Книги: "Differentiable stacks"

1

France, Société mathématique de, and Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France), eds. String topology for stacks. Paris: Société mathématique de France, 2012.

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2

G, Crandell Michael, Rabinowitz Paul H, Turner Robert E. L, and University of Wisconsin--Madison. Mathematics Research Center., eds. Directions in partial differential equations. Boston: Academic Press, 1987.

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3

Boutte, Magee, ed. How the best teachers differentiate instruction. Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education, 2010.

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4

author, Chacko Asha T., Rajeev V. author, and Arun Kumar, V. S., author, eds. Morbidity in Kerala: Levels, determinants and differentials. New Delhi, India: Serials Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2018.

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5

Mathers, Colin. Health differentials among young Australian adults. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 1996.

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6

Mathers, Colin. Health differentials among adult Australians aged 25-64 years. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1994.

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7

Husin, Lubis Syarif, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Dept. of Community Health., and Lembaga Perancang Keluarga Berencana, eds. Survey on morbidity and mortality differentials: Malaysia. [Kuala Lumpur]: Dept. of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 1987.

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8

Secretariat, Commonwealth, ed. Alternative special and differential arrangements for small economies. London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 2002.

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9

Richard, Klein, and National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), eds. Health status indicators: Differentials by race and Hispanic origin. [Hyattsville, Md.] (6525 Belcrest Rd., Hyattsville 20782): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 1995.

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10

Mahgoub, Youssef M. Regional urban-rural differentials of the educational impact on fertility in Egypt. Cairo: Cairo Demographic Centre, 1992.

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11

E, Cross Harry, ed. Employer hiring practices: Differential treatment of Hispanic and Anglo job seekers. Washington, D.C: Urban Institute Press, 1990.

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12

Bernard, Andrew B. Understanding increasing and decreasing wage inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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13

Silver, Harvey F. Math tools, grades 3-12: 64 ways to differentiate instruction and increase student engagement. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2008.

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14

Silver, Harvey F. Math tools, grades 3-12: 64 ways to differentiate instruction and increase student engagement. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2008.

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15

Differential diagnoses: A comparative history of health care problems and solutions in the United States and France. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007.

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16

Dutton, Paul V. Differential diagnoses: A comparative history of health care problems and solutions in the United States and France. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 2008.

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17

Pantev, Tony. Stacks and catetories in geometry, topology, and algebra: CATS4 Conference Higher Categorical Structures and Their Interactions with Algebraic Geometry, Algebraic Topology and Algebra, July 2-7, 2012, CIRM, Luminy, France. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2015.

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18

Dutton, Paul V. Differential Diagnoses. Cornell University Press, 2010.

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19

Hosek, James, Michael G. Mattock, and Beth J. Asch. Wage Differential Approach to Managing Special and Incentive Pay. RAND Corporation, The, 2019.

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20

Hauser, Philip M., and Evelyn M. Kitagawa. Differential Mortality in the United States: A Study in Socio-Economic Epidemiology. Harvard University Press, 2013.

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21

Aletaha, Daniel, and Helga Radner. Rheumatoid arthritis—diagnosis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0110.

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is among the most disabling form of chronic inflammatory joint disease. Not all forms of arthritis develop into RA; on the contrary, it may be very challenging to differentiate RA from cases of arthritis that are self-limiting or caused by another disease. Evaluation of early arthritis includes some basic steps, such as excluding trauma, crystal, or infectious-related disease, as well as considering additional features that may guide towards a specific diagnosis. If no specific diagnosis can then be made, the presentation can be labelled as undifferentiated arthritis. Typical differential diagnoses of RA include viral polyarthritis, seronegative spondylarthropathies, polymyalgia rheumatic, and other systemic rheumatic diseases. In 2010, new classification criteria were published that led to a change in the approach to RA. Compared to the previous criteria, the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1987 criteria, a scoring system was devised, appreciating the type and number of affected joints (up to 5 points), as well as serology (up to 3 points), elevated acute-phase reactants (1 point), and a symptom persistence of 6 weeks or longer (1 point). If 6 or more points are reached, then classifiable RA is present. Importantly, classification status, which is used for study purposes, is not always identical to the diagnostic status, which often leads to clinical treatment.

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22

Harvard University. Graduate School of Design, ed. Indentification of the major factors that differentiate successful home builders during market transition. 2009.

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23

Alonso Salinas, Gonzalo Luis, Marina Pascual Izco, Covadonga Fernández-Golfín, Luigi P. Badano, and José Luis Zamorano. Ischaemic heart disease: acute coronary syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0029.

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Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is a non-invasive and accessible tool that should be widely used in the evaluation of patients with suspected or known acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Its role is crucial in the management of patients with suspected ACS without electrocardiographic changes or elevation of cardiac markers, allowing the formulation of differential diagnosis between cardiac and extracardiac aetiologies. If the ACS is confirmed, initial assessment of regional and global left and right ventricle contractile function is fundamental in establishing the management strategy and may help in the risk stratification of these patients. TTE can also characterize the ischaemic myocardium in the acute phase, exposing any myocardial regional wall motion abnormalities. Furthermore, TTE is an excellent tool for the initial assessment of the aetiology of cardiogenic shock. It provides additional information regarding the haemodynamic status of the patient, including filling pressures and stroke volume, and it may rule out other causes of shock; thus, immediate TTE, or transoesophageal echocardiography if necessary, should be performed when cardiogenic shock is suspected. In the chronic phase, TTE plays an important role in characterizing myocardial infarction scar and its extent. TTE can accurately differentiate viable myocardium from scar tissue, and may guide revascularization if needed, improving patient care.

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24

Forsyth, Rob, and Richard Newton. Emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784449.003.0006.

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This chapter offers practical information on the management of emergencies in paediatric neurology. A step-by-step guide is given to immediate assessment, differential diagnosis, intervention, investigation, and treatment. The common scenarios addressed are acute agitation; coma; convulsive status epilepticus; status dystonicus; sudden onset visual loss, and the child who suddenly stops walking.

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25

Davenport, Michael. Alternative Special and Differential Arrangements for Small Economies: Economic Paper 51 (Economic Paper Series). Commonwealth Secretariat, 2003.

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26

Baraliakos, Xenofon, and Kay-Geert A. Hermann. Imaging: spine. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198734444.003.0014.

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Although axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) starts in the sacroiliac joints in the vast majority of cases, the spine can be clinically affected with similar severity and frequency, especially in long-standing disease. In addition, not only the inflammatory but also structural changes seen in the sacroiliac joints can be visualized in the same way in the spine when using the appropriate imaging techniques. For the interpretation of imaging findings in axSpA, typical and frequent differential diagnoses need to be taken into account, such as degenerative changes, bacterial inflammation, and fractures, and also non-pathological findings such as haemangioma. This chapter concentrates on the imaging of the spine in axSpA, giving an extensive overview of the relevant diagnostic and differential diagnostic findings in patients with axSpA and the most common differential diagnoses.

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27

Levesque, Roger J. R. Empirical Assessments of Legal Doctrine Responding to School Segregation and Diversity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190633639.003.0004.

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The utility of empirical findings rests on the relevant legal disputes and the interpretive mechanisms that will lead to their resolution. These determinative factors are at play in the legal system’s responses to racial/ethnic status. This chapter evaluates empirical evidence addressing the two fundamental approaches to segregation and diversity: anti-classification (resisting differential treatment) and anti-subjugation (permitting differential treatment). It addresses them in the context of schooling. The investigation reveals striking findings relating to the support of these major approaches to addressing unequal treatment. In fact, much of the research offered by social scientists fails to support the legal positions that they hope to influence.

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28

Alarcón, Gonzalo, Marian Lazaro, and Antonio Valentín. Migraine, stroke, and cerebral ischaemia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0033.

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This chapter reviews the electroencephalographic changes associated with migraine, stroke and cerebral ischaemia, and their interpretation to aid in their differential diagnosis. The incidence of stroke and cerebral ischaemia is increasing with population aging. They are some of the most common problems faced in emergency medicine, and their diagnosis can be puzzling. This chapter describes and illustrates the patterns seen in such conditions, such as slowing, frontal intermittent delta activity (FIRDA), periodic lateralized epileptiform discharge (PLED), generalized periodic lateralized epileptiform discharge (GPED), and bilateral periodic lateralized epileptiform discharge (BiPED). The chapter reviews their prognostic value in critical care medicine and their differential diagnosis with status epilepticus.

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29

Escudier, Marcel. Laminar boundary layers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.003.0017.

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This chapter starts by introducing the concept of a boundary layer and the associated boundary-layer approximations. The laminar boundary-layer equations are then derived from the Navier-Stokes equations. The assumption of velocity-profile similarity is shown to reduce the partial differential boundary-layer equations to ordinary differential equations. The results of numerical solutions to these equations are discussed: Blasius’ equation, for zero-pressure gradient, and the Falkner-Skan equation for wedge flows. Von Kármán’s momentum-integral equation is derived and used to obtain useful results for the zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer. Pohlhausen’s quartic-profile method is then discussed, followed by the approximate method of Thwaites. The chapter concludes with a qualitative account of the way in which aerodynamic lift is generated.

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30

Cross, Harry, Genevieve Kenney, Jane Mell, and Wendy Zimmermann. Employer Hiring Practices: Differential Treatment of Hispanic and Anglo Job Seekers (Urban Institute Reports). Urban Institute Press, 1990.

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31

Arthur, Richard T. W. Continuance through Time. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812869.003.0008.

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This final chapter concerns questions of the continuity of existence through time. There are various difficulties: if substances produce their own states, how is this compatible with divine concurrence? And if creation is continuous and yet their states are instantaneous, how does Leibniz avoid reducing monadic duration to a discontinuous aggregate of states? It is argued that a solution to these profound difficulties requires a recognition that monadic states are actually discrete and of finite duration, each containing other smaller states to infinity; yet they are physically continuous, in that each state issues by degrees from the preceding one, and there is no assignable instant at which change does not occur. It is also explained how momentaneous states and forces are to be understood in terms of Leibniz’s foundation for the differential calculus.

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32

Godreau, Isar P. Hispanophile Zones of Whiteness. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038907.003.0005.

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This chapter examines narratives developed during the 1930s that exalted the influence of Spain in Puerto Rican culture in order to counteract the political and economic colonial encroachment of the United States. Hispanophile proponents consider Puerto Rico an offshoot of Spain and Puerto Rican culture a product of Spain's colonizing influence. However, more than a discourse in favor of Spain, Hispanophilia was first and foremost a discourse that sought to differentiate Puerto Rico from the United States. Proponents of Hispanophilia argue that the nation is culturally white. In the context of narratives that distinguish Puerto Rico from the United States, such “cultural whiteness” can be qualified as Spanish or “Hispanic whiteness” vis-à-vis “Anglo-Saxon whiteness.”

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33

Calisoff, Randy L., and David R. Walega. Chronic Knee Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0010.

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Chronic knee pain affects 27 million people in the United States and is a leading cause of disability. Seventy percent of the population 65 years or older will have knee pain with radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis, and 12% will have clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis. Chronic knee pain after total knee replacement ranges from 10% to 20%. Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) refers to anterior knee pain exacerbated with knee joint loading activities (squatting, kneeling, prolonged sitting, ascending/descending stairs). PFPS is a clinical diagnosis, and treatment is directed toward pain alleviation and restoration of proper biomechanics. Pes anserine syndrome is common in runners, athletes, and individuals with osteoarthritis of the knee. Other risk factors include: female sex and a history of diabetes mellitus, obesity, or arthritis. Knowledge of the common knee pain etiologies, as well as key clinical manifestations, physical exam findings, differential diagnosis, and treatment options for each is important for pain specialists.

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34

Kim, Sunae, Ameneh Shahaeian, and Joëlle Proust. Developmental diversity in mindreading and metacognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0006.

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A first aim of this chapter is to explain why children seem to present different patterns of development across cultures for solving false-belief tasks. Anthropological evidence is presented suggesting that the tests devised for Western children might not be adequate outside Western cultures. Alternative practices and values, such as the willingness/refusal to express one’s own mental states, the degree of autonomous agency allocated to young children, and the style of communication used in child-rearing, might partly explain the timing differences in the development of mindreading. A second aim is to identify the sociocultural factors that might also differentially impact the development of metacognitive abilities. It is proposed that the cultural practices that regulate patterns of attention, ways of learning, and communicational pragmatics should differentially influence the kinds of epistemic decisions that need to be monitored and the process of attribution of knowledge to the self in young children.

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35

Gisselquist, Rachel M., and Anustup Kundu. Horizontal inequality, COVID-19, and lockdown readiness: Evidence from India. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/913-6.

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A growing body of research shows that COVID-19 both reﬂects and exacerbates existing inequalities. However, there are significant gaps in this research area with respect to ‘horizontal’ or group-based inequalities in Global South countries. Lack of group-disaggregated data often contributes. In this paper, we use available data to explore how horizontal inequality in India may inﬂuence COVID-19’s impact through the differential impact of lockdown policies across caste and religious groups, as well as across states and urban-rural areas. In so doing, we build upon Egger et al. (2020)’s lockdown readiness index. India, the second most populous country in the world, is a relevant case for such analysis not only because it has pronounced horizontal inequality, but also because it adopted an especially stringent lockdown policy. Our analysis illustrates stark differences in lockdown readiness across groups, which in turn could exacerbate existing horizontal inequalities.

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36

Bichet, Daniel G. Approach to the patient with polyuria. Edited by Robert Unwin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0032.

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In a polyuric patient, first exclude osmotic diuresis, then differentiate between primary polydipsia, central, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, with clinical characteristics, simple blood and urine tests, and hypothalamic magnetic resonance imaging. Mammals are osmoregulators and osmolality is perceived by central and peripheral osmotic receptors and influencing thirst perception and vasopressin secretion. In congenital polyuric states it is useful to distinguish ‘pure’ polyuric states, that is, loss of water only but normal conservation of sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium, from complex (water + sodium + calcium) polyuric states. For the latter, the triad polyuria/polyhydramnios/prematurity is a tell-tale sign of Bartter syndrome. We recommend sequencing of the nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and Bartter genes in all the affected congenital and hereditary polyuric patients. Acquired central and nephrogenic polyuric states are simpler to evaluate.

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37

Goldstone, Jack A. Population Movements and Security. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.277.

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Population movements can affect security in a variety of ways. Aside from altering a society’s overall balance of population and physical resources, they exert a considerable influence on the institutions of society—the state, elite recruitment and social status, the military, labor organizations and peasant villages—in a way that undermines political and social order. The consequences of population movements for security can also be seen in differential population growth and migration, differential aging of different populations, and issues of resource allocation and climate change. The work of T. R. Malthus in the early nineteenth century advanced the argument that more people would put an undesirable burden on societies, and weaken them. Julian Simon turned the Malthusian argument on its head with his claim that people were the “ultimate resource,” and that the more people were around to work on solving the globe’s problems, the more likely it was that powerful solutions would be found. The debate between Malthusians, represented by Paul Ehrlich, and Cornucopians, represented by Simon, from the 1960s to the 1990s was primarily about the impact of population on economic growth. In the 1990s, a new direction emerged in the debate on population and security. This was the argument that population growth would lead to local shortages of critical resources such as farmland, water, and timber, and that these could trigger internal conflicts and even civil wars. These conflicts arise only where states and economies are relatively weak and unable to respond to population growth.

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38

Fields, Gary S. Informality and work status. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/916-7.

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The most important determinant of households’ livelihoods is how much they earn for their labour. People in informal work are more likely to be low earners, to live in poverty, and to make fewer transitions into the higher-paying work statuses. The paper is divided into three main sections: what we mean by informality and work status, why we should differentiate between work statuses, and what we can learn by analysing work statuses and transitions between them.

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39

Chelliah, Shobhana. Ergativity in Tibeto-Burman. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.38.

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A number of Tibeto-Burman languages exhibit morphological ergative alignment, while others clearly do not. In these languages, matters of information structure determine core argument marking. Specifically, both A and S marking may be used to indicate topic, contrastive topic, broad focus, and/or contrastive focus. It is most often A or S, not P, that is assigned such status and between A and S, it is most often A that takes marking. Preference for topic or focus marking on A creates the impression of ergative alignment, but an ergative alignment analysis is untenable as S may be marked under the same conditions and with the same morpheme as A. Considerations of discourse-level clause interpretation in Tibetan, Meitei, and Burmese show that information structure not transitivity determines A and S marking. The presence or absence of marking based on information structure is characterized as “unique differential marking”, distinguishing it from the differential marking observed in ergative and accusative alignment systems.

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40

Spears, Russell, Martin Lea, and Tom Postmes. Computer-mediated communication and social identity. Edited by Adam N. Joinson, Katelyn Y. A. McKenna, Tom Postmes, and Ulf-Dietrich Reips. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561803.013.0017.

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This article argues that social identities not only populate computer-mediated communication (CMC) and the Internet, but they often thrive there, both by designation (of identity: the cognitive dimension) and by design (the strategic dimension in which identities and their agendas are contested). This means that far from being eliminated in CMC, the group and its effects often shine through in CMC (intragroup cohesiveness and conformity, intergroup contrast, and competition). In terms of status and power differentials this can mean that the power and status relations associated with categories are reinforced, both cognitively, by being tied to the roles and relations associated with these identities, and strategically, by the surveillance which CMC can sometimes bring.

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41

Ginsburg, Tom. Objections to Treaty Reservations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697570.003.0011.

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This chapter examines a particular aspect of treaty practice, namely the use of objections to reservations, as an example of the comparative international law project. The practice of objections, it argues, occurs when states have divergent interpretation of treaty requirements, but also illustrates the differential propensity of states to push their particular views of the object and purpose of treaties. The chapter first reviews the legal background on objections to reservations, and then provides a theory of which states are likely to engage in this form of bilateral activity within a multilateral scheme. It then provides descriptive and empirical analysis of objections to reservations to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), along with some data on other prominent human rights treaties. Finally, the chapter speculates on doctrinal implications of the analysis.

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42

Math Tools, Grades 3-12: 64 Ways to Differentiate Instruction and Increase Student Engagement. Corwin Press, 2007.

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43

Math Tools, Grades 3-12: 64 Ways to Differentiate Instruction and Increase Student Engagement. Corwin Press, 2007.

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44

William A, Schabas. Part 12 Financing: Financement, Art.117 Assessment of contributions/Calcul des contributions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0122.

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This chapter comments on Article 117 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 115(a) of the Rome Statute declares that one of the two sources of the funds of the Court shall be assessed contributions made by States Parties. Article 117 recognizes the principle of differential assessment, using the United Nations scale of assessments as the model, but it does not impose a precise formula. The task of specifying the assessed contributions falls, by implication, to the Assembly of States Parties. Each year, the Assembly of States Parties adopts a resolution on the assessment. The most recent ‘[d]ecides that for 2015, the contributions of States Parties shall be assessed in accordance with an agreed scale of assessment, based on the scale adopted by the United Nations for its regular budget applied for 2013–2015, and adjusted in accordance with the principles on which the scale is based’.

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45

Johnson, Matthew Barry. Wrongful Conviction in Sexual Assault. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190653057.001.0001.

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Wrongful Conviction in Sexual Assault: Stranger Rape, Acquaintance Rape, and Intra-Familial Child Sexual Assaults examines the phenomenon of innocent defendants who are convicted of rape and related sexual offenses. It presents findings that indicate sexual offenses are highly overrepresented among confirmed wrongful convictions. Drawing from Innocence Project and National Registry of Exoneration data and supplemented by social science and historical sources, the investigation explores various processes that led to wrongful conviction, distinguishing the differential risk of wrongful conviction among stranger rape, acquaintance rape, and intra-familial child sexual assault. The book includes reference to established research on false confessions, eyewitness misidentification, erroneous expert and informant testimony, DNA evidence, racial bias, and “manufactured” evidence. The work also introduces new terms and concepts (such as “black box” investigation methods, the stranger rape thesis, the moral outrage–moral correction process, “spontaneous misidentification,” victim status paths, the differential investigation challenge related to capable vs. incapacitated rape victims, and the role of serial sexual offending in wrongful conviction) to clarify and illustrate unique aspects of wrongful conviction in sexual assault.

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46

Dutton, Paul V. Differential Diagnoses: A Comparative History of Health Care Problems and Solutions in the United States and France. Cornell University Press, 2008.

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47

Agarwala, Rina. The Migration-Development Regime. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197586396.001.0001.

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Abstract How can we explain global migration from the perspective of sending states and migrants? The Migration-Development Regime introduces a novel analytical framework to answer this question in India, the world’s largest emigrant exporter and largest remittance-receiving country. Drawing on archives, a new database of transnational migrant organizations, and unique interviews with poor and elite emigrants, recruiters, and government officials, this book exposes how the Indian state, as well as poor and elite emigrants, have long forged and legitimized class inequalities within India through their management of international emigration. Since the 1800s, the Indian state has sometimes forbidden and sometimes promoted emigration. And Indian emigrants have sometimes brought material and sometimes ideological inflows to India. But throughout, the Indian state has differentially used poor and elite emigrants to accelerate domestic economic growth and retain political legitimacy by imposing different regulations, acquiring different benefits, and making different pacts with different classes of emigrants. At the same time, poor and elite emigrants since the 1900s have differentially resisted and reshaped Indian emigration practices and development agendas. By taking this long and class-based view, this book recasts contemporary migration not simply as a problematic function of “neoliberalism” or as a development panacea for sending countries, but as a dynamic historical process that sending states and migrants have long tried to manage. In doing so, it redefines the primary problems of migration, exposes the material and ideological impact that migration has on sending-state development, and isolates what is truly novel about contemporary migration.

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48

Lucas, Joshua, Dawn Fishback, and Steven Giannotta. Skull Base Schwannoma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0013.

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This chapter presents a case example of a patient with progressive unilateral hearing loss who was ultimately diagnosed with a skull base schwannoma. The workup and differential diagnosis are presented and options for treatment are reviewed based on published evidence. Treatment options include observation, stereotactic radiosurgery, and surgical resection. The objective status of a patient’s hearing as well as the patient’s age influence treatment recommendations and the surgical approach. Intraoperative neuromonitoring provides real-time assessment of facial nerve irritation as well as cochlear nerve function and is an important component of surgery. Complication avoidance and management are also discussed in this chapter.

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49

Williams, Wendi S., Amy Ginsberg, and Brittney Mandryk. Sociocultural Contexts and Stressors. Edited by Sara Maltzman. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199739134.013.7.

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Racism, sexism, homophobia, and low socioeconomic status (SES) have the potential to affect physical and mental health outcomes and treatment differentially. This chapter examines each of these sociocultural factors, guided by the assumption that an intersectionality analysis is valuable to conceptualizing the consequences of these categories of identity and diversity. The minority stress framework is used to consider the negative effect of carrying a marginalized identity. A review of the literature is presented, highlighting studies that incorporate the multiple and overlapping effects of racism, sexism, homophobia, and low SES to shape mental and physical health outcomes and treatment of individuals. Implications for mental and physical health research and practice are discussed.

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50

Thomsen, Frej Klem. Discrimination. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.202.

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The conceptualization and moral analysis of discrimination constitutes a burgeoning theoretical field, with a number of open problems and a rapidly developing literature. A central problem is how to define discrimination, both in its most basic direct sense and in the most prominent variations. A plausible definition of the basic sense of the word understands discrimination as disadvantageous differential treatment of two groups that is in some respect caused by the properties that distinguish the groups, but open questions remain on whether discrimination should be restricted to concern only particular groups, as well as on whether it is best conceived as a descriptive or a moralized concept. Furthermore, since this understanding limits direct discrimination to cases of differential treatment, it requires that we be able to draw a clear distinction between equal and differential treatment, a task that is less simple than it may appear, but that is helpful in clarifying indirect discrimination and statistical discrimination. The second major problem in theorizing discrimination is explaining what makes discrimination morally wrong. On this issue, there are four dominant contemporary answers: the valuational and expressive disrespect accounts, which hold that discrimination is wrong when and if the discriminator misestimates or expresses a misestimate of the moral status of the discriminatee; the unfairness account, which holds that discrimination is wrong when and if the discriminator unfairly increases inequality of opportunity; and the harm account, which holds that discrimination is wrong when and if the discriminator harms the discriminatee. Each of these accounts, however, faces important challenges in simultaneously providing a persuasive theoretical account and matching our intuitions about cases of impermissible discrimination.

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