Статті в журналах: "Diffusion cooling"

1

Dunlap, W. J. "Natureʼs diffusion experiment: The cooling-rate cooling-age correlation". Geology 28, № 2 (лютий 2000): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0139:nsdetc>2.3.co;2.

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2

Dunlap, W. J. "Nature's diffusion experiment: The cooling-rate cooling-age correlation." Geology 28, no. 2 (2000): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<139:ndetcc>2.0.co;2.

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3

Robson, R. E. "Diffusion cooling in a magnetic field." Physical Review E 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.61.848.

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4

Vlasov, M. N., and M. C. Kelley. "Specific features of eddy turbulence in the turbopause region." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 4 (April 15, 2014): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-431-2014.

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Abstract. The turbopause region is characterized by transition from the mean molecular mass (constant with altitude) to the mean mass (dependent on altitude). The former is provided by eddy turbulence, and the latter is induced by molecular diffusion. Competition between these processes provides the transition from the homosphere to the heterosphere. The turbopause altitude can be defined by equalizing the eddy and molecular diffusion coefficients and can be located in the upper mesosphere or the lower thermosphere. The height distributions of chemical inert gases very clearly demonstrate the transition from turbulent mixing to the diffusive separation of these gases. Using the height distributions of the chemical inert constituents He, Ar, and N2 given by the MSIS-E-90 model and the continuity equations, the height distribution of the eddy diffusion coefficient in the turbopause region can be inferred. The eddy diffusion coefficient always strongly reduces in the turbopause region. According to our results, eddy turbulence above its peak always cools the atmosphere. However, the cooling rates calculated with the eddy heat transport coefficient equaled to the eddy diffusion coefficient were found to be much larger than the cooling rates corresponding to the neutral temperatures given by the MSIS-E-90 model. The same results were obtained for the eddy diffusion coefficients inferred from different experimental data. The main cause of this large cooling is the very steep negative gradient of the eddy heat transport coefficient, which is equal to the eddy diffusion coefficient if uniform turbulence takes place in the turbopause region. Analysis of wind shear shows that localized turbulence can develop in the turbopause region. In this case, eddy heat transport is not so effective and the strong discrepancy between cooling induced by eddy turbulence and cooling corresponding to the temperature given by the MSIS-E-90 model can be removed.

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5

Yu, Ping, Ren Bo Song, Wen Ming Xiong, Wei Feng Huo, Chen Wei, Zhi Jun Liu, and Shuai Qin. "Phase Transformation Law of Nb Microalloyed Steel at Different Cooling Rates." Materials Science Forum 1035 (June 22, 2021): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.396.

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Through the Gleeble3500 thermal simulation test machine, the phase transformation law of Nb microalloyed steel was studied and tested. After the compression deformation, it was cooled to room temperature at different speeds. Obtain the dynamic continuous cooling transformation diagram and the scanning structure diagram of the test steel, and then analyze the phase composition under different cooling speeds through JMatPro material performance simulation. The results show that: at a lower cooling speed (0.1°C/s), austenite decomposition is a diffusion-type phase change that takes place in a high-temperature region, and carbon atoms can diffuse sufficiently. At a moderate cooling rate (1°C/s), the bainite phase transition is a semi-diffusion phase transition in which carbon atoms are displaced in a non-cooperative thermally activated transition mode. When the cooling rate is high (15°C/s), the martensitic transformation is a non-diffusion-type transformation carried out in the low temperature region, and the atoms are directly transferred from the austenite lattice to the martensite lattice. With the increase of the cooling rate and the decrease of the transition temperature, from low-speed cooling→medium-speed cooling→high-speed cooling, respectively, the diffusion type phase transition→semi-diffusion type phase transition→the non-diffusion type phase transition. At different cooling rates, the continuous cooling transition diagram simulated by JMatPro is basically the same as the phase transition in the dynamic continuous cooling transition diagram of the test steel, which proves that the simulation prediction of the dynamic continuous cooling transition of the test steel by the JMatPro software has high accuracy and applicability.

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6

Elsayed, Ahmed M., Farouk M. Owis, and M. Madbouli Abdel Rahman. "Film Cooling Optimization Using Numerical Computation of the Compressible Viscous Flow Equations and Simplex Algorithm." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/859465.

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Film cooling is vital to gas turbine blades to protect them from high temperatures and hence high thermal stresses. In the current work, optimization of film cooling parameters on a flat plate is investigated numerically. The effect of film cooling parameters such as inlet velocity direction, lateral and forward diffusion angles, blowing ratio, and streamwise angle on the cooling effectiveness is studied, and optimum cooling parameters are selected. The numerical simulation of the coolant flow through flat plate hole system is carried out using the “CFDRC package” coupled with the optimization algorithm “simplex” to maximize overall film cooling effectiveness. Unstructured finite volume technique is used to solve the steady, three-dimensional and compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The results are compared with the published numerical and experimental data of a cylindrically round-simple hole, and the results show good agreement. In addition, the results indicate that the average overall film cooling effectiveness is enhanced by decreasing the streamwise angle for high blowing ratio and by increasing the lateral and forward diffusion angles. Optimum geometry of the cooling hole on a flat plate is determined. In addition, numerical simulations of film cooling on actual turbine blade are performed using the flat plate optimal hole geometry.

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7

Zheng, Hong Liang, Lin Li, Xin Xin Yuan, and Xue Lei Tian. "A Calculation Model of Carbon Diffusion Coefficient in the Austenite for Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron." Materials Science Forum 789 (April 2014): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.789.593.

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This paper presents the relationship between the carbon atom diffusion coefficient in the austenite and the temperature during the nodular cast iron solidification under different cooling rates or with different carbon contents. Pouring the wedge-shaped casting explores the influence of cooling rate on the diffusion coefficient. The other part explores the change of the diffusion coefficient with different carbon contents by water quenching to save the organization in the solidification. Results show that both the cooling rate and the carbon content can affect the diffusion coefficient, and it decreases as the cooling rate increases. More attempts were also done to correlate the diffusion coefficient with the temperature in different carbon content. It has been found that the diffusion coefficient decreases as the temperature increase.

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8

Zhang, Bo, Li-Bing Lin, Ji-Quan Li, Na-Ru Zhang, and Hong-Hu Ji. "Effect of forward expansion angle on film cooling characteristics of shaped holes." Open Physics 18, no. 1 (July 18, 2020): 302–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2020-0130.

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AbstractAccording to the design requirements of high-temperature combustion chamber, an advanced shaped hole structure was designed for film cooling. Numerical method was applied in this study to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of shaped holes and compared with those of cylindrical holes. The influence of the forward expansion angle of shaped holes on the flow and heat transfer was studied. The results show that compared to cylindrical holes, the diffused structure of shaped holes decreases the momentum of jet flow, improves the adhesion characteristics of the cooling air film, increases the diffusion of the coolant air outflow and improves the cooling efficiency between adjacent columns of holes in the lateral direction. When the forward expansion angle increases, the expansion section induced the flow vortex, which reduces the radial velocity of coolant flow and enhances the diffusion of cooling air film both in streamwise and spanwise directions. However, as the forward expansion angle increases further, the scale of vortex inside the shaped hole grows. Too large vortex inside the shaped hole increases the coolant eject angle, which weakens the film covering effect. Additionally, the shaped hole results in an increase in lateral spreading and enhances the cooling effect between adjacent columns of the film hole. The enhancement of the film cooling characteristics is due to the change in the shape of the film hole, resulting in the enhancement of the flow vortex, which induces complicated secondary flow.

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9

Krechun, M. M. "Galvanic interconnects for thermoelectric cooling modules." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 20, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.20.1.88.

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The paper studies the use of galvanic technologies in thermoelectricity. The technological features of applying anti-diffusion coatings on bismuth telluride based thermoelectric material (TEM) by electroplating method are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of the properties of anti-diffusion structures obtained by the electrochemical method are determined.

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10

Ramsak, Matjaz, and Leopold Skerget. "Heat diffusion in fractal geometry cooling surface." Thermal Science 16, no. 4 (2012): 955–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1204955r.

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11

Brandenburg, Axel, and Upasana Das. "Turbulent radiative diffusion and turbulent Newtonian cooling." Physics of Fluids 33, no. 9 (September 2021): 095125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0065485.

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12

Adams, E. Eric, Scott A. Wells, and Edmond K. Ho. "Vertical Diffusion in a Stratified Cooling Lake." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 113, no. 3 (March 1987): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1987)113:3(293).

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13

Drozdowicz, K., E. Krynicka, and J. Dąbrowska. "Thermal neutron diffusion cooling in wet quartz." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 65, no. 7 (July 2007): 877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.02.011.

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14

Voronkov, Vladimir V., and Robert Falster. "Vacancy Species Produced by Rapid Thermal Annealing of Silicon Wafers." Solid State Phenomena 242 (October 2015): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.242.135.

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Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of Czochralski silicon wafers at around 1260°C installs a depth profile of some vacancy species. Subsequent oxygen precipitation in such wafers is vacancy-assisted. The data on RTA-installed vacancy profiles - and the corresponding precipitate density profiles - suggest that there is a slow-diffusing vacancy species (Vs) along with two fast-diffusing species: a Watkins vacancy (Vw) manifested in irradiation experiments and fast vacancy (Vf) responsible for the high-T vacancy contribution into self-diffusion. The Vs species are lost during cooling stage of RTA, and the loss seems to occur by conversion of Vs into Vf followed by a quick out-diffusion of Vf. A model based on this scenario provides a good fit to the reported profiles of oxide precipitate density in RTA wafers for different values of TRTA and different cooling rates.

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15

FRAEDRICH, KLAUS. "FICKIAN DIFFUSION AND NEWTONIAN COOLING: A CONCEPT FOR NOISE INDUCED CLIMATE VARIABILITY WITH LONG-TERM MEMORY?" Stochastics and Dynamics 02, no. 03 (September 2002): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219493702000492.

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Observed near surface air and soil temperature time series reveal a long-term memory, which is associated with a power-law scaling of the frequency spectra, S(ω) ~ ω- β with β ~ 0.6, lying between white and flicker noise, 0 < β < 1. As this power law scaling is not consistent with the Brownian motion concept of climate variability, Fickian diffusion is added to a Newtonian cooling relaxation to provide a more suitable analog of climatic fluctuations: (i) Diffusive plus random heat fluxes parametrise the turbulent mixing by synoptic scale eddy life cycles, affect tropospheric and near surface temperatures and excite a long-term memory regime with a β ~ 0.5 scaling. (ii) Newtonian cooling describes the near surface temperatures relaxing towards a global mean deep soil temperature and stabilises the system to a white noise response at very low frequencies. The long-term memory regime emerges from the high frequency scaling (β ~ 1.5), once temperatures become correlated in space due to diffusion, so that spatially averaged fluctuations correlate for times beyond the diffusion time scale. The long-term memory regime disappears into a white noise plateau (β ~ 0), when low frequencies exceed the damping time scale of Newtonian cooling. This system may be interpreted as a diffusive system relaxing towards the deep soil restoration temperature with an almost infinitely large time scale.

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16

Li, Xianchang, and Ting Wang. "Simulation of Film Cooling Enhancement With Mist Injection." Journal of Heat Transfer 128, no. 6 (December 9, 2005): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2171695.

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Cooling of gas turbine hot-section components, such as combustor liners, combustor transition pieces, and turbine vanes (nozzles) and blades (buckets), is a critical task for improving the life and reliability of them. Conventional cooling techniques using air-film cooling, impingement jet cooling, and turbulators have significantly contributed to cooling enhancements in the past. However, the increased net benefits that can be continuously harnessed by using these conventional cooling techniques seem to be incremental and are about to approach their limit. Therefore, new cooling techniques are essential for surpassing these current limits. This paper investigates the potential of film-cooling enhancement by injecting mist into the coolant. The computational results show that a small amount of injection (2% of the coolant flow rate) can enhance the adiabatic cooling effectiveness about 30–50%. The cooling enhancement takes place more strongly in the downstream region, where the single-phase film cooling becomes less powerful. Three different holes are used in this study including a two-dimensional (2D) slot, a round hole, and a fan-shaped diffusion hole. A comprehensive study is performed on the effect of flue gas temperature, blowing angle, blowing ratio, mist injection rate, and droplet size on the cooling effectiveness with 2D cases. Analysis on droplet history (trajectory and size) is undertaken to interpret the mechanism of droplet dynamics.

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17

Yang, Fan, and Mohammad E. Taslim. "Experimental and Numerical Studies of the Film Cooling Effectiveness Downstream of a Curved Diffusion Film Cooling Hole." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2022 (May 9, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9913692.

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Film cooling technology is a commonly used method for thermal protection of gas turbines’ hot sections. A new, shaped, film cooling hole is proposed in this study. The geometry is made of a straight-through cylindrical feed hole at an inclination angle of 30° followed by an expansion section. The expansion section is created by the rotation of the same circular hole on the inclination plane about an axis normal to that plane which passes through the center of the feed hole exit area. This shape was designed to decrease the deteriorating effects of kidney vortices by proper distribution of the coolant flow emerging from the hole exit area. Cases with four rotation angles (7°, 14°, 17.5°, and 21°) were studied both experimentally and numerically and for the blowing ratios of 0.5, 1, and 2.0. For comparisons, the commonly used 7°-7°-7° diffusion hole geometry was also tested under otherwise identical conditions. For data collection, the pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) technique was used to measure the film cooling effectiveness. Streamwise- and spanwise-averaged film effectiveness results were obtained to compare the performance of different geometries. The main conclusions were that the case of 21° rotation angle produced the highest film effectiveness and outperformed the 7°-7°-7° diffusion hole geometry.

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18

Vlasov, M. N., and M. C. Kelley. "Criterion for analyzing experimental data on eddy diffusion coefficients." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 6 (June 2, 2014): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-581-2014.

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Abstract. Problems exist in estimating the eddy heat transport coefficient, Keh, from experimental data. These problems are due to uncertainty in determining the turbulent energy dissipation rate and to the uncertainty of Keh dependence on the energy dissipation rate. In this paper, a new criterion for estimating the eddy heat transport coefficient is suggested. This criterion is based on the effect of eddy turbulence on the energy budget of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The calculations show high cooling around and above the Keh peak for Keh values inferred from experimental data. The cooling rates are much higher than cooling rates corresponding to the temperature given by the MSIS-E-90 model or to temperatures measured during the experiments. The main contribution to high cooling rates is due to the term with eddy heat conduction, which strongly depends on the Keh gradient. According to our results, the heating/cooling values below the Keh peak altitude correspond to the temperature given by the MSIS-E-90 model, but at the peak and above, the cooling rates are larger by a factor of 2–3 than the rates corresponding to the temperatures. This means that the Keh values in the peak and above may be overestimated. Application of this criterion to the Turbulent Oxygen Mixing Experiment (TOMEX) data shows that eddy diffusions inferred from observing chemical tracers in TOMEX are strongly overestimated.

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19

Ferreira Pelegrini, Marcelo, Thiago Antonini Alves, Felipe Baptista Nishida, Ricardo A. Verdú Ramos, and Cassio R. Macedo Maia. "Hybrid Analytical-Numerical Analysis of SAE 4150 Alloy Steel Rods Cooling." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.187.

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In this work, a hybrid analytical-numerical study was performed in cooling of rectangular rods made from SAE 4150 alloy steel (0.50% carbon, 0.85% chrome, 0.23% molybdenum, and 0.30% silicon). The analysis can be represented by the solution of transient diffusive problems in rectangular cylinders with variable thermo-physical properties in its domain under the boundary conditions of first kind (Dirichlet condition) and uniform initial condition. The diffusion equation was linearized through the Kirchhoff Transformation on the temperature potential to make the analytical treatment easier. The Generalized Integral Transform Technique (GITT) was applied on the diffusion equation in the domain in order to determine the temperature distribution. The physical parameters of interest were determined for several aspect ratios and compared with the results obtained through numerical simulations using the commercial software ANSYS/FluentTM15.

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20

Mitchell, Allan. "Some Considerations for EM Cooling Systems." Microscopy Today 5, no. 6 (August 1997): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950005608x.

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For numerous reasons a closed-circuit water cooling system is the preferred option for providing cooling water to the electron microscope. Cooling water is required by the electron microscope to cool the diffusion pumps and to keep the electronics' and coiumn temperature stable.A closed-circuit water cooling system is essential if the local water supply has a high chloride concentration, has floating particles, is acidic, has a water temperature that fluctuates and is uncontrollable. This potentially leads to specimen drift problems in the TEW, and/or has a water temperature that is very cold. This potentially leads to condensation problems or diffusion pumps not functioning properly in the TEM.

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21

Robson, R. E. "Diffusion Cooling of Electrons in an A.C. Field." Australian Journal of Physics 50, no. 3 (1997): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/p96070.

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Boundaries affect the measured values of transport coeffcients in all drift tube experiments, to a greater or lesser extent, and nowhere is this more apparent than in the experiment first devised by Cavalleri (1969) and subsequently adapted by Crompton and coworkers in the 1970s. The phenomenon of ‘diffusion cooling’ is particularly striking and arises essentially from a penetration of the ‘boundary layer’ (of thickness of the order of the mean free path for energy exchange) throughout a significant portion of the gas chamber. Although this is something of an obstacle to extracting the classical diffusion coefficient from experimental data, it is of great interest in its own right from a theoretical point of view, and the Crompton et al. experiments motivated several theoretical treatments which successfully explained diffusion cooling, albeit for zero applied field and on the basis of the ‘two-term’ spherical harmonic representation of the velocity distribution function. The present paper puts these theories in the context of the modern, generalised eigenvalue theory, which may be used as a basis for describing all swarm experiments. In addition, the earlier zero-field studies are generalised to the extent that an a.c. heating field is included, as was the case for the original Cavalleri experimental set-up. This field is found to enhance diffusion cooling effects for a simple model cross section.

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22

Bons, J. P., C. D. MacArthur, and R. B. Rivir. "The Effect of High Free-Stream Turbulence on Film Cooling Effectiveness." Journal of Turbomachinery 118, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 814–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2840939.

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This study investigated the adiabatic wall cooling effectiveness of a single row of film cooling holes injecting into a turbulent flat plate boundary layer below a turbulent, zero pressure gradient free stream. Levels of free-stream turbulence (Tu) up to 17.4 percent were generated using a method that simulates conditions at a gas turbine combustor exit. Film cooling was injected from a single row of five 35 deg slant-hole injectors (length/diameter = 3.5, pitch/diameter = 3.0) at blowing ratios from 0.55 to 1.85 and at a nearly constant density ratio (coolant density/free-stream density) of 0.95. Film cooling effectiveness data are presented for Tu levels ranging from 0.9 to 17 percent at a constant free-stream Reynolds number based on injection hole diameter of 19,000. Results show that elevated levels of free-stream turbulence reduce film cooling effectiveness by up to 70 percent in the region directly downstream of the injection hole due to enhanced mixing. At the same time, high free-stream turbulence also produces a 50–100 percent increase in film cooling effectiveness in the region between injection holes. This is due to accelerated spanwise diffusion of the cooling fluid, which also produces an earlier merger of the coolant jets from adjacent holes.

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23

Drozdowi, K., and V. H. Gillette. "The thermal neutron diffusion cooling coefficient in polyethylene." Annals of Nuclear Energy 26, no. 13 (September 1999): 1159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4549(99)00004-3.

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24

Trunec, D., P. Španěl, and D. Smith. "Electron Temperature Relaxation in Afterglow Plasmas: Diffusion Cooling." Contributions to Plasma Physics 34, no. 1 (1994): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ctpp.2150340109.

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25

Zhang, Zhen, Yinbo Mao, Xinrong Su, and Xin Yuan. "Inversion learning of turbulent thermal diffusion for film cooling." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 3 (March 2022): 035118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084237.

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Film cooling is a typical three-dimensional fluid phenomenon, where the coolant with lower temperature is ejected from discrete holes to protect metal walls from being burnt by the hot mainstream. It is a great challenge for Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) methods to accurately predict the coolant coverage on the wall because the turbulent thermal diffusion tends to be under-predicted due to inherent assumptions behind RANS models. In this paper, a framework of integrated field inversion and machine learning is built to enhance RANS prediction of turbulent thermal diffusion. A neural network (NN) is trained in this framework to predict the spatially varying turbulent Prandtl number ([Formula: see text]) and to improve the prediction of RANS models. The temperature distribution obtained from the large eddy simulation is used as the learning target, and the discrete adjoint method is used as the inverse model that helps calculate derivatives of mean square error of the temperature distribution to NN parameters. The training process of NN shows good convergence properties. The results show that the obtained NN effectively increases the insufficient turbulent thermal diffusion by predicting much lower [Formula: see text] than the commonly used value of 0.9. The NN-enhanced RANS provides significant improvements on predicting experimental temperature distributions compared with general RANS models not only on the training data but also on the unseen testing data. In addition, the obtained NN can be implemented into general-purpose software with minimal effort and no numerical stability problem.

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26

Liu, Jianqiao, Wanqiu Wang, Zhaoxia Zhai, Guohua Jin, Yuzhen Chen, Wusong Hong, Liting Wu, and Fengjiao Gao. "Influence of Oxygen Vacancy Behaviors in Cooling Process on Semiconductor Gas Sensors: A Numerical Analysis." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 3929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113929.

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The influence of oxygen vacancy behaviors during a cooling process in semiconductor gas sensors is discussed by the numerical analysis method based on the gradient-distributed oxygen vacancy model. A diffusion equation is established to describe the behaviors of oxygen vacancies, which follows the effects of diffusion and exclusion in the cooling process. Numerical analysis is introduced to find the accurate solutions of the diffusion equation. The solutions illustrate the oxygen vacancy distribution profiles, which are dependent on the cooling rate as well as the temperature interval of the cooling process. The gas-sensing characteristics of reduced resistance and response are calculated. Both of them, together with oxygen vacancy distribution, show the grain size effects and the re-annealing effect. It is found that the properties of gas sensors can be controlled or adjusted by the designed cooling process. The proposed model provides a possibility for sensor characteristics simulations, which may be beneficial for the design of gas sensors. A quantitative interpretation on the gas-sensing mechanism of semiconductors has been contributed.

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27

Vianco, Paul, Jerome Rejent, Gary Zender, and Alice Kilgo. "Kinetics of Pb-rich Phase Particle Coarsening in Sn–Pb Solder Under Isothermal Annealing–cooling Rate Dependence." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0198.

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The coarsening behavior of the Pb-rich phase particles in 63Sn–37Pb (wt%) solder was investigated following isothermal annealing treatments. Samples were exposed to cooling rates of 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100 °C/min. Annealing temperatures were 25, 55, 70, 85, and 100 °C, and times were 2–100 days. The mean particle diameter decreased from 1.8 × 10−3 to 0.8 × 10−3 mm with increased cooling rate, indicating two solidification regimes: one for cooling rates ≤1 °C/min and the other for cooling rates of ≥10 °C/min. The Pb-rich phase particles coarsened more quickly in samples made at the two fastest cooling rates. There was little Pb-rich phase particle coarsening at 25 and 55 °C for all annealing times. Coarsening rate kinetics were examined specifically for the 10 and 100 °C/min data using the expression Atnexp[−ΔH/RT]. The values of n were 0.23 ± 0.11 and 0.36 ± 0.13, respectively; n was not sensitive to annealing temperature. The corresponding 1/n values indicated that the coarsening mechanism changed from a fast diffusion to a bulk diffusion controlled process with a faster cooling rate. The apparent activation energy ΔH ranged from 16 ± 8 to 41 ± 8 kJ/mol; the values increased with cooling rate from 10 to 100 °C/min. The ΔH value was sensitive to annealing temperature only for the faster cooling rate of 100 °C/min. Together, the n and ΔH values indicated that an accelerated, fast diffusion mechanism with low activation barriers characterized the Pb-rich phase coarsening in samples exposed to a slower cooling rate, greater annealing, or a combination of the two conditions. That mechanism likely originated from the in situ development of recover/recrystallization microstructures in the Sn-rich phase. At faster cooling rates, those microstructures were not as well developed, so coarsening was controlled more by the higher activation barriers of bulk diffusion processes.

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Lafranche, Eric, Thierry Renault, and Patricia Krawczak. "Effect of the Interdiffusion at the Polymer/Polymer Interface on the Flexural Properties of Over-Moulded Short Glass Fibre/Glass Fabric Reinforced PA6 Composites." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.821.

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The injection over-moulding of 30wt% short glass fibre reinforced PA6 (SGF from Solvay Engineering Plastics) onto consolidated unbalanced (87/13) 70wt% glass fabric reinforced PA6 (Continuous Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic (CFRT) from Solvay Engineering Plastics) was investigated with the objective to optimise the flexural and interlaminar shearing of the complex. Among the processing parameters, the temperature of the fabric before injection and the over-moulded melt temperature associated to the mould temperature (cooling rate of the complex) were revealed as the main parameters directing the mechanical properties of the complex. Moreover, the flexural modulus and the apparent interlaminar shear strength fall down critically in the main direction (chain direction of the fabric) under a CFRT temperature of 150°C. The effect of the SGF/CFRT interface was quantified in term of quadratic distance of diffusion through the interface. First, the 1D cooling of the complex was simulated according to the heat transfer module of COMSOL Multiphysics® in order to determinate the variation of the temperature field during the cooling stage of process. The calculations were achieved with an initial CFRT temperature of 23, 100, 150 and 200°C, the mould and SGF melt temperatures were kept constant. The diffusion theory has then been applied to calculate the variation of the auto-diffusion coefficient through the thickness during the complex cooling, the diffusion is supposed occurring only at a temperature above the PA6 crystallisation temperature (185°C). The calculation of the quadratic distance of diffusion through the thickness confirmed the mechanical results. Under a CFRT temperature of 150°C, the ability to the molecular diffusion at the interface becomes non-existent. The melt temperature of the SGF PA6 has to be sufficient to melt the CFRT PA6 interface, the time of diffusion directed by both the CFRT and mould temperatures (cooling rate) has to be long enough to allow the molecular diffusion from the material to the other.

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29

Li, Hui, Shang Qi Zhou, and Jin Ming Fang. "Computer Simulation of Temperature Field for Be/HR-1 Stainless Steel by Diffusion Bonding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 3516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.3516.

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In order to provide the best technic parameter for hot pressing, the diffusion bonding temperature fields of Be/HR-1 stainless steel under different cooling methods were simulated by the finite element method. The results show that high temperature parts occur in stainless steel center zone in water cooling and air cooling, and the interface cooling rates follow respectively equation of T = 0.0297 t 2 - 9.3223 t + 1017.6 and equation of T = 0.002 t 2 - 0.7702 t + 1014.8. In funace cooling, high temperature part moves to beryllium center zone and the interface cooling rate follows equation of T = -0.0192 t + 1018.8. While the heat transfer coefficient (h) is taken as 5, the temperature distribution of both sides on the interface is symmetric and temperature gradient is the lowest, so the hot stress on the interface is reduced effectively to improve the diffusion bonding strength, which results fit with the experience ones well.

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30

Vereecken, Evy, Wouter Van De Walle, and Staf Roels. "A novel and flexible test setup to measure the vapour diffusion resistance of building materials and wall components." MATEC Web of Conferences 282 (2019): 02057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928202057.

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A novel test setup and procedure to measure the vapour diffusion resistance of building materials and components are presented. In this test setup, a vapour flux across the test sample is induced by cooling down one of the sample’s surfaces by a cooling plate. The cooling plate also acts as a vapour tight plane and hence condensation is created. The vapour diffusion resistance is, via a Glaser-based calculation, inferred from the mass of condensation. Benefits of the novel procedure are its applicability to building components such as masonry, CLT, etc., and its larger flexibility in respect to the boundary conditions. The non-isothermal approach allows the induction of a large (and thus measurable) vapour flux while a quasi-constant relative humidity across the sample can be imposed. In the paper, the novel method is validated based on a bituminous impregnated fibreboard with known diffusion resistance. Thereafter, the method is applied to a masonry wall, showing the importance of diffusion measurements on the component level.

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31

Caplan, M. E., and I. F. Freeman. "Precise diffusion coefficients for white dwarf astrophysics." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 505, no. 1 (May 4, 2021): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1259.

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ABSTRACT Observations of Galactic white dwarfs with Gaia have allowed for unprecedented modelling of white dwarf cooling, resolving core crystallization, and sedimentary heating from neutron-rich nuclei. These cooling sequences are sensitive to the diffusion coefficients of nuclei in Coulomb plasmas which have order 10 per cent uncertainty and are often not valid across coupling regimes. Using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations we calculate diffusion coefficients at high resolution in the regime relevant for white dwarf modelling. We present a physically motivated law for diffusion with a semi-empirical correction which is accurate at the percent level. Implemented along with linear mixing in stellar evolution codes, this law should reduce the error from diffusion coefficients by an order of magnitude.

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32

de Campos, Marcos Flavio. "Heat Treatment Design for NdFe and SmCo₅ Magnets with Basis on the Phase Diagram." Materials Science Forum 802 (December 2014): 619–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.802.619.

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The high coercivity region of the Nd-Fe-B and Sm-Co phase diagrams is discussed. Slow cooling heat treatments may eliminate lattice defects, which are responsible for nucleation of reverse magnetization. The concept of diffusion length can be used for the design of heat treatments. Analytical formulas for calculation of the diffusion length as function of the cooling rate of the heat treatment are presented.

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33

Yang, Chao, Yong An Min, Hong Ping Sun, Tie Gu, and Jin Ming Fu. "Study of Identifying the Banded Structure of 8620 Steel Bars." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.643.

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The level of ferrite/pearlite banding in gear steel can be affected significantly by cooling rates, however, different sizes own diverse bands in the same cooling rate. The lower-level degree banding was got under the faster cooling speed, whereas the higher-level degree banding under the slower cooling speed. The alloying elements segregation can be characterized in the fixed speed according to the banding. Banded segregation in a hot rolled SAE8620 gear steel was investigated by DIL805A dilatometer, OM, electron microprobe analysis(EPMA). The transformation temperature of rich solute and poor solute were calculated by JMatPro software. Meanwhile, the diffusion distance of carbon was also figured by DICTRA. Results showed that the difference of Ar3 temperatures for solute-depleted and solute-rich zones will impact the banded intensity, while the diffusion distance of carbon decrease with an increasingly of cooling rate, the banded structure relieved. The corresponding band adopted 0.2 °C/s cooling rate can characterize the first banded segregation of alloy elements.

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34

Bunker, Ronald S. "Film Cooling: Breaking the Limits of Diffusion Shaped Holes." Heat Transfer Research 41, no. 6 (2010): 627–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/heattransres.v41.i6.40.

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35

Hoogerland, M. D., H. F. P. de Bie, H. C. W. Beijerinck, E. J. D. Vredenbregt, K. A. H. van Leeuwen, P. van der Straten, and H. J. Metcalf. "Force, diffusion, and channeling in sub-Doppler laser cooling." Physical Review A 54, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 3206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.54.3206.

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36

Krynicka, Ewa, Krzysztof Drozdowicz, Urszula Woźnicka, Urszula Wiaçek, and Barbara Gabańska. "Thermal neutron diffusion cooling in two-region small systems." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 38, no. 16 (August 5, 2005): 2967–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/38/16/033.

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37

Nakamura, Koichi, Kosuke Shimokita, Hiroshi Hirano, Yoshitaka Michihiro, Toshihiro Moriga, and Koji Yamada. "Li+Ionic Diffusion in LiCuO2Exposed to Heating-Cooling Cycles." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 79, Suppl.A (January 2010): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsjs.79sa.80.

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38

Hoogerland, M. D., H. F. P. de Bie, H. C. W. Beijerinck, K. A. H. van Leeuwen, P. van der Straten, E. J. D. Vredenbregt, and H. J. Metcalf. "Force and diffusion measurements in sub-Doppler laser cooling." Physical Review Letters 72, no. 21 (May 23, 1994): 3332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.72.3332.

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39

Shove, Elizabeth, Gordon Walker, and Sam Brown. "Transnational Transitions: The Diffusion and Integration of Mechanical Cooling." Urban Studies 51, no. 7 (August 19, 2013): 1506–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098013500084.

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40

Drozdowicz, Krzysztof. "The diffusion cooling coefficient for thermal neutrons in Plexiglas." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 31, no. 15 (August 7, 1998): 1800–1807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/31/15/006.

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41

Straughan, B., and J. Tracey. "Multi-component convection-diffusion with internal heating or cooling." Acta Mechanica 133, no. 1-4 (March 1999): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01179019.

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42

Gurevich, Bella, and Amir Zohar. "Numerical Research of a Solar Driven Bubble Pump for Diffusion Absorption Refrigeration Systems." Defect and Diffusion Forum 412 (November 12, 2021): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.412.27.

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In conventional vapor compression and absorption refrigeration systems, a compressor or a mechanical pump, respectively circulates the refrigerant. Mechanical input, which is required by the compressor or the pump operation, contributes significantly to the noise level and lessens its reliability and portability. In contrast, diffusion absorption refrigeration (DAR) systems are heat-driven and contain no moving parts. Solar-driven diffusion absorption cooling system uses a low-grade heat to produce a cooling effect, and it's specially tuned for remote locations with high levels of solar radiation. This article studies the performance of a DAR system in Ashdod, Israel. Based on existing models in the literature and on experimental measurement of quantities such as the solar irradiance and the air temperature, the cooling capacity and the COP were simulated. Cooling capacity of the DAR system varies between 100 and 140 W, and COP between 0.09 and 0.17.

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43

Hu, D., H. Jiang, M. H. Loretto, and Xin Hua Wu. "Beta Phase Decomposition in a TiAl Alloy during Continuous Cooling." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 3625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.3625.

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Beta phase decomposition in Ti-44Al-4Nb-4Hf-0.1Si during continuous cooling from β phase field has been investigated. A wide cooling rate range (0.3-1000°Cs-1) was provided by mainly using Jominy end quenching, which has been introduced into TiAl research recently, together with iced brine quench (IBQ) and furnace cooling (FC). At different cooling rates beta phase decomposes via different paths through diffusion or diffusionless mechanisms and lamellar transformation may occur after β decomposition at certain cooling rates.

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44

Liao, Lin Lin, He Wei, Li Zhang Li, Yin Li Chen, Hai Feng Yan, and Guang Hua Liu. "Causes and Control Mechanism of Abnormal Structure in the Center of SWRH82B Wire-Rod-Steel." Materials Science Forum 944 (January 2019): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.944.294.

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The cause of drawing fracture of SWRH82B wire rods was analyzed by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscope - energy dispersive spectrometer and electron probe micro-analyzer - wavelength dispersive spectrometer. A multivariate diffusion model was established in Thermo-Cale, and the effects of temperature and time on diffusion behavior of alloys were studied. Results show that cementite network and martensite in the center area of rod is main cause of tensile fracture. There is serious segregation of chromium and manganese in the central area. The CCT curve moves to right, and critical cooling rate of martensite decreases. With high cooling rate, time for eutectoid transition is insufficient, and martensite transformation occurs in segregation band. The segregation of phosphorus further worsen the brittleness of steel. With increase of heating temperature and duration of heating time, segregation in final product is reduced, and content of cementite network and martensite decreases. When the temperature is maintained at 1050 °C for 600 s, there is no segregation of phosphorus and carbon. The diffusion of chromium is even when temperature is maintained at 1150 °C for 5400 s, and an even diffusion of manganese is obtained when temperature is maintained at 1200 °C for 3000 s. In stelmor air cooling process, the key point is keeping cooling rate low to extend holding time, and to optimize microstructure and properties.

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45

JOUBERT, H. D., J. J. TERBLANS, and H. C. SWART. "EFFECT OF SLOW HEATING AND COOLING ON THE INTERDIFFUSION OF THIN FILMS." Surface Review and Letters 14, no. 04 (August 2007): 703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x07009967.

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Interdiffusion parameters are often extracted from depth profiles of the interface of annealed thin films by measuring the annealing time of the sample as well as the distance over which interdiffusion took place. The annealing time is usually taken as the time from the moment the sample enters the oven to the exact moment the sample is removed from the oven. However, diffusion does not start and stop at these points, as the temperature of the sample does not change instantaneously. Any calculation performed with the instantaneous and therefore erroneous time will result in incorrect diffusion parameters extracted from the depth profiles. The influence of the extended heating period is studied by solving Fick's second law numerically and employing three distinct heating profiles in the calculations, namely instantaneous, actual, and linear. The results indicate a clear difference between the first two calculated depth profiles. Using these calculations and some experimental results, a method that employs linear heating and cooling of a sample is proposed for studying the interdiffusion of fast diffusing elements (with low activation energies).

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46

Ruzhansky, Michael, Niyaz Tokmagambetov, and Berikbol T. Torebek. "Inverse source problems for positive operators. I: Hypoelliptic diffusion and subdiffusion equations." Journal of Inverse and Ill-posed Problems 27, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 891–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jiip-2019-0031.

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Abstract A class of inverse problems for restoring the right-hand side of a parabolic equation for a large class of positive operators with discrete spectrum is considered. The results on existence and uniqueness of solutions of these problems as well as on the fractional time diffusion (subdiffusion) equations are presented. Consequently, the obtained results are applied for the similar inverse problems for a large class of subelliptic diffusion and subdiffusion equations (with continuous spectrum). Such problems are modelled by using general homogeneous left-invariant hypoelliptic operators on general graded Lie groups. A list of examples is discussed, including Sturm–Liouville problems, differential models with involution, fractional Sturm–Liouville operators, harmonic and anharmonic oscillators, Landau Hamiltonians, fractional Laplacians, and harmonic and anharmonic operators on the Heisenberg group. The rod cooling problem for the diffusion with involution is modelled numerically, showing how to find a “cooling function”, and how the involution normally slows down the cooling speed of the rod.

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47

Huang, Shunquan, and Cong Yu. "Rossby wave instabilities of protoplanetary discs with cooling." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 514, no. 2 (June 14, 2022): 1733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1464.

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ABSTRACT Rossby wave instabilities (RWIs) usually lead to non-axisymmetric vortices in protoplanetary discs and some observed substructures of these discs can be explained well by RWIs. We explore how the cooling influences the growth rate of unstable RWI modes in terms of the linear perturbation analysis. The cooling associated with the energy equation is treated in two different ways. The first approach that we adopt is a simple cooling law. The perturbed thermal state relaxes to the initial thermal state on a prescribed cooling time-scale. In the second approach, we treat the cooling as a thermal diffusion process. The difference in the growth rate between the adiabatic and isothermal modes becomes more pronounced for discs with smaller sound speed. For the simple cooling law, the growth rates of unstable modes monotonically decrease with the shorter cooling time-scale in barotropic discs. However, the dependence of the growth rate with the cooling time-scale becomes non-monotonic in non-baratopic discs. The RWIs might even be enhanced in non-barotropic discs during the transition from the adiabatic state to the isothermal state. When the cooling is treated as thermal diffusion, even in barotropic discs, the variation of the growth rate with thermal diffusivity becomes non-monotonic. Furthermore, a maximum growth rate may appear with an appropriate value of thermal diffusivity. The angular momentum flux is investigated to understand the angular momentum transport by RWIs with cooling.

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48

Sun, Yi Bo, Yi Luo, Xiao Dong Wang, and Yu Qi Feng. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Diffusion Behavior for Thermalplastic Fusion Bonding." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.45.

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As a convenient way for the assembly of thermal plastic MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems) devices fusion bonding was studied in molecular level. The diffusion behavior of polymer molecular chains was simulated by molecular dynamics. Amorphous PMMA (poly methyl methacrylate) layer were constructed. The interaction of PMMA layers in heating and cooling stages were simulated in NPT ensemble. In the simulation the PMMA molecular chains spread across the interface and entangled with the chains in the other layers. The factors including pressure and temperature which play important role in fusion bonding were analyzed in molecular level. System deformation was recorded in heating and cooling progress. Diffusion depth and binding energy in the model which had experienced heating and cooling simulation were obtained to investigate fusion degree. Deformation and fusion degree increase with larger pressure and higher temperature imposed to the system. It is concluded that only considering the diffusion of molecular chains parameters of relatively small pressure and high temperature are necessary to obtain precise bonding for micro joint, which is significant in guiding the precise bonding for micro assembly.

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49

Sun, Shi Mei, and Li Qiu Zheng. "Numerical Simulation Study on Heat Pipe Cooling System of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.893.

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The paper which based on transferring heat problem of fuel cell , applying the new heat pipe cooling system and established math model of proton exchange membrane fuel cell , proved factors that affecting heat pipe and the fuel cell cooling. Showed that: cooling fluid temperature, hot and cold length ratio, gas pressure and diffusion layer thermal have a significantly affect to fuel cell.

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50

Kvasnitsky, V. V., G. V. Ermolaev, and M. V. Matvienko. "Effect of cooling mode after diffusion welding and brazing on residual stresses in graphite-copper edge joints." Paton Welding Journal 2015, no. 11 (November 28, 2015): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2015.11.02.

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