Дисертації: "Dietary balance"

1

James, Lewis J. "Fluid and electrolyte balance during dietary restriction." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10138.

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It is known that during fluid restriction, obligatory water losses continue and hypohydration develops and that restricted energy intake leads to a concomitant restriction of all other dietary components, as well as hypohydration, but the specific effects of periods of fluid and/ or energy restriction on fluid balance, electrolyte balance and exercise performance have not been systematically described in the scientific literature. There were two main aims of this thesis. Firstly, to describe the effects of periods of severe fluid and/ or energy restriction on fluid and electrolyte balance; secondly, to determine the effect of electrolyte supplementation during and after energy restriction on fluid and electrolyte balance as well as energy exercise performance. The severe restriction of fluid and/ or energy intake over a 24 h period all resulted in body mass loss (BML) and hypohydration, but whilst serum osmolality increases during fluid restriction (hypertonic hypohydration), serum osmolality does not change during energy restriction (isotonic hypohydration), despite similar reductions in plasma volume (Chapter 3). These differences in the tonicity of the hypohydration developed are most likely explainable by differences in electrolyte balance, with fluid restriction resulting in no change in electrolyte balance over 24 h (Chapter 3) and energy restriction (with or without fluid restriction) producing significant reductions in electrolyte balance by 24 h (Chapter 3; Chapter 4; Chapter 5; Chapter 6; Chapter 7). Twenty four hour combined fluid and energy restriction results in large negative balances of both sodium and potassium, and whilst the addition of sodium chloride to a rehydration solution ingested after fluid and energy restriction increases drink retention, the addition of potassium chloride to a rehydration solution does not (Chapter 4). Supplementation of sodium chloride and potassium chloride during periods of severe energy restriction reduces the BML observed during energy restriction and maintains plasma volume at pre-energy restriction levels (Chapter 5; Chapter 6; Chapter 7). iv These responses to electrolyte supplementation during energy restriction appear to be related to better maintenance of serum osmolality and electrolyte concentrations and a consequential reduction in urine output (Chapter 5; Chapter 6; Chapter 7). Additionally, 48 h energy restriction resulted in a reduction in exercise capacity in a hot environment and an increase in heart rate and core temperature during exercise, compared to a control trial providing adequate energy intake. Whilst electrolyte supplementation during the same 48 h period of energy restriction prevented these increases in heart rate and core temperature and exercise capacity was not different from the control trial Chapter 8). In conclusion, 24-48 h energy restriction results in large losses of sodium, potassium and chloride in urine and a large reduction in body mass and plasma volume and supplementation of these electrolytes during energy restriction reduces urine output, attenuates the reduction in body mass and maintains plasma volume and exercise capacity.

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2

Takagi, Hiroshi. "Effects of manipulating dietary cation-anion balance on calcium metabolism in sheep." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75683.

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Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of reducing dietary anion-cation balance (AC-balance), defined as meq $ sp circ$(Sodium + Potassium)-(Chloride + Sulfur) S, on calcium (Ca) metabolism. Reducing the dietary AC-balance from +314 to $-22$ (meq kg$ sp{-1}$ dry matter (DM)) did not affect plasma Ca level but reduced Ca retention mainly due to a 10-fold increase in urinary Ca excretion with similar rate of apparent absorption. It also decreased urine pH and titratable acidity. The response to induced hypocalcemia created by the infusion of 4.6% EDTA solution revealed that reducing dietary AC-balance from +354 to +37 (meq kg$ sp{-1}$DM) did not affect the volume of the compartment, within which there was rapid equilibration of free Ca but tended to increase the rate of Ca mobilization from it during the infusion. The Ca kinetic study with a four-compartment model indicated that reducing dietary AC-balance from +338 to $-127$ (meq kg$ sp{-1}$DM) during the eucalcemic period and from +429 to $-147$ (meq kg$ sp{-1}$DM) during an EGTA-infusion period (simulated lactational Ca loss) caused hypercalciuria and increased ionized form of plasma Ca. Increased true intestinal Ca absorption and reduced bone accretion were observed in the lowest AC-balance diet only during the EGTA-infusion period. There were no differences in the size of total exchangeable Ca pool but the amount of Ca movement between them tended to increase in reduced AC-balance diets during both periods. Results indicated that feeding reduced AC-balanced diet may have a beneficial role in preventing parturient paresis (milk fever) by increasing Ca flux through the exchangeable Ca pool and Ca mobilization capability.

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3

Warren, Lucie. "Keeping the balance : promoting physical activity and healthy dietary behaviour in pregnancy." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/61838/.

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Gaining large amounts of weight during pregnancy may contribute to development of obesity and is associated with poor outcomes. Therefore managing gestational weight gain is important to reduce the risk of complications. This thesis aims to explore clinical and personal management of gestational weight gain and to discover how pregnant women can be best supported to maintain physical activity and healthy dietary behaviours. This is achieved through a programme of research comprising three related studies. Study One explored the antenatal clinical management of weight and weight gain through one-to-one interviews with Antenatal Clinical Midwifery Managers across Wales (n=11). Findings showed wide variation in management of weight from unit to unit. Although midwives believed pregnancy to be a perfect opportunity to encourage healthier behaviours, many identified barriers preventing them discussing weight with women. In Study Two semi-structured interviews with pregnant women (n=15) investigated views on personal weight management during pregnancy. Again pregnancy was seen as an ideal time to improve health behaviours due to a perceived increase in motivation and many women identified specific goals. However, in the face of various barriers, it was apparent that the motivation which initially identified healthy lifestyle goals was unable to sustain this behaviour throughout the pregnancy. Finally Study Three looked at the feasibility and acceptability of a midwife-led intervention informed by the two preliminary studies. The ‘Eat Well Keep Active’ intervention programme designed to promote healthy eating and physical activity in pregnant women (n=20) was based upon the Self Determination Theory framework for enhancing and maintaining motivation and utilised motivational interviewing. Results indicated that the intervention was received well by participants who reported that it positively influenced their health behaviours. The ‘Eat Well Keep Active’ programme may be a suitable intervention to encourage and facilitate women to pursue a healthier lifestyle throughout their pregnancy.

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4

Smith, Adam. "The effect of dietary composition on the water balance of laying hens." Thesis, Open University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363967.

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5

Spooner, Holly Sue. "Calcium balance and bone density in immature horses fed a high protein diet." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4378.

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Studies in other species indicate high protein diets increase urinary calcium (Ca) excretion and may lead to negative calcium balance and reduced bone density. As overfeeding of protein is commonplace in the horse industry, this study was undertaken to determine the effects of excess dietary protein on growth, physiologic response, mineral balance, bone density, and bone geometry in immature horses. Sixteen 10-month-old American Quarter Horses were blocked by age and sex into two dietary treatments. The control diet was formulated to provide the NRC (1989) recommended concentration of crude protein, while the high protein diet provided 130% of NRC (1989) recommendations. All other nutrients were formulated at or slightly above NRC (1989) recommendations. Blood samples, feces, and urine were collected during the 116-day study to determine any diet effect on pH and mineral balance. Radiographs were made of the left third metacarpal (MCIII) to determine bone density via radiographic bone aluminum equivalence (RBAE), and bone geometry was determined metrically from the radiographs. Urine pH decreased over time (p < 0.001), but there were no diet effects on blood pH or urine pH. Conversely, when normalized to day 0 values, fecal pH was reduced by feeding the high protein treatment (p < 0.02). Density of dorsal and palmar cortices increased over time (p < 0.001), but no differences were observed between diets. But, normalized total medial-lateral (ML) width of the MCIII was higher in the control diet (p < 0.05). Fecal Ca loss was greater in horses fed the high protein diet (p < 0.005), while Ca absorption and retention were lower for horses on the high protein treatment (p < 0.02). Phosphorus (P) balance was not different between diets, although feeding the high protein diet resulted in higher P intake overall (p < 0.001). While excess dietary protein may decrease fecal pH, increase fecal Ca excretion, and decrease Ca absorption and retention, there was no consistent effect of the high protein diet on bone density over the course of this study. Further research is necessary to determine if feeding high-protein diets is detrimental to bone quality in the growing horse.

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6

Iwayama, Norihisa, Toru Shinzato, Shigeru Nakai, Shizue Ando, Yoshio Nagake, Hirofumi Makino, and Kenji Maeda. "Quantitative estimation of dietary energy deficiency and effects of Its supplementation on protein nutritional status of nondiabetic uremic patients undergoing protein restricted dietary regimens." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/5365.

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7

Brown, Gemma L. "Relationships between exercise, energy balance, appetite and dietary restraint in overweight and obese women." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3227/.

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Background: Exercise may acutely and chronically up-regulate appetite and energy intake in overweight and obese women preventing body mass reduction in the long term. Overweight and obese women may be most prone to compensatory responses to exercise but the possible mechanism for this is unclear. Appetite regulating hormones have been investigated as a possible mechanism but to date the evidence is somewhat mixed. Identifying compensatory energy intake responses in overweight and obese women is complicated by the high prevalence of dietary under-reporting in this group. The laboratory-based buffet meal method has frequently been used in research studies that have assessed food intake in these women, but this method has only undergone preliminary validation. Dietary restraint may also affect individual appetite responses to exercise; it has been theorised that restraint may be a behavioural adaptation to diminished energy requirements, and differences in physical activity levels could also contribute. Evidence thus far has produced mixed results, possibly because two distinct sub-groups of restrained eaters exist, those with flexible and rigid control of restraint. It is not known if there are differences in energy requirements between these two sub-groups. Participants and Methods: Participants in all studies were sedentary, healthy, pre-menopausal, overweight and obese, adult women. Study 1: Fourteen women completed four trials; two exercise and two control, following the same protocol as study 1. Energy intake at three buffet meals and subjective appetite ratings were measured, and the reproducibility of these values under control and exercise conditions was tested using intraclass correlation coefficient (ri). Study 2: Twenty-nine women completed two trials in a randomised, counterbalanced order; exercise and control. Each trial lasted 24 hours spanning 2 days; the afternoon of day 1 and morning of day 2. An exercise session to expend 1.65 MJ was completed on day 1 of exercise trials, and three buffet meals were served during each trial to measure energy intake. Appetite was assessed using a visual analogue scale and blood samples were taken to determine acylated ghrelin (n=15) and peptide YY (n=10) concentrations. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to investigate the effects of trial and time on appetite hormones, EI and appetite. Study 3: Fifteen women participated in a sixteen week exercise intervention to expend 8360 kJ week-1. Participants exercised unsupervised in the University gym, and compliance was measured via heart rate monitoring. Sub-maximal fitness and body composition assessments were carried out at baseline, and after 8 and 16 weeks of exercise. Energy expenditure, energy intake, appetite, and acylated ghrelin (n=14) and peptide YY concentrations (n=11) were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of exercise. Paired t tests were used to assess differences in time-averaged AUC for appetite, total and relative EI, metabolic rate, and exercise responses between trials. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess changes over time in body composition, appetite ratings, EI, acylated ghrelin, peptide YY, and cardiovascular fitness levels. Study 4: Forty-one sedentary women in a one week observational study. Participants were classed as restrained or unrestrained using the three factor eating questionnaire, and the former group were further classified as having flexible or rigid control of restraint. All participants completed a food frequency questionnaire, sub-maximal fitness test, body composition assessment and two fasted metabolic rate measurements. Average daily energy expenditure was calculated from a seven day physical activity diary combined with continuous heart rate data. Differences between restrained and unrestrained eaters, and restrained eaters with flexible and rigid control, were assessed using a paired t-test. Results Study 1: The ri for energy intake in control trials was significant but had large associated confidence intervals (ri 0.50 (95% CI 0.03, 0.80) p=0.0003). The ri was for energy intake in exercise trials was (ri 0.04 (95% CI -0.53, 0.55; p=0.45) and for the difference between control and exercise trials was (ri -0.05 (95% CI -0.54, 0.48; p=0.57) this was not significant. The ri values for satiety, fullness and desire to eat were significant in both control and exercise trials (p<0.05), but the associated confidence intervals were large. Study 2: There was no effect of exercise on subjectively rated appetite, acylated ghrelin, or peptide YY concentrations (all p>0.05). Total energy intakes were not significantly different between trials (exercise: 10.9 ± 0.5 MJ, control: 10.8 ± 0.5 MJ; mean ± SEM). Study 3: Total exercise energy expenditure during the intervention was 80.8 ± 7.7 MJ, which resulted in a significant reduction in total body mass (-1.9 ± 0.9 kg), fat mass (-1.7 ± 0.7 kg) and BMI (-0.7 ± 0.4 kg m-2). However individual changes in body and fat mass ranged from +2.8 to -9.9kg, and +1.78 to -6.55 kg respectively. There were no significant differences in appetite, energy intake, or expenditure after 8 weeks of exercise (p>0.05). Study 4: There were no differences in metabolic rate, daily energy expenditure or physical activity patterns between restrained and unrestrained eaters (p>0.05), or between restrained eaters with flexible and rigid control of restraint (p>0.05). Conclusions: Study 1: The laboratory-based buffet meal method of measuring energy intake does not provide reliable, reproducible values in overweight and obese, pre-menopausal women either under control or exercise conditions. Study 2: A walking-based exercise session which induces a moderate energy deficit of 1.65 MJ does not appear to affect subsequent twenty four hour energy intake, subjectively rated appetite, or plasma acylated ghrelin and peptide YY concentrations during the subsequent twenty four hours. Study 3: This study concluded that 16 weeks aerobic exercise in overweight and obese women produces a small, but significant, reduction in body and fat mass (-1.9 ± 0.9 kg); however the extent of these changes varies greatly between individuals (+2.8 to -9.9kg). No evidence of compensatory changes in energy intake or expenditure, subjective appetite ratings, or circulating levels of acylated ghrelin and peptide YY was apparent after 8 weeks of exercise. Study 4: This study concluded that there is no evidence of a difference in body composition or energy requirements between overweight and obese female restrained and unrestrained eaters, or between sub-groups of restrained eaters. Dietary restraint does not appear to be an adaptation to diminished energy requirements.

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8

Chian, Clarice. "Effect of dietary fat on food intake and energy balance in the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata /." Title page and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbc5325.pdf.

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9

Gardner, Naomi Helen. "Effects of supplemental dietary fats and energy balance on reproductive performance in the dairy cow." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340026.

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10

Griffin, Tania Lindsay. "Sugar and energy balance in children : the effect of an educational intervention on knowledge and dietary intake." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=168274.

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Introduction: Non-milk extrinsic sugar {NMES} intake among children in Scotland fails to meet dietary recommendations, which is likely to contribute to dental decay and weight gain. Children's physical activity, which contributes to energy balance, also fails to meet recommended targets. Aim: To develop and evaluate a classroom based educational intervention to improve knowledge of NMES and energy balance in children aged 10-12 years. Methods: Following development of an intervention, consisting of two educational sessions, one on NMES and one on physical activity and energy balance, a cluster-randomised trial was conducted with 268 children in 15 primary schools {8 controls}. Children completed questionnaires to assess their knowledge of NMES and energy balance and levels of physical activity at baseline and 4, 10 and 34 weeks post intervention. Intake of NMES was assessed at baseline, and at weeks 10 and 34 using a food frequency questionnaire. After the intervention, focus groups were conducted to explore children's views and opinions of NMES and the educational sessions. Results: At baseline children had limited knowledge of NMES. Post intervention, the intervention group had a significantly higher knowledge than the control group, but this declined by 34 weeks. Knowledge of energy balance between the groups was not significantly different post intervention. No changes in NMES intake or physical activity were observed post intervention. Focus groups highlighted that children did not consider health to be a priority for dietary choice. They thought it was important to learn about NMES, but were disinclined to reduce their intakes. Conclusions: Despite improved knowledge of N MES and the health consequences of excess consumption, children are unlikely to change dietary behaviour when it requires over-riding their taste preferences. Education helps children to understand healthy lifestyle behaviours, but following this, environmental changes may be necessary to facilitate behaviour change.

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11

Perera, Withanage Mala Kanthimathi. "Growth performance, nitrogen balance and protein turnover of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)) under different dietary regimens." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU068326.

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This thesis presents the results of a series of experiments carried out to determine if bacterial single-cell protein (BSCP) could replace fishmeal in a pelleted diet in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)) and to investigate the quantitative lysine requirement of this species using a methodology for the measurement of individual food consumption rates viz. radiography. In the first investigation, four diets were formulated to contain a total of 45.8% crude protein of which 0% was from BSCP in BSCP-0, 25% in BSCP-25, 62.5% BSCP-62.5 and 100% in BSCP-100; the remainder of the protein being from fishmeal. Food consumption rates of individual fish were measured using radiography. The results show that 100% BSCP diet resulted in significantly higher food consumption rates but was associated with a reduction in N absorption efficiency, growth rates and N growth efficiencies when compared to the diet that contained no BSCP. The diet containing 25% BSCP did not significantly influence growth rates, food consumption or absorption efficiency when compared with a 100% fishmeal diet. Construction of N budgets demonstrated that the reduction in growth of fish eating an increasingly larger proportion of BSCP was due to a decrease in N absorption and an increase in the excretion of urea. The nutrient absorption efficiency shows that even though the four dietary groups were well balanced in terms of known amino acid requirements in trout, fish fed on the BSCP-100 diet absorbed below requirement level in respect of some amino acids due to the poor absorption efficiency of this diet.

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12

Joubert, Cornel. "Energy expenditure, dietary intake and nutritional knowledge of elite, school-aged gymnasts / C. Joubert." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/783.

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Objective. To compare energy balance and nutrient intake of elite and non-elite school-aged gymnasts, as well as to evaluate their nutritional knowledge and eating attitude and its effect on dietary intake and practices. Methods. Demographic information, anthropometric measurements, menstrual status, sources of nutritional information, nutritional habits as well as supplement use was documented. Eating attitudes were measured by the EAT26 test and nutritional knowledge by a standardised questionnaire. Dietary intake and practices were determined with a 3-day weighed food record, while energy expenditure was measured with an Actical® accelerometer (Mini Mitter Co., Inc. Bend, OR, USA). Results. The total daily energy intake (non-elite = 6 944.37 ± 1 272.28 kJ vs. elite = 6 543.01 ± 2 570 kJ) in both groups was similar to their daily energy expenditure values (non-elite = 6 393.77 ± 1 244.19 kJ vs. elite = 6 696.09 ± 1 676.58 kJ). Elite gymnasts tended to have higher protein (21.37 vs. 15.4% total energy intake (TE), small effect size, d = 0.1) and lower fat (28.9 vs. 33.6% TE, medium effect size, d = - 0.6) intakes. More non-elite gymnasts (n = 7, 88.88%) used micronutrient supplements than elite gymnasts (n = 4, 45.45%, medium effect size, d = 0.45). Most of the gymnasts (55%) ate snacks during the day, which consisted mostly of refined carbohydrates. In the total group of gymnasts the most frequently used source of nutritional information was the coach (60%). There was no difference in nutritional knowledge between the groups (elite = 61.8% vs. non-elite = 62.8% respectively). Lastly, elite gymnasts had a practically significantly higher risk than non-elite gymnasts to follow a diet (large effect size, d = 1.32), while non-elite gymnasts exercised practically significantly more self-control over their food intake com pared to elite gymnasts (large effect size, d = - 1.03). Conclusions. South African elite gymnasts do not differ from non-elite gymnasts in terms of energy-, carbohydrate-, protein-, or fat intake. There is also no difference in energy expenditure or risk in developing an eating disorder, probably due to less competitiveness compared to other international gymnasts.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Dietetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

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13

Engelking, Susann. "Effekte einer Kalium-abhängigen Variation in der Kationen-Anionen-Bilanz des Futters auf die Elektrolyt- und Stickstoffbilanz bei Schweinen." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-214494.

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Einleitung: Die Kationen-Anionen Bilanz (DCAB) des Futters modifiziert den Säure-Basen Status von Tieren und findet Anwendung in der Prävention von Milchfieber bei Kühen, MMA bei Sauen und Urolithiasis bei Haustieren. Durch die Veränderung des Kationen-Anionen-Verhältnisses in Futterrationen können biologische Prozesse beeinflusst werden, der Stickstoffmetabolismus. Ziel der Untersuchung: Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit der Frage, ob eine kaliumbedingte Variation der DCAB des Futters für wachsende Schweine einen Einfluss auf bestimmte Parameter des Säure-Basen-Haushaltes und möglicherweise auch auf die Stickstoffbilanz hat. Materialien und Methoden: Dem Versuch standen insgesamt 38 männlich kastrierte Mastschweine (Dreirassen-Kreuzung von Pietrain x Deutsches Edelschwein x Deutsche Landrasse) mit einem Einstallungsalter von ca. 12 Wochen und einer Lebendmasse von 17,3 kg bis 30,3 kg zur Verfügung. In randomisierter Reihenfolge erfolgte die Zuteilung der Schweine zu den acht Versuchsfuttern; Rohproteingehalt von 140 g kg-1 Futter und 200 g kg-1 Futter, sowie je 4 g, 10 g, 14 g oder 20 g Kalium kg-1 Futter. Die Versuchsfutter wiesen eine konstante Konzentration an Natrium und Chlorid auf. Die Hauptfutterkomponenten waren Mais und Weizen. Die beiden Rohproteingehalte wurden durch unterschiedliche Sojaextraktionsschrot- und Maisklebermengen gewonnen. Über Kaliumhydrogencarbonat (KHCO3) und Kaliumchlorid (KCl) resultierte die Einstellung der genannten Kaliumkonzentrationen sowie der vier DCAB-Stufen von -125 mEq kg-1, 66 mEq kg-1, 168 mEq kg-1, und 342 mEq kg-1 Futter. In einer Adaptionsphase von 15 Tagen gewöhnten sich die Scheine an das Versuchsfutter und die Umgebung. Die Einstallung erfolgte in Einzelboxen und die Versuchstiere erhielten Wasser ad libitum. Während der anschießenden zwei Bilanzphasen von je fünf Tagen wurden die Schweine in Bilanzkäfigen gehalten. Zwischen den beiden Bilanzphasen kam es zu einer fünftägigen Pause ohne Änderung der Fütterung. In der Bilanzzeit wurden der gesamte Harn und Kot der Tiere gesammelt sowie der dazugehörige pH-Wert kontinuierlich bestimmt. Harn- und Kotaliquots wurden für Stickstoff- und Elektrolytanalysen einbehalten. Jede fünftägige Bilanz endete mit der Gewinnung einer Blutprobe von jedem Schwein aus der Vena jugulares zur Bestimmung von Kalium, Natrium, Chlorid, pH-Wert, Hydrogencarbonat, Basenüberschuss und Aminosäuren. Ergebnisse: Kalium hat einen Einfluss auf den Harn pH-Wert. Analog zur steigenden Kaliumaufnahme (DCAB↑) wurden die Harn pH-Werte basischer (-125 mEq kg-1 Futter = Ø 5,93; 342 mEq kg-1 Futter = Ø 8,37). Die Blut pH-Werte, die im Durchschnitt bei 7,21 lagen, wie auch die Hydrogencarbonat- und Basenüberschusskonzentration, reagierten aufgrund der renalen Kompensation nicht wesentlich auf die unterschiedlichen DCAB im Futter. Die dazugehörigen Kot pH-Werte waren bei -125 mEq kg-1 Futter und 66 mEq kg-1 Futter um 0,16 höher als bei den anderen beiden DCAB-Stufen. Die Stickstoffaufnahme variierte zwischen 0,90 g kg-1KM d-1 und 1,22 g kg-1KM d-1 aufgrund der beiden Rohproteingehalte (14 und 20 %) in den Versuchsrationen. Eine Senkung der DCAB im Futter bewirkte eine Verbesserung der Stickstoffverdaulichkeit von 86,1 % auf 89,9 % (p<0,05). Hingegen zeigten die Diäten mit der kaliumärmsten Konzentration die höchsten renalen Stickstoffexkretionen von 442 mg kg-1KM d-1 gegenüber den anderen drei Kaliumkonzentrationen (345 mg kg-1KM d-1). In Folge dessen ergibt sich eine Stickstoffretentionssteigerung mit zunehmender DCAB im Futter. Jedoch wurde bei 66 mEq kg-1 Futter (Kalium 10 g kg-1 Futter) die höchste Stickstoffretention von 643 mg kg-1KM d-1 festgestellt. Die Untersuchung der Blutproben ergab keine Beeinflussung der Summe aller Aminosäuren, die bei ø 44,66 mg dl-1 lag. Die Summe der essentiellen Aminosäuren war bei einer DCAB von 66 mEq kg-1 Futter im Blut geringer als bei den übrigen Variationen. Einige Parameter der Elektrolytbilanzen waren zwischen den Futtervariationen verschieden: Bei dem Versuchsfutter mit einer DCAB von -125 mEq kg-1 Futter (Kalium 4 g kg-1 Futter) schieden die Schweine Na: 2,83 mg kg-1KM d-1 und Cl: 1,54 mg kg-1KM d 1 weniger mit dem Kot und Na: 7,05 mg kg-1KM d-1 weniger mit dem Harn aus gegenüber den weiteren Versuchsgruppen. Die renale Chloridexkretion zeigte keine Variabilität. Die renale, als auch die fäkale Kaliumausscheidung nahm analog zur DCAB des Futters zu (DCAB im Futter: -125 mEq kg-1; 66 mEq kg-1; 168 mEq kg-1; 342 mEq kg-1; K-Abgabe in mg kg-1KM d-1, renal: 74,0; 273,3; 431,1; 609,1; fäkal: 24,5; 31,2; 32,6; 44,0). In der Gesamtheit betrachtet ergibt sich für die Natrium- und Chloridretention keine richtungsweisende Beeinflussung im Zusammenhang mit der DCAB der Versuchsrationen. Die Kaliumretention hingegen stieg von 66,5 mg kg-1KM d-1 (-125 mEq kg-1 Futter) auf 167,0 mg kg-1KM d-1 (342 mEq kg-1 Futter) an, was nicht von den Kaliumkonzentrationen im Blut wiedergegeben wurde. Entsprechendes gilt für die Natrium- und Chloridkonzentrationen im Blut. Schlussfolgerungen: In der Alkalisierung des Harns zeigt sich, dass der DCAB des Futters Einfluss auf den Säure-Basen Status nimmt. Der systemische pH-Wert blieb aufgrund der Puffersysteme des Organismuses weitestgehend unberührt. Durch die KHCO3-Zulagen wurde das intragastrale bzw. das intestinale pH-Milieu verändert, was sich in der schlechteren Verdaulichkeit von Stickstoff bei höherer DCAB wiederspiegelt. Die Stickstoffretention steht in keinem Zusammenhang mit der Stickstoffverdaulichkeit. Mit dem DCAB von 66 mEq kg-1 Futter bzw. K: 10 g kg-1 Futter wurde die beste Retention für Stickstoff beobachtet. Die täglichen Gewichtszunahmen und die Futterverwertungen der Versuchsschweine konnten dies allerdings nicht reflektieren. Anzumerken sei, dass für einen eindeutigen Effekt auf die tägliche Zunahme eine längere Beobachtungsphase notwendig wäre (Sprung der täglichen Zunahmen von 520 g für -125 mEq kg-1 Futter auf das Niveau von 692 g für 66 mEq kg-1 Futter und mehr). Eine Empfehlung in Anlehnung an diese Studie wäre ein DCAB-Wert um die 66 mEq kg-1 Futter. Wird dieser Wert erhöht sinkt die Stickstoffverdaulichkeit auf der anderen Seite verschlechtert sich die Stickstoffretention bei Verringerung der DCAB
Initiation: The dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) of the feed modifies the acid-base balance and is used in the prevention of milk fever in cows, MMA in sows and urolithiasis in pets. The modification of the cation-anion ratio in diets can take an impact on biological processes inducting nitrogen metabolism. Objectives of investigations: This study objectively clarifies, whether potassium-based variation of the DCAB of the food has an influence on certain parameters of the nitrogen balance and the acid-base balance. Materials and Methods: The trial covered a total of 38 male castrated pigs (three racial crossing Pietrain x Large White x German Landrace) with a housing-age of approximately 12 weeks and a live weight of 17.3 kg to 30.3 kg. In randomized order, the pigs were allocated to the eight experimental feed: crude protein content of 140 g per kg feed and 200 g per kg feed, as well as 4, 10, 14 or 20 g of potassium per kg feed. The sodium and chloride concentrations in the feed were kept constant. The main food components were corn and wheat. The two crude protein levels were determined by various soybean meal and corn gluten quantities. Potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO3) and potassium chloride (KCl) were used to establish the four DCAB levels of -125 mEq kg-1, 66 mEq kg-1, 168 mEq kg-1, and 342 mEq kg-1 feed. In an adaptation period of 15 days pigs were accustomed to food and environment. They were kept in individual pens and were given water ad libitum. During the following two trial phases of five days each, the pigs were kept in balance cages. Between the two trial periods, there was a break of five days (no diet change). During the trial period all urine and excrement of the animals was collected, and the respective pH-value was continuously measured. Aliquots of urine and faeces were used in nitrogen and electrolyte analyses. At the end of each five-day record a blood sample from the jugular vein was taken from each pig for determination of potassium, sodium, chloride, pH-value, hydrogen carbonate, base excess, and amino acids. Results: Potassium has a significant influence on renal pH values. Analogous to increasing potassium intake (DCAB ↑), the urine pH value turned more basic (-125 mEq kg-1 feed = 5.93; 342 mEq kg-1 feed = 8.37). The blood pH levels, which averaged at 7.21, as well as the hydrogen carbonate concentration and base excess concentration, did not respond to the different DCAB in the feed because of the renal compensation. The associated feces pH values at -125 mEq kg-1 feed and 66 mEq kg-1 feed were higher by 0.16 than at the other two DCAB levels. The nitrogen intake varied between 0.90 g kg-1BM d-1 and 1.22 g kg-1BM d-1, based on both crude proteins (14 % and 20 %) in the experimental feeds. A reduction of DCAB in the feed resulted in an improvement of the nitrogen digestibility from 86.1 % to 89.9 % (< 0.05). However, diets with the lowest concentration of potassium showed the highest renal nitrogen excretions of 442 mg kg-1BM d-1 compared to the other three concentrations of potassium (345 mg kg-1BM d-1). As a consequence, nitrogen retention increases with increasing DCAB in the feed. However, the highest nitrogen retention of 643 mg kg-1KM d-1 was found with a 66 mEq kg-1 diet (potassium 10 g kg-1 feed). The examination of blood samples revealed no influence on the sum of the amino acids, which was 44.66 mg dl-1. The sum of the essential amino acids was reduced at a DCAB of 66 mEq kg-1 in blood, similar to the other variations. Some parameters of the electrolyte balances were different between the feed variations: In the experimental diet with a DCAB of -125 mEq kg-1 diet (potassium 4 g kg-1 feed), the pigs eliminated Na: 2.83 mg kg- 1BM d-1 and Cl: 1.54 mg kg– 1BM d-1 less in the feces and Na: 7.05 mg kg- 1KM d-1 less in the urine with respect to the other experimental groups. Renal chloride excretion showed no variability. The renal and fecal excretion of potassium increased proportionally to the DCAB of the feed (DCAB in the feed: -125 mEq kg-1, 66 mEq kg-1, 168 mEq kg-1; 342 mEq kg-1; K output in mg kg- 1BM d-1, renal: 74.0; 273.3; 431.1; 609.1; fecal: 24.5; 31.2; 32.6; 44.0). When viewed against the totality of results for the sodium and chloride retention, there were no trend-setting influences in connection with the DCAB of the experimental diets. The potassium retention, however, increased from 66.5 mg kg- 1BM d-1 (-125 mEq kg-1 feed) to 167.0 mg kg- 1BM d-1 (342 mEq kg -1 feed), which was not reproduced from the potassium concentrations in the blood. The same applied to the sodium and chloride concentrations in the blood. Conclusions: The alkalization of the urine shows that the DCAB of the feed influences the acid-base status. The systemic pH remained largely unaffected due to the buffer systems of the organism. The intragastric, respectively the intestinal, pH medium was changed by the addition of potassium hydrogen carbonate, which is reflected in the poorer digestibility of nitrogen at higher DCAB. The nitrogen retention is not related to the nitrogen digestibility. The best retention of nitrogen was observed with the DCAB of 66 mEq kg-1 feed (K: 10 g kg-1 feed). The daily weight gain and feed utilizations of the pigs certainly could not reflect this. It should be noted, however, that a longer observation period would be necessary for a clear effect on daily gain (jump of the daily weight gain from 520 g of -125 mEq kg-1 feed to the level of 692 g for 66 mEq kg-1 feed and more). A recommendation based on this study would be a DCAB value of 66 mEq kg-1 feed. If this value increases, the nitrogen digestibility decreases; on the other hand, the nitrogen retention deteriorated with reducing DCAB

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14

Harrison, Lydia Margaret. "Effects of alteration of the dietary amino acid balance on brain neurotransmitter concentrations and patterns of growth and food intake in the chick." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28203.

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15

Blair, Julie Jean. "An evaluation of the optimum dietary amino acid balance for finishing pigs fed corn and soybean meal-based diets." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0019/MQ47309.pdf.

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16

Wu, Xiaoyan. "Effects of dietary potassium depletion in salt-dependent hypertension, the kidney, electrolyte balance, and sympathetic nervous system in Dahl rats." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0019/NQ28087.pdf.

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17

Hughes, R. J. "Influence of dietary electrolytes on blood acid-base balance in relation to formation of egg shells in the domestic hen." Title page, contents and summary only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09ah894.pdf.

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18

Englehardt, Kimberly G. "The Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on Iron Status in Female Students." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2008. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/65.

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Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency disease worldwide (Mahan & Escott-Stump, 2004). Iron deficiency anemia is of major concern especially in women of child bearing age and those who follow a vegetarian diet. The objective of this study was to compare the nutrient and hematological values related to iron status in female university students following a vegetarian versus following a nonvegetarian diet. This study took a cross sectional analysis of 39 female students at California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly State University) in San Luis Obispo, CA. Of the participants 19 were following a vegetarian diet and 20 were following a nonvegetarian diet. To participate, individuals had to be female, current Cal Poly students, and between the ages of 18 and 22 years old. Those taking vitamin or mineral supplements, medications (including oral contraceptives), smokers, and pregnant women were excluded. Characteristic, demographic, and anthropometric data were collected through interview, nutrient intake was accessed by averaging three day food records, and hematological parameters were measured. Statistical analysis used nonparametric techniques including the Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon statistical test for demographics and baseline characteristics, the Spearman Rank Correlation analysis and Fisher’s Exact statistical test for associations between vegetarians and nonvegetarians. Results found no significant difference in iron intake between vegetarians and nonvegetarians, however nonvegetarians had higher mean intakes of iron at 16.82 (SD 6.36) mg/day compared to vegetarians at 14.84 (SD 7.10) mg/day (p=0.482). A similar percentage of vegetarians at 66.7% (n=8) compared to nonvegetarians at 65% (n=13) were under the Recommended Daily Allowance (18 mg per day for females 19 to 30 years of age) for mean iron consumption. There were slightly more nonvegetarians at 10% (n=2) compared to vegetarians at 8.3% (n=1) under the Estimated Average Requirement (8.1 mg/day for females 19 to 30 years of age) for mean iron intake. No significant difference was found for serum iron, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, and total iron binding capacity between vegetarians and nonvegetarians. Finding revealed serum ferritin, the most common iron status indicator, was lower for vegetarians at 23.16 (SD15.54) ng/mL compared to nonvegetarians at 27.75 (SD 18.01) ng/mL (p=0.47). When looking at the stages of iron balance, there was greater percentage of vegetarians with hematological results (serum iron <40 µg/dL, total iron binging capacity of >410 µg/dL, transferrin saturation <15%, and serum ferritin <10 ng/mL) indicating iron deficiency anemia or stage IV negative iron balance compared to nonvegetarians. There was no significant correlation between iron intake and serum ferritin, however results showed a positive association (r=0.28, p=0.09). In conclusion, vegetarian participants are believed to be at higher risk of developing negative iron balance compared to nonvegetarians due to lower iron consumption and lower serum ferritin concentrations. Female university students following a vegetarian diet should be educated on iron deficiency anemia and prevention of iron depletion.

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19

Delaquis, Annick Marie. "The effects of dietary cation-anion balance, stage of lactation and ration ingredients on acid base metabolism and productivity of dairy cows." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39420.

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Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of formulating rations using different ingredients and of manipulating the cation-anion balance of the rations on production, acid-base status, metabolism of macrominerals and renal function of dairy cows. The effects of dietary cation-anion balance were studied during early, mid and late lactation as well as during the dry period. Feeding an alfalfa-haylage based diet vs a corn silage based diet, both having the same cation-anion balance did not affect the voluntary consumption, milk yield or milk composition of cows in early lactation. The acid-base status of the animals was not affected by dietary treatment. The lower urinary bicarbonate concentration observed with the alfalfa haylage-based diet was not associated with a lower total urinary bicarbonate excretion since urine volume was significantly higher than when cows were fed the corn silage-based diet. Manipulating dietary cation-anion balance, however, resulted in changes in acid-base status at all stages of lactation studied. Urinary bicarbonate concentration and total daily excretion were increased by a higher dietary cation-anion balance at all stages of lactation. Similar effects of dietary cation-anion balance on urinary bicarbonate did not, however, translate into similar changes in production or intake by cows at differing stages of lactation. Cows in early and mid lactation seemed to have benefited more from a highly positive dietary cation-anion balance than cows in late lactation or dry period.

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20

Alkutbe, Rabab Bade. "An investigation on body composition, dietary intakes and physical activity in girls aged 8-11 years in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/10607.

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Introduction: Obesity has become a major world-wide health issue. Social-economic status, physical activity levels and dietary intake may influence the weight status in children. However, these issues have not been examined together in studies of young girls in Saudi Arabia. Aim: This study aimed to investigate energy and nutrient intakes, physical activity and social economic status of girls aged 8-11 years in western Saudi Arabia according to their BMI. Methods: This study was conducted in two phases, phase one was a pilot study where 32 girls were selected to assess the suitability of body composition, dietary intake (food diary, food frequency questionnaire) and physical activity measurement tools (pedometer, physical activity questionnaire). The findings of this phase were employed in phase 2; the diet diary and accelerometer were nominated as assessment tools. In phase two, girls (n= 234) participated from different schools. Waist circumference, height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. Girls were classified according to BMI centile charts (CDC). Dietary intake was measured via a 4-day food diary and accelerometers were used to assess the intensity and time spent in physical activity. Results: A total of 30% of the sample were classified obese or overweight. There was a significant difference in the mean daily energy intake between the BMI groups with the obese group having the highest energy, fat, carbohydrate and protein intake (obese group: 2677 ± 804 kcal/d; healthy weight group: 1806 ± 403 kcal/d, p< 0.001), but the percentage contribution of the macronutrients to energy intake remained the same across the BMI groups. Carbohydrate intake was shown to be the main contributor to predict obesity levels. VI There were no differences in number of steps taken per day or time spent in moderate/ vigorous intensity exercise according to BMI category. Most of the girls did not meet daily physical activity guidelines (5969 to 6773 steps per day and 18.5 - 22.5 mins per day of moderate- vigorous activity). Intake of sweets and sugary drinks, and total energy intake were significantly higher in the high income group compared to the low income group. However, family income was not associated with BMI status. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that obesity in girls aged 8-11 years is linked to excessive energy intake from all macronutrients and the majority of girls in all weight categories are inactive. Research should be conducted to develop interventions to promote dietary change and activity that is culturally acceptable for girls in Saudi Arabia.

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21

Toure, Issa B. "Influence of dietary calcium, cation-anion balance, genetics and age on the development of leg bone characteristics and leg bone abnormalities in broiler chicks /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486402544591618.

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22

Sandre, Danilo Gualberto de [UNESP]. "Respostas de frangos de corte ao estresse térmico agudo ou crônico." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141537.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Dois experimentos envolvendo 1280 pintos machos Cobb 500, foram conduzidos para avaliar as possíveis interações entre condicionamento termo precoce e balanço eletrolítico da dieta sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte, bem como estudar os efeitos do estresse térmico agudo e crônico. No d 8, as aves foram transferidas para 32 boxes, com raspas de madeira e resíduo desidratado de acerola (proporção ½ a ½ ) como cama, mantendo os mesmos tratamentos com oito repetições cada. Os dados da Exp. 1 (stress agudo) e 2 (stress crónico) foram combinados num arranjo fatorial 2x2x2 (com e sem condicionamento térmico precoce (CTP); dieta com e sem equilíbrio eletrolítico (EE); e estresse térmico agudo ou crônico. A dieta com EE foi calculada como mEq / kg para a Na + K-Cl e o valor da relação (K + Cl) / Na, com 300 mEq / kg e uma proporção de 3: 1, respectivamente. As aves foram alimentadas com: (1) uma dieta tradicional (176 mEq / kg e a relação de 3,36: 1) sem CTP; (2) dieta tradicional com CTP; (3) dieta com EE e sem CTP e (4) dieta com EE e CTP. Ração e água foram fornecidas ad libitum. Metade das aves foram expostas a 36 °C durante 24 horas com a idade de 5, enquanto que a outra metade não foi exposto a CTP. Na idade de 38 d, metade dos pintos foram termicamente desafiados por estresse térmico agudo de 36 °C durante 6h e com a idade de 35 a 39 d, outra metade dos pintos foram termicamente desafiado por um estresse térmico crônico de 32 °C por 6h. O consumo de ração, peso corporal (PC), a umidade das fezes e deposição de gordura abdominal foram determinadas a 46 d de idade e taxa de conversão alimentar ajustado foi calculado através da inclusão de PC da mortalidade. Coordenadas tricromáticas (L*, a*, e b*) foram medidos no músculo do peito, às 24h. Nenhum efeito de interação foi encontrado com nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. Assim, não existe sinergismo para qualquer um dos traços. Houve aumento expressivo da mortalidade [(3,06-65,62%) / P <0,0001] de estresse agudo. O EE aumentou a umidade nas fezes (P = 0,0202). Os conteúdos de lipídios dos tecidos abdominais foram afetados pela exposição ao calor e diminuiu significativamente (P <0,0001) para crônica (53.9g) versus estresse agudo (127.5g). Além disso, um efeito significativo (P <0,0001) valores mais elevados foi encontrado em carne para aguda (66,4 e 23,2) versus o estresse crônico (57,6 e 17,6), em L* e b*, respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que as aves submetidas a estresse agudo estão sujeitos a síndrome do músculo pálida aves.
Two experiments involving 1280 male Cobb 500 chicks were conducted to evaluate the possible interactions between early thermal conditioning and electrolyte balance of the diet on the performance of broiler chickens, as well as studying the effects of acute and chronic heat stress. On d 8, the broilers were transferred to 32 floor pens with wood shavings as litter while maintaining the same treatments with eight replicates each. The data from Exp. 1 (acute stress) and 2 (chronic stress) were combined in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement [with and without early thermal conditioning (ETC)]; diet with and without electrolyte balance (EB); and acute or chronic heat stress. The diet with EB was calculated as mEq/kg for Na+K-Cl and the value the ratio (K+Cl)/Na, with 300 mEq/kg and a ratio the 3:1, respectively. The birds were fed: (1) a traditional diet (176 mEq/kg and a ratio the 3.36:1) without ETC; (2) traditional diet with ETC; (3) diet with EB and without ETC and (4) diet with EB and ETC. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Half of birds were exposed to 36°C for 24h at the age of 5, whereas the remaining half was not exposed to ETC. At the age of 38 d, half chicks were thermally challenged by an acute heat stress of 36°C for 6h or at the age of 35 to 39 d, another half chicks were thermally challenged by a chronic heat stress of 32°C for 6h. Feed intake, body weight (BW), moisture of feces and abdominal fat deposition were determined at 46 d of age and adjusted feed conversion ratio was calculated by including BW of mortality. Trichromatic coordinates (L*, a*, and b*) were measured on the breast muscle at 24h. No interaction effects were found for any of the parameters evaluated. Thus, there is no synergism for any of the traits. There was expressive increase of mortality [(3.06 to 65.62%) / P<0.0001] from acute stress. The EB increased moisture of feces (P=0.0202). Lipid contents of abdominal tissues was affected by heat exposure with significantly decreased (P<0.0001) to chronic (53.9g) versus acute stress (127.5g). Also, a significant effect (P<0.0001) values higher was found in meat for acute (66.4 and 23.2) versus chronic stress (57.6 and 17.6) on L* and b*, respectively. The results suggest that birds submitted to acute stress are subject to pale poultry muscle syndrome.

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23

Sandre, Danilo Gualberto de. "Respostas de frangos de corte ao estresse térmico agudo ou crônico /." Araçatuba, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141537.

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Orientador: Guilherme de Paula Nogueira
Cooientador: Garcia Neto, Manoel
Banca: Marcelo Vasconcelos Meireles
Banca: Antonio Celso Pezzato
Resumo: Dois experimentos envolvendo 1280 pintos machos Cobb 500, foram conduzidos para avaliar as possíveis interações entre condicionamento termo precoce e balanço eletrolítico da dieta sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte, bem como estudar os efeitos do estresse térmico agudo e crônico. No d 8, as aves foram transferidas para 32 boxes, com raspas de madeira e resíduo desidratado de acerola (proporção ½ a ½ ) como cama, mantendo os mesmos tratamentos com oito repetições cada. Os dados da Exp. 1 (stress agudo) e 2 (stress crónico) foram combinados num arranjo fatorial 2x2x2 (com e sem condicionamento térmico precoce (CTP); dieta com e sem equilíbrio eletrolítico (EE); e estresse térmico agudo ou crônico. A dieta com EE foi calculada como mEq / kg para a Na + K-Cl e o valor da relação (K + Cl) / Na, com 300 mEq / kg e uma proporção de 3: 1, respectivamente. As aves foram alimentadas com: (1) uma dieta tradicional (176 mEq / kg e a relação de 3,36: 1) sem CTP; (2) dieta tradicional com CTP; (3) dieta com EE e sem CTP e (4) dieta com EE e CTP. Ração e água foram fornecidas ad libitum. Metade das aves foram expostas a 36 °C durante 24 horas com a idade de 5, enquanto que a outra metade não foi exposto a CTP. Na idade de 38 d, metade dos pintos foram termicamente desafiados por estresse térmico agudo de 36 °C durante 6h e com a idade de 35 a 39 d, outra metade dos pintos foram termicamente desafiado por um estresse térmico crônico de 32 °C por 6h. O consumo de ração, peso corporal (PC)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Two experiments involving 1280 male Cobb 500 chicks were conducted to evaluate the possible interactions between early thermal conditioning and electrolyte balance of the diet on the performance of broiler chickens, as well as studying the effects of acute and chronic heat stress. On d 8, the broilers were transferred to 32 floor pens with wood shavings as litter while maintaining the same treatments with eight replicates each. The data from Exp. 1 (acute stress) and 2 (chronic stress) were combined in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement [with and without early thermal conditioning (ETC)]; diet with and without electrolyte balance (EB); and acute or chronic heat stress. The diet with EB was calculated as mEq/kg for Na+K-Cl and the value the ratio (K+Cl)/Na, with 300 mEq/kg and a ratio the 3:1, respectively. The birds were fed: (1) a traditional diet (176 mEq/kg and a ratio the 3.36:1) without ETC; (2) traditional diet with ETC; (3) diet with EB and without ETC and (4) diet with EB and ETC. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Half of birds were exposed to 36°C for 24h at the age of 5, whereas the remaining half was not exposed to ETC. At the age of 38 d, half chicks were thermally challenged by an acute heat stress of 36°C for 6h or at the age of 35 to 39 d, another half chicks were thermally challenged by a chronic heat stress of 32°C for 6h. Feed intake, body weight (BW), moisture of feces and abdominal fat deposition were determined at 46 d of age and adjusted feed conversio... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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24

Maragkoudaki, Xanthi. "The effect of diet-induced maternal obesity on offspring energy balance in a murine model and the therapeutic potential of a maternal dietary intervention with a fibre supplement." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-effect-of-dietinduced-maternal-obesity-on-offspring-energy-balance-in-a-murine-model-and-the-therapeutic-potential-of-a-maternal-dietary-intervention-with-a-fibre-supplement(f7a6a551-dc85-4fa1-8c30-cd837144598b).html.

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Introduction: Obesity now affects nearly 1 in 3 adults in the UK. It is estimated that 20% of pregnant women are obese. Increasing evidence associate obesity in pregnancy with susceptibility to obesity and metabolic syndrome in the child. Here an established mouse model of maternal obesity was employed to investigate energy balance and glucose metabolism in the offspring. Polydextrose (PDX) has been shown to improve glucose metabolism and, therefore may be beneficial in obese pregnancy. Hypothesis: It was hypothesised that (a) maternal obesity has adverse effects on offspring energy balance and glucose metabolism and that (b) these adverse effects will be prevented by supplementation of the maternal diet with PDX during pregnancy and lactation. Moreover, it was investigated whether PDX supplementation in obese pregnancy is protective against the adverse influences of an obesogenic dietary exposure in adulthood. Methods: Female mice were fed a control or an obesogenic diet, 6-weeks before mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation. A cohort of the obese dams was assigned to supplementation with 5% PDX in pregnancy and lactation. Maternal profiles were assessed during pregnancy. At 3 and 6-months of age offspring energy intake (EI), energy expenditure (EE) and Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) were measured by indirect calorimetry and glucose-tolerance-tests were performed. At 3-months the animals were challenged for 3-weeks with an obesogenic diet before re-estimation of EI, EE, and RER. Microbiota composition, mitochondria copy number and UCP gene expression was assessed as potential underlying mechanisms. Results: Maternal supplementation with PDX improved reproductive success, increased water intake and decreased markers of inflammation during gestation in the dams. At 3 months of age, offspring of obese dams (OffOb) metabolic parameters did not differ from offspring of control dams (OffCon). At 6 months OffOb were heavier (P<0.01), had lower RER (P<0.05) and lower EE (P<0.001) compared to OffCon. OffOb had impaired glucose metabolism compared to OffCon (P<0.05). Maternal supplementation with PDX prevented these defects. Following 3-weeks obesogenic dietary challenge OffObs demonstrated hyperphagia, decreased EE (P<0.05) and subsequently greater weight gain compared to controls (P<0.05), which were prevented by maternal PDX supplementation. Maternal obesity resulted in decreased mitochondria copy number at 30 days of age and altered microbiota composition at 6 months of age, which may mediate the changes observed later in life. Maternal supplementation with PDX, prevented mitochondrial dysfunction, increased the number of beneficial microbiota and the expression of UCP1 and 3 genes. Conclusions: Maternal obesity adversely influences offspring energy balance, which is prevented by maternal intervention with PDX. PDX may, therefore, provide a potential therapeutic intervention in preventing the transgenerational acceleration of obesity.

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25

Jones, Aaron Michael. "Evaluating the effects of specialty protein sources on nursery pig performance." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38161.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
Jason C. Woodworth
A total of 6,465 nursery pigs were used in 8 experiments. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) or fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on nursery pig growth performance. A LP × FSBM interaction was detected for G:F, where LP and FSBM individually improved G:F, but the effect was not additive. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of increasing levels of LP on nursery pig performance. No evidence for differences in growth performance were observed among dietary treatments. Experiment 3 and 4 examined the effects of fish meal source and level on nursery pig growth performance. Overall, a source × level interaction for ADG, G:F and final BW was observed as increasing fish meal source 1 improved ADG and G:F; however, pigs fed fish meal source 2 had improved ADG and G:F at 3%, but decreased at 6%. Pigs fed fish meal source 3 had no further improvements in ADG and G:F beyond the 3% inclusion. No evidence for differences were detected between the dietary treatments for ADFI. Experiment 5 evaluated the effects of feeding fish solubles on nursery pig performance. Pigs fed diets with fish meal had increased ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed the control diet. There was no evidence for differences in growth performance as fish solubles increased. Experiment 6 and 7 investigated the effects of enzymatically-treated soybean meal (ESBM) on nursery pig performance. Results indicated that nursery pigs fed diets with greater than 9% of ESBM resulted in decreased ADFI and final BW. Experiment 8 evaluated the effects of dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) on nursery pig performance. Increasing dEB in diets from weaning to 21-d after weaning resulted in an increase in ADG and BW, which was the result of a marginally significant improvement in ADFI and G:F. Finally, an experiment was conducted to determine the optimal strategy for collecting and submitting samples that adequately describe the nutrient levels in diets collected from a commercial swine facility. Sampling feeders with a probe resulted in less variability on an individual basis, but seemed to get washed out when individual samples were pooled to form a composite sample.

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Stawasz, Lydia-Anne. "Vegan and omnivore diets : an examination of dietary intake, body composition, serum lipids, parathyroid and vitamin D hormones, acid-base balance, urinary calcium excretion and bone parameters in pre-menopausal women /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2002. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Lahely, Monique. "Culture créole, éducation thérapeutique des personnes diabétiques et compétence culturelle des acteurs : l’exemple de la Martinique." Thesis, Antilles, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ANTI0766.

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Dans les départements ultramarins, la prévalence du diabète est élevée et ce depuis plusieurs années, une situation jugée préoccupante par les pouvoirs publics nationaux et régionaux. À la Martinique, l’observatoire de la santé estime le nombre de personnes atteintes par le diabète à environ 40 000, pour une population de 368 783 habitants en 2018 selon l’Insee. La transition alimentaire traduit une mutation vers un mode de vie des pays riches. L’éducation thérapeutique du patient, (ETP) légiférée en France depuis 2009 qui vise à aider les personnes porteuses d’une pathologie chronique à vivre au quotidien avec la maladie, représente un enjeu important pour le territoire martiniquais. Inscrite en cultures et langues régionales, notre recherche doctorale cherche à comprendre les conditions de développement de l’éducation thérapeutique du patient (ETP) en contexte créole en questionnant notamment la compétence culturelle des soignants et autres acteurs. Inspirée par les « nids d’apprentissage » déployés à La Réunion et dans plusieurs pays africains, notre recherche interventionnelle interroge ce qui se passe lors de situations d’apprentissage proposées au domicile de personnes diabétiques en Martinique. Menés dans leur contexte ordinaire, les entretiens et ateliers d’ETP portent sur l’équilibre alimentaire des personnes diabétiques et de leurs aidants. Les premiers résultats montrent la nécessaire adaptation des messages d’éducation alimentaire et nutritionnelle au contexte ordinaire et culturel de ces personnes. Elles peuvent ainsi mieux comprendre les informations, les transformer en savoirs puis les utiliser dans leur pratique quotidienne pour l’équilibre du diabète. À cet effet, la compétence culturelle de l’éducateur ou formateur se trouve nécessairement sollicitée et mobilisée. L’adaptation au contexte ordinaire des personnes diabétiques peut désormais être envisagée comme une perspective de déploiement de situation d’apprentissage « ÉTAPE » – Écologique, Territorialisée, Adaptée, Personnalisé et Efficiente – en vue du développement de l’ETP sur ce territoire
In the overseas departments, the prevalence of diabetes is high and has been for several years, a situation considered worrying by the national and regional authorities. In Martinique, the health observatory estimates the number of people affected by diabetes at around 40 000, for a population of 368 783 inhabitants in 2018 according to INSEE. The dietary transition reflects a shift towards a rich country lifestyle. Therapeutic patient education (TPE), which has been legislated in France since 2009 and aims to help people with a chronic disease to live with it on a daily basis, represents an important issue for Martinique. Inscribed in regional cultures and languages, our doctoral research seeks to understand the conditions for the development of therapeutic patient education (TPE) in a Creole context by questioning, in particular, the cultural competence of caregivers and other actors. Inspired by the "learning nests" deployed in Reunion Island and in several African countries, our interventional research questions what happens during learning situations proposed in the homes of diabetics in Martinique. Conducted in their ordinary context, the interviews and TVE workshops focus on the diabetic patients' and their carers' dietary balance. The initial results show the need to adapt food and nutrition education messages to the ordinary and cultural context of these people. They can thus better understand the information, transform it into knowledge and then use it in their daily practice to balance their diabetes. To this end, the cultural competence of the educator or trainer is necessarily called upon and mobilised. The adaptation to the ordinary context of people with diabetes can now be considered as a perspective for the deployment of a "STEP" learning situation - (Ecological, Territorialized, Adapted, Personalized and Efficient) with a view to the development of TVE in this territory

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Castro, Calvache Egresado Hever Patricio. "Formulation of Balanced Diets in Base of Grains of Left-over of Corn, Wheat, and Barley for Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2002. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5345.

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The present investigation was carried out in the rural community La Rinconada, located in the canton Ibarra of the province of Imbabura. The field work was developed during 12 months. Previous activities were developed to the rehearsal like socialization of the program; training in areas of: poscosecha of grains, alfalfa cultivation and systems of growth of guinea pigs. The rehearsal lasted 70 days and it was developed in the property of three families of the community. The formulation of diets balanced based on grains of waste of corn, wheat and barley for the growth and increment of weight of guinea pigs, it was the main objective from the investigation. The rehearsal was carried out with 84 weaned male guinea pigs of the improved Creole type, acquired in a farm of guinea pigs, of the province of the Carchi. It was used, experimental design of complete blocks at random (DBCA) with a factorial arrangement A x B + 1 and three repetitions. The factor A it was conformed by three formulations of balanced. The balanced 1 (B1) had as protein source the soy cake, the balanced 2 (B2) had as protein source the bean and the balanced 3 (B3) had as protein source the pea. The factor B it was conformed by two forage types : alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), forage 1 (F1) and the mixture forager pastures and boil of the community forage (F2). The witness treatment T7, was the traditional feeding of guinea pigs, in the community. Was used: kitchen waste, crop waste and boil and pastures of the community. The treatments were seven : T1 (Balanced 1 + alfalfa), T2 (Balanced 1 + pastures and boil of the community), T3 (Balanced 2 + alfalfa), T4 (Balanced 2 + pastures and boil of the community), T5 (Balanced 3 + alfalfa), T6 (Balanced 3 + pastures and boil of the community) and T7 witness treatment (traditional feeding). The evaluated variables were consumption of dry matter, increase of biweekly weight, nutritious conversion, mortality and production costs. The experimental unit was conformed by four weaned male guinea pigs. Of the obtained results it concludes that the Balanced 1 and Balanced 3 were the best. The mixture foragers, pastures and boil of the community presented superior results to those of the alfalfa . The treatment witness (traditional feeding of the community) it is not advisable, the guinea pigs didn't reach characteristic of weight and commercialization or for reproduction. For the results of increment of weight, nutritious conversion, production costs and access to the matters cousins, are recommended to use the diet of the treatment T6 (Balanced 3 + pastures and boil of the community) in the feeding of guinea pigs, in the rural sector of the Andean region of the Ecuador.

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Martins, Mariana dos Santos [UNESP]. "Leveduras de cerveja e cana-de-açúcar (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), autolisada e íntegra, na dieta de cães." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96554.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:57:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_ms_me_jabo.pdf: 1334577 bytes, checksum: 558ffb190a2980722ebcf5da43d4c243 (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar por meio dos métodos de substituição, os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) das leveduras de cerveja e de cana-de-açúcar autolisada e íntegra, e de inclusão de teores crescentes das leveduras de cana-de-açúcar em dietas extrusadas para cães adultos. Dois ensaios foram conduzidos; no primeiro foi utilizado o método de substituição e 4 dietas experimentais, uma dieta referência isenta de levedura e outras três compostas pela substituição de 15% da dieta basal por leveduras de cerveja e de cana-de-açúcar autolisada e íntegra, respectivamente. Para o segundo ensaio foram utilizados 35 cães adultos distribuídos em 5 tratamentos e 7 repetições por dieta, estas sendo: 0 (basal), 7,5 e 15% de levedura de cana-de-açúcar autolisada e 7,5 e 15% de íntegra. No primeiro ensaio, os CDA da PB são 96,47, 62,98 e 74,70% e da EB 84,01, 68,43 e 75,95%, respectivos as leveduras; havendo diferença entre as leveduras avaliadas apenas para o CDA da PB (p<0,05). No segundo ensaio, os tratamentos não se mostraram diferentes quanto a digestibilidade para os nutrientes MS, MO, EEA, FDN e EB (p>0,05). As energias das dietas acima são respectivamente (Kcal/Kg MS): ED (4107,74; 3995,23, 3922,53; 4066,7; 3921,15) e EM (3714,96; 3749,46; 3667,53; 3876,23; 3673,16) e os CDA (%): MS (81,95; 82,13; 79,14; 80,79; 80,59), MO (86,56; 85,88; 83,68; 85,09; 85,07), PB (84,68; 85,20; 81,90; 83,31; 82,89), EEA (83,68; 83,58; 81,28; 83,82; 82,69), FB (44,99; 33,10; 30,14; 37,33; 22,37), FDN (47,40; 54,20; 45,36; 46,70, 50,99) e EB (86,03; 85,09; 82,54; 84,81; 84,13). A utilização da levedura de cana-de-açúcar não influenciou o CDA das dietas para MS, MO, PB, EEA, FDN, EB e EM das dietas (p<0,05), porém prejudicou linearmente, conforme aumento na inclusão das leveduras de cana-de-açúcar, o CDA da FB e ED (p>0,05). Conforme aumento na...
The present study aimed to determine, for dogs, the digestibility of the brewer’s yeast and sugar cane yeast, autolyzed and integral, and the diets’ nutrients that used the sugar cane yeast in increasing inclusions. Two metabolism assays were performed, the first one had used the substitution method to define the digestibility of the ingredients tests, being made one without yeast (control) and others 3 tests diets (15% brewer’s yeast, sugar cane autolyzed and integral + 85% control diet). In the second assay, it was used 35 adult dogs distributed in 5 treatments with 7 replications for each diet. These were: 0 (control), 7,5 and 15% sugar cane yeast autolyzed and 7.5 and 15% of integral yeast. In the first assay, the coefficients of apparent digestibility (CAD) of the CP were 96.47, 62.98 and 74.70%, and CE 84.01, 68.43 and 75.95%, respectively from yeasts; just the CP was different between the yeast evaluated (p<0,05). In the second assay, the treatments weren’t difference for the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), acid ether extract (AEE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude energy (CE) between the ingredients. The energies from diets were respectively (Kcal/Kg CM): digestible energy (DE) (4,107.74; 3,995.23; 3,922.53; 4,066.7; 3,921.15) and metabolizable energy (ME) (3,714.96; 3,749.46; 3,667.53; 3,876.23; 3,673.16) and the CAD (%): DM (81.95; 82.13; 79.14; 80.79; 80.59), OM (86.56; 85.88; 83.68; 85.09; 85.07), CP (84.68; 85.20; 81.90; 83.31; 82.89), AEE (83.68; 83.58; 81.28; 83.82; 82.69), crude fiber (CF) (44.99; 33.10; 30.14; 37.33; 22.37), NDF (47.40; 54.20; 45.36; 46.70, 50.99) and CE (86.03; 85.09; 82.54; 84.81; 84.13). The sugar cane yeast did not affect the diets’ CAD of DM, OM, AEE, NDF and ME of the diets (p<0.05); but, the CDA had a linear reduction in CP, CF, CE and DE (p>0.05) with the increasing inclusions. Therefore, the brewer’s yeast presented ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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SILVA, Rubens Fausto da. "Avaliação nutricional da torta de babaçu e sua utilização em dietas para frangos de corte Label Rouge." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2009. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1204.

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Three research works were conducted in order to determine the chemical composition, nutrient and energy digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy (EMA) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected by nitrogen retention (EMAn) of babaçu cake, as well as to evaluate the results of its use on performance and carcass traits of Label Rouge chicks. The first experiment consisted a biological assay carried where the traditional total feces collection method was used to characterize babaçu cake bromatologically, as well as to determine its energy levels and metabolizability coefficients. Seventy two Label Rouge day-old-chicks where placed in metallic batteries and at the 14th day they where assigned to a randomized block design with two treatments and six replicates of 6 birds each. The results found where: Crude energy = 5,056 kcal/kg, Crude protein = 18.8%, Crude fiber = 29.50%, Ether extract = 8.8%, Calcium = 0.19%, Phosphorus = 0.67%, EMA= 2,650 kcal/kg and EMAn=2,580 kcal/kg. The dry matters, Crude energy s and ether extract s apparent coefficient of metabolizability were 31.72%; 46.78%; 92.35%, respectively. The nitrogen balance of reference diet and test diet where respectively 15.90% and 6.54%. The second research work was conducted aiming to evaluate the effect of different levels of inclusion of babaçu cake in diets based on corn and soybean meal on the performance of free range chickens from 1 to 7, 1 to 14, 1 to 21 and 1 to 28 days old. Three hundred day-old (male and female) Label Rouge chickens, were assigned to a completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 8, 16, 24 and 32% of inclusion of babaçu cake) and four replicates of 15 birds each. Inclusion levels of babaçu cake influenced feed intake at ages 1 to 7 days (P=0.0031) and did not influence other ages. Live weight and weight gain were influenced at age 1 to 7 days when it was used the SNK test for mean comparison. Live weight was affected at ages 1 to 14 (P=0.0003), 1 to 21 (P=0.0028) and 1 to 28 (P=0.0168) days old, as well as weight gain at ages 1 to 14 (P=0.0004), 1 to 21 (P=0.0037) and 1 to 28 (P=0.0196) days old. Feed convertion was affected at ages 1 to 7 (P≤0.0001) and 1 to 28 (P=0.0027).The third research work was aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of inclusion of babaçu cake on performance, carcass yield and carcass protein and fat deposition of Label Rouge broiler chicks that received the experimental diets from 36 to 84 days old. Three hundred and sixty birds (male and female) were assigned to a completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 8, 16, 24 and 32% of inclusion of babaçu cake) and four replicates of 18 birds each. Weight at 84 days old and weight gain were not influenced by the different levels of babaçu cake, however feed intake increased (P= 0.002) and feed convertion was negatively affected (P=0.052) by crescent levels of babaçu cake in the diets. Carcass yield, carcass fat and protein deposition and abdominal fat deposition weren´t influenced as the inclusion levels of babaçu cake increased. It is possible the use of up to 32% of inclusion of babaçu cake in the diet of Label Rouge broiler chicks from 36 to 84 days old
Foram conduzidos três experimentos para determinar a composição química e os valores de energia metabolizável da torta de babaçu, avaliar seu emprego para desempenho zootécnico e características de carcaça de frangos Label Rouge. Na primeira pesquisa, foi realizado ensaio metabólico, utilizando-se o método tradicional de coleta total de excretas, para caracterizar bromatologicamente a torta de babaçu, determinar os valores de EMA, EMAn e coeficientes de metabolização. Foram alojados 72 pintos Label Rouge, com um dia de idade, em baterias metálicas, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos e seis repetições de seis aves cada. Como resultados: EB = 5.056 kcal/kg, PB = 18,8%, FB = 29,50%, EE = 8,8%, Ca = 0,19%, P = 0,67%. Determinou-se: EMA = 2.650 kcal/kg, EMAn = 2.580 kcal/kg, CMAMS = 31,72%, CMAEB = 46,78% e do Extrato etéreo = 92,35. O segundo experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de inclusão da torta de babaçu, no desempenho de frangos Label Rouge, nos períodos de 1 a 7, 1 a 14, 1 a 21 e 1 a 28 dias de idade. Foram alojados trezentos pintos de um dia (machos e fêmeas), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (0, 8, 16, 24 e 32% de inclusão) e quatro repetições de quinze aves cada. A inclusão afetou o consumo das rações, nos períodos de 1 a 7 dias (P=0,0031), não alterando para os demais períodos. O peso vivo e o ganho de peso das aves foram afetados no período de 1 a 7 dias de idade, quando se ajustaram os dados pelo SNK, para comparar as médias dos tratamentos. O peso vivo foi afetado, ainda, nos períodos de 1 a 14 (P=0,0003), de 1 a 21 (P=0,0028) e de 1 a 28 (P=0,0168) dias de idade, bem como o ganho de peso, nos períodos de 1 a 14 (P=0,0004), de 1 a 21 (P=0,0037) e de 1 a 28 (P=0,0196) dias de idade. A conversão alimentar foi afetada nos períodos de 1 a 7 (P≤0,0001) e de 1 a 28 (P=0,0027). O terceiro experimento objetivou avaliar o efeito da inclusão da torta de babaçu em dietas de frangos Label Rouge, de 36 a 84 dias de idade. Alojaram-se 360 frangos (machos e fêmeas), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (0, 8, 16, 24 e 32% de inclusão) e quatro repetições de dezoito aves cada. Procedeu-se os resultados à análise de variância com o pacote estatístico SAS, submetendo-se as diferenças significativas à análise de regressão polinomial. Não ocorreu efeito para peso, ganho de peso, mas houve aumento no consumo de ração (P=0,002) e menor conversão alimentar (P=0,052), conforme o nível de inclusão aumentou. O rendimento de carcaça, a gordura abdominal, a deposição de proteína e de lipídios na carcaça não foram afetados. Conclui-se que a torta de babaçu pode ser caracterizada como alimento proteico (PB=18,8%) volumoso (FB=29,5), com EMA=2.650kcal/kg e seus altos teores de fibras indicam precaução de sua inclusão, recomendando-se até 8% para Label Rouge de 1 a 28 dias de idade e até 32% entre 36 e 84 dias de idade

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Azevedo, Katharine Kelly de. "Avalia??o nutricional do farelo de crambe em dietas para ovinos." UFVJM, 2017. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1757.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de n?veis crescentes de substitui??o da PB do concentrado (0, 25, 50 e 75% com base na MS) pela PB do farelo de crambe (FC) em dietas para ovinos, sobre o consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes, par?metros ruminais, N ureico no plasma sangu?neo (NUP), excre??o urin?ria de N ureico (EUNU), balan?o de N, fluxo intestinal de N microbiano (NMIC) e efici?ncia de s?ntese de prote?na microbiana (EFIM). Foram utilizados quatro ovinos fistulados no r?men, SRD, machos, castrados, alojados em gaiolas metab?licas, com idade m?dia inicial de 18 meses e peso vivo m?dio inicial de 50 kg, distribu?dos em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4 (4 tratamentos e 4 per?odos). Cada per?odo foi composto de 14 dias, sendo sete dias destinados ? adapta??o dos animais ? dieta e ?s condi??es experimentais e sete dias para as coletas. As dietas foram compostas por 50% de volumoso (silagem de milho) e 50% de concentrado (%MS). Os resultados foram submetidos ? an?lise de vari?ncia e estudo de regress?o a 5% de signific?ncia, utilizando-se o programa estat?stico SAS. Foi verificado efeito linear crescente para o consumo de extrato et?reo e linear decrescente para o consumo de carboidratos n?o fibrosos corrigidos para cinzas e prote?na. Com o aumento dos n?veis de FC nas dietas observou-se redu??o na digestibilidade de todos os nutrientes avaliados, exceto para PB e EE. N?o houve efeito para o pH do l?quido ruminal, por?m para os valores de N amoniacal no l?quido ruminal foi observado efeito linear decrescente com a inclus?o do FC na dieta. Tamb?m n?o foi observado efeito das dietas para o balan?o de N e EUNU. Contudo, para a concentra??o de NUP houve efeito linear decrescente. O NMIC e EFIM apresentaram efeito linear crescente com a inclus?o do FC. De acordo com os resultados alcan?ados no presente estudo, o FC possui potencial como alimento proteico alternativo na dieta de ovinos, pois assegura consumo e utiliza??o do N semelhante a alimentos convencionais e contribui pra melhor s?ntese de prote?na microbiana. Apesar da redu??o da digestibilidade dos nutrientes com a inclus?o do FC ?s dietas, o consumo de NDT n?o foi prejudicado.
Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of CP replacement of concentrate (0, 25, 50 and 75% based on DM) for crambe meal (CM) CP in sheep diets regarding on nutrient intake, digestibility, ruminal parameters, blood plasma urea nitrogen (NUP), urinary urea nitrogen excretion (EUNU), N balance, intestinal flow of microbial nitrogen (NMIC), and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EFIM). Four rumen fistulated male sheep of undefined breed, castrated, housed in metabolic cages, with initial mean age of 18 months and initial mean body weight (BW) of 50 kg, were distributed in a 4 x 4 Latin square design (4 treatments and 4 periods). Each period was composed of 14 days, seven days for the adaptation of the animals to the diet and the experimental conditions and seven days sampling. The diets were composed of 50% of roughage (corn silage) and 50% of concentrate (% MS). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression study at 5% of significance using the SAS statistical program. It was verified crescent linear effect for the intake of ethereal extract and linear effect decreasing for the intake of non-fibrous carbohydrates corrected for ashes and protein. It was observed a reduction of the digestibility of all the nutrients with increase of CM levels in the diets, except for PB and EE. There was no effect on the ruminal fluid pH, but it was observed linear decreasing effect for the values of ammoniacal nitrogen in the rumen according to the inclusion of the CM in the diets. It was not observed effect of diets on N balance and EUNU. However, there was a linear decreasing effect for NUP. The was in increasing linear effect on NMIC and the EFIM with the inclusion of CM. According to the results obtained in the present study, the CM has potential as an alternative protein food in the diets of sheep, because the intake and use of N is similar to conventional foods and improves the microbial protein synthesis. Even with the reduction of nutrient digestibility with the inclusion of CM in diets, the intake of TDN was not affected.

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32

Nonino, Carla Barbosa. "Impacto do padrão alimentar na composição corporal, taxa metabólica de repouso, ritmo circadiano do cortisol e balanço nitrogenado em mulheres obesas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17138/tde-10072012-101609/.

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Mudanças no hábito alimentar têm sido descritas como prováveis causas da obesidade. Estudos mostram que o peso depende do balanço energético definido pela relação entre a energia ingerida e o gasto energético. Sugere-se que o padrão alimentar, levando em consideração a freqüência de refeições e sua distribuição durante o dia, possa estar relacionado com a obesidade. Um efetivo programa de perda de peso tem como objetivo a perda do excesso da gordura corporal e a manutenção da massa livre de gordura apropriada para manutenção da saúde. O cortisol é um dos principais hormônios secretados pelo córtex supra-renal com ação predominante no metabolismo intermediário, incluindo a regulação das proteínas, carboidratos, lipídeos e ácidos nucléicos.O presente estudo teve como objetivos determinar se a ingestão alimentar hipocalórica em pacientes obesas grau III, feita exclusivamente no período das 9:00 às 11:00 h em contraposição à mesma dieta oferecida das 18:00 às 20:00 h, é capaz de alterar a perda de peso, a composição corporal, o ritmo de cortisol, o gasto energético e o balanço nitrogenado. As pacientes foram internadas na Unidade Metabólica da Divisão de Nutrologia do Departamento de Clínica Médica do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto USP durante um período de 64 dias, sendo divididos em 3 internações de 18 dias. Na 1ª fase receberam dieta fracionada em 5 refeições /dia, considerada controle. Na 2ª fase, receberam a mesma dieta, no período das 9:00 às 11:00 h. E na 3ª fase receberam, também, a mesma dieta no período das 18:00 às 20:00 h. Entre uma internação e outra, as pacientes tiveram alta hospitalar por 5 dias, recebendo dieta domiciliar usual. Durante cada fase realizou-se dosagem de nitrogênio urinário e de cortisol salivar. Além disto, as pacientes foram submetidas à avaliação nutricional incluindo: antropometria, bioimpedância e calorimetria indireta. O cortisol salivar obedeceu ao mesmo ritmo nas 3 fases, tanto no 1º quanto no 18º dias de internação, apresentando o pico máximo às 8:00 h, diminuindo progressivamente até atingir o nadir às 21:00 h. Não houve alteração no ritmo do cortisol quando se alterou o horário da alimentação. Houve uma diminuição significativa (p< 0,05) para todos os parâmetros antropométricos, exceto para o índice cintura/quadril durante as três fases, não havendo diferença entre as 3 fases. Houve, nas 3 internações, uma diminuição significativa tanto na quantidade de nitrogênio ingerido quanto na quantidade de nitrogênio excretado a partir do 4º dia de internação. No 10º dia de internação, o balanço nitrogenado estava negativo nas 3 fases da dieta. Não houve diferença entre as fases para ingestão, excreção ou balanço nitrogenado. Mudanças no padrão do horário da ingestão alimentar por períodos de 18 dias não foram estímulo suficiente para provocar diferentes alterações de peso, da composição corporal, da ritmicidade e níveis de produção de cortisol, da taxa metabólica de repouso e balanço nitrogenado em mulheres grau III.
Changes in dietary habits have been implicated as potential causes of obesity. Studies have suggested that weight depends on the energetic balance, which is the relation between energy intake and energy expenditure. Dietary behavior, specially eating frequency and temporal distribution of eating events during the day, may be related to obesity. An effective weight loss program should reduce body fat and preserve lean body mass. Cortisol is an important corticosteroid produced by the adrenal. It exerts metabolic effects on intermediary metabolism, regulating protein, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids metabolism. The present studys goals were: compare differences in weight loss, body composition, energy expenditure and nitrogen balance using hypo caloric diet offered in two different time intervals, first from 9:00 to 11:00, second from 18:00 to 20:00; determinate if there is difference on urinary nitrogen when food is offered on different time intervals, comparing with salivary cortisol levels, and show salivary cortisol secretion rhythm of obese females undergoing hypo caloric diet in different day times. The patients were under hospital regimen in the Metabolic Unit of the Nutrology Division of the Internal Medicine Department of the HCFMRP USP for a 64 days period, divided in 3 periods of 18 days each. On phase 1, the patients received food five times a day. On phase 2, they received the same diet, but the meals were between 09:00 and 11:00. On phase 3, the same diet was offered between 18:00 and 20:00. After each 18 day period, patients went home for a 5 day wash-out period, eating their regular home food and respecting their usual dietary behavior. On each phase urinary nitrogen and salivary cortisol were measured. Also a nutritional evaluation, including anthropometry, bioimpedance and indirect calorimetry were done. There were a reduction (p< 0,05) in all parameters, except the Waist/ Hip Ratio during all phases, but there were no difference between the phases. On the 3 phases there were a reduction on both, nitrogen intake and excretion. After the 10th in hospital day, nitrogen balance was negative on the 3 phases. There are no differences on nitrogen intake, excretion or balance between the 3 phases of food intake. Salivary cortisol followed the same rhythm on all 3 phases, both on the 1st and on the 18th in hospital days, having the peak salivary level at 08:00 h and the nadir level at 21:00 h. Changing meal times for 18 days did not change salivary cortisol circadian rhythm and did not promote changes in weight loss, body composition and rest energy expenditure in grade III obese females.

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Campos, Fernanda Cristina de. "Efeito do Bacillus thuringiensis na dieta (degradabilidade ruminal e digestibilidade aparente) e no desempenho de ovinos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64133/tde-16042014-163802/.

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Com este estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de estirpes de Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) na degradabilidade e digestibilidade da dieta, emissão de gases, microbiota ruminal, parâmetros sanguíneos e desempenho de ovinos. O estudo foi dividido em 2 experimentos: ensaio in vitro de produção de gases para a avaliação de 6 diferentes estirpes de Bt (907, 1192, 2036, 2493, 2496 e S1185) e ensaio in vivo com a estirpe selecionada 2036 para investigação de possíveis interferências na digestão e saúde dos animais. A simulação do ambiente ruminal foi realizada em garrafas de vidro incubadas a 39 oC por 24 h. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado com 7 tratamentos (Sem Bt (controle), Bt 907, Bt 1192, Bt 2036, Bt 2493, Bt 2496 e Bt S1185) com 4 repetições em duplicata. O processo fermentativo foi avaliado pelos resultados de matéria seca degradada (MSD), matéria orgânica degradada (MOD), produção líquida de gases totais, produção líquida de metano e eficiência da conversão de metano. Produtos da fermentação (pH, nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC)) e micro-organismos ruminais (Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, fungos anaeróbicos, arqueas metanogênicas e protozoários) também foram estudados. Apenas a estirpe Bt 907 reduziu a MSD e MOD em relação ao controle, com manutenção da população de F. succinogenes, pois as demais estirpes reduziram a população desta bactéria. No ensaio in vivo 20 cordeiros Santa Inês com 3 meses de idade e 18 ± 3,5 kg PV foram utilizados e divididos em 2 grupos: 10 animais tratados com 2,5x106 esporos de Bt 2036 por kg PV/d e 10 animais não tratados (controle). Estes foram alojados em baias individuais em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e receberam dieta composta de feno de capim Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) ad libitum e 300 g/animal/d de concentrado, que foi ajustado de acordo com as exigências de crescimento. O período experimental in vivo teve duração de 63 dias, dos quais 53 compreendeu o teste de desempenho dos animais, com aferição do consumo 3 vezes na semana e pesagem quinzenal, e os 10 dias subsequentes destinou-se aos ensaios de digestibilidade aparente, balanço de nitrogênio, síntese de proteína microbiana e emissão de metano entérico. Durante todo o experimento, coletas se sangue foram realizadas quinzenalmente a fim de avaliar os parâmetros hematológicos (hemácias, hemoglobina, hematócrito e leucócitos) e bioquímicos (glicose, proteínas totais, albumina, aspartato aminotransferase, ureia e creatinina) dos animais para o diagnóstico de possível intoxicação. Características da fermentação ruminal também foram investigadas em 3 momentos (início, meio e fim do experimento) sobre as variáveis pH, N-NH3, AGCC, abundância relativa das espécies F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens, populações de arqueas metanogênicas, fungos anaeróbicos e contagem de protozoários, por meio de coletas de líquido ruminal. Não houve influência da estirpe sobre as variáveis estudadas. Conclui-se que na avaliação in vitro apenas a estirpe Bt 907 reduziu a MSD e MOD com manutenção da população F. succinogenes e no experimento in vivo a inclusão de esporos de Bt 2036 na dieta não afetou de forma negativa o desempenho e nem a saúde dos ovinos
The objective of present study was to evaluate the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains on degradability and digestibility of the diet, gas production, ruminal fermentation, blood parameters and performance in sheep. The study was divided into 2 experiments: in vitro gas production to evaluate six different Bt strains (907, 1192, 2036, 2493, 2496 and S1185) and in vivo assay with the selected strain (Bt 2036) to investigate possible interference in digestion and health of animals. The rumen simulation was performed in glass bottles incubated at 39 °C for 24 h. A completely randomized design with 7 treatments (No Bt (control), Bt 907, Bt 1192, Bt 2036, Bt 2493, Bt 2496 and Bt S1185) was used, with 4 replications in duplicate. The fermentation process was evaluated using dry matter degradability (DMD), organic matter degradability (OMD), net gas production, methane output and conversion efficiency. Fermentation products (pH, ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3), short chain fatty acids (SCFA)) and ruminal microorganisms (Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, anaerobic fungi, methanogenic archaea and protozoa) were also studied. Only strain Bt 907 reduced DMD and OMD in relation to the control and F. succinogenes populations were maintained, whereas other strains of this bacterium population were reduced. An in vivo assay using 20 Santa Ines lambs at 3 months of age and 18 ± 3.5 kg BW was carried out. These animals were divided into 2 groups: 10 animals treated with 2.5x106 spores of Bt 2036 per kg BW/d and 10 untreated animals (control). These were housed in individual pens in a completely randomized design and were fed a diet of Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) hay ad libitum and 300 g/animal/d of concentrate, which was adjusted according to animal growth. The in vivo experimental period lasted 63 days, of which 53 included the performance test of the animals, with measurement of feed consumption three times a week and fortnightly weighing. The final 10 days was devoted to tests of digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis and enteric methane emission. Throughout the experiment, blood was collected fortnightly to assess hematological parameters (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, packed cell volume and leukocytes) and biochemical profiles such as (Glucose, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, urea and creatinine) for the diagnosis of possible intoxication. Ruminal fermentation characteristics were investigated at three times (Initial, middle and end of the experiment) using pH, N-NH3, SCFA, microorganism population size (such as F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens, methanogenic archaea, anaerobic fungi and protozoa) through ruminal fluid collections. There was no influence of Bt 2036 on ruminal fermentation characteristics. It is concluded that, for the in vitro evaluation, only strain Bt 907 reduced DMD and OMD, with F. succinogenes population being maintained and for the in vivo studies, the inclusion of Bt 2036 spores in the diet did not negatively affect health and performance of lambs

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Souza, Valéria Nunes de. "Avaliação das alterações morfo-funcionais hepáticas e do balanço redox em um modelo murino para a síndrome metabólica induzida por uma dieta hipercalórica." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2011. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/938.

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The non-alcoholic fat liver diseases (NAFLD) have been presented, recently, as a novel component of the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), representing the oxidative stress a critical role in their progression. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the morphofunctional hepatic alterations and the redox balance in a murine model for the MetS induced by a high calorie diet, after treatment with tempol and apocinina. C57Bl/6 male mice, young (6-8 weeks) and elderly (53-57 weeks), were divided in four groups: control group (CT; n young=8 and n elderly=5), fed with chow diet (14% calories from lipids); DHC group ( n young=9 and n elderly=5), receiving hypercaloric diet for 14 weeks (58,4% calories from lipids); DHC + Tempol group ( n young=4 and n elderly=9), which received hypercaloric diet and treatment with tempol (50mg/kg) in the water for drinking; DHC + Apocinin group ( n young=4 and n elderly=9), fed with a hypercaloric diet and under apocinin treatment (50mg/kg) in the water for drinking. Metabolic and the redox state assessment, as well as the histological analyses were performed. After the end of the experimental period, young DHC animals were not shown to present significant weight gain, being the latter observed in the elderly DHC animals, when compared to CT group. The treatment with tempol and apocinin was not effective in modifying this parameter in both groups. The DHC animals, both young and elderly, showed fasting hyperglicaemia, and the treatment with tempol and apocinin did not change this profile. A significant improvement in the glucose tolerance was observed in the young animals after the treatment with apocinin, but the treatment with tempol failed to show so. In the elderly animals, a significant improvement in the glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity was identified after the treatment with tempol and apocinin. An elevated accumulation of visceral fat was identified in the DHC animals (young and elderly), so that the treatment with tempol and apocinin did not alter this profile. An elevated serum concentration of total cholesterol was shown in the young and elderly DHC animals when compared to the CT group, the same not happening to triglycerides, VLDL and lipid peroxidation in both groups, young and elderly. The pharmacological treatment was not shown to be effective in altering these serum parameters. In the young DHC animals, it was not observed significant changes in the enzymatic activities of the AST and ALT, as well as AST/ALT ratio, ALP, γ-GT, LDH, albumin and total proteins, when compared to the CT group. However, in the DHC elderly animals, and increased AST activity and AST/ALT ratio were observed among these parameters of hepatic assessment. The DHC animals, young and elderly, presented elevated lipid peroxidation and fat liver accumulation, with numerous fat vacuoles at histology. The pharmacological treatment with tempol and apocinin ameliorated, in a qualitative manner, the fat accumulation in the liver, both in the young and elderly animals, without, however, modifying the hepatic lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the DHC elderly animals presented high hepatic levels of total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol and VLDL cholesterol, with a similar condition not being observed in the DHC young animals. The hepatic activity of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) was not shown to be significantly different after the dietary and pharmacological treatments. An increase in the NADPH oxidase activity, and consequently the increased production of superoxide anion ( O2-), may be involved in the mechanisms associated to the MetS and the NAFLD.
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As doenças hepáticas gordurosas não-alcoólicas (DHGNA) foram apresentadas, recentemente, como um novo componente da Síndrome Metabólica (SMet), desempenhando o estresse oxidativo papel fundamental na progressão destas. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar as alterações morfo-funcionais hepáticas e do balanço redox em um modelo murino para a SMet induzida por uma dieta hipercalórica, após tratamentos com tempol e apocinina. Camundongos machos C57Bl/6, jovens (6-8 semanas) e idosos (53-57 semanas), foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo controle (CT; n jovem=8 e n idoso=5), alimentado com dieta chow (14% calorias provenientes dos lipídios); grupo DHC ( n jovem=9 e n idoso=5), que recebeu dieta hipercalórica por 14 semanas (58,4% calorias provenientes dos lipídios); grupo DHC + Tempol ( n jovem=4 e n idoso=9), que recebeu dieta hipercalórica e tratamento com tempol (50mg/kg) na água de beber; grupo DHC + Apocinina ( n jovem=4 e n idoso=9), alimentado com dieta hipercalórica e tratado com apocinina (50mg/kg) na água de beber. Avaliações metabólicas, do estado redox e análise histológica hepática foram realizadas. Após o término do período experimental, os animais DHC jovens não apresentaram significativo ganho de peso corporal, sendo este observado nos animais DHC idosos quando comparados ao grupo CT. O tratamento com tempol e apocinina não modificou este parâmetro em ambos os grupos. Os animais DHC, tanto jovens quanto idosos, apresentaram hiperglicemia de jejum e o tratamento com tempol e apocinina não modificou este perfil. Uma significante melhora na tolerância à glicose dos animais jovens foi observada após o tratamento com a apocinina, o mesmo não ocorrendo após o tratamento com o tempol. Nos animais idosos, uma melhora significativa foi observada na tolerância à glicose e sensibilidade à insulina após o tratamento com tempol e apocinina. Acentuado acúmulo de gordura visceral foi identificado nos animais DHC (jovens e idosos), de modo que o tratamento com o tempol e a apocinina não alterou este perfil. Elevada concentração plasmática de colesterol total foi observada nos animais DHC jovens e idosos comparado ao CT, o mesmo não ocorrendo para triglicerídeos, VLDL e peroxidação lipídica plasmática em ambos grupos DHC, jovens e idosos. O tratamento farmacológico em questão não modificou estes parâmetros plasmáticos. Nos animais DHC jovens, não foram observadas mudanças significativas na atividade das enzimas AST, ALT, razão AST/ALT, ALP, γ-GT, LDH, albumina e proteínas totais, quando comparado ao grupo CT. Contudo, nos animais idosos DHC, elevada atividade da AST e da razão AST/ALT foram observadas dentre estes parâmetros de avaliação hepática. Os animais DHC, jovens e idosos, apresentaram elevada peroxidação lipídica e acúmulo de gordura hepática, com numerosos vacúolos gordurosos à histologia. O tratamento farmacológico com tempol e apocinina melhorou, de forma qualitativa, o acúmulo de gordura hepática, tanto nos animais jovens quanto nos idosos, sem, entretanto, modificar a peroxidação lipídica hepática. Além disso, os animais idosos DHC apresentaram elevados níveis hepáticos de lipídios totais, triglicerídeos, colesterol total e VLDL colesterol, não sendo observado o mesmo nos animais jovens DHC. A atividade hepática das enzimas antioxidantes (SOD e CAT) não diferiu significativamente após os tratamentos dietético e farmacológico. O aumento na atividade da NADPH oxidase, e consequentemente a produção de anion superóxido ( O2-), pode estar envolvida nos mecanismos associados à SMet e às DHGNA.

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Spiess, Marinka [Verfasser], Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Lehmkuhl, Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Schneider, and Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] Scherer. "Remote sensing derived spatial patterns of glacier mass balance in Tibet / Marinka Spiess ; Frank Lehmkuhl, Christoph Schneider, Dieter Scherer." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1130402800/34.

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Sikkens, Reinier [Verfasser], Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] Wagner, Arjo [Akademischer Betreuer] Klamer, Dieter [Gutachter] Wagner, Arjo [Gutachter] Klamer, and Uta [Gutachter] Herbst. "An analysis of cultural entrepreneurship : a balance between culture and business within media art / Reinier Sikkens ; Gutachter: Dieter Wagner, Arjo Klamer, Uta Herbst ; Dieter Wagner, Arjo Klamer." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1233353004/34.

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Claro, Gustavo Ribeiro Del. "Influência do balanço cátion-aniônico da dieta no desempenho de ovinos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-28042004-123947/.

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O efeito do balanço cátion-aniônico da dieta (BCAD) no desempenho, balanço macromineral (cálcio, fósforo, sódio e potássio), na fermentação ruminal , pH urinário e na concentração sérica de cálcio, foi estudado utilizando-se 25 ovinos machos, da raça Santa Inês, por um período de 75 dias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos. Para a manipulação do BCAD foram adicionados sulfato de amônio e bicarbonato de sódio, obtendo-se os seguintes tratamentos: -160, -40, 140, 250 e 500 mEq/kg MS. O aumento do BCAD resultou em aumento da IMS, aumento em ganhos diários e eficiência alimentar (P<0,05). O pH ruminal, pH urinário e o volume urinário aumentaram com aumento do BCAD (P<0,05). O perfil de ácidos graxos ruminais não foi afetado pelo BCAD. O BCAD influenciou o metabolismo macromineral principalmente o de cálcio, com a diminução do BCAD o cálcio sérico aumentou. Dietas aniônicas aumentaram a excreção urinária de cálcio, entretanto a retenção não foi afetada.
The dietary cation-anion balance (DCAB) effect in performance, macromineral (calcium, phosphorus and sodium) balance, urinary pH and calcium serum concentration, was studied in 25 males sheeps, from Santa Ines breed, during 75 days. The design used was randomized complete blocks, with five treatments. For DCAB manipulation were added ammonium sulfate and sodium bicarbonate in order to achieve the values: -160, -40, 140, 250 e 500 meq/kg DM. Increasing the DCAB resulted in higher DMI, daily gains and feed efficiency (P<0,05). Rumen pH, urine pH and urine volume increased as DCAB increased (p<0,05). Ruminal VFA profile was not affected by DCAB. The DCAB affected the calcium metabolism, decresing the DCAB the serum calcium increased. Dietary anionic increased urinary excretion of calcium, however calcium retention was not effect.

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Conti, Luís Henrique Andreucci. "Efeito do teor de proteína e fonte nitrogenada em dietas com cana-de-açúcar sobre frações protéicas do leite, balanço nitrogenado e parâmetros metabólicos sanguíneos de vacas lactantes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-01102012-155542/.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do teor de proteína bruta (PB) e da fonte nitrogenada da dieta para vacas lactantes, utilizando cana-de-açúcar como volumoso sobre a síntese de proteína microbiana, composição da fração nitrogenada do leite, balanço nitrogenado e parâmetros metabólicos sangüíneos. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas Holandesas com média de 235 dias em lactação, agrupadas em três quadrados latinos contemporâneos 4x4, com período experimental de 21 dias, sendo 14 para adaptação as dietas e os 7 últimos para coletas. Os animais foram alimentados com rações isoenergéticas (1,29 Mcal/Kg de MS), com duas fontes nitrogenadas principais (farelo de soja e uréia) e dois teores de PB (14,5 e 16,0 %) na ração: A) 14,21% de PB e farelo de soja (FS) como fonte nitrogenada principal, com 65% de PDR, B) 15,57% de PB e FS, com 65% PDR, C) 14,23% de PB e Ureia, com 70% de PDR, D) 15,62% de PB e Uréia, com 70% PDR. Para a determinação da contagem de células somáticas e de nitrogênio ureico no leite (NUL) foram coletadas amostras de leite do 14º ao 18º dia de cada período. Para a determinação dos teores de proteína bruta, nitrogênio não protéico, nitrogênio não caseinoso, proteína verdadeira, caseína e proteína do soro do leite, foram coletadas amostras de leite do 18º ao 21º dia de cada período. Para a determinação da síntese de proteína microbiana foram coletadas amostras de leite e amostras spot de urina no 15º dia de cada período. A coleta de sangue foi realizada no 16º dia de cada período. Houve interação entre fonte nitrogenada e teor de PB da dieta sobre o NUL (mg/dL) e tendência de interação entre fonte nitrogenada e teor de PB da dieta sobre a excreção total de urina (L/dia) (P = 0,052) e proteína verdadeira do leite do leite (%) (P = 0,06). A excreção total de urina (L/dia), o NUL e a uréia no soro foram maiores para as dietas com 16% de PB, independentemente da fonte nitrogenada. As dietas com uréia como fonte nitrogenada principal apresentaram maior concentração de albumina sangüínea (g/L). Houve maior eficiência nitrogenada para as dietas com 14,5% de PB.
The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of crude protein (CP) content and dietary nitrogen source for lactating cows using cane sugar as forage on microbial protein synthesis, composition of milk nitrogen fraction, nitrogen balance and blood parameters. Twelve Holstein cows (235 days in milk) were allocated in three Latin squares balanced 4x4, with a trial period of 21 days where 14 days were for diet adaptation and the last seven for sample collection. The animals receive isocaloric diets (1.29 Mcal / kg DM), with two major nitrogen sources (soybean meal and urea) and two crude protein levels (14.5 and 16.0%): A) 14.21% CP, soybean meal (SBM) as the main nitrogen source, with 65% PDR, B) 15.57% CP as SBM and 65% PDR, C) 14.23% CP and urea as the main nitrogen source, with 70% PDR, D) 15.62% CP as urea and 70% PDR. To determine the somatic cell count and milk urea nitrogen, milk samples were collected from day 14th to 18th of each period. To determine crude protein, non-protein nitrogen, non-casein nitrogen, true protein, casein and whey protein, milk samples were collected from day18th to 21st of each period. To determine microbial protein synthesis milk and spot urine samples were collected at day 15th of each period. Blood collection was performed on the 16th day of each period. There was interaction between nitrogen source and diet protein content on milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and interaction tendency on urine excretion (L/day) (P = 0.052) and milk true protein (%) (P =0.06). Total urine excretion (liters/day), MUN and urea in blood serum were higher for diets with 16% CP, regardless of nitrogen source. Diets with urea as main nitrogen source had higher concentration of blood albumin (g/L). There was higher nitrogen efficiency for diets with 14.5% CP.

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Dresch, Ricardo. "Parâmetros produtivos, perfil de ácidos graxos do leite e balanço energético de cabras alimentadas com dieta contendo fonte não protegida de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA)." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2012. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/802.

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The supplementation with rumen protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has demonstrated to change milk composition and also milk fatty acid profile. However, few studies have fed this supplement in a rumen unprotected form. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a rumen unprotected CLA supplement (29.8% of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and 29.9% of trans-10, cis-12 CLA) on productive parameters, milk fatty acid profile and energy balance of lactating goats. Twenty Toggenburg lactating goats were used in a cross-over design and received the following treatments: a) Control: 30 g/d of Megalac-E®; b) CLA: 30 g/d of a CLA supplement. Treatments were mixed into a concentrate (1 kg/d) which was fed in two equal meals after the morning and afternoon milking. Experimental periods lasted 14 d and were separated by a 6 d interval. There was a 13.9 and 13.3% reduction in milk fat content and yield, respectively, in CLA-fed goats. Moreover, the CLA treatment induced a 6.6% reduction in the forage intake, a 4.8 and 4.6% reduction in the concentration and yield of total solids in milk, respectively. Milk yield and body weight were unaffected by the CLA treatment and averaged 2.6 ± 0.1 kg/d and 39.9 ± 0.5 kg (mean ± SE), respectively. When fatty acids were grouped according to origin, there was a 13% decrease in de novo synthesized fatty acids (C16), and a 9.5% decrease in those fatty acids (C16) derived from both sources. Furthermore, on desaturase indexes, supplementation with CLA reduced by 31.76% the C14:1/14:0 ratio, by 5.9% the C16:1/C16: ratio, by 25.2% the C17:1/C17:0 ratio, by 25.56% the C18:1/C18:0 and by 5.22% the CLA cis-9, trans-11/ C18:1 trans-11 ratio. The inclusion of CLA also increased the concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-10, cis-12 CLA by 29.2 and 1376%, respectively, which resulted in a 993.4% increase in the trans-10, cis-12 CLA secretion in milk fat. Likewise, the concentration of trans-10 C18:1 and trans-11 C18:1 was 134.1 and 39.9% higher in CLA-fed goats, respectively. The non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were reduced in 22.4% in CLA-fed goats. The energy balance improved in 123.8% of CLA-treatment when compared to control treatment
O fornecimento de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) em uma forma inerte no rúmen tem demonstrado efeitos consistentes sobre o teor de gordura e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite. Contudo, poucos estudos utilizaram esse suplemento na forma desprotegida da biohidrogenação ruminal. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os efeitos do fornecimento de um suplemento de CLA desprotegido da bio-hidrogenação ruminal (29,8% de cis-9, trans-11 e 29,9% de trans-10, cis-12) sobre parâmetros produtivos, perfil de ácidos graxos do leite e no balanço energético de cabras leiteiras. Vinte cabras Toggenburg foram utilizadas em um delineamento cross-over e receberam os seguintes tratamentos: a) Controle: 30 g/d de Megalac-E® e; B) CLA: 30 g/d de um suplemento de CLA. Os suplementos lipídicos foram misturados a um concentrado à base de milho (1 kg/d) fornecidos duas vezes ao dia em porções iguais, logo após as ordenhas da manhã e da tarde. Cada período experimental consistiu de 14 dias, separados por um período de seis dias para minimizar efeitos residuais. O tratamento CLA reduziu a concentração e a produção da gordura do leite em 13,9 e 13,3%, respectivamente.O tratamento reduziu ainda a concentração e produção de sólidos totais em 4,8 e 4,6%, respectivamente. O tratamento CLA reduziu o consumo de forragem em 6,6%.O peso vivo e a produção de leite não diferiram entre tratamentos, com médias de 39,9 ± 0,5 kg e 2,6 ± 0,1 kg/dia, respectivamente. Quando os ácidos graxos foram agrupados conforme a origem, houve uma redução de 13% naqueles derivados da síntese de novo (C16) e uma redução de 9,45% para os originários de ambas a fontes (C16:0 e C16:1). A suplementação com CLA reduziu os índices de dessaturase do C14:1/C14:0 em 31,7%, do C16:1/C16:0 em 5,9%, do C17:1/C17:0 em 25,2%, do C18:1/C18:0 em 25,5% e do CLA cis-9, trans-11/trans-11 C18:1 em 5,2%. As concentrações de CLA trans-10, cis-12 e CLA cis-9, trans-11 foram 1376 e 29,2%maiores nas cabras que receberam CLA, respectivamente. As concentrações de C18:1 trans-10 e C18:1 trans-11 foram elevadas em 134,1 e 39,9%, respectivamente. A secreção de CLA trans-10, cis-12 aumentou 993,42% no tratamento CLA. O tratamento CLA reduziu a concentração de ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE) no plasma sanguíneo em 22,4%. O balanço energético dos animais melhorou no tratamento CLA em 123,8% quando comparado ao tratamento controle

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Ballantine, Holly Taylor. "Nutritional and endocrine aspects of the lactation cycle of Holstein and Jersey cows: nutrient balances, response to supplemental dietary fat, rib composition and rib histology." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54765.

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Eight mature Holstein and Jersey cows beginning their third or later lactation were used throughout this study to evaluate various aspects of the lactation cycle. The lactation (control) diet consisted of 28.8% corn silage, 22.4% alfalfa haylage, and 48.8% concentrate dry matter. Breeds responded differently to the stress of calving. Jerseys had higher plasma somatotropin on day after calving, but Holsteins had higher glucose on day of and day after calving. Plasma parathyroid hormone did not differ between breeds, but Jerseys had higher 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ than Holsteins on both days after calving. Plasma total calcium and ionized calcium concentrations were lower for Jerseys on both days. Holsteins and Jerseys had similar concentrations of hormones and calcium at 4 and 8 wk. Ionized calcium as a percent of total calcium was elevated at calving, as compared to other times in the lactation cycle, in both breeds. From 9 to 21 wk, 4 of 8 Holsteins and 4 of 8 Jerseys were fed a diet supplemented with tallow. Holsteins fed tallow had lower somatotropin than Holsteins fed control diet at 14 and 18 wk. Plasma glucose, parathyroid hormone, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ were similar between tallow- and control-fed cows in both breeds. Plasma total calcium and ionized calcium were higher at 20 wk for Holsteins and Jerseys fed tallow. Dry matter intake was not influenced by diet in either breed. However, Holsteins, but not Jerseys, fed tallow produced more milk and higher body weights than Holsteins fed the control diet. Balance trials results indicated dietary tallow addition increased energy intake, energy digestibility, and metabolizable energy, but it decreased partial efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for lactation. Although digestibility of calcium and magnesium was unchanged, tallow-fed cows were in greater positive calcium and magnesium balance than control-fed cows. Stage of lactation had little effect on specific gravity, shear stress, percent mineral, and histological measurements of biopsied rib samples. However, Jersey rib had higher specific gravity than Holstein rib. All cows had similar bone histological features throughout lactation.
Ph. D.

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Baumann, Isabell [Verfasser], Beatrix [Akademischer Betreuer] Süß, and Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] Steinhilber. "Post-transcriptional regulation of mPGES-1 by the balance between CUGBP1 and miR-574-5p / Isabell Baumann ; Beatrix Süß, Dieter Steinhilber." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1136422803/34.

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Silva, Leandro Diego da. "Avaliação nutricional de dietas contendo torta de pinhão manso detoxificada para novilhas e de silagem de estilosantes Campo Grande para ovinos." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5757.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Two experiments were conducted. The experiment I, we evaluated the effect of replacing soybean meal (SM) for Jatropha Curcas seed cake with hulls, detoxified with ethanol (JCDE) on intake, total tract digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen compounds balance (NB), pH, ammonia nitrogen in the rumen, indicators of liver function and ruminal degradation kinetics of protein foods on diet heifers. There were four heifers cannulated in the rumen, with an average weight of 379±2.13 kg, distributed in 4x4 Latin square. Each experimental period lasted 15 days, eight of adaptation and seven days to the collections. The animals received four complete diets containing the dry matter basis, 65% corn silage and 35% concentrate. Treatments consisted of four levels of SM replaced by JCDE + urea/ammonium sulfate in the diet: 0, 33, 67 and 100%, DM basis. The detoxification of Jatropha cake with ethanol removed 99.33% of the esters of phorbol. Effective degradability of JCDE DM was 383.34 g/kg, was lower compared to FS. Linearly decreased (P<0.05) for DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC and TDN, when the SM was replaced by JCDE. When expressed on body weight CMS values were 17.99, 16.24, 16.77 and 11.25 g/kg to levels 0, 33, 67 and 100% substitution, respectively. There was no effect (P> 0.05) levels JCDE on nutrient digestibility, with an average of 683.29, 705.49, 609.54 and 715.95 g/kg for the digestibility of DM, OM, CP and TDN content, respectively. A significant effect (P<0.05) and time of diets on ruminal pH, with increased pH levels with replacement. There was no effect (P>0.05) of diet on concentration of ruminal NH3-N, only (P<0.05) of collection time, with minimum point of 6.62 mg/dL, 11.25 hours after feeding. The concentration of ruminal NH3-N was 7.79 mg/dL. When expressed in g / day, there was a linear decrease (P <0.05) for the values of ingested-N, absorbed-N and NB with the level of substitution of SM by JCDE. The urinary urea and urea-N were not affected (P> 0.05) by the diets of JCDE. The serum levels of AST and ALT were not affected (P> 0.05) by the diets. Thus, we can conclude that despite the reduction of phorbol esters, detoxification seed cake with ethanol was not enough to promote an adequate intake of nutrients and thus do not recommend this treatment for Jatropha Curcas seed cake. The experiment II, we assessed intake, digestibilities of nutrients, nitrogen compounds balance, pH and ammonia nitrogen in the rumen of sheep fed diets containing stylosanthes Campo Grande and corn silage. A total of 12 rams, crossbred with an average initial weight of 32±1.26 kg, of which six animals were cannulated in the rumen. The animals were divided into four 3x3 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 16 days with 10 and six adapting to the collections. Treatments consisted of: 1 - stylosanthes exclusive silage (SSt), 2 - stylosanthes silage and concentrate (SSt+C) and 3 - corn silage and concentrate (CS+C). The concentrate was 500 g/kg total DM diets 2 and 3. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous according to the amount of crude protein (CP) of stylosanthes silage, 117 g/kg DM. The lower consumption (P<0.05) was observed in nutrient diet SSt, except for NDF. Were observed for DM of 528.35, 906.61 and 987.77 g/day for SSt, SSt+C and CS+C, respectively. Concentrate diets with nutrient intake was similar (P>0.05) except for the TDN, which was higher (P<0.05) for CS+C. There was less apparent digestibility DM, OM and CP, as well as lower levels of TDN, DE and for diet SSt. The CS+C had the lowest ruminal pH, 6.21. A significant effect (P<0.05) of collection time on pH and ruminal NH3-N. The highest ruminal NH3-N (21.10 mg/dL) was observed after 2.75 hours supply. Were recorded lower (P<0.05) amounts of ingested-N, feces-N, excreted total N, absorbed-N and retained-N for diet SSt. The NB was similar (P>0.05) in concentrate diets. There was no difference (P>0.05) in the urinary excretion of creatinine, urea and urea nitrogen. The diet of silage digestibility decreases stylosanthes regarding diet with corn silage. In diets with concentrate the pattern of rumen fermentation and apparent nitrogen balance was similar between the silage in the diet of sheep.
Este trabalho envolveu dois experimentos. No experimento I, avaliou-se o efeito da substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de pinhão manso, com casca, detoxificada com etanol (TPMDE), sobre os consumos, as digestibilidades totais dos nutrientes, o balanço dos compostos nitrogenados (BN), o pH, as concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal no rúmen, os indicadores de função hepática e a cinética de degradação ruminal dos alimentos protéicos na dieta de novilhas. Foram utilizadas quatro novilhas, fistuladas no rúmen, com peso médio de 379±2,13 kg, distribuídas em quadrado latino 4x4. Cada período experimental teve duração de 15 dias, sendo oito de adaptação e sete dias para as coletas. Os animais receberam quatro dietas completas, contendo na base da matéria seca, 65% de silagem de milho e 35% de concentrado. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro níveis de substituição do FS pela TPMDE + uréia/sulfato de amônio na dieta: 0, 33, 67 e 100%, na base da MS. A detoxificação da torta de pinhão manso com etanol retirou 99,33% dos ésteres presentes. A degradabilidade efetiva da MS da TPMDE foi 383,34 g/kg, sendo menor em relação ao FS. Houve redução linear (P<0,05) para os consumos de MS, MO, PB, EE, CNF e NDT, quando o FS foi substituído pela TPMDE. Quando expresso em relação ao peso corporal, os valores de CMS foram de 17,99, 16,24, 16,77 e 11,25 g/kg, para os níveis 0, 33, 67 e 100% de substituição, respectivamente. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos níveis de TPMDE sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, apresentando média de 683,29, 705,49, 609,54 e 715,95 g/kg para as digestibilidades de MS, MO, PB e teor de NDT, respectivamente. Houve efeito (P<0,05) de dietas e de tempo sobre o pH ruminal, com aumento do pH com os níveis de substituição. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) de dietas sobre a concentração de N-NH3 ruminal, somente (P<0,05) de tempo de coleta, com ponto de mínimo de 6,62 mg/dL, 11,25 horas após a alimentação. A concentração de N-NH3 ruminal foi de 7,79 mg/dL. Quando expressos em g/dia, houve redução linear (P<0,05) para os valores de N-ingerido, N-absorvido e BN em função dos níveis de substituição do FS pela TPMDE. As excreções urinárias de uréia e N-uréico não foram afetadas (P>0,05) pelos níveis de TPMDE nas dietas. Os níveis séricos das enzimas AST e ALT não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelas dietas. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que apesar da redução dos ésteres de forbol, a detoxificação da torta com etanol não foi suficiente para promover um consumo adequado de nutrientes e assim não se recomenda o uso desse tratamento para a torta de pinhão manso. No experimento II, avaliou-se os consumos, as digestibilidades aparentes totais dos nutrientes, o balanço dos compostos nitrogenados, o pH e as concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal no rúmen, em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo silagem de estilosantes Campo Grande e de milho. Foram utilizados 12 ovinos machos inteiros, mestiços, com peso médio inicial de 32±1,26 kg, dos quais seis animais foram fistulados no rúmen. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro quadrados latinos 3x3. Cada período experimental teve a duração de 16 dias, sendo 10 de adaptação e seis para as coletas. Os tratamentos consistiram de: 1 - silagem de estilosantes exclusiva (SSt), 2 - silagem de estilosantes e concentrado (SSt+C) e 3 - silagem de milho e concentrado (SM+C). O concentrado constituiu 500 g/kg de MS total das dietas 2 e 3. As dietas foram formuladas para serem isonitrogenadas de acordo com a quantidade de proteína bruta (PB) da silagem de estilosantes, 117 g/kg de MS. O menor consumo (P<0,05) de nutrientes foi observado na dieta SSt, exceto para a FDNcp. Foram observados consumos de MS de 528,35, 906,61 e 987,77 g/dia para SSt, SSt+C e SM+C, respectivamente. Nas dietas com concentrado o consumo de nutrientes foi semelhante (P>0,05), exceto para o de NDT, que foi maior (P<0,05) para SM+C. Observou-se menor digestibilidade aparente de MS, MO e PB, bem como menor teor de NDT, ED e EM para a dieta SSt. A SM+C apresentou o menor valor de pH ruminal, 6,21. Houve efeito (P<0,05) de tempo de coleta sobre o pH e N-NH3 ruminal. O maior valor de N-NH3 ruminal (21,10 mg/dL) foi observado 2,75 horas após alimentação. Foram registrados menores (P<0,05) valores de N-ingerido, N-fezes, N-total excretado, N-absorvido e N-retido para a dieta SSt. O BN foi similar (P>0,05) nas dietas contendo concentrado. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) nas excreções urinárias de creatinina, uréia e N-uréico. A dieta com silagem de estilosantes diminui a digestibilidade em relação a dieta com silagem de milho. Nas dietas com concentrado o padrão de fermentação ruminal e o balanço aparente de nitrogênio foi semelhante entre as silagens na dieta de ovinos.

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Cavalhieri, Jéssica Pinoti. "Balanços eletrolíticos na dieta de poedeiras em segundo ciclo sob altas temperaturas. /." Ilha Solteira, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153916.

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Orientador: Rosemeire da Silva Filardi
Resumo: Em diversas regiões do Brasil, o desempenho das aves é afetado negativamente pelas variações climáticas. Altas temperaturas associadas a alta umidade relativa do ar determinam muitas alterações fisiológicas, dentre elas os distúrbios acidobásicos, diminuição no desempenho produtivo das aves e na qualidade externa dos ovos. Dentro desta problemática, o estudo avaliou os efeitos de níveis do balanço parcial de cátions-ânions na dieta (Na+ + K+ - Cl-), balanço eletrolítico (BE), sobre as respostas produtivas, qualidade dos ovos, hemograma e parâmetros bioquímicos de poedeiras comerciais em segundo ciclo de produção, mantidas em condições de altas temperaturas e umidade. Cento e vinte e oito poedeiras comerciais em segundo ciclo produtivo, com 122 semanas de idade, foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, onde ciclo foi considerado como apenas uma medida repetida no tempo, composto por quatro balanços eletrolíticos (170, 220, 270, 320 mEq.kg-1), quatro repetições de oito aves cada em quatro ciclos de 14 dias, perfazendo um total de 56 dias de experimento. Ao final do experimento foram obtidas amostras sanguíneas de duas aves por parcela para determinar o hemograma e parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos. Os BE influenciaram o consumo de ração (P<0,01), a produção (P<0,05) e massa de ovos (P<0,01), tendo comportamento quadrático para essas variáveis. Considerando-se o comportamento da produção e da massa de ovos o valor médio ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In several regions of Brazil, the performance of laying hens is affecting negatively by climatic variations. High temperatures and relative humidity determine many physiological changes, among them the acid-base disturbances, decrease in the productive performance of the laying hens and the external quality of the eggs. In this problem, the study evaluated the effects of partial levels of cation-anions in the diet (Na+ + K+ - Cl-), electrolytic balance (BE), on productive responses, egg quality, hemogram and biochemical parameters of laying hens in the second production cycle maintained under high temperature and humidity conditions. One hundred and twenty-eight commercial laying hens in the second productive cycle, at 122 weeks of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design in subdivided plots scheme, where cycle was considered as only one measure repeated in time, composed of four electrolytic balances (170 , 220, 270, 320 mEq.kg-1), four replicates of eight laying hens each in four cycles of 14 days, making a total of 56 days of experiment. At the end of the experiment blood samples of two laying hens were obtained per plot to determine the hemogram and blood biochemical parameters. The BE influenced feed intake (P <0.01), production (P <0.05) and egg mass (P <0.01), with quadratic behavior for these variables. Considering the production behavior and egg mass, the mean electrolytic balance value 265.24 mEq.kg-1 provided the best result. Within the ranges of the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Oliveira, Nominando Andrade de. "Efeito do balanço eletrolítico e da proteína bruta da dieta sobre os parâmetros físi." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2004. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/11271.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Foi realizado um experimento nos Departamentos de Zootecnia e Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular da UFV com o objetivo de determinar os efeitos do balanço eletrolítico (BE) e níveis de proteína bruta (PB) nas características físicas (peso, comprimento, diâmetro e resistência à quebra), deposição de minerais (Ca, P e Mg) e relação Ca:P, absorção de proteínas na matriz óssea: colagenosas (PC), proteínas totais (PT) e proteínas não colagenosas (PNC), e análise histológica do disco epifisário e do osso compacto em fêmures de frangos de corte oriundos de ensaio de desempenho realizado no DZO, que foram submetidos à dietas com dois níveis protéicos (20 e 23% PB) e oito níveis de BE (0; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300; e 350 mEq/kg) aos 21 e 42 dias. Foi utilizado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 8x2 (oito níveis de BE e dois níveis de PB) com regressão polinomial de cada variável estudada, e teste de F de probabilidade na comparação das médias dos tratamentos para cada nível protéico. O nível do BE para o peso e comprimento aos 21 e 42 dias e a resistência à quebra dos fêmures aos 42 dias se situou entre 150 e 200 mEq/kg. O diâmetro dos fêmures não foi afetado pelas variáveis estudadas. O BE e os níveis protéicos não influenciaram a resistência à quebra dos ossos aos 21 dias. O nível de BE obtido para a deposição de cálcio (Ca) nos fêmures aos 21 e 42 dias ficou entre 150 e 200 mEq/kg. As variáveis estudadas não foram importante fonte de variação na deposição de fósforo (P) e magnésio (Mg) aos 21 e 42 dias, e na relação Ca:P dos fêmures aos 21 dias. O nível observado do BE na relação Ca:P aos 42 dias ficou entre 200 e 250 mEq/kg, com uma relação de 2,007:1 (20% PB) e 2,104:1 (23% PB). O nível de BE obtido para a deposição de PNC nos ossos aos 21 dias se situou entre 150 e 200 mEq/kg. O nível protéico afetou a deposição de PC, PNC e PT aos 21 dias. Não houve efeito do BE e dos níveis de PB na deposição de PNC aos 42 dias. O nível de BE afetou a deposição de PC e PT nos fêmures aos 21 e 42 dias. O nível protéico foi importante fonte de variação na espessura e tamanho do disco epifisário (DE) aos 21 dias. O nível de BE não afetou a formação e a espessura do osso compacto, o tamanho e a organização do DE nos fêmures aos 21 e 42 dias.
An experiment was carried out at the Departments of Animal Science and Biochemistry of the Federal University of Viçosa in order to determine the electrolyte balance (EB) effects and crude protein (CP) levels in the physical characteristics (weight, length, diameter and resistance to the break), minerals deposition (Ca, P, Mg) and Ca:P relation, protein absorption in the bony matrix: Collagenous Protein (CPp), Total Protein (TP) and noncollagenous protein (NP), and histologic analysis of the growth disk (GD) and compact bone in the broiler chickens femurs that were submitted to diets containing 20 and 23% of CP combined with o; 50; 100; 150; 200; 250; 300 e 350 mEq/Kg of EB to the 21 and 42 days. The experiment was analysed as a completely randomised design in a factorial arrangement of treatment (eight levels of EB xiand two levels of CP) with polynomial regression of each variety investigated, and a probability test of F in the average comparison of the treatments for each protein level. The EB level for the weight, length to the 21 and 42 days, and for the resistance to the break to the 42 days of the femurs, located between 150 and 200 mEq/Kg. The femurs diameter was not affected by the investigated varieties. The EB and the protein level did not have influence in the resistance to the break to the 21 days. The obtained EB level for Calcium deposition (Ca) in the femurs to the 21 and 42 days was between 150 and 200 mEq/Kg. The investigated varieties were not an important source of variation in the phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) deposition to the 21 and 42 days, and in the relation Ca:P of the femurs to the 21 days. The observed level of EB in the Ca:P relation to the 42 days was between 200 and 250 mEq/Kg, with a relation of 2,007:1 (20% CP) and 2,104:1 (23%CP). The obtained level of EB for NP deposition in the bone to the 21 days was between 150 and 200 mEq/Kg. The protein level affected the CPp, NP and TP to the 21 days. There was not effect of EB and CP levels in the NC deposition to the 42 days. The EB level had effect in the deposition of CPp and TP in the femurs to the 21 and 42 days. The protein level was an important source of variation in the thickness and size of the growth disc (GD) to the 21 days. The EB level had not effect the formation and the compact bone thicknesses, the size and the organization of the GD in the femurs to the 21 and 42 days.

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Fernández, Falcón Luz Stephany, Bermúdez Leonardo Jaime García, Ríos Pita Juan Diego Mejía, and Pumayalli Lucia Liz Uscamayta. "Estudio de la viabilidad de producción y distribución de miel con cúrcuma." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652767.

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El Perú cuenta con más del 70% de personas adultas que sufren de obesidad, esto a consecuencia de la falta de cuidado de su salud y de una dieta balanceada. El país cuenta con alimentos ricos en nutrientes y proteínas, de los cuales no aprovechamos ni conocemos. Uno de ellos, es la cúrcuma, identificado como un importante antinflamatorio, antioxidante, además, cuenta con propiedades anticancerígenas. Esto combinado con el potente efecto de la miel, hace que obtengamos un producto en beneficio para la salud. Es por eso, el presente trabajo de investigación se ha basado en proponer una opción adicional a las del mercado para complementar una dieta saludable.
Peru has more than 70% of adults suffering from obesity, this is a consequence of the lack of health care and a balanced diet. The country has foods rich in nutrients and proteins, which we do not take advantage of or know about. One of them, is turmeric, identified as an important anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, also has anti-cancer properties. This combined with the powerful effect of honey, makes us obtain a product in health benefit. That is why, the present research work has been based on proposing an additional option to those of the market to complement a healthy diet.
Trabajo de investigación

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Miranda, Mariana Santos de. "Efeitos da substituição parcial do farelo de soja por uma fonte de proteína microbiana derivada de levedura, em dietas de vacas holandesas em lactação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-01022016-135600/.

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Foi conduzido um estudo com vacas leiteiras no Centro de Análise e Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio - Bovinos de Leite, do Instituto de Zootecnia, em Nova Odessa, SP, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da substituição parcial do farelo de soja da dieta por uma fonte de proteína microbiana derivada de levedura (PML), e a sua combinação com uma ureia de liberação lenta (ULL), sobre o consumo de MS, produção e composição do leite, bem como alguns parâmetros sanguíneos e o balanço nitrogenado. Foram utilizadas oito vacas primíparas da raça Holandês, distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois quadrados latinos 4x4 em tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 2x2, sendo que cada período experimental foi composto por 28 dias com 21 dias de adaptação e 7 dias de coleta. Foram comparadas quatro dietas, compostas por 49% de volumoso (47% de silagem de milho e 2% de feno de Tifton) e 51% de concentrado, com teor médio de 16,8% de proteína bruta e 2,5Mcal/kg EM. Na dieta controle (CTL = sem PML e sem ULL) o farelo de soja foi a principal fonte proteica e nas outras três dietas o farelo de soja foi parcialmente substituído por 15 g/kg MS de PML (com PML e sem ULL) ou por 7,5 g/kg MS de ULL (sem PML e com ULL) ou ambos, 15 g/kg MS PML+ 7,5 g/kg MS de ULL (com PML e com ULL). Houve interação entre PML e ULL para o consumo de MS (P=0,0003) e produção de leite (P=0,0013). As vacas que receberam o tratamento ULL tiveram menor consumo de MS, sem afetar a produção de leite comparado às vacas que receberam o tratamento PML+ULL (P≤0,05). Não houve interação para os componentes do leite obtido, exceto para o extrato seco desengordurado (P=0,0086), as vacas que receberam o tratamento CTL tiveram os maiores teores de ESD no leite comparada as vacas que receberam o tratamento ULL (P=0,0002) e esses teores mais elevados foram iguais aos das vacas que receberam o tratamento PML (P=0,066). Apesar de não ter havido interação, as vacas que receberam os tratamentos sem ULL tiveram maiores teores de proteína, caseína e sólidos totais no leite comparado às vacas que receberam os tratamentos com ULL (P≤0,05). Não houve interação entre PML e ULL para eficiência na produção de leite (P=0,0694), porém a eficiência na produção de leite corrigida para energia foi maior para as vacas que receberam tratamentos com ULL do que as vacas que receberam os tratamentos sem ULL (P≤0,05). Não houve interação entre PML e ULL para os parâmetros sanguíneos analisados (P>0,05) exceto para o teor de K (P=0,0098). Os teores de hematócrito e hemoglobina foram maiores nas vacas que receberam tratamento com ULL comparado aos valores encontrados nas vacas que receberam tratamento sem ULL (P≤0,05), não afetando a homeostasia. O teor de N retido (balanço de N) foi maior para os animais que receberam o tratamento CTL devido a diferença encontradas no teor de N ingerido e excretado nas fezes (P≤0,05). A eficiência do uso de N aumentou com a substituição do farelo de soja por PML, ULL ou ambos (P≤0,05). A substituição do farelo de soja pela PML, ULL ou por ambos em dietas de vacas leiteiras, teve efeitos sobre o consumo de MS, a produção e composição do leite, bem como na ingestão de N, secreção de N no leite, excreção fecal de N e no balanço nitrogenado. De maneira geral, é possível fazer a substituição do farelo de soja pela PML, ULL ou ambos, sem afetar negativamente os parâmetros de produtividade. Os resultados obtidos foram similares ao tratamento CTL em relação ao consumo, produção de leite e balanço nitrogenado permitindo espaço para a inclusão de alimentos mais baratos e garantindo melhor fornecimento de energia.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial replacement in the diet of dairy cows of soybean meal by a yeast-derived microbial protein source (YMP) or a combination of YMP with a slow release urea (SRU), on dry matter intake, milk production and composition, blood parameters and nitrogen balance. Eight first lactation cows were distributed randomly into two 4x4 Latin squares, in a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with four periods with 28 days each one (21 days of adaptation and 7 days of collection). The base diet had 49% roughage (47% corn silage and 2% Tifton hay) and 51% concentrate, with an average of 16.8% crude protein and 2.5 Mcal/kg dry matter (DM). In the control diet (CTL = without YMP and without SRU) soybean meal was the main protein source and in the three other diets the soybean meal was partially replaced by 15 g/kg DM of YMP or 7.5 g/kg DM SRU, or both, 15 g/kg DM YMP plus 7.5 g/kg DM SRU. There was an interaction between YMP and SRU for DM intake (P=0.0003) and milk production (P=0.0013). The cows that received SRU treatment had lower DM intake not affecting milk production compared to cows that received the YMP+SRU treatment and differences among treatments for DM intake and milk production (P≤0,05). There was no interaction of the milk components, except for nonfat dry milk (P=0.0086), the cows that received CTL treatment had the highest nonfat dry milk compared to cows received the SRU treatment (P=0.0002) and these higher levels were equal to those of cows received the YMP treatment (P=0.066). Although there was no interaction, the cows that received the treatments without SRU had higher protein, casein and total solids in milk compared to cows received treatments SRU (P≤0.05). There was no interaction between YMP and SRU for milk production efficiency (P=0.0694), but efficiency in the milk production corrected for energy was greater for cows received SRU treatments than cows received treatments without SRU (P≤0.05). There was no interaction between YMP and SRU for the analyzed blood parameters (P>0.05) except for the K content (P=0.0098). The levels of hematocrit and hemoglobin were higher in cows that received treatment with SRU compared to cows that received treatment without SRU (P≤0.05), not affecting homeostasis. The nitrogen retained (N balance) was higher for animals that received CTL treatment due to differences in N content ingested and excreted in the feces (P≤0.05). The efficiency of use of N increased with the substitution of soybean meal for PML, ULL or both (P≤0.05). The substitution of soybean meal by YMP, SRU or both in dairy cow diets, had effects on DM intake, milk yield and composition, as well as N intake, milk secretion of N, fecal excretion of N and nitrogen balance. In general, it is possible to replace soybean meal for PML, ULL or both, without impacting negatively the production performance parameters. The results obtained in the CTL treatment in the consumption of dry matter, production of milk and nitrogen balance allowing the inclusion of cheaper feeds allowing for better energy supply.

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Hermsdorff, Helen Hermana Miranda. "Influência do perfil de macronutrientes da dieta na leptinemia, no balanço energético e na saciedade." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2005. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/8856.

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A composição da dieta parece interferir na leptinemia, no metabolismo energético e na ingestão alimentar exercendo um papel fundamental na regulação do balanço energético. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito de dietas ricas em sacarose (DRS) e em lipídio (DRL) nas concentrações de glicose e leptina séricas em jejum e pós-prandial, na oxidação de carboidrato e de lipídio, na termogênese induzida pela dieta (TID), nas sensações de fome, saciedade e desejo prospectivo ao alimento em mulheres com peso normal e sobrepeso, bem como a interação entre as variáveis estudadas. Foram selecionadas 20 mulheres hígidas, 13 com peso normal (grupo G1) e 7 com sobrepeso (grupo G2). O protocolo de estudo foi baseado nas seguintes determinações: antropometria e composição corporal, glicose e leptina séricas, metabolismo energético, saciedade e palatabilidade das dietas. Os valores de leptina sérica de jejum e pós-prandiais foram maiores em G2, para todas as dietas (p<0,05) e, correlacionaram-se positivamente com as características antropométricas e de composição corporal (p<0,05), ligadas ao estoque de gordura corporal. Apesar de não significante, após o seguimento de DRL, a leptinemia foi bem inferior para o G1. Em uso de DRS, os níveis de glicose após 30 (p<0,01) e 60 (p<0,05) minutos da ingestão da dieta correlacionaram-se positivamente com os níveis de leptina sérica nos períodos pós-prandiais. Estes resultados podem ser explicados pela relação entre glicemia, insulina e seu papel secretagogo de leptina no tecido adiposo. As oxidações médias de carboidrato e lipídio e o gasto energético pós-prandial, entre 60 e 150 minutos após ingestão das dietas testes, foram superiores em G2. A fome e a saciedade apresentaram correlações negativa e positiva, respectivamente, com a área abaixo da curva (AAC) do gasto energético pós-prandial. Estes resultados indicam que, tanto em mulheres com peso normal quanto naquelas com sobrepeso, há interação entre ingestão e gasto energético de modo a manter o balanço energético e a prevenir ganho de peso, embora os mecanismos não estejam bem esclarecidos. A AAC do gasto energético após ingestão da dieta basal (DB) foi superior, comparada a ingestão de DRS, relacionada ao maior poder termogênico da proteína. As TIDs apresentaram correlação positiva com o conteúdo energético, carboidrato e proteína e, negativa com o lipídio ingerido nas dietas DRS e DRL. O carboidrato em si e, associado ao aumento do conteúdo energético da dieta, pode ter maior efeito positivo na TID que o lipídio. A palatabilidade, maior em DRS e DRL em relação a DB, não teve efeito direto na TID cefálica. Entretanto, não a palatabilidade per se, mas a presença dos macronutrientes, refletida pelos maiores ou menores escores de sabor e palatabilidade, parece modular a TID em suas fases cefálica e obrigatória. As sensações de fome, saciedade, cheio e desejo prospectivos aos alimentos apresentaram comportamentos diferenciados entre os grupos, confirmando a existência de maior percepção da fome e menor restrição alimentar entre mulheres com sobrepeso, bem como sua preferência por alimentos ricos em gordura. A palatabilidade da dieta apresentou correlações positiva e negativa com as sensações de fome, saciedade e de cheio (p<0,05) e G1 e G2 tiveram menores escores para fome e maiores para saciedade após DRS, comparados a DB e DRL (p>0,05), o que sugere um efeito inibitório na saciedade pelo lipídio. Quanto menor a leptinemia de jejum, maior a vontade de comer algo doce e algo gorduroso, possivelmente, pelos menores níveis em jejum terem menor efeito anorexígeno. Em suma, o presente estudo confirma a influência do perfil de macronutrientes da dieta e da composição corporal na leptinemia e no balanço energético e sugere alguns dos possíveis mecanismos envolvidos nesta regulação, seja pela dieta ou composição corporal, seja pela interação entre os fatores endócrinos, metabólicos e nutricionais estudados.
The composition of diet seems to interfere on the leptin concentration, energy metabolism, and food intake, so, it plays regulator role in the energy balance. The present study seeks to investigate the effect of high-sucrose (HSD) and high-lipid (HLD) diets on glucose and leptin concentrations in fasting and postprandial, carbohydrate and lipid oxidation and diet induced thermogenesis (DIT), hungry, satiety sensations and prospective food consumption in normal-weight and overweight women, as well as the presence of interaction between the variables studied. Twenty healthy women were selected, 13 normal-weight (G1 group) and 7 overweight (G2 group). The study protocol was based in the follow determinations: anthropometry and body composition, serum glucose and leptin level, energy metabolism, satiety, and diets palatability. The fasting and postprandial leptin values were higher in G2, for all diets (p<0,05) and, correlated positively with anthropometric characteristics and body composition, associated to the body fat storage. Although not significant, after HLD intake, the leptin concentration was lower in G1 group. The glucose concentration after 30 (p<0,01) and 60 (p<0,05) minutes of HSD intake correlated positively with leptin in the postprandial periods. These results might be explained by the relation between glucose concentration, insulin and secretagogue role of leptin in the adipose tissue. The average of carbohydrate and lipid oxidation and the postprandial energy expenditure, between 60 and 150 minutes after test diets intake, were higher in G2. The hungry and satiety showed negative and positive correlations with the area under curve (AUC) of postprandial energy expenditure. These results indicate the interaction between energy ingestion and expenditure to maintain the balance energy and to prevent weight gain, but the mechanisms are not well understood. The AUC of energy expenditure were higher after basal diet (BD), compared to HSD diet, associated to higher thermogenic property of protein. The DIT showed positive correlation with energy content, carbohydrate and protein, and negative with ingested lipid in HSD and HLD diets. The carbohydrate that per se, and, associated to energy content increase might has higher positive effect in the DIT than the lipid. The palatability, higher in HSD and HLD in relation to BD, had no direct effect on cephalic DIT. However, the macronutrient presence, rather than the palatability per se, reflected by the higher and lower taste and palatability scores, seemed to modulate the DIT in its cephalic and obligatory phases. The hungry, satiety and fullness sensations, and food prospective desire showed different behaviour between groups, confirming the existence of higher hungry perception and lower food restriction between overweight women, as well as their high fat preference. The diet palatability showed significant correlations with hungry, satiety and fullness sensations (p<0,05), and G1 and G2 groups had lower hungry and higher satiety score after HSD, compared to basal diet and HLD (p>0,05), what suggest its inhibitory effect on satiety. The lower fasting leptin concentration induced higher desire to eat something sweet and fatty, probably, by the lower leptin concentration has the lower anorexigen effect. Thus, the present study confirms the diet macronutrients profile and body composition influence the leptin concentration and energy balance, and suggests some possible mechanisms involved in this regulation, by diet or body composition or by interaction between endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional factors studied.

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Mendes, Alcester. "Fornecimento de uréia na dieta de catetos (Pecari tajacu) e uso de isótopo estável 15N como marcador para estimativa da síntese de nitrogênio microbiano." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-10062009-113522/.

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A utilização racional da fauna silvestre é um processo benéfico, por resultar em vantagens econômicas e sociais, e ao mesmo tempo auxiliar no processo de conservação das espécies silvestres. Entre as espécies silvestres brasileiras com potencial zootécnico, destaca-se o cateto (Pecari tajacu), um animal que consome diversos tipos de alimentos e que produz carne e couro com elevada demanda nos mercados nacional e internacional, respectivamente. Uma característica desta espécie é a presença de um pré-estômago, onde ocorre fermentação microbiana que confere a esta espécie capacidade para digerir alimentos volumosos. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho: (i) medir a capacidade digestiva usando doses crescentes de uréia como fonte de nitrogênio não protéico (NNP) na dieta de catetos; (ii) avaliar a eficiência da microbiota do pré-estômago de catetos em proceder à fermentação anaeróbica da dieta, através da técnica de produção de gases para diferentes doses de uréia; (iii) estimar a síntese de nitrogênio microbiano in vitro utilizando o isótopo estável 15N como marcador. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. No primeiro foi utilizado delineamento com distribuição inteiramente aleatória, no qual as possíveis seqüências dos tratamentos (doses de uréia: 0,0; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 %) foram atribuídas aleatoriamente em cinco ensaios com quatro animais cada. No segundo e terceiro capítulos, o delineamento empregado foi com distribuição inteiramente aleatória em arranjo fatorial 4 X 2, no qual foram utilizados quatro doses de uréia, duas fontes de inóculo (espécie animal: cateto e ovino) e cinco repetições. Os resultados para digestibilidade da MS, PB e FDN não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelas doses de uréia, contudo, podem ter proporcionado incremento na síntese microbiana melhorando a digestibilidade da fibra. O BN cresceu linearmente com o incremento das doses de uréia (R2 = 0,97), apresentando retenção de 8,95 g dia-1 de N para maior dose e 5,22 g dia-1 de N para a dieta sem uréia, não havendo efeito significativo (P>0,01) para as perdas de N fecal e urinário. No segundo trabalho, houve produção de gases (197 mL g-1 MS) utilizando inóculo de cateto, contudo, não apresentou correlação com os tratamentos. A digestibilidade da MS (MSD), MO (MOD) e FDN (FDND) e a produção de gases em função da MSD, MOD e FDND apresentaram diferença significativa (P<0,01) para os tratamentos, havendo crescimento linear (P>0,01) para digestibilidade de FDN (R2 = 0,50) e regressão linear inversa para produção de gases em função da FDND (R2 = 0,51). A produção de gás metano em função da MS, MO, MSD e MOD utilizando inóculo de cateto, apresentou diferença significativa (P<0,01) para os tratamentos, porém com baixo coeficiente de correlação entre as doses crescentes de uréia. A síntese de nitrogênio microbiano para o inóculo de cateto, não apresentou efeito significativo (P>0,05) para os tratamentos. A produção de nitrogênio amoniacal foi significativa (P<0,01) para as diferentes doses de uréia com ajuste de regressão linear aditiva (R2 = 0,50). A produção de gases mostra que a dieta concentrada foi degradada devido à presença de microrganismos no inóculo de cateto. Estes microrganismos foram capazes de hidrolisar a uréia em amônia e esta, por sua vez, convertida em compostos nitrogenados para síntese microbiana, mostrando a eficiência da fisiologia digestiva deste animal no aproveitamento do NNP. Além disso, os resultados in vivo indicam que o pré-estômago dos catetos foi capaz de utilizar uréia como fonte NNP, podendo substituir parte da proteína dietética em sua alimentação
The rational use of wild fauna is a beneficial process, as it results in economical and social advantages, and at the same time helps in the conservation process of wild species. Among the wild Brazilian species with zootechnical potential, the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) stands out as an animal that consumes several kinds of foods and produces meat and pelt with a high demand in national and international markets, respectively. A characteristic of this species is the presence of a forestomach, where the microbial fermentation occurs, which enables this species to digest coarse roughage. The objective of this study was (i) to measure the digestive efficiency in the using increasing doses of urea as source of non protein nitrogen (NPN) in the collared peccary diet; (ii) to evaluate the efficiency of collared peccary fore-stomach microorganisms in proceed to anerobic fermentation of diet, using the in vitro gas production technique at different urea doses; (iii) to estimate the in vitro microbial nitrogen synthesis using stable isotope 15N as marker.This study is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, an experimental design with entirely randomized distribution was used where the urea doses (0.0; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 %) were randomly used in five assays with four animals each. In the second and third chapters, the experimental design used had an entirely randomized distribution, resulting in a 4 x 2 factorial experiment, in which four urea doses, and two sources of inoculum (collared peccary and sheep) and five replications. The DM, CP, and NDF digestibility results were not influenced (P>0.05) by the urea doses, however, they may have increased the microbial synthesis, improving fiber digestibility. The NB increased linearly with the increasing doses of urea (R2 = 0.97), presenting an N retention of 8.95 g day-1, for the highest dose of urea and 5.22 g day-1 for a non urea diet, without significant effect (P>0.01) to the losses of fecal and urinary N. In the second study, there was gas production (197 mL g-1 DM) using the collared peccary inoculums; however there was no correlation with the treatments. The DM (DMD), OM (OMD) and NDF (NDFD) digestibility and gas production as a function of DMD, OMD and NDFD showed a significant difference (P<0.01) for the treatments, showing a linear increase (P>0.01) in NDF digestibility (R2 = 0.50) and inverse linear regression for gas production as a function of NDFD (R2 = 0.51). The methane gas production as a function of DM, OM, DMD, and OMD using peccary fore-stomach inoculum showed significant difference (P<0.01) for the treatments, but with a low correlation coefficient between increasing doses of urea. The microbial nitrogen synthesis for the peccary inoculum did not show significant effect (P<0.01) for the treatments, in contrast, the production of ammoniacal nitrogen was significant (P<0.01) at different urea doses with an adjustment of additive linear regression (R2 = 0.50). The gas production showed that concentrated diet was degraded because of microorganisms presents in the collared peccary inoculum. These microorganisms present in the inoculum could hydrolyse the urea in ammonia and this, in its turn, is converted into nitrogen compounds for microbial synthesis, showing the efficiency of this animal´s digestive physiology in NPN use. Furthermore, in vivo results show that the pre-stomach of the collared peccary was capable to use urea as source NPN, thus could substitute part of the dietary protein in his/her feeding

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Junior, Reinaldo Cunha de Oliveira. "Substituição do farelo de soja por uréia ou amiréia em dietas de bovinos de corte: I. digestibilidade dos nutrientes, balanço de nitrogênio, parâmetros ruminais e sanguíneos; II. desempenho e III. avaliação de indicadores de digestibilidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-29052003-135247/.

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Com o objetivo de avaliar a substituição de uma fonte de proteína verdadeira (farelo de soja; dieta deficiente em PDR), por uréia ou amiréia (A-150S - fonte de nitrogênio não protéico de suposta liberação gradativa de nitrogênio; dietas adequadas em PDR), foram realizados três experimentos. Experimento I: Seis machos da raça Nelore, não castrados, com peso médio inicial de 420 kg, foram utilizados em quadrado latino 3x3 duplicado, avaliando-se: a digestibilidade, o balanço de nitrogênio, parâmetros ruminais e sanguíneos (capítulo 3); a estimativa da digestibilidade no trato gastrintestinal utilizando indicadores externo e internos comparados com colheita total de fezes (capítulo 6). O volumoso utilizado foi o BIN (20% da MS). A digestibilidade da MS, MO, CNF, EE, PB e o NDT não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A digestibilidade da FDA e FDN foram superiores (P<0,05) nos tratamentos uréia e amiréia. Não houve efeito de tratamento e da interação tratamento x horários (P>0,05) nos valores de pH, AGV total, acetato, propionato, butirato e relação acetato:propionato do fluido ruminal. A concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal no fluido ruminal foi superior (P<0,05) no tratamento com uréia, comparado ao tratamento com farelo de soja, sendo similar aos dois, o tratamento com amiréia. O tratamento com amiréia apresentou maior (P<0,05) perda de N na urina. A retenção de N e o valor biológico da proteína foram superiores (P<0,05) para o tratamento com uréia, comparado aos demais. A concentração de nitrogênio uréico no plasma e a concentração de glicose plasmática foram similares (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A estimativa da digestibilidade utilizando o óxido de cromo apresentou resultados similares (P>0,05) à colheita total de fezes. O mesmo foi observado com a lignina no tratamento deficiente em PDR (FS), mas nos de uréia e amiréia, os coeficientes de digestibilidade foram subestimados (P<0,05). A FDNi subestimou (P<0,05) a estimativa da digestibilidade em todas as frações independente do tratamento. A fluorescência de raios-X demonstrou ser uma técnica promissora de análise do cromo (capítulo 6). Experimento II: oitenta e um machos não castrados em crescimento foram utilizados em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com três tratamentos, tendo três animais por baia e nove baias por tratamento, com a mesma dieta anterior, para avaliar o desempenho dos animais (capítulo 4). O tratamento FS apresentou menor consumo e ganho de peso (P<0,01) e pior (P<0,01) conversão alimentar. Os tratamentos uréia e A-150S não diferiram (P>0,05) entre si. Experimento III: realizou-se outro experimento de desempenho similar ao anterior, utilizando-se apenas outro volumoso (45% de BTPV e 5% de BIN) e os animais estavam na fase de terminação (capitulo 5). O tratamento FS apresentou maior (P<0,01) consumo e ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar do que os tratamentos uréia e A-150S. Os tratamentos uréia e A-150S não diferiram (P>0,05) entre si. A amiréia promoveu resultados similares a uréia convencional no consumo dos nutrientes, digestibilidade, parâmetros ruminais e sanguíneos e no desempenho de bovinos de corte confinados.
Experiment I: Six Nellore bulls, with 420 kg of body weight, were used to evaluate the replacement of a true protein source (soybean meal-SBM), in an inadequate RDP diet, by urea or starea (non protein nitrogen source supposedly of slow N release), being the last two N sources in an adequate RDP diet. Sugar cane bagasse in natura (BIN) was the only source of diet forage (20% of DM). This trial evaluated: digestibility, ruminal parameters, ruminal ammonia, blood parameters and N balance (chapter 3); total tract digestibility estimated by using internal and external markers compared to total feces collection (chapter 6). DM, OM, NFC, EE, CP and TDN digestibilities (%) did not differ (P>0.05) among treatments. ADF and NDF digestibilities (%) were higher (P<0.05) for urea and starea treatments. There was no treatment or treatment X time effect (P>0.05) on pH, total VFA, acetate, propionate, butirate and acetate:propionate ratio. Ruminal ammonia N concentration was greater (P<0.05) for urea compared to soybean meal and starea was similar to both. Starea treatment had the higher (P>0.05) urinary N loss. N retention (g/d and % of ingested) and protein biological value (N retention, % of N digestible) were higher (P<0.05) for urea treatment. Plasma urea nitrogen and glucose concentrations were similar (P>0.05) among treatment (chapter 3). The digestibility estimated by using cromium oxide was similar (P>0.05) to that of using total feces collection. Lignin used as an internal marker resulted in similar pattern as feces collection when the diet contained soybean meal (RDP deficient diet), however, when the diet N was urea or starea, the digestibility coefficients were underestimated (P<0.05). The NDFi underestimated (P<0.05) the digestibility of all portion independent of treatment. X-ray fluorescence showed be a promising technique for cromium determination (chapter 6). Experiment II: Eighty-one growing intact males were used in a totally random block design, with three treatments (three animals/pen and nine pens/treatment) to evaluate beef cattle performance in feedlot (chapter 4). Diets were the same used in Exp. I. DM intake, ADG and feed conversion were 6.56, 7.18 and 6.97 kg/day; 0.889, 1.114 and 1.088 kg/day and 7.3, 6.5 and 6.7 kg DM/kg gain, for SBM, urea and starea, respectively. SBM treatment had the smaller (P<0.01) DM intake, ADG and feed conversion. Urea and starea treatment were similar (P>0.05). Experiment III: Another performance trial was done (chapter 5), similar to Exp. II, differing only by the forage portion of the diet (45% hidrolized sugar cane bagasse-BTPV and 5% bagasse in naturaBIN) for finishing cattle. DM intake, ADG and feed conversion were 8.99, 7.43 and 7.69 kg/day; 0.983, 0.368 and 0.404 kg/day and 9.56, 20.14 and 19.54 kg DM/kg gain for SBM, urea and starea treatments, respectively. SBM had the higher (P<0.01) DM intake and ADG and better feed conversion compared to urea and starea. Urea and starea treatments were similar (P>0.05). Starea showed similar results to urea.

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Silva, Thaysa dos Santos. "Avaliação do balanço cátion-aniônico dietético (BCAD) para búfalas em lactação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-27042015-150951/.

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Анотація:

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do uso de dietas com diferentes balanço cátion-aniônico dietético (BCAD) na produção e na qualidade do leite de búfala, nas características fermentativas através da técnica de produção de gás in vitro, além de traçar perfil nutricional de búfalas em lactação em propriedades de bubalinocultura da região central do Estado de São Paulo. Dessa forma, a tese está apresentada na forma de 11 capítulos, sendo que os capítulos 1, 2 e 11 descrevem a introdução, revisão de literatura e considerações finais, respectivamente. Os demais descrevem diferentes experimentos realizados sob a temática geral de 2012 a 2014. O capítulo 3 contém a avaliação de quatro dietas catiônicas com alto BCAD (+362, +370, +379 e +390 mEq/kg/MS) formuladas conforme rendimento do queijo muçarela para 350 búfalas, divididas em dois grupos (búfalas com menos e acima de 100 dias de lactação no início do experimento) durante período experimental de 120 dias. Dez tratamentos foram designados adotando-se diferentes formas de sistema de alimentação durante todo o experimento. A covarivavel idade não influenciou na produção e qualidade do leite das búfalas, exceto na contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e condutividade elétrica nas búfalas ≤100 dias de lactação. Houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para a produção de leite diária em ambos os grupos de búfalas. Somente a lactose apresentou diferenças entre os tratamentos em búfalas no início da lactação. A forma do sistema de alimentação com alteração das dietas contendo diferentes BCAD a cada 30 dias não produz efeitos na produção e qualidade do leite em búfalas no estágio inicial da lactação, porém aumenta a produção de leite em búfalas acima de 100 dias de lactação. No capítulo 4 a produção diária e a qualidade do leite foram avaliadas em 297 búfalas, divididas em dois grupos, um com menos de 100 e outro de 100 a 220 dias de lactação recebendo duas dietas catiônicas com baixo BCAD: D121 (+121 mEq/kg/MS) e D164 (+164 mEq/kg/MS) em dois sistema de alimentação, definindo quatro tratamentos. O BCAD influenciou na produção de leite das búfalas, entretanto, o menor BCAD produziu melhoria na produção de leite. O BCAD mais elevado promoveu aumentos nos teores de proteína, sólidos totais (ST), extrato seco desengordurado (ESD) e CCS nas búfalas de 100 a 200 dias de lactação. No capítulo 5 quatro dietas aniônicas com BCAD de -61, -67, -73 e -100 mEq/kg/MS foram avaliadas em 259 búfalas, divididas em dois grupos, com 100 a 200 dias e acima de 200 dias de lactação. O BCAD negativo não interferiu na produção de leite diária e na qualidade do leite das búfalas, porém, influenciou no teor de gordura e lactose do leite em ambos os grupos de lactação e ainda nos teores de proteína, sólidos totais e CSS nas búfalas acima de 200 dias de lactação. No capítulo 6, foram avaliados três níveis crescentes de BCAD de +40, +120 e +190 mEq/kg/MS na produção, qualidade e minerais no leite de búfalas, não observando alterações significantes na produção, qualidade e minerais no leite de búfala, exceto na condutividade elétrica, acidez titulável e nos teores de Na e Cl. No capítulo 7 realizou-se a caracterização da produção, qualidade e minerais do leite na curva de lactação de búfalas em dietas catiônicas com baixo BCAD. Os dados mostraram que a curva da lactação iniciou-se ascendente, com pico no 2°. e 3°. mês e posterior declínio com maior produção de leite nos primeiros 90 dias da lactação (40%). As búfalas paridas no segundo semestre apresentaram média diária de produção de leite ao longo da lactação superior que as paridas no primeiro semestre com a qualidade do leite semelhante em ambas os grupos. Os teores de gordura, proteína, ST e ESD ao longo da lactação aumentaram no leite e depois se mantiveram constantes, enquanto que a lactose diminuiu e a CCS não se alterou ao longo do experimento. Os níveis de macrominerais no leite de búfala foram constantes durante a lactação, exceto o cloro que sofreu queda. O Ca e o K apresentaram-se em maior concentração. No capítulo 8 é descrita a caracterização da produção acumulada e diária do leite de búfala na curva de lactação em função da duração da lactação, número da lactação e faixa etária dos animais, recebendo dieta com BCAD médio de +83 mEq/kg/MS. A curva da lactação em búfalas caracterizou-se pelo crescimento da produção de leite até os primeiros 90 dias, seguida de um declínio gradativo até o final da lactação, não existindo influência da duração da lactação, número da lactação e da faixa etária dos animais. Foram identificadas quatro fases com diferentes níveis de queda mensal de produção em relação ao mês anterior (aumento; leve, médio e forte declínios). Búfalas mais velhas acima de 11 anos de idade apresentam declínio mais acentuado que búfalas mais jovens. No início da lactação até 90 dias, búfalas com maior número de lactações e faixa etária produziram mais leite que as mais jovens. No capítulo 9 compararam-se dietas com BCAD de +110, +220 e +440 mEq/kg/MS na cinética de fermentação ruminal, por meio de parâmetros da produção de gases totais e metano, degradabilidade da matéria seca e orgânica e produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e nitrogênio amoniacal em 24 e 96 horas de inoculação, com a técnica de produção de gases in vitro, usando inóculo de conteúdo ruminal de bubalinos. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos em qualquer variável avaliada. As ausências de efeitos sugerem ações outras do BCAD sobre o metabolismo animal do que sobre o metabolismo ruminal na produção de efeitos sobre o desempenho produtivo dos animais. Concluindo esses estudos, o capítulo 10 descreve a avaliação do sistema de exploração de leite de búfalas de quatro propriedades rurais, compreendendo um total de 794 búfalas, com caracterização da composição de 11 tipos de dietas e composição químico-bromatológica de ingredientes das dietas utilizadas. As búfalas apresentaram ingestão de matéria seca média diária de 17,8 kg por animal (2,6% do peso vivo e 91 g MS/kg0,75) e produção de leite média de 8,1 kg/animal/dia com conversão alimentar de 2,2 kg de MS por kg de leite produzido/animal/dia.
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding diets with different dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) in the production and quality of buffalo milk, in the fermentation characteristics by in vitro gas production technique, and in addition to showing nutritional profile lactating buffalo on farms located in the central region of São Paulo state, Brazil. Thus, this thesis is presented in the form of eleven sections, where the Chapters 1, 2 and 11 describe the introduction, literature review, and final considerations, respectively. The others describe different experiments performed under the general theme from 2012 to 2014. The Chapter 3 contains the evaluation of four cationic diets with high DCAD (+362, +370, +379 and +390 mEq / kg / MS) formulated as mozzarella cheese yield basis in 350 buffaloes, divided into two groups (buffaloes less and above 100 days of lactation at beginning of the experiment) during the experimental period of 120 days. Ten treatments were assigned adopting different ways feeding system throughout the experiment. The covariate age did not influence the production and quality of milk, except in somatic cell counting (SCC) and electrical conductivity in buffaloes ≤100 days of lactation. Significant differences were observed between treatments for daily milk production in both groups buffaloes. Only lactose has differed between treatments in buffaloes in early lactation. The feeding system with changing diets containing different DCAD every 30 days has no effect on production and quality of milk in buffalo in the early stage of lactation, but it increases milk production in buffalo over 100 days of lactation. In chapter 4, the daily production and milk quality were evaluated in 297 buffaloes, divided into two groups, one with less than 100 and another 100-220 days of lactation receiving two cationic diets with low DCAD: D121 (+121 mEq / kg / DM) and D164 (+164 meq / Kg / MS) to two feeding systems, defining four treatments. DCAD has influenced the milk production of buffaloes. Lower DCAD has produced higher milk production. The highest DCAD has promoted increases in protein, total solids (TS), solid no fat (SNF) and SCC in buffaloes with 100-200 days of lactation. In Chapter 5, four anionic diets with DCAD of -61, -67, -73 and -100 mEq / kg / DM were evaluated in 259 buffaloes, divided into two groups: between 100 - 200 days and over 200 days of lactation. The negative DCAD has not interfered in daily milk production and milk quality in buffaloes, however, has influenced the fat and lactose contents of milk in buffalo in both groups of lactation and also in protein levels, and total solid and SCC of buffalo over 200 days of lactation. In Chapter 6, were evaluated three increasing levels of DCAD: +40, +120 and +190 mEq / kg / DM in production, quality and minerals in buffalo milk. No significant differences were observed in production, quality and minerals in buffalo milk except in electrical conductivity, acidity and levels of Na and Cl. In Chapter 7, the characterization of production, quality and minerals of milk along the lactation curve were evaluated in buffaloes on cationic diets with low DCAD. The data showed that the lactation curve started rising, peaking on the 2nd. and 3rd. month and subsequent decline with higher milk production in the first 90 days of lactation (40%). The calved buffaloes in the second half of the year had higher average daily milk production along the lactation than that calved in the first half with the quality of milk similar in both groups. The fat, protein, TS and SNF increased in milk throughout the lactation and, then remained constant, while lactose decreased and the SCC did not change. The buffalo milk macrominerals have maintained the same levels along lactation, except chlorine that dropped. Ca and K showed up in higher concentration. In Chapter 8 describes the characterization of accumulated and daily production of buffalo milk during lactation curve as a function of lactation period, number of lactation and age of the animals fed diet with medium DCAD of +83 mEq/kg/DM. The lactation curve in buffaloes characterized by the growth of milk production until the first 90 days, followed by a gradual decline until the end of lactation, with no influence of lactation period, lactation number and age of the animals. Four phases have been identified with different monthly decline levels of production compared to the previous month (increase; slight, medium and, strong declines). Older buffaloes above 11 years of age had steeper decline than younger buffaloes. In early lactation up to 90 days, buffaloes with more lactations and age have produced more milk than younger. In Chapter 9, three diets of DCAD +110, +220 and +440 mEq/kg DM were evaluated by ruminal fermentation kinetics, involving total production and methane gases, degradability of dry matter and organic matter and fatty acids of short chain and ammonia nitrogen productions in 24 and 96 hours of inoculation, by using in vitro gas production technique with inoculum of rumen contents of buffalo. No differences were observed between treatments. No observed effects suggest other actions of DCAD on animal metabolism than on ruminal metabolism in producing productive performance of the animals. Completing these studies, Chapter 10 describes the evaluation of buffalo milk operating system of four rural properties, comprising a total of 794 buffaloes, with characterization of the composition of 11 types of diets and chemical composition of the diet ingredients used. The buffaloes had dry matter intake daily average of 17.8 kg per animal (2.6% of body weight and 91 g DM / kg0.75) and average milk production of 8.1 kg / animal / day with feed conversion 2.2 kg of dry matter per kg of produced milk / animal / day.

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