielle Marie Martin.
M.C.P.

The thesis explores the possibilites of involving users – students and teachers – into the design process for an interactive textbook for assisting the teaching and learning of mathematics at a secondary school level. Involvement of students and teachers is executed with participatory design methodology for the purpose of infrastructuring between different actors – developers, designers, students and teachers, in order to suggest and emphasize novel, in terms of the market, ways for ideating, creating and evaluating concepts in the field of digital learning. The design process is executed with the aim of producing a re-design proposal for an existing interactive textbook – namely Exponent 1b by Gleerups Utbildning AB - a renowned Swedish publisher of learning materials. The proposal is part of the ideation phase of Gleerups’ project and the design process is adressed accordingly.The initial sections introduce a theoretical framework for looking at interactive learning environments and present examples of such environments and their functionalities. Significant focus is dedicated to the preliminary analysis of the current state of Exponent 1b and the follow-up participatory analysis and re-design process. The author’s proposals for improvements in the core functionalities and the interactions are based on the initial research of the theoretical framework, presented examples of integrated learning environments examples and services, and predominantly on the outcomes from the participatory analysis and design process. At the end of the thesis the author summarizes the outcomes concerning involvement of students, teachers, designers and developers, and inclusion of digital tools to facilitate learning and variety in teaching.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-81).
Neighborhood community organizations that strive to incorporate the public's ideas into designs and plans have needed more appropriate tools for vision sharing. This thesis described one possible approach for improving the public's ability to design, share, and evaluate alternatives. In the past, the public's primary role during neighborhood design meetings has been that of 'evaluators,' critiquing those designs that were presented to them. This research attempted to illustrate how new and emerging information technology tools could potentially empower the public with the ability to visually express their own design ideas and visions for their neighborhood, shifting the public's role from that of strictly 'evaluators' to that of 'co-constructors.' The strategy presented for vision creation included both a tangible, model-making framework and a digital, virtual reality component. Residents at a public meeting would start the visioning process by 'playing out' their ideas using physical LEGOTM blocks. The intuitive and simple tangible interface of LEGOTM blocks encourages a constructionist approach toward thinking about urban design issues. Software tools were prototyped to augment the physical model creation and vision sharing process. An object movie, authoring tool was prototyped to digitally archive physical models. A virtual reality, authoring tool was prototyped to allow remote users to also participate in the design process.
by Stephen E. Schweibinz.
M.C.P.

The research establishes a model for online learning centring on the needs of integrative knowledge practices. Through the metaphor of Constellations, the practice-based research explores the complexities of working within interdisciplinary learning contexts and the potential of tools such as the Folksonomy learning platform for providing necessary conceptual support.

There is a high building pressure in the Municipality of Stockholm today and the city is expected to continue to grow in the future. This trend can be seen in urban environments around the world and has resulted in new ideas concerning how to develop cities in a sustainable way. Sustainable urban development concerns both how cities should be designed, as well as how to ensure that the development processes occur in such a way, that they can help achieve sustainable development. In Sweden, development processes are regulated by law, with statutory requirements on producing a Detailed Plan in all development projects. The Detailed Plan process involves actors from both public and private sectors that need to communicate and collaborate throughout the process. This master thesis focused on finding strengths, weaknesses, possibilities and threats of the information sharing system within the Detailed Planning process at the Municipality of Stockholm. Furthermore, it investigated the feasibility of digitalisation of the process and the expressed data and analysis needs of the involved actors, as well as its connection to sustainable development. In order to investigate these research questions, a combined use of a literature review, an interview study and a SWOT-analysis was used. The literature review focused on identifying the state of the art within the research topic, the use of Geographic Information Systems in urban development and understanding the concept of sustainable urban development. In order to understand the Detailed Planning process in the Stockholm Municipality, the literature review was combined with information obtained in the interview study. The interview study was conducted as semi-structured interviews with interview subjects from developers, municipal administrations, academia and consultant agencies involved in the Detailed Planning process in Stockholm. The results from the interview study was analysed through a needs assessment. Based on the literature study and the needs assessment, the information sharing system and digitalisation of the Detailed Planning process was compiled in a SWOT-analysis used to create alternative visions for the system construction. The results of this thesis showed that in the information sharing system of the Detailed Planning process, data is mainly shared as reports between the involved actors and the involved actors use different softwares for data handling, visualisation and use. The needs assessment revealed several themes in the needs of the actors concerning Data & Analyses, Format, System & Handling and Softwares & Functions. Among the involved actors, there is a need for more georeferenced statistical data and analyses concerning human perception and behaviour  connected to the built environment. All actors wanted an improved data exchange within the process and a majority of the actors are open to the idea of a GIS-kit containing available and relevant data to be shared between the actors in the beginning of Detailed Planning projects. The SWOT analysis showed both positive and negative factors affecting the information sharing system and its digitalisation. It resulted in the creation of two alternative visions for the information sharing system, based on the distribution of a GIS-kit or the creation of a shared project database. In both visions, a shared database for the municipal administrations is constructed. Based on the results, the master thesis concluded that data coordination and data format definitions are two key aspects that will affect the information sharing system progress and its digitalisation in the Municipality of Stockholm.
Det är ett stort byggtryck i Stockholm idag och staden förväntas fortsätta växa framöver. Denna trend kan ses i urbana miljöer världen över och har gett upphov till nya tankar kring hur man ska utveckla städer på ett hållbart sätt. Hållbar stadsutveckling handlar både om hur städer ska utformas men även om att säkerställa att processerna sker på ett sådant sätt att hållbar utveckling kan uppnås. I Sverige är dessa processer reglerade enligt lag, med lagstadgade krav på upprättande av detaljplaner vid samhällsbyggnadsprojekt. Detaljplaneprocessen involverar privata såväl som offentliga aktörer som ska kommunicera och samspela med varandra under processens gång. Denna masteruppsats fokuserade på att finna styrkor, svagheter, möjligheter och hot kopplade till informationsutbytessystemet inom detaljplaneprocessen i Stockholms stad. Dessutom undersöktes genomförbarheten av att kunna digitalisera processen samt aktörernas data- och analysbehov och dess koppling till hållbar utveckling. För att kunna undersöka forskningsfrågorna i detta arbete, kombinerades en litteraturstudie, en intervjustudie och en SWOT-analys. Litteraturstudien fokuserade på att identifiera spjutspetsprojekt inom ämnesområdet, studera användningen av Geografiska InformationsSystem (GIS) inom stadsutveckling och beskriva innebörden av hållbar stadsutveckling. För att kunna beskriva detaljplaneprocessen i Stockholms stad, kombinerades litteraturstudien med information som framkom under intervjustudien. Intervjustudien var upplagd med semi-strukturerade intervjuer, där intervjupersonerna kom från byggaktörer, kommunala förvaltningar, akademin och konsultbolag som är involverade i detaljplaneprocessen i Stockholms kommun. Resultaten från intervjustudien analyserades i en behovsanalys. Utifrån litteraturstudien och behovsanalysen kunde sedan en SWOT-analys, över informationsutbytessystemet och dess digitalisering, utföras. SWOT-analysen låg sedan till grund för två alternativa visioner för hur systemet skulle kunna konstrueras i framtiden. Resultaten visade att data och information idag främst delas mellan de olika aktörerna i form av rapporter. De olika aktörerna använder dessutom olika programvaror för att hantera, visualisera och använda data. Behovsanalysen identifierade tre generella teman kopplat till ”Data & Analyser”, ”Format, System & Hantering” samt ”Programvara & funktioner”. Bland de involverade aktörerna fanns ett behov av georefererad statistisk data och analyser kopplade till människors uppfattning av och beteende i byggd miljö. Alla aktörer önskar ett bättre informationsutbyte mellan involverade parter. En majoritet av de involverade aktörerna var positiva till idén att ett GIS-kit med tillgänglig och relevant data delas ut i början av ett detaljplaneprojekt. SWOT-analysen uppvisade både positiva och negativa faktorer som påverkar informationsutbytessystemet och dess digitalisering. Två alternativa visioner av hur informationsutbytessystemet skulle kunna vara uppbyggt skapades. Den ena visionen baserades på distributionen av ett GIS-kit medan den andra baserades på en delad projektdatabas för alla involverade aktörer. I båda visionerna delar byggande kommunförvaltningar på en databas. Baserat på rapportens resultat blev slutsatsen av denna masteruppsats att koordinering av data och tydliga kravspecifikationer på dataformat är två huvudaspekter som påverkar utvecklingen av informationsutbytessystemet och dess digitalisering i Stockholms Stad.

This thesis proposes three different data-driven solutions to be combined to state-of-the-art solvers and tools in order to primarily enhance their computational performances. The problem of efficiently designing the open sea floating platforms on which wind turbines can be mount on will be tackled, as well as the tuning of a data-driven engine's monitoring tool for maritime transportation. Finally, the activities of SAT and ASP solvers will be thoroughly studied and a deep learning architecture will be proposed to enhance the heuristics-based solving approach adopted by such software. The covered domains are different and the same is true for their respective targets. Nonetheless, the proposed Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning algorithms are shared as well as the overall picture: promote Industrial AI and meet the constraints imposed by Industry 4.0 vision. The lesser presence of human-in-the-loop, a data-driven approach to discover causalities otherwise ignored, a special attention to the environmental impact of industries' emissions, a real and efficient exploitation of the Big Data available today are just a subset of the latter. Hence, from a broader perspective, the experiments carried out within this thesis are driven towards the aforementioned targets and the resulting outcomes are satisfactory enough to potentially convince the research community and industrialists that they are not just "visions" but they can be actually put into practice. However, it is still an introduction to the topic and the developed models are at what can be defined a "pilot" stage. Nonetheless, the results are promising and they pave the way towards further improvements and the consolidation of the dictates of Industry 4.0.

Climate change is an ongoing problem, and climate adaptation is high on the agenda. Climate adaptation is a global issue with local impacts, and it benefits from participatory planning. Participatory planning has lots of opportunities, but also some challenges, for example, that it requires time and resources. Getting minority groups involved can also be a challenge. This study aims to investigate the opportunities and challenges with digital storytelling as a method to amplify the voices of the community and create a mutual understanding of climate change and climate adaptation between the citizens, planners, and the county government, using the project Future Yetu as a case study. Interviews were conducted with key persons with different roles in the project, and a survey was sent to the digital storytelling workshop participants. The results show that there are many benefits to using digital storytelling; it can help balance out the inherent power structures in society, it creates greater engagement among the participants, the public can more easily relate and gain an increased understanding of the problems, and it creates a sense of togetherness among the residents. In Future Yetu, it has also led to several implementations, and dialogue with Nairobi City County has been started. Challenges with digital storytelling have also been identified. Access to technology and the ability to use it has proven to be the most common challenge, especially in developing countries. It has also been proved to be challenging to integrate digital storytelling into the regular planning process, mainly due to the personnel required. However, there are opportunities for organizations such as the Hope Raisers Initiative, which already has trained facilitators and the technology needed to offer the process as a service to support the work of the county and the policymakers.
Klimatförändringar är ett pågående problem över hela världen och alla människor påverkas, mer eller mindre. Särskilt utsatta för klimatförändringarnas effekter är människor som bor i informella områden. Kunskapen om både klimatförändringar och klimatanpassning måste öka bland invånarna, samtidigt som marginaliserade grupper får höras och vara med och påverka. Beslutsfattare och planerare behöver veta vilka problem som finns och vilka åtgärder som fungera i det specifika området. Deltagandeplanering blir mer och mer vanligt och används med fördel inom klimatanpassning. Klimatförändringarna är ett globalt problem, men effekterna sker lokalt och behöver åtgärdas utifrån den lokala kontextens förutsättningar. Ett problem när det gäller deltagandeplanering har varit att nå marginaliserade grupper, men deltagande metoder som används rätt kan ge dem möjlighet och förmåga att delta i planering och informera dem om vilka åtgärder de själva kan implementera tillsammans, för klimatanpassning och förändra samhället i rätt riktning.  Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka möjligheterna och utmaningarna med digital storytelling som metod för att förstärka samhällets röster och skapa en ömsesidig förståelse för klimatförändringar och klimatanpassning mellan medborgare, planerare och beslutsfattare. Projektet Future Yetu i Korogocho, Nairobi som genomförts av Hope Raisers Initiative används som en fallstudie. Syftet är också att skapa en guide för digital storytelling som ett verktyg för planering av klimatanpassning som kan användas i andra delar av Nairobi eller andra städer och länder.  Intervjuer och en enkätundersökning har genomförts med olika personer som varit delaktiga i projektet Future Yetu. Resultaten visar att det finns många fördelar med att använda digital storytelling, bland annat kan det hjälpa till att balansera ut de inneboende maktstrukturerna i samhället, då alla använder samma språk för att kommunicera inom digital storytelling. Andra fördelar är att det skapar större engagemang bland deltagarna, allmänheten kan lättare relatera och få en ökad förståelse för problemen och det skapar en känsla av gemenskap bland invånarna. I projektet Future Yetu har det även lett till en rad implementeringar och att en dialog med Nairobi City County har påbörjats. Det finns även en del utmaningar med digital storytelling. Tekniken är det som har visat sig vara den vanligaste utmaningen, både tillgång till den och förmågan att använda den, speciellt i utvecklingsländer. Det har även visat sig svårt att integrera digital storytelling i den vanliga planeringsprocessen, främst på grund av personalåtgången. Dock finns det möjligheter för organisationer som till exempel Hope Raisers Initiativ, som redan har utbildad personal och tekniken som krävs att erbjuda processen som en service för att stötta beslutsfattarnas arbete.

With its starting point in social and community building activities of everyday life, this project seeks a complex understanding of a former industrial site in Malmö - Norra Sorgenfri - its past, present and possible futures. Critical and participatory mappings, speculations, policy making and small-scale interventions are part of the produced material that circulate around the feminist ethics of care, and how it can inform a socially aware architectural practice. The site, a celebrated regeneration project, produces an interstice in relation to the more controlled urban fabric surrounding it. It is more open to diverse modes of occupation and use, accommodating activities and groups that otherwise have a hard time to make a space for themselves in the city. I argue that a feminist ethics of care enables designers and involved participants to make a complex engagement with places. Care can help us to redefine the role of the architect and to alter architectural practice. In the 1980:s Carol Gilligan introduced care as an attached way of human connection, requiring listening and understanding differences and needs. In this light, I define a design practice where sustainability is understood in relation to responsibility and actions oriented towards other people. Urban caring is about carefully seeing and using what is here; the small-scale and subtle that might go unnoticed in planning/architectural projects. My proposals contain how to read, care-fully observe, interpret and act - as an urban-caretaker. Among the design proposals and methods are: critical mapping as a central participatory task, a manual of care as part of the mapping and from an intimate understanding of the site, a series of design tests -strategies, policy making and small-scale interventions- , a manifesto that suggests ways for this knowledge to be transferred to other sites, and the interactive map a care-full companion. Urban caring offers an open-ended process, enabling the site to develop in a number of directions. My role has not been to over-determine what the outcome might be, but instead to facilitate tools of enabling positive change toward possible futures.
Projektet strävar efter en komplex förståelse av ett före-detta industriområde i Malmö - Norra Sorgenfri. Det handlar om nya sätt för arkitekter och planerare att arbeta med en känslig plats: att ta hand om existerande egenskaper och villkor, platsens historier och möjliga framtider, samt inte minst de viktiga roller som sociala och samhörighetsskapande vardagsaktiviteter spelar i Norra Sorgenfri idag. Tesen som jag driver är att en feministisk omsorgsetik (ethics of care på engelska) kan möjliggöra ett hållbart engagemang med en plats, mer specifikt här ett industriområde med ett rikt småskaligt kulturliv, och på så sätt forma en socialt ansvarstagande urban praktik. Norra Sorgenfri är ett hyllat urbant utvecklingsprojekt och utgör ett ”mellanrum” i relation till den omgivande mer kontrollerade stadsstrukturen. Platsen är mer öppen för olika användningssätt och ackommoderar aktiviteter och grupper av människor som annars kan ha svårt att göra sin röst hörd i staden.  Med hjälp av konceptet care (omsorg) kan arkitektens roll och arkitekturfältet omdefinieras till att bli mer inkluderande och deltagande i samhällsförändringar. På 1980-talet introducerade feministiska etikern Carol Gilligan omsorg som ett mer empatiskt sätt att relatera till andra människor, med fokus på lyssnande och förståelse för skillnader och behov. I detta ljus definierar jag en arkitekturpraktik där hållbarhet förstås utifrån ansvar och handlingar gentemot andra människor.  Urban caring handlar om att omsorgsfullt se och använda det som finns här; det småskaliga och subtila som riskerar att gå obemärkt förbi i arkitektur- och planeringsprojekt. Mina förslag innehåller metoder för att läsa, omsorgsfullt observera, tolka och agera – som en urban caretaker. Bland förslagen finns: kritiska kartläggningar som ett centralt sätt att arbeta med deltagandeprocesser, en omsorgsmanual (manual of care) som en del av kartläggningen och utifrån en ingående förståelse av platsen, en serie av designtest – strategier och småskaliga interventioner, ett manifest som föreslår hur kunskapen från detta projekt kan överföras till andra platser, och den interaktiva kartan en omsorgsfull följeslagare (care-full companion).

This thesis provides insights into how technology can be and is used as child-centric learning tools within primary school classrooms. The conducted studies look closely at how tablet technology is integrated into the modern classroom, and considers how existing digital writing technologies could support handwriting-based learning exercises in future. This is achieved by conducting three in-the-wild studies, using different approaches, with a total of seventy-four children in school classrooms. In the first study, focus is placed on how tablets integrate into and with existing classroom practices, documenting when and how children use tablets in class. Relevant and complementary to this, the use of traditional writing tools is questioned and two further studies explore the potential and suitability of digital pens to support children's handwriting-based learning. One looks in detail at how children's handwriting is effected by different existing digital pen technologies. The other study, conducted through a creative, participatory design session, asks children to provide their opinions regarding desirable features for digital writing technology. The findings from this research classify and exemplify the role of tablets in the classroom, and explore potential design directions of digital writing tools which could be used by children in the future. This work may be useful and of interest to others who conduct research with children within the fields of Human Computer Interaction, Child Computer Interaction or education.

This project is a site-specific ethnographic study of a culture around a community water tank that serves as a value-driven piece of architecture and has become an inconspicuous tourist attraction in the city of Växjö due to its peculiar acoustic property. At the onset, I draw parallels between an ancient underground temple called the Hypogeum located in Malta, where the physical dimensions of the space similarly shaped sensorial experiences in more nuanced ways than conventional architecture of its time. The core of my work here has three explorative angles. One, where I embark on interdisciplinary research approaches, to conduct field studies and investigate ways to empirically test how the physical properties of spaces shape cognitive impressions. A crucial need to express spirituality within an academic framework is proposed and a method of non-intentional design (NID) is introduced as my driving process for the study. Two, as a digital story, I conduct interviews and make the culture of this space visible to the public through an instagram account called #echoingawareness. And three, I present some of my experience building this slow and steady relation with the local municipality with a proposal to provide space on the urban planning table for bottom-up approaches where voices from such sacred spaces can be made more inclusive. I hope this could be a useful resource as a transdisciplinary study for future planning of urban architecture and design.

Intresset för medborgardialog och medborgardeltagande ökar och många kommuner önskar utöka och förbättra sin kommunikation med medborgarna. För att öka inflytandet och förbättra medborgardialogen är det viktigt att involvera medborgarna i ett tidigt skede i planprocessen. Studier har visat att planer där allmänheten involverats tidigt i planprocessen har större chans att gå igenom utan överklagan. Den här studien riktar sig främst till svenska kommuner och yrkesverksamma inom samhällsplanering. Det huvudsakliga syftet med studien är att övergripande undersöka vilka metoder och verktyg svenska kommuner använder för att kommunicera med medborgarna. För att ta reda på vilka metoder som används och hur dess fungerar har en enkätundersökning skickats ut till 62 kommuner med olika storlek och geografisk spridning. Fyra kompletterande semi-strukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med tre olika kommuner. Resultatet visade att svenska kommuner använder sig i övervägande av olika typer av dialogmöten och masskommunikation i sin kommunikation med medborgarna. Kommunerna uttryckte däremot en önskan om att använda fler digitala metoder om det fanns resurser inom kommunen. Många kommuner uttryckte missnöje över hur samrådsmöten och stormöten fungerar samtidigt som det är en av de vanligaste metoderna för medborgardialog. För att förbättra medborgardialogen och bredda delaktigheten krävs att dialogen inleds i ett tidigt skede och att metoder och verktyg som tilltalar en bredare allmänhet används.
The interest in public participation is increasing and many municipalities express a wish to expand and improve their dialogue with the citizens. It is important to involve the citizens at an early stage in the planning process to increase the influence and improve the public participation. Studies have shown that the plans in which the public is involved at an early stage in the planning process are more likely to pass without any objections. This study is primarily focused on Swedish municipalities and professionals in urban planning. The main purpose of the study is to systematically investigate methods and tools that Swedish municipalities use to communicate with the public. To find out what methods are used and how they work s questionnaire has been sent out to 62 municipalities of different size and geographical location. Four additional semi-structured interviews were conducted with three different municipalities. The result showed that Swedish municipalities mostly use different dialogue meetings communicate with the public. However, they express a wish to use more digital methods if they had the resources to do so. Many municipalities expressed dissatisfaction over how the public hearings and larger meetings work while it is on the contrary the most common methods of communication with the public. In order to improve public participation it is important to involve and invite the public to communicate at an early stage in the planning process and to use methods that will appeal to a wider audience.

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A proposta central desta pesquisa é examinar as características e os usos das tecnologias digitais que contribuem para o incremento de valores democráticos. Vamos analisar como a administração do Governo do Estado da Bahia, entre 2011 e 2015, empregou as novas tecnologias da comunicação e informação, especificamente a Internet, para melhorar a participação do cidadão na elaboração das políticas públicas e dos programas de governo. Para esta pesquisa, vamos fazer um recorte e usar como corpus empírico o Plano Plurianual Participativo (PPA-P) e sua interface digital, a página na internet com o endereço www.ppaparticipativo.ba.gov.br, denominado PPA-P NET. Esta pesquisa problematiza a inserção da participação social na elaboração e construção do Plano Plurianual. A problemática se evidencia quando se percebe que houve participação reduzida da população nessa plataforma digital e uma influência restrita sobre as decisões orçamentárias e de planejamento. Aqui, buscamos problematizar os limites desta iniciativa de democracia digital que reproduz a lógica centralizadora das relações de poder e limita o acesso dos cidadãos ao processo decisório. Tratase de uma pesquisa qualitativa que conta com a utilização das seguintes técnicas metodológicas: observação, análise de documentos e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados desta pesquisa indicam que a iniciativa baiana se ancora no conceito de transparência e accountability, do modelo liberal. Os canais de comunicação com capacidade participativa encontrados no site apresentam, como traço principal, uma interação individualizada, sem disponibilidade de dados aprofundados ou deliberação online sobre políticas públicas ou programas de governo. Adicionalmente, não foram detectados mecanismos motivadores a participação social online na elaboração do planejamento. Percebe-se que a iniciativa do Governo Estadual não contemplou a necessidade de um modelo mais participativo de democracia digital, com criação de canais online e mecanismos mais robustos de intervenção dos cidadãos nos processos de tomada de decisão sobre o Plano Plurianual.
The main purpose of this research is to examine the characteristics of digital technologies that contribute to democratic values. We analyze how the administration of the State of Bahia, in 2011 and 2015, used the new technologies of communication and information, specifically the Internet, to improve citizen participation in the elaboration of public policies and government programs. For this research, we use as empirical corpus the Participatory Multi-Year Plan and its digital interface, the web page www.ppaparticipativo.ba.gov.br called PPA- P NET. This research discusses the inclusion of social participation in the design and construction of the Multi-Year Plan. The problem is evident when we realize that there was low participation of the population in this digital platform and a limited influence on the budget and planning decisions. Here, we seek to question the limits of digital democracy initiative that plays the centralizing logic of power relations and limits the access of citizens to the decision-making process. This is a qualitative research that relies on the use of the following methodological techniques: observation, document analysis and semi-structured interviews. The results of this research indicate that the Bahia initiative is anchored in the concept of transparency and accountability, the liberal model. The channels of communication with participatory capacity found on the website have as main feature an individualized interaction without availability of detailed data or online deliberation about public policies and government programs. In addition, they were not detected to online social participation in development planning. It is noticed that the initiative of the State Government did not contemplate the need for a more participatory model of digital democracy, with the creation of online channels and more robust mechanisms of citizen intervention in decision-making processes on the Multi-Year Plan.

У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти маркетингової діяльності туристичних підприємств. Висвітлено роль маркетингової політики як ключового елементу системи управління туристичних підприємств. Проаналізовано фінансово-господарську діяльність туристичного агентства «ГАЛС» за 2017-2019 рр. Винайдено резерви підвищення ефективності маркетингової діяльності агентства. Запропоновано впровадження нової маркетингової концепції із застосуванням ресурсів мережі Інтернет та елементів цифрового маркетингу. Розроблено персональний сайт компанії. Підраховано бюджет та економічну доцільність впровадження вказаної маркетингової концепції.
The work deals with the theoretical aspects of marketing activities of tourism enterprises. The role of marketing policy as a key element of the management system of tourism enterprises is highlighted. Author analysis the financial and economic activity of the travel agency «HALS» for 2016-2018.. Reserves of increase of efficiency of marketing activity of the agency are invented. The introduction of a new marketing concept with the use of Internet resources and elements of digital marketing is proposed. The company's personal website has been developed. The budget and economic expediency of implementation of the specified marketing concept are calculated.

The need for an Anthropocentric Development Evaluation stems from the inability of development theory and praxis, which has informed the past Development Decades, to ameliorate abject poverty experienced by most people throughout the world. Emanating from a hermeneutical-interpretist epistemology the fundamental argument of an Anthropocentric Development Evaluation is that people and the crucial aspects of their humanity should be the central focus in development and evaluation processes. Thus, taking the people-centred approach to development as its starting point, an Anthropocentric Development Evaluation draws attention to the marginalised, particularly the poor, the rural poor, resource-poor primary producers, women and their households. An Anthropocentric Development Evaluation also argues for an actor-orientation to Development Evaluation to emphasise the situational, yet individual behaviour, of people. Alongside such an approach, lies the significance of culture and people's knowledge for development, as well as the limitations, risks, uncertainties and vulnerabilities people face as a consequence of their humanity. These may influence the extent to which they participate in spontaneous or imposed development initiatives. An Anthropocentric Development Evaluation then comparatively assesses three sets of similar, yet different, methodologies using people and aspects of their humanity described above as the focus for that assessment. The methodologies assessed include Action Research, Social Impact Assessment and the Complementary Rural Development Field Tools. The purpose of doing so is to obtain a suitable medium through which to test the focus of an Anthropocentric Development Evaluation in a development setting. The testing of an Anthropocentric Development Evaluation in a development setting is done first by providing an Anthropocentric Development Evaluation of aspects of life of people living in the community of Nyanyadu in KwaZulu-Natal. Social Impact Assessments using the focus of an Anthropocentric Development Evaluation are then made of two development initiatives in respect of the people of Nyanyadu. These two initiatives are a nutrition and social development programme and the national land reforms. The purpose of all these evaluations is to examine the extent to which people and their humanity are seen to be crucial in development processes.
Development Administration
D.Litt. et Phil. (Development Administration)