Дисертації з теми "Diabete mellito di tipo I"
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ROSATI, FRANCESCA. "Disuguaglianze di salute e diabete mellito di tipo 1 in età pediatrica." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242868.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of socio-demographic family characteristics on glycaemic control in children with type 1 diabetes. The information collected in precedent study called VIPKIDS (Evaluation of Insulin Pump treatment in KIDS) have been uses as the basis of the data for our work. In particular, VIPKIDS is a multi-center, observational, cross-sectional Italian study to evaluate the quality of life according to the method of insulin delivery of adolescents. The first part (chapter 1), analyzes the introductory background information: the theme of social inequalities in health documented by an extensive literature which has demonstrated that health is largely influenced by factors external to medicine and health care , such as the social, environmental, economic and behavioural contexts. Those factors, together with the phenomenon of diabetes mellitus were defined as a global problem that requires a synergistic management. The second part (Chapter 2) deals with health inequalities in diabetes type 1 by analyzing the impact, costs and social care needs of patients in childhood and their family members with diabetes mellitus. The third part (Chapter 3), using as the basis of those data VIPKIDS study investigates about the role of parents’ age and level of education on glycaemic control with type 1 diabetes. The results obtained showed that the glycaemic control significantly improved at increasing mother's age (b = -0.0025; 95%CI= -0.0047 -0.0004) and mother’s level of education (b=-0.0404; 95%CI=-0.0664-0.0144). No significant effects were found in father’s age and education. As expected, HbA1c significantly increased when BMI (b= 0.0247; 95%CI=0.0007-0.0487), diabetes duration (b= 0.0419; 95%CI= 0.0120-0.0719), daily basal insulin dose (b= 0.7361; 95%CI= 0.1550-1.3172) increased; the use of CHO counting system significantly improved glycaemic control (b= -0.2164; 95%CI=-0.4033-0.0294). Finally, the fourth part (Chapter 4) shows the importance of new models of care for chronically ill patients, particularly the Chronic Care Model , whose general principles are now recognized as fundamental.This model is representative of the new medical paradigm, which aims to empowerment of the patient, and community and qualification of the care team
CARDELLINI, MARINA. "TIMP3: un nuovo biomarcatore di aterosclerosi nel Diabete Mellito di tipo 2: studi in vivo ed in vitro." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1156.
Повний текст джерелаAtherosclerosis is accelerated in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) by unknown mechanisms. We identified Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3), the endogenous inhibitor of A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease Domain 17 (ADAM17) and other Matrix MetalloProteinase (MMP), as a gene modifier for insulin resistance and vascular inflammation in mice. Therefore we hypothesized that an increased activity of the ectodomain shedding process, due to a dysregulation of ADAM17/Timp3 dyad, may be a common factor linking progression of atherosclerosis to insulin resistance and diabetes. Here we also tested TIMP3 association with atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and identified Sirtuin 1 (SirT1) as a major regulator of TIMP3 expression. ADAM17 substrates, such as soluble (s)ICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sIL6R, sCXCL16 and sTNFR1, were analyzed in serum from healthy subjects (CT, n=70), patients with Carotid Atherosclerosis (CAR-ATS, n=35) and patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD, n=170). Moreover we investigated ADAM10/17, MMP9, TIMP1/2/3/4 expression levels in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques (n=60) from subjects with and without diabetes. Human Vascular Smooth Muscle cells exposed to several metabolic stimuli were used to identify regulators of Timp3 expression. SirT1 small interference RNA (siRNA), cDNA and TIMP3 promoter gene reporter were used to study SirT1 dependent regulation of TIMP3. We found that, among soluble ADAM17 substrates, sCXCL16, sICAM-1 and sVCAM1 were differently and significantly increased according to location of vascular disease and impairment of glucose metabolism. We showed that in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques TIMP3 was significantly reduced in subjects with DM2 leading to ADAM17 and MMP9 overactivity. Reduced expression of TIMP3 was associated in vivo to SirT1 levels. In smooth muscle cells, inhibition of SirT1 activity and levels reduced TIMP3 expression, while SirT1 overexpression increased TIMP3 promoter activity. In conclusion, our data suggest that the ectodomain shedding process is gradually activated in patients with different location of atherosclerotic disease. Moreover in atherosclerotic plaques from subjects with Type 2 diabetes the deregulation of ADAM17 and MMP9 activities is related to inadequate expression of TIMP3 via SirT1. Studies in vascular cells confirmed the role of SirT1 in tuning TIMP3 expression.
Capodanno, Davide Francesco Maria. "Effetti farmacodimanici di differenti regimi di somministrazione dell'aspirina in pazienti con diabete mellito di tipo II e cardiopatia ischemica." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1090.
Повний текст джерелаVasta, Tramontana Paola. "Valutazione del rischio ulcerativo del piede in una popolazione di soggetti con diabete mellito tipo 2." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1021.
Повний текст джерелаGALLI, ANGELICA. "Ruolo dei PUFA OMEGA-3 nella regolazione della funzione endoteliale in parenti di primo grado di pazienti affetti da diabete mellito di tipo 2." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/377.
Повний текст джерелаObjective: Endothelial dysfunction is the early and fundamental step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. It has been indicated as one of the precocious vascular abnormalities in apparently healthy first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients.(FDR). N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA n-3), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoico acid (DHA), have a wide range of anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study is that a supplementation of n3-PUFA might be effective to improve the endothelial dysfunction in FDR subjects at higher risk of developing atherosclerosis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We carried out a randomized, controlled with placebo, double blind, parallel-groups clinical trial. The study included 70 subjects (age 30.5 ± 5.2 years, 30 women e 40 men), all first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients. The subjects were randomly assigned to assume placebo (n = 34) or n-3 PUFA (n= 36) for 12 weeks. Endothelial function was assessed by brachial artery reactivity test (BART), measuring the flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). Weight, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and laboratory parameters (lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide, TNF-α, adiponectin, hs-PCR) were assessed at baseline and after treatment. At the beginning of the study, each subject underwent a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). RESULTS: Upon OGTT we identified 53 normoglycemic subjects (NGT) and 17 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). At baseline, the subjects IGT were older and presented significant higher levels of BMI, triglycerides, and fasting insulin, as well an increased insulin resistance, and a worse endothelial function, compared with NGT individuals. After treatment, we found only little if any change in metabolic and biomarkers levels of the participants of the placebo group (NGT and IGT); on the contrary, the n-3 PUFA group showed some difference respect to the baseline characteristics: the triglycerides and the TNF-α levels were significantly decrease, the adiponectin was increase, and the endothelial function showed a significant improvement. The changing of TNF-α levels emerged as the unique independent and significant predictor of the improvement of the FMD after the period of assumption of n-3 PUFA. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the N-3 PUFA oral supplementation is associated with an improvement of endothelial function via decreasing TNF-alpha in NGT and IGT subjects offspring of patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
PEROTTI, MARIO. "EFFICACIA DEL PASSAGGIO A DEGLUDEC DA UN’ALTRA INSULINA BASALE (GLARGINE/ DETEMIR) IN UNA COORTE DI PAZIENTI CON DIABETE MELLITO TIPO 1 ( DMT1) IN CONDIZIONI DI REALE PRATICA CLINICA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/241121.
Повний текст джерелаType 1 diabetes (DMT1) leads to absolute insulin deficiency due to immunologic destruction of the islet cells. Therefore affected patients need lifelong insulin treatment. Newer therapies for type 1 diabetes are aimed at developing insulin delivery systems that mimick normal physiology, identifying newer insulins that mimick endogenous insulin. To reproduce physiologic insulin secretion, both long- and short-acting insulins are used. Long-acting insulin, given at bedtime, suppresses glucose output from the liver overnight and provides basal insulin between meals; bolus doses of short-acting insulin modulate glucose excursions associated with carbohydrate consumption. Optimal glycemic control is necessary to reduce the risk for diabetes complications. However, tight glucose control carries a risk for hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia may accelerate the vascular complications of diabetes by increasing platelet aggregation, leading to higher cardiovascular risk and all-cause mortality. Even brief hypoglycemia can cause profound dysfunction of the brain. Insulin administration by subcutaneous route has intrinsic limitations that, together with the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of insulin formulations, do not reproduce the physiological patterns of insulin secretion. Insulin degludec (IDeg) is an ultra-long insulin analog that has unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties with a half-life of more than 24 h and a duration of action of more than 42 h. Compared to insulin glargine , the insulin degludec glucose-lowering action at steady state shows four time lower day-to day variability. Randomized clinical studies of degludec have shown a reduction in nocturnal hypoglycemia compared to insulin glargine. Given this background, IDeg is an ultra-long insulin analog that exhibits low intra-individual variability and whose efficacy is comparable to IGlar, but which presents as advantages flexibility in dose timing and lower risk of hypoglycemia, benefits that may impact quality of life and adherence to therapy. In Europe data on the use or effect of degludec in the general diabetes population not exist yet. Thus collection of data under routine clinical practice is highly warranted in order to access the effectiveness of degludec in real-life clinical setting. Aim of this retrospective non interventional study is to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of switching to IDeg in insulin treated patients with DMT1 under condition of routine clinical care. In all patients (n: 900), basal insulin was switched to IDeg at least 6 months before the start of data collection. Baseline was defined as the most recent recording during the 3-month period before first prescription of IDeg. Values are presented as mean [95%CI]. HbA1c decreased by -0.20 % [-0.24; -0.17%] at 6 months vs baseline (P < .001). Rate ratio of overall (0.79 [0.69; 0.89]), non-severe nocturnal (0.54 [0.42; 0.69]) and severe (0.15 [0.09; 0.24]) hypoglycaemia was significantly lower in the 6-month post-switch period vs the pre-switch period (P < .001 for all). Total daily insulin dose decreased by -4.88 [-5.52; -4.24] U (-11%) at 6 months vs baseline (P < .001). This study demonstrates that switching patients to IDeg from other basal insulins improves glycaemic control and significantly reduces the risk of hypoglycaemia in routine clinical practice.
MAFFIOLI, PAMELA. "Effetti sulla variabilità glicemica e sul compenso glico-metabolico di metformina, pioglitazone e sitagliptin in pazienti affetti da diabete mellito di tipo 2." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1203307.
Повний текст джерелаBackground and aim: the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus often requires the use of one or more hypoglycemic agents to reach the adequate glycemic control. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of a triple therapy with metformin, pioglitazone and sitagliptin on glycemic variability compared to metformin monotherapy, and compared to a combination of metformin and pioglitazone. To assess glycemic variability a continuous glucose monitoring system was used. Material and Methods: we enrolled 66 not well controlled, type 2 diabetic patients. Patients were instructed to take metformin 500 mg three times a day for the first three months, then pioglitazone 15 mg twice a day was added for further three months, and finally sitagliptin 100 mg once a day was added for the last three months. At the baseline, and every three months a continuous glucose monitoring system was performed. At any stage of the study, if the value of glycated hemoglobin reached the desired goal (<6.5%), participation in the study was interrupted. We assessed: glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), post-prandial glucose (PPG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), HOMA-index (HOMA-IR), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), lipid profile, lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), soluble adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1), sE-selectin, adiponectin (ADN). Results: we recorded a significant decrease of HbA1c, FPG, and PPG with metformin + pioglitazone (p < 0.05 vs baseline), and a further decrease with metformin + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.001 vs baseline). There was an improvement of lipid profile compared to baseline with metformin + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.05 vs baseline). We recorded a decrease of Hs-CRP, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and an increase of ADN with metformin + pioglitazone (p < 0.05 vs baseline), and with metformin + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.01 vs baseline). A decrease of eSelectin was recorded only with metformin + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.05 vs baseline). Regarding glycemic variability, standard deviation was lower with metformin + pioglitazone (p < 0.05 vs baseline), and metformin + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.01 vs baseline). The M value, an index of glycemic variability, was lower with metformin + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.05 vs baseline). Conclusion: combination of metformin + pioglitazone + sitagliptin proved to be effective in improving glycemic control, and in decreasing glycemic variability, therefore it could be suitable for the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients.
Coracina, Anna. "Steatosi epatica non alcolica e diabete mellito tipo 2: studio dell'associazione tra grado di steatosi, fattori metabolici e alterazioni vascolari." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426608.
Повний текст джерелаLa steatosi epatica non alcolica (NAFLD) si definisce come la presenza di steatosi epatica in soggetti con modesto o assente consumo di alcol e mancata assunzione/esposizione a determinati farmaci o sostanze; è frequentemente associata al diabete, all’obesità e alla sindrome metabolica, tanto da essere considerata da molti autori come la manifestazione epatica della sindrome metabolica, avendo come fattore patogenetico comune l’insulino-resistenza. La storia naturale della NAFLD sembra benigna anche se può evolvere in steatoepatite e in cirrosi ed è stata dimostrata una correlazione tra NAFLD e patologie cardiovascolari (cliniche e subcliniche). Lo scopo dello studio è stato di valutare la prevalenza ed il grado di steatosi epatica in un gruppo di pazienti affetti da diabete mellito tipo 2 e sindrome metabolica (definita in base ai criteri dell’ATP III), di ricercare i fattori metabolici predittivi del grado di steatosi e di valutare l’eventuale relazione esistente tra steatosi epatica e vasculopatia anatomica (spessore medio-intimale carotideo [IMT] e placche carotidee) e funzionale (dilatazione flusso mediata [FMD]). E’ stato eseguito uno studio osservazionale su 60 pazienti (M/F 25/35) affetti da diabete mellito di tipo 2 e sindrome metabolica afferenti al nostro servizio di Diabetologia. La presenza di steatosi è stata valutata mediante ultrasonografia sia con metodica soggettiva semiquantitativa (4 gradi) sia con metodica oggettiva quantitativa mediante la determinazione del rapporto fegato/rene (6 gradi). La ricerca di placche aterosclerotiche carotidee e la misurazione dell’IMT sono stati eseguiti con ecocolordoppler dei tronchi sovraaortici; la funzione endoteliale è stata valutata mediante ultrasonografia con valutazione della vasodilatazione indotta dall’ischemia a livello dell’arteria brachiale (FMD). Sono stati misurati i parametri antropometrici (indice di massa corporea e circonferenza addominale), metabolici (assetto lipidico, HbA1c, HOMA), citochine infiammatorie (hs-PCR, IL-6, TNFα), fattori trombogenici (fibrinogeno) e adipochine (leptina). E’ stato utilizzato inoltre un programma statistico (Ordered Probit) in cui associando alcuni parametri metabolici viene predetta la probabilità del soggetto di appartenere ad una determinata classe di steatosi. La prevalenza di steatosi è risultata dell’88% (33% steatosi lieve, 33% moderata e 22% grave); l’IMT medio pari a 0.88 ± 0.23 mm; il 63% dei pazienti presentavano placche carotidee; l’FMD (calcolato su 45 pazienti) è risultato ridotto e pari a 5.02 ± 1.81%. Dividendo i pazienti per classi di steatosi abbiamo evidenziato una correlazione tra steatosi e BMI, circonferenza addominale, numero dei fattori della sindrome metabolica, sesso, pressione diastolica, insulinemia, HOMA, HbA1c, colesterolo-HDL (inversa), hs-PCR, fibrinogeno e log leptinemia. Non abbiamo dimostrato invece alcuna correlazione tra grado di steatosi e IMT medio o massimo, presenza di placche aterosclerotiche e valore di FMD. Con il modello di regressione multipla HOMA e waist sono risultati fattori indipendenti che influenzano il grado di steatosi epatica (p 0.033). Associando HbA1c, waist, insulinemia il modello statistico Ordered Probit mi predice il grado esatto o con un errore di un grado di steatosi soggettiva (valutato all’ecografia) nel 96,5% dei casi. Questo studio conferma che nei nostri pazienti diabetici con sindrome metabolica la NAFLD correla strettamente con obesità e insulino-resistenza, può essere quindi considerata la manifestazione epatica della sindrome metabolica. E’ stata dimostrata un’elevata prevalenza di aumentato IMT e di placche carotidee, così come di riduzione dell’FMD rispetto alla popolazione generale, sebbene non sembra esservi correlazione con la steatosi epatica.
Rotondi, Silverio <1981>. "Studio osservazionale trasversale volto a valutare la presenza di danno vascolare in pazienti affetti da diabete mellito tipo 2 con diverso grado di malattia renale cronica." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9170/1/Rotondi_Silverio_tesi.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe severity of DMT2 and its complications such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) lead to increase vascular stiffness, measurable with CAVI, and alterations in substances implicated in vascular damage like Klotho, FGF23, and Sclerostin. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of CKD stage 1-2 and possible alterations of 25 (OH)Vitamin-D, FGF23, Klotho, and Sclerostin on early vascular damage in DMT2. Methods: Patients included: DMT2 from <10 years, age <60 years, no insulin therapy, eGFR≥60 ml/min/1.73m2, absence of vascular complications. We have evaluated CAVI, albumin-excretion-rate (ACR), 25(OH)Vitamin-D, Klotho, FGF23, and Sclerostin. 30 healthy subjects were the control for CAVI, Klotho, FGF23 and Sclerostin. Results: We enrolled 40 women and 60 men, average age 56 years (IQR: 52-59), 5-year DMT2 (IQR: 2.7-7), HbA1c 6.3% (5.8-6.7), eGFR of 95 ml/min/1.73m2. FGF23 (42±10 vs controls 29.8±11 pmol/l, p<.05) and Sclerostin (36.2±7 vs 26.6±1 pmol/l, p<.05) were increased and Klotho reduced (673±300 vs 845±330 pg/ml, p<.05). CKD (ACR≥30mg/gr; eGFR between 60-90 ml/min /1.73m2) was present in 12.6%. The mean CAVI was normal and the patients with borderline (≥8, 33%) and pathological (≥9, 13%) CAVI were older (p.001), with longer duration of DMT2 (p.022) and 25(OH)Vitamin-D lower (p.041). CAVI correlated positively with age (p.001), Hb1Ac (p.036), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p.012) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p.001) and correlated negatively with 25(OH)Vitamin-D (p.046). The multivariate analysis showed positive predictors of CAVI age (p.001), DBP (p.0001), ACR (p.008) and Klotho (p.017). Discussion: In our DMT2 population, borderline and pathological CAVI is associated with increased ACR, elevated DBP and reduced 25(OH)Vitamin-D and the alterations of FGF23, Sclerostin and Klotho, secondary to CKD, are an early sign of possible vascular damage . Conclusion: ACR, 25(OH)Vitamin-D and DBP can be modifiable risk factors for early vascular damage in DMT2.
Zhukouskaya, V. "DENSITA¿ MINERALE OSSEA, QUALITA¿ DELL¿OSSO E RISCHIO DI FRATTURA NEL DIABETE MELLITO TIPO 2:RUOLO DELL¿ASSE IPOTALAMO-IPOFISI-SURRENE EDELLA SENSIBILITA¿ AI GLUCOCORTICOIDI." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/246301.
Повний текст джерелаIntroduction: Patients affected by type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at increased risk of vertebral fractures (VFx). At the same time, there is evidence of activated hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in T2D, and an increased glucocorticoid (GC) sensitivity seems to have a negative impact on bone mineral density (BMD) in osteoporosis. Objectives: To evaluate the association between HPA axis activity and GC sensitivity, measured by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) BclI, N363S of GC receptor and by activity of 11HSD2, with BMD, VFx and bone quality, evaluated with Trabecular Bone Score (TBS), in T2D postmenopausal women. Material/methods: We recruited 92 T2D women (HbA1c 6.7±1.2%) and 92 age- and BMI-matched controls. The following parameters were evaluated in all subjects: 1) calcium-phosphorus metabolism, ACTH, urine free cortisol 24h (UFC), urine free cortisone 24h (UFCo), serum cortisol after overnight 1 mg dexamethasone (1mgDST); 2) activity of 11HSD2 (ratio UFC/UFCo), SNPs of BclI, N363S; 3) BMD (Z-score, lumbar spine, LS, femoral neck, FN), TBS (Z-score) with DXA and VFx with radiography. Results: T2D subjects had increased prevalence of VFx (34.8 vs 19.6 %, respectively, p=0.031) in presence of increased BMD (LS 0.81±0.47 vs 0.17±1.32, p=0.002; FN 0.63±0.99 vs 0.04±0.94, p=0.000), in comparison to controls. There were no differences in TBS, HPA parameters, 11HSD2 activity, prevalence of BclI and N363S SNPs between groups. T2D patients with VFx had reduced levels of FN BMD, TBS and increased prevalence of the N363S SNPs (15.6%), compared to T2D ones without VFx. No differences were found in HPA parameters, 11HSD2 activity, prevalence of the BclI SNPs. The same pattern was seen in controls. In logistic regression analysis VFx were associated with T2D (OR=2.6, 95%CI 1.2-5.5, p=0.015) and N363S SNPs (OR=8.5, 95%CI 2.3-31.1, p=0.01) Conclusions: In subjects with and without T2D the presence of VFx is associated with increased GC sensitivity.
Condorelli, Rosita Angela. "Diabete mellito: "una nuova causa di infertilità"." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/3817.
Повний текст джерелаFarina, Maria Grazia. "Alterazioni genetiche e fisiopatologiche nell'obesità e nel diabete tipo 2." Thesis, Universita' degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/337.
Повний текст джерелаProcino, Filippo. "Analisi Quantitativa del Dispendio Energetico e delle Caratteristiche della Dieta nel Paziente con Diabete Mellito: Applicazioni Cliniche di Protocolli Innovativi." Doctoral thesis, Università di Foggia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11369/331790.
Повний текст джерелаMALOBERTI, ALESSANDRO. "Effetto della terapia incretinica su funzione e struttura arteriosa in pazienti con diabete mellito tipo 2." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Milano - Bicocca, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/262225.
Повний текст джерелаMORONI, Cinzia. "Diabete mellito e metabolismo del monossido di azoto: possibili implicazioni molecolari e prospettive future." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242487.
Повний текст джерелаBASSI, GIULIA. "MOTIBOT: IL COACH VIRTUALE PER INTERVENTI DI COPING SANO PER ADULTI CON DIABETE MELLITO." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3458737.
Повний текст джерелаDiabetes Mellitus (DM) is a self-managed, metabolic disease, in which if the individual is unwilling, unmotivated, or unable to regularly self-manage their DM, the medical and psychosocial outcomes will be poor. Indeed, DM is more than a physical health condition: it has behavioural, physiological, psychological, and social impacts, and demands high levels of motivation in order to follow the clinical recommendations and adopt healthy behaviours. To this end, the American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE) guidelines introduced the healthy coping construct to identify healthy coping strategies for reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and diabetes-related emotional distress while also improving the well-being of adults with DM. Virtual Coaches (VCs) have recently become more prevalent in the support and management of common barriers in the context of adherence to healthy behaviours among adults with DM, in particular those regarding medical and physical behaviours. However, few VCs were found to be specifically aimed at providing psychosocial support to adults with DM. The main aim of the present thesis was, indeed, the development and implementation of a VC for the provision of psychosocial support to adults with Type 1 (T1DM) or Type 2 DM (T2DM). More specifically, this VC aimed at motivating adults with DM to reduce depression, anxiety, perceived stress symptoms, diabetes-related emotional distress, and improve their well-being, by encouraging them to acquire and cultivate psychosocial healthy coping strategies. These coping skills referred to the AADE guidelines and thus to practicing meditation; in this study, the Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy has been applied. The present thesis is articulated according to three studies. Study 1 aimed at providing meta-analytical evidence on the efficacy of eHealth interventions in supporting the psychosocial and medical well-being of adults with T1DM or T2DM. Study 2 aimed at testing the prototype of the simulated VC, namely Wizard of Oz (WOZ), via the WhatsApp messaging platform for 6-week, with two sessions per week. In particular, this study investigated the preliminary acceptability and the User Experience (UX) of the intervention protocol, which will be incorporated into the future VC. Indeed, the design method was two-fold. On the one hand, the WOZ method was applied, in which psychology students believed that they were interacting with a VC, instead they were communicating with a human being. On the other hand, the Obesity-Related Behavioural Intervention Trials (ORBIT) model was used, particularly its early phases, since it favours an iterative approach. Study 3, following the next phases of the ORBIT model, aimed at assessing the preliminary efficacy of the VC, called Motibot—the abbreviation for Motivational bot—developed through a combination of Natural Language Processing (NLU) and hand-crafted rules. A total of 13 Italian adults with DM (Mage = 30.08, SD = 10.61) interacted with Motibot through the Telegram messaging application for 12 sessions, in which the patient planned the appointment according to his/her needs: he/she interacted with Motibot one or two sessions per week. Therefore, Motibot was perceived as motivating, encouraging and able to trigger self-reflection on one’s own emotions: users and patients reported having a very positive experience with Motibot. Motibot, thus, can be a useful tool to provide psychosocial support to adults with DM; as such, it might be prescribed by the diabetologist as a preventive measure for the patient’s well-being and/or when the patient presents mild and moderate psychosocial symptoms. The user-centred design approach and the concept of bidirectionality between psychosocial and medical factors are key points in the development of a personalised treatment within the digital intervention.
Asti, Martina <1984>. "Sistema nervoso enterico di cane: studio quali-quantitativo e modificazioni neurochimiche in corso di infiammazione gastroenterica e diabete mellito." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7677/1/Tesi_Asti__PDF.pdf.
Повний текст джерела1) Study of effects of spontaneous inflammatory bowel disease in SNE of dogs. Specimens of ileum were collected from 5 control and 8 affected dogs, use for immunohistochemistry on the cryosections - nNOS-IR MP ctrl 33±15% (178/639 cell, n=5) vs patol 24±5% (528/2031 cell, n=7) (P=0,156). nNOS-IR SMP ctrl 8±5% (40/527 cell, n=5) vs patol 7±2% (69/1007 cell, n=4) (P= 0,735). - VIP-IR MP ctrl 6±4% (69/993 cell) vs patol 16±9% (281/1958 cell, n=8) (P=0,027*). VIP-IR SMP ctrl 29±8% (300/993 cell) vs patol 30±13% (522/1630 cell, n=7) (P=0,891,) - SP-IR MP ctrl 15±8% (209/1332 cell, n=5) vs patol 17±9% (437/2053 cell, n=8) (P=0,741). SP-IR SMP ctrl 26±7% (464/1598 cell, n=5) vs patol 24±13% (592/2024 cell, n=6) (P=0,752). - CGRP-IR MP ctrl 8±9% (41/543 cell, n=5) vs patol 16±11% (259/1444 cell, n=8) (P=0,152). CGRP-IR SMP ctrl 7±8% (32/754 cell, n=5) vs patol 14±12% (194/1138 cell, n=7) (P=0,230) - Calb-IR MP ctrl 14±9% (76/580 cell, n=5) vs patol 16±7% (324/2055 cell, n=8)(P=0,596). CGRP-IR SMP ctrl di 22±7% (218/975 cell, n=5) vs patol 23±7% (261/1207 cell, n=7) (P=0,767). This is the first study about neurochemical characteristics of neuron subsets in control dogs and in gastrointestinal disease afflicted dogs. 2) Study the effects of spontaneous DM on the nitrergic neurons of the MP of the canine gastric antrum and ileum. Specimens of gastric antrum and ileum from eight control dogs and five insulin-dependent DM dogs were collected. MP neurons were immunohistochemically identified with the anti-HuC/HuD and nNOS antibody. nNOS-IR MP stomachs control dogs was 30±6%, in the DM was 25±2% (P=0.112). nNOS-IR MP ileum control dogs was 29±5%, in the DM was significantly reduced 19±5% (P=0.006). These findings indicate that DM in dogs alters intestinal nitrergic innervation more rather than the gastric one.
Asti, Martina <1984>. "Sistema nervoso enterico di cane: studio quali-quantitativo e modificazioni neurochimiche in corso di infiammazione gastroenterica e diabete mellito." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7677/.
Повний текст джерела1) Study of effects of spontaneous inflammatory bowel disease in SNE of dogs. Specimens of ileum were collected from 5 control and 8 affected dogs, use for immunohistochemistry on the cryosections - nNOS-IR MP ctrl 33±15% (178/639 cell, n=5) vs patol 24±5% (528/2031 cell, n=7) (P=0,156). nNOS-IR SMP ctrl 8±5% (40/527 cell, n=5) vs patol 7±2% (69/1007 cell, n=4) (P= 0,735). - VIP-IR MP ctrl 6±4% (69/993 cell) vs patol 16±9% (281/1958 cell, n=8) (P=0,027*). VIP-IR SMP ctrl 29±8% (300/993 cell) vs patol 30±13% (522/1630 cell, n=7) (P=0,891,) - SP-IR MP ctrl 15±8% (209/1332 cell, n=5) vs patol 17±9% (437/2053 cell, n=8) (P=0,741). SP-IR SMP ctrl 26±7% (464/1598 cell, n=5) vs patol 24±13% (592/2024 cell, n=6) (P=0,752). - CGRP-IR MP ctrl 8±9% (41/543 cell, n=5) vs patol 16±11% (259/1444 cell, n=8) (P=0,152). CGRP-IR SMP ctrl 7±8% (32/754 cell, n=5) vs patol 14±12% (194/1138 cell, n=7) (P=0,230) - Calb-IR MP ctrl 14±9% (76/580 cell, n=5) vs patol 16±7% (324/2055 cell, n=8)(P=0,596). CGRP-IR SMP ctrl di 22±7% (218/975 cell, n=5) vs patol 23±7% (261/1207 cell, n=7) (P=0,767). This is the first study about neurochemical characteristics of neuron subsets in control dogs and in gastrointestinal disease afflicted dogs. 2) Study the effects of spontaneous DM on the nitrergic neurons of the MP of the canine gastric antrum and ileum. Specimens of gastric antrum and ileum from eight control dogs and five insulin-dependent DM dogs were collected. MP neurons were immunohistochemically identified with the anti-HuC/HuD and nNOS antibody. nNOS-IR MP stomachs control dogs was 30±6%, in the DM was 25±2% (P=0.112). nNOS-IR MP ileum control dogs was 29±5%, in the DM was significantly reduced 19±5% (P=0.006). These findings indicate that DM in dogs alters intestinal nitrergic innervation more rather than the gastric one.
D'Urso, Carmelo. "La Prescrizione dell esercizio fisico nel diabete di tipo 2." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1045.
Повний текст джерелаPiraccini, Francesca. "Disuguaglianze nella qualità dell'assistenza alla popolazione adulta con diabete mellito della Regione Marche: lo studio AEQUITAS." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242870.
Повний текст джерелаDiabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in nearly all countries. Subjects’ socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with diabetes incidence and prevalence, use of healthcare services and prevalence of diabetic complications. Considering the need to analyse if appropriate services are equally provided to different socio-economic groups at local level, and considering the role of the general practitioners (GPs) in the management of chronic disease, the project AEQUITAS was conducted. The aim of the current study was to evaluate social and economic disparity in diabetes care, analysing the association between preventable hospitalization for diabetes and frequency of controls of glicated haemoglobin (A1c) and indicators of inequality. We also evaluated the diabetes care demand estimating diabetes prevalence. This study was based on administrative archives with GPs database as the main source for case detection. A total of 6 494 subjects suffering from diabetes mellitus aged ≥ 20 years were analysed in the study period. Overall prevalence of diabetes ranged from 5.4% in 2003 to 7.8% in 2010, with a significant positive trend of 0.31%. Only 21% of subjects had two or more A1c tests in each year of observation.We found people aged ≤44 years at a significant higher risk of preventable hospitalization and of poor frequency of control of A1C than people aged >44, consistently with other Italian studies. We observed an excess of preventable admissions for people living in socioeconomic disadvantage areas and they was at significant higher risks of poor frequency of A1C controls if they were aged more than 44 years. As shown in other studies, the severity of the disease increased the frequency of controls, maybe through the care of a diabetes centre. However, educational level was significantly associated neither with the rate of preventable admissions nor with the frequency of controls. These results may indicate that patients independently by their SES appropriately use health services, but outpatient healthcare services continue to be not equally available on the regional territory. The study showed that there are considerable opportunities for improving the management of diabetes, especially in the youngest and in the disadvantage areas.
Cozzolino, Francesco. "Implementazione di un sistema per il self-management del diabete di tipo 1." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16132/.
Повний текст джерелаBucci, Francesca. "Information and communication technologies nella gestione integrata del diabete mellito: stato dell'arte, progetto Metabo come caso di studio." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9306/.
Повний текст джерелаRimondi, Glenda. "Il Diabete Mellito e i relativi Dispositivi di Home Care: supporto al malato e al Servizio Sanitario Nazionale." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14646/.
Повний текст джерелаRUSSO, LUCIA. "Ricerca di nuovi autoantigeni nel diabete di tipo 1:immunoproteomica delle isole pancreatiche umane." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/209587.
Повний текст джерелаNania, Salvatore. "Effetti dell'esercizio aerobico e di resistenza nel Diabete di tipo 2 con sindrome metabolica." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1046.
Повний текст джерелаDonati, Michele. "Simulazione agent-based di un sistema di m-Health per il self-management del diabete di tipo 1." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/10680/.
Повний текст джерелаCOPPOLA, ANDREA. "Fisiopatologia della disfunzione epatica nel diabete di tipo 2: nuovi biomarker di rischio e/o patologia." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1155.
Повний текст джерелаNew biomarker determination in Type 2 Diabetes(T2D) represents a new perspective in the development of new drugs and further therapeutics approaches: their identification can have a great importance for early diagnosis and potentially lead to development of new therapies to avoid the onset of type 2 diabetes Our study focused on High Mobility Group Box 1(HMGB1), because in our laboratory, by using proteomic techniques, we previously showed that HMGB1 is differently expressed in hepatocytes WT(Hep WT) and in insulin receptor knock out (IRKO) hepatocytes. HMGB1 is a chromatin-linked non-histonic protein that has a dual function depending on the cellular condition: in the basal condition, HMGB1 is inside the nucleus and helps the interaction of transcriptional factors with DNA, however in an inflammatory condition it is secreted into extracellular space and acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Using murine Hep WT and Hep IRKO as cellular models we performed some treatments that reproduce Type 2 Diabetes pathological conditions: hyperglycemia (Glucose 30mM), Type 2 Diabetes-related complications (Glucosamine 7.5 mM), obesity (Oleic acid 0.66mM and/or Palmitic acid 0.33 mM), chronic inflammatory state (TNF-alpha 100ng/mL). In our models we showed that HMGB1 is secreted under the inflammatory stress condition; however this secretion in much higher in Hep WT than Hep IRKO. Treatment with Glucose does not induce secretion of HMGB1: our data support the hypothetical importance of insulin receptor functionality. Under our experimental conditions, Hep IRKO produce more Reactive Oxygen Species(ROS) than Hep WT do and are also more sensitive to apoptosis. Our study also focused on HMGB1 dosage in human sera. In particular we concentrated on diabetic patients as well as on diabetics with non alcoholic steatosis. Both these groups patients received treatment at PTV. We performed our experiments on a 51 patients cohort, and we demonstrated that there is an inverse correlation between HMGB1 secretion and hepatic steatosis. This is despite a direct correlation between hepatic steatosis and all of the following: insulin secretion, CRP and gamma GT
Righi, Cristina <1991>. "La MTC nel trattamento del diabete di tipo 2 e neuropatie associate: proposta di traduzione di tre articoli medici." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/7096.
Повний текст джерелаSANTINI, VANINA. "Incretine e diabete di tipo di 2 : effetti di Exenatide bis and die sul metabolismo glucidico e sulla composizione corporea (massa grassa, massa magra, peso corporeo, circonferenza vita, BMI, metabolismo energetico) in una popolazione di adulti affetti da diabete di tipo 2." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/1200.
Повний текст джерелаThe alterations of the secretion insulinic constitute the precocious and conclusive event the patogenesi and the evolution of the diabetes type 2 and they are consequent to defects that involve both the operation and the mass of the β cell. Such defects motivate the why, to the diagnosis, the loss is often observed of well 50% of the function and of the mass beta cellular. From here the search of new treatment able to preserve both the secretive ability is the mass of the β cell. It enjoys of these ownerships "exenatide", an incretino-mimetic agonist of the receptor of the GLP-1 able both to stimulate the function and the reproductive ability of the β cell both, to induce a decrease ponder her in the diabetic patients type 2. -- AIM. Aim of our study is that to appraise the positive effect on the metabolic remuneration and on the decrease ponder her in a population of diabetics type 2 in bad metabolic remuneration and overweight in accord to the data of the literature and to appraise if the medicine in matter also has an effect on the bodily (Mass fat-MG, mass thin-MM, metabolism energetic-me) composition so that to hypothesize an association among decrease ponder her and possible decrease of the fat mass. -- METHODS. 16 patient with type 2diabetes (5M/11F) with history of diabetes from about 11 years (11 +5-mean +DS) and aged 57,13 ±s 7.8 that. Inclusion criteria were: FPG > 200 mg/dl, HbA1c>7,5% and BMI >28 Kg/m2. To all has been assistant to the stable basal therapy from 3 months to the max dosing (Glibenclamide 2,5 mg per3 die, Repalinide 2 Mg for 3 die; Glicazide 30 Mg 2 cp die) and to the metformina 2,5 grs die, exenatide subcutaneus and diet. Exenatide was administered under skin to the dosage of 5 μg bis and die for 1 month (in accord to the note AIFA) and 10 μg bis and die for the six following months. All the patients have been submitted to the basal, after 1 month of therapy with exenatide 5 μg bis and die and after six months of therapy with exenatide 10 μg bis and die, to dexa for the evaluation of the total fat mass and the lean mass and to impedenziometria for the calculation of the basal metabolism, to weekly expiration, the compliance was appraised pharmacology and dietologica, the safety on the patient investigating on the appearance of collateral (what it nausea, vomit, abdominal pain) effects and its effect on the glicemia appraising the glicemic diary of the patient. Every month, the antropometric parameters were taken (waist/hip BMI), the body weight and glycemic parameters (Hba1c), the renal and liver function, and lipid profile. -- RESULTS. From basal, the popolation was homogeneous in comparison to the age, to the duration of the diabetes and the presence of hypertension and dislipidemia (14 patients on 16) and in comparison to the antropometrics parameters (weight 89 Kg+16, BMI33+5Kg/m2, waist104 +11 cm) and for the energy metabolism (1587+197Kcal). For the body composition, it was notable the DS and, in the detail, the lean mass to the basal one was of 49 Kg +9,2 and the fat 38,2 Kg +110. After 1 month of therapy, to the administration of exenatide 5 μg bis/die, has observed: 1) decreasing statistically of the HbA1c% (9,1% vs7,7% with p = 0001); 2) decreasing of 1 Kg of body weight with p = 0,01 and reduction of the BMI from 33,8% to 33,5% with p = 0,01; 3) increase of the lean mass of 1 Kg (from 48,9 Kg to 49,6 Kg) and decreasing statistically of the fat mass of 1 Kg (38 Kg to 37 with p = 0001); 4) increase of 100 Kcal of the energetic metabolism from 1578 to 1678. After 6 months of treatment with exenatide 10 μg bis and die in comparison to the basal, the study shows :1) decreasing HbA1c to 6,7% (- 3% from to the basal, p = 0003) 2) decreasing of the weight of 3 Kg, p=0,01 and of the wist of 3 cm (105 vs 102 p=007) and of the BMI (38,9 vs32,6 Kg/m2 p=002); 3) no influence of the lean mass and the basal energy to the basal bat decreasing of total fat mass (37Kg vs 35 p=001). -- CONCLUSIONS. The study show that exenatide further to induce an important improvement of the glycemic control and the body weight, in accord to the litterature, introduces a positive association with the reduction of the fat mass in patiens with type 2 diabetes. Such datum, strongly innovative, could constitute a main point and further advantage in the therapy with exenatide in a population as the diabetic, often overweight and with presence of visceral obesity. In our study we have underlined besides that these positive data are already present when the dosage of the treatment is low for then to amplify him to the most larger doses. Finally our population has never introduced such collateral effects to bring to its suspension, and, sees the benefits, it totality of the patients is almost continuing with this therapy. Our study has been the first one to appraise the presence of a potential association between exenatide and body composition and it is our intention to amplify the number of the patients to be able to offer great credibility to how much shown. key words : diabetes type 2, obesity, thin mass, fat mass, index of bodily mass, incretine.
Migliorino, Valentina. "Relazione tra dati ultrasonografici ossei e caratteristiche cliniche in un gruppo di pazienti con diabete di tipo 1." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1460.
Повний текст джерелаValentino, Giulia. "Modello a lungo termine per la dinamica del glucosio-insulina nel diabete di tipo 1." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22994/.
Повний текст джерелаGARBAGNATI, FRANCESCA MARIA. "Dieta a contenuto di sodio controllato e neodiagnosi di ipertensione: valutazione dell'efficacia in soggetti con diabete di tipo 2 e normoglicemici." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/214309.
Повний текст джерелаHypertension is considered as one of the main contributors to chronic diseases increase, from which most of the causes of death and disability depend worldwide. A recent report of World Health Organization about the main risk factors responsible for global mortality, identified hypertension as one of the main contributors, together with high emetic levels of glucose and cholesterol, physical inactivity, overweight/obesity, and low consumption of vegetables and fruits. Hypertension is therefore a problem of great relevance for public health, with a constantly growing incidence estimated to be at 26% in adult population, and even higher as the age increase. Moreover, recent data indicate that among the hypertensive people only 25‐50% is aware of being hypertensive, and that among those subjected to medical treatment a significant part receives an inadequate pressure control. As regards hypertension in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes, it should be noted that these two pathological conditions are closely related. The incidence of hypertension among them is doubled respect to normal population and covers 80% of all diabetic patients, since both diseases have a common pathogenesis which, although not fully understood, has insulin resistance as an initial condition. Hypertension is often present when diabetes is diagnosed and is associated with other cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Diabetes exposes patients to a cardiovascular risk similar to a previous acute myocardial infarction, therefore these patients must be subjected to a more rigorous blood pressure control. For such a reason, the European Guidelines establish lower threshold values for the diagnosis of hypertension in diabetic patients (130/85 mm Hg) than in non diabetic people. In every case and for any kind of patient, hypertension represents one of the main modifiable risk factors not only by an adequate pharmacological therapy, but also by modifications to the lifestyle, and in particular by a reduction of salt consumption, which, even in the order of 4‐5 g per day, reduces blood pressure of about 2.5/5 mm Hg in hypertensive patients and of about 1/2 mm Hg in normotensive people, with a positive correlation between the level of reduction of salt consumption and the level of blood pressure reduction. The awareness of the importance of blood pressure control by means of lifestyle control and of the reduction of salt consumption is becoming a recurring theme of national politics in many countries, which, among the public health objectives, insert measures directed to create a reduction of salt consumption in the population as a precondition for a reduction of the pathologies related to high blood pressure. However, despite the high cardiovascular risk and the theoretical reasons supporting a higher sensitivity to salt, there are few studies of intervention on diabetic patients with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of the reduction of salt consumption, as recognized even by a 2002 position statement on the treatment of hypertension in diabetic patient (Arauz‐Pacheco). Aims of the work The intervention study “Controlled sodium diet and new hypertension diagnosis : evaluation of efficacy on diabetic and normoglycemic patients” was carried out in the “Diabetes and Hypertension Prevention 2 Center“ (Asl RM B‐ Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata). The study involved two different populations of patients: a group was formed by patients belonging to the City Police of Rome; the second one involved type II diabetes patients. The study was divided into two phases: the first phase was aimed at blood pressure screening in both groups; the second phase consisted of the administration of a low sodium diet in the group of patients with new diagnosis of hypertension. Objectives of the screening phase were to evaluate arterial and pre‐hypertension in the two populations, to reach the pressure targets and to identify unaware hypertensive patients in order to include them into the intervention phase. Objectives of the intervention phase were to verify the impact of a low controlled sodium regime on arterial blood pressure, compared to a moderate controlled content sodium diet, in subjects with newly diagnosed mild hypertension, and to verify the compliance with the two dietetic interventions in the short and long term. Secondary objective on the diabetic patients was to evaluate the effects of low salt diet on arterial stiffness parameter. of type II diabetes patients followed by the “Diabetes and Hypertension prevention Centre“ (n=300; 164 M and 138 F). Arterial blood pressure was measured either in a medical centre or at home for nine days, by identical instruments. During the arterial blood pressure monitoring phase, subjects with either no diagnosis of hypertension/pre‐hypertension or with a newly diagnosed hypertension/pre‐hypertension were identified. These subjects had no pharmacological treatment and were proposed to participate in the following intervention phase. Phase II. During the intervention phase, subjects identified as neo‐hypertensive patients, were divided into two groups, which underwent a strictly controlled low salt treatment: the Low‐Na group (L‐Na) had a sodium intake of 1.4g/die, equivalent to 3.5g/die sodium chloride; the Medium‐ Na group (M‐Na) had a sodium intake of 2.3 g/die, equivalent to 5.75g/die sodium chloride. Sodium consumption was controlled by a low salt diet (less than 700mg/die of sodium from diet) and the use of sachets containing 1g of NaCl each one. Patient were told to cook meals without any salt and then add only the supplied sachets onto their portion of food in order to reach the right amount of salt, relevant to their intervention group. The efficacy of the two diet regimens on arterial blood pressure (BP) was evaluated after 20 days of controlled diet regimen and afterwards at regular intervals, by monitoring both the compliance with dietetic regimen and BP trend. During this period, patients were able to learn how to adjust the amount of salt in the food, based on their sensitive perception. Furthermore, weight, BMI and waist circumference were also evaluated; in diabetic patients, arterial stiffness, the augmentation index and the pulse wave velocity, were monitored. Compliance with the low salt diet was evaluated by checking the 24 hour urinary sodium excretion. Results Phase 1. The blood pressure monitoring was performed on 83 city‐policemen (VG) including 54 males and 29 females with a mean age of 52.3 ± 8.0 years, and in 300 patients with type 2 diabetes (DB), of which 164 were males and 138 females and whose average age was 60.5 ± 11.8 years. In the two populations a clear prevalence of over‐weight/obesity was observed; in VG population BMI was 27.7±5.2 kg/m2 while in diabetic population BMI was 30.7±5.8 kg/m2. It is noticeable that BP values measured at the medical centre were higher than those measured at home. Indeed, home measurements had a mean value of Systolic blood pressure (PAS) 138.8 ±22.0 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (PAD) 84.5± 12.0 mmHg in VG population, and PAS=126,0±18,2 mmHg e PAD=74,9±10 in diabetic patients. Inside the group of diabetic patients, mean BP at the 1st visit was higher than that measured in patients followed by the diabetic centre. Distribution of normo vs hypertensive patients is different in diabetic patients, compared to VG; indeed, about 50% of VG has high value of BP, while in DP this value increases to 80%, including both patients with a history of hypertension and patients with a recent diagnosis. Patient with a recent neo diagnosis of hypertension are about 20% of the population in both the screened groups (VG: 21,2% ; DB: 22,6%). Phase 2. In the intervention phase, 16 VG (12 M, 4F) mean age 54,6±9,1 year, and 36 DB (25 M; 11 F) mean age 54±9,9 year, were included. Overweight or obese patients were less in the VG group, than in the diabetic patients. Basal PAS and PAD values were 145,5 ± 10,8 mmHg and 84,1 ±6,1 mmHg in VG population; 140,4 ±6, 1 mmHg and 81,5 ±5,6 in DB population; moreover, inter‐group homogeneity was high. In the VG group after 20 days of controlled low salt diet, a significant reduction in BP was observed. The mean PAS variation was ‐12,0 ±7,3 mmHg (p=0,002) (‐7,8% ) in L‐Na group and ‐5,9±3,8 mmHg (p=0,006) (‐4,1%) in M‐Na group. In DB population, a significant reduction in BP was observed, both in values checked at the centre, and in those taken at home, with a PAS mean change ‐8,1±7,9 mmHg (p<0,002) (‐5,9%) in the L‐Na group. The reduction in PAS was in the Medium salt group equal to ‐6,2±5,3 mmHg (p=0,002) (‐ 4,4%). In the VG group, the trend to the lowering of BP was constant all along the three months of observation, while in the L‐Na group an increase in BP was observed, although values still remain lower than the basal values. It is noticeable that BP values in M‐Na group were quite the same as in the L‐Na group, at the end of three months. In the DB population, BP monitoring for 15 months showed that the negative trend continued both in the L‐Na group and in the M‐Na group, leading to a relevant decrease of BP over the basal level. The regression for repeated measurements clearly showed the positive interaction between treatment and time (p<0.02). In the DB population a significant variation in arterial stiffness index was also observed. Indeed, after 20 days of strict diet, brachial AIX decreased by 17.7% in the L‐Na group and by 14.6% in the M‐Na group. PWV variation was higher in the L‐Na group, with a statistically significant reduction of 1.6m/s. Conclusions The study demonstrated that in the two populations studied there was a relevant number of subjects who, although hypertensive, did not know their blood pressure situation. If correctly monitored and treated even with only small changes of their lifestyle, in particular as regards the sodium intake, these subjects may exert a positive control on blood pressure, with a consequent possible reduction of cardiovascular risk. In both the populations studied, a salt intake of 3.75 mg per day has more evident and incisive effects in the short term respect to a salt intake of 5.5 mg per day, while the observance of a diet with low sodium intake is effective in a similar way on the long term. The preservation of pressure values within the reference range demonstrates that results are more effective depending on as much time is dedicated to controls. The more time is dedicated to controls, to a personalized identification of correct eating habits and to their strengthening of such a life style, the more efficacy the results are . Phase 1. Phase 1 population consisted of a sample of City Policemen (n=83; 54 M and 29 F) and of a sample
Boscari, Federico. "Artificial pancreas development in type 1 diabetic patients." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425238.
Повний текст джерелаIntroduzione: Nei pazienti affetti da diabete mellito di tipo 1, il buon controllo glicemico si associa con la riduzione delle complicanze. Tuttavia solo una parte di questi pazienti, anche se trattati con sistemi per il monitoraggio in continuo della glicemia e con microinfusori per la somministrazione in continuo di insulina (SAP therapy), raggiungono un controllo metabolico soddisfacente. Diversi gruppi di studio stanno sviluppando sistemi automatici, chiamati pancreas artificiale o sistemi ad ansa chiusa (CLC, closed loop control). Tale sistema è costituito da una pompa insulinica (microinfusore), da un sistema per il monitoraggio in continuo della glicemia e da un algoritmo di controllo in grado di modificare la velocità di infusione di insulina in maniera automatica, sulla base dei valori registrati dal sensore glicemico. Materiali e metodi: abbiamo valutato l'efficacia e la sicurezza del nostro modello di Pancreas Artificiale nei confronti della SAP therapy. Nel nostro modello di pancreas artificiale l'algoritmo di controllo è installato all'interno di uno smartphone (DiAS, Diabetes Assistant), in grado di comunicare via bluetooth con il sistema di monitoraggio in continuo della glicemia e con il microinfusore. Abbiamo portato a termine 5 studi, che saranno oggetto di questa tesi, nei quali abbiamo testato il sistema a domicilio del paziente, dapprima durante la notte, in seguito per l'intera giornata e per periodi progressivamente piu lunghi fino ad arrivare a 6 mesi di utilizzo. Abbiamo quindi testato il sistema in ambito pediatrico. Risultati: in un trial cross over randomizzato della durata di 2 mesi in cui si utilizzava il pancreas artificiale durante la sera e la notte, confrontato a SAP Therapy, l'utilizzo del sistema portava ad un incremento del tempo trascorso in target (70-180 mg/dl), dal 58.1% al 66.7% ( P < 0.0001), ad una riduzione della glicemia media, (162 mg/dl vs 167 mg/dl, P=0.0053) e del tempo trascorso in ipoglicemia (<70 mg/dl) dal 3.0% al 1.7% (P < 0.0001) e a una riduzione dei valori di emoglobina glicata. Il proseguimento di tale studio prevedeva l'utilizzo del pancreas artificiale per l'intera giornata per un mese, dimostrando nei confronti della SAP therapy, un miglioramento del tempo trascorso in target (64.7 ± 7.6% vs. 59.7 ± 9.6%, P = 0.01) e una riduzione del tempo trascorso in ipoglicemia (1.9 ± 1.1% vs. 3.2 ± 1.8%, P = 0.001). In un terzo trial abbiamo valutato un differente algoritmo di controllo per 2 settimane durante il periodo notturno e per 2 settimane durante l'intera giornata, paragonando tali periodi a settimane di SAP therapy. Durante il periodo notturno il pancreas artificiale ha ridotto il tempo trascorso in ipoglicemia dal 3.0% al 1.1% (P < 0.001), incrementato il tempo in target dal 61% al 75% (P < 0.001) ridotto la glicemia media da 163 a 150 mg/dL (P = 0.002). Allo stesso modo il pancreas artificiale ha migliorato il controllo glicemico anche nelle 24 ore, riducendo il tempo trascorso in ipoglicemia dal 4.1% al 1.7% (P < 0.001), incrementando il tempo trascorso nel target dal 65% al 73% (P < 0.001), riducendo il tempo trascorso in iperglicemia dal 32% al 25% (P = 0.001). Confrontando l'utilizzo notturno del pancreas artificiale con l'utilizzo nelle 24 ore si è osservata un ulteriore riduzione del tempo trascorso in ipoglicemia con l'utilizzo del sistema per l'intera giornata. Un sottogruppo di pazienti ha proseguito l'utilizzo del pancreas artificiale per ulteriori 5 mesi, confermando l'efficacia del sistema (tempo in target:77% vs. 66%, P<0.001, tempo in ipoglicemia: 4.1% vs 1.3%, P < 0.001, tempo in iperglicemia 31% vs 22%, P = 0.01). Infine abbiamo testato il sistema in una popolazione pediatrica durante un campo scuola estivo, arruolando pazienti diabetici di età compresa tra i 5 e i 9 anni. Durante il periodo notturno il pancreas artificiale ha portato ad una riduzione delle ipoglicemie (P < 0.002), senza differenze riguardo il tempo trascorso nel target. Durante le 24 ore si osservava una riduzione del tempo trascorso in ipoglicemia, dal 6.7% al 2.0% (P < 0.001), ma un incremento della glicemia media (147 mg/dL vs. 169 mg/dL, P < 0.001) e una riduzione dle tempo trascorso nel target (63.1% vs. 56.8%, P = 0.022). Conclusioni: questi risultati hanno dimostrato la sicurezza e l'efficacia del nostro modello di pancreas artificiale. Sono ovviamente necessari alcuni miglioramenti per portare ad ottimizzare il controllo in ambito pediatrico e durante le ore diurne.
Condorelli, Angelo Giuseppe. "Basi molecolari della differente risposta delle cellule alpha e beta del pancreas di mammifero all apoptosi mediata da citochine: implicazioni patogenetiche nel Diabete Mellito." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1683.
Повний текст джерелаTrevisiol, Enrica. "Angiogenesi e popolazioni mieloidi CD33 positive nelle complicanze agli arti inferiori nel diabete di tipo 2." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3421959.
Повний текст джерелаIl diabete di tipo 2 rientra tra le patologie di maggior impatto sanitario nel mondo occidentale, con costi elevati sia in termini di spesa sanitaria sia in termini di benessere e sopravvivenza del paziente. La malattia infatti è caratterizzata da complicanze a carico di diversi distretti, in particolar modo neurologico e vascolare. La compromissione a livello dei vasi può causare deficit in organi importanti quali il rene e l’occhio ed essere parte integrante dei meccanismi che causano il fenomeno del piede diabetico, insieme a neuropatia ed infezione. Tra i processi che controllano la rigenerazione vascolare e che sono disregolati nel diabete rientra l’angiogenesi. La formazione di nuovi vasi infatti è accentuata sulla retina mentre si riduce drasticamente a livello degli arti inferiori, con una marcata deplezione di precursori endoteliali in pazienti con lesioni ai piedi. S100B è una proteina a basso peso molecolare espressa in cellule di diversa origine, sia neuronale che muscolare che vascolare. La sua azione dipende dalla concentrazione di proteina e dal legame con il recettore RAGE, esercitando effetti sia di tipo intracellulare che extracellulare. È stato evidenziato un possibile ruolo di S100B nel regolare alcuni processi chiave nell’angiogenesi, ad esempio proliferazione e migrazione cellulare, ma il ruolo esatto, la concentrazione di utilizzo e i pathway coinvolti ancora non sono stati pienamente dimostrati. La prima parte di questa tesi si propone pertanto di mettere in luce il ruolo della proteina in diverse tappe del processo angiogenico quali proliferazione, migrazione e capacità di formare strutture capillaro-simili in vitro su cellule endoteliali da vena di cordone ombelicale e in vivo, verificando la necessità del legame S100B-RAGE e valutando il coinvolgimento del pathway mediato dalla chinasi ERK1/2. Una componente importante della complicanza agli arti inferiori è la presenza di un corretto funzionamento del sistema immunitario, per prevenire e debellare le eventuali infezioni in corso.La popolazione cellulare mieloide è attivamente coinvolta a livello sanguigno nel promuovere meccanismi di difesa di tipo infiammatorio, in particolar modo con l’ausilio di monociti circolanti e la loro interazione con le cellule endoteliali vascolari.5 La popolazione dendritica invece si rivela indispensabile nei processi di presentazione dell’antigene batterico o virale ai linfociti, inducendo una successiva risposta cellulo-mediata. Un marcatore di origine midollare presente sulla superficie delle cellule di linea mieloide è CD33, molecola utilizzata come marcatore di immaturità ma dal ruolo non ancora chiaro. La proteina infatti contiene dei motivi detti ITIM, con funzione inibitoria, ed è stato riportato come possa controllare la risposta infiammatoria prevenendo il signaling dato dalle citochine e l’attivazione dei monociti, ma non sono ancora disponibili sufficienti evidenze per quanto riguarda il link con la patologia diabetica. La seconda parte di tesi si propone pertanto di evidenziare la presenza di CD33 su sangue periferico di pazienti con diabete di tipo 2 non complicato o con complicanze per capire se può essere considerato un marcatore di interesse nella progressione della lesione. La ricerca si propone inoltre di valutare il comportamento di CD33 su diverse classi di popolazioni cellulari mieloidi isolate da controlli sani o da pazienti diabetici con lesioni agli arti inferiori, in particolar modo monociti classici e non classici e cellule dendritiche, mimando in vitro l’ambiente iperglicemico protratto nel diabete.
Dalmaz, Caroline Abrão. "Polimorfismos de inserção/deleção do gene da ECA e K121Q do gene PC-1 em pacientes com Diabete Mellito tipo 1 normoalbuminúricos : estudo com 10 anos de acompanhamento." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/2697.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this study was to analyze the role of the ACE gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms and of the PC-1 gene K121Q polymorphism in the changes of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER), and blood pressure levels in a cohort of normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients. This was a 10.2 ± 2.0 year prospective study of 30 normotensive normoalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients. UAER (immunoturbidimetry), GFR (51Cr-EDTA single injection technique), GHb (ion-exchange chromatography) and blood pressure levels were measured at baseline and at 1.7 ± 0.6 year intervals. The presence of ACE gene I/D and PC-1 gene K121Q polymorphisms was determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme techniques. Eleven patients was a II genotype, 13 the ID and 6 was the DD genotype. Three patients developed diabetic nephropathy; all were carriers of allele D of the ACE gene. The presence of allele D was the only predictor (R2=0.15; F=4.92; P=0.035) of the observed GFR decline (-0.29 ± 0.34 ml/min/month; P<0.05). UAER increased during the study (log UAER change = 0.0275 ± 0.042 μg/min/month; P=0.002) and was associated with baseline UAER levels only (R2=0.17; F=5.72; P=0.024). A significant increase (P<0.05) in cases of hypertension and new cases of retinopathy were observed only ID/DD and not in II patients. Twenty-two patients was KK genotype, 7 the KQ and 1 was the QQ genotype. Patients with the KQ/QQ (n=8) presented a significant increase (P=0.045) in new cases of retinopathy. In conclusion the presence of D allele of ACE gene in this sample of normoalbuminuric normotensive type 1 diabetes patients was associated with a higher proportion of microvascular complications and hypertension.
GARBAGNATI, FRANCESCA MARIA. "Dieta a contenuto di sodio controllato e neodiagnosi di ipertensione: valutazione dell'efficacia in soggetti con diabete tipo 2 e normoglicemici." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/214445.
Повний текст джерелаHypertension is considered as one of the main contributors to chronic diseases increase, from which most of the causes of death and disability depend worldwide. A recent report of World Health Organization about the main risk factors responsible for global mortality, identified hypertension as one of the main contributors, together with high emetic levels of glucose and cholesterol, physical inactivity, overweight/obesity, and low consumption of vegetables and fruits. Hypertension is therefore a problem of great relevance for public health, with a constantly growing incidence estimated to be at 26% in adult population, and even higher as the age increase. Moreover, recent data indicate that among the hypertensive people only 25‐50% is aware of being hypertensive, and that among those subjected to medical treatment a significant part receives an inadequate pressure control. As regards hypertension in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes, it should be noted that these two pathological conditions are closely related. The incidence of hypertension among them is doubled respect to normal population and covers 80% of all diabetic patients, since both diseases have a common pathogenesis which, although not fully understood, has insulin resistance as an initial condition. Hypertension is often present when diabetes is diagnosed and is associated with other cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Diabetes exposes patients to a cardiovascular risk similar to a previous acute myocardial infarction, therefore these patients must be subjected to a more rigorous blood pressure control. For such a reason, the European Guidelines establish lower threshold values for the diagnosis of hypertension in diabetic patients (130/85 mm Hg) than in non diabetic people. In every case and for any kind of patient, hypertension represents one of the main modifiable risk factors not only by an adequate pharmacological therapy, but also by modifications to the lifestyle, and in particular by a reduction of salt consumption, which, even in the order of 4‐5 g per day, reduces blood pressure of about 2.5/5 mm Hg in hypertensive patients and of about 1/2 mm Hg in normotensive people, with a positive correlation between the level of reduction of salt consumption and the level of blood pressure reduction. The awareness of the importance of blood pressure control by means of lifestyle control and of the reduction of salt consumption is becoming a recurring theme of national politics in many countries, which, among the public health objectives, insert measures directed to create a reduction of salt consumption in the population as a precondition for a reduction of the pathologies related to high blood pressure. However, despite the high cardiovascular risk and the theoretical reasons supporting a higher sensitivity to salt, there are few studies of intervention on diabetic patients with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of the reduction of salt consumption, as recognized even by a 2002 position statement on the treatment of hypertension in diabetic patient (Arauz‐Pacheco). Aims of the work The intervention study “Controlled sodium diet and new hypertension diagnosis : evaluation of efficacy on diabetic and normoglycemic patients” was carried out in the “Diabetes and Hypertension Prevention 2 Center“ (Asl RM B‐ Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata). The study involved two different populations of patients: a group was formed by patients belonging to the City Police of Rome; the second one involved type II diabetes patients. The study was divided into two phases: the first phase was aimed at blood pressure screening in both groups; the second phase consisted of the administration of a low sodium diet in the group of patients with new diagnosis of hypertension. Objectives of the screening phase were to evaluate arterial and pre‐hypertension in the two populations, to reach the pressure targets and to identify unaware hypertensive patients in order to include them into the intervention phase. Objectives of the intervention phase were to verify the impact of a low controlled sodium regime on arterial blood pressure, compared to a moderate controlled content sodium diet, in subjects with newly diagnosed mild hypertension, and to verify the compliance with the two dietetic interventions in the short and long term. Secondary objective on the diabetic patients was to evaluate the effects of low salt diet on arterial stiffness parameter. Methods Phase 1. Phase 1 population consisted of a sample of City Policemen (n=83; 54 M and 29 F) and of a sample of type II diabetes patients followed by the “Diabetes and Hypertension prevention Centre“ (n=300; 164 M and 138 F). Arterial blood pressure was measured either in a medical centre or at home for nine days, by identical instruments. During the arterial blood pressure monitoring phase, subjects with either no diagnosis of hypertension/pre‐hypertension or with a newly diagnosed hypertension/pre‐hypertension were identified. These subjects had no pharmacological treatment and were proposed to participate in the following intervention phase. Phase II. During the intervention phase, subjects identified as neo‐hypertensive patients, were divided into two groups, which underwent a strictly controlled low salt treatment: the Low‐Na group (L‐Na) had a sodium intake of 1.4g/die, equivalent to 3.5g/die sodium chloride; the Medium‐ Na group (M‐Na) had a sodium intake of 2.3 g/die, equivalent to 5.75g/die sodium chloride. Sodium consumption was controlled by a low salt diet (less than 700mg/die of sodium from diet) and the use of sachets containing 1g of NaCl each one. Patient were told to cook meals without any salt and then add only the supplied sachets onto their portion of food in order to reach the right amount of salt, relevant to their intervention group. The efficacy of the two diet regimens on arterial blood pressure (BP) was evaluated after 20 days of controlled diet regimen and afterwards at regular intervals, by monitoring both the compliance with dietetic regimen and BP trend. During this period, patients were able to learn how to adjust the amount of salt in the food, based on their sensitive perception. Furthermore, weight, BMI and waist circumference were also evaluated; in diabetic patients, arterial stiffness, the augmentation index and the pulse wave velocity, were monitored. Compliance with the low salt diet was evaluated by checking the 24 hour urinary sodium excretion. Results Phase 1. The blood pressure monitoring was performed on 83 city‐policemen (VG) including 54 males and 29 females with a mean age of 52.3 ± 8.0 years, and in 300 patients with type 2 diabetes (DB), of which 164 were males and 138 females and whose average age was 60.5 ± 11.8 years. In the two populations a clear prevalence of over‐weight/obesity was observed; in VG population BMI was 27.7±5.2 kg/m2 while in diabetic population BMI was 30.7±5.8 kg/m2. It is noticeable that BP values measured at the medical centre were higher than those measured at home. Indeed, home measurements had a mean value of Systolic blood pressure (PAS) 138.8 ±22.0 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (PAD) 84.5± 12.0 mmHg in VG population, and PAS=126,0±18,2 mmHg e PAD=74,9±10 in diabetic patients. Inside 3 the group of diabetic patients, mean BP at the 1st visit was higher than that measured in patients followed by the diabetic centre. Distribution of normo vs hypertensive patients is different in diabetic patients, compared to VG; indeed, about 50% of VG has high value of BP, while in DP this value increases to 80%, including both patients with a history of hypertension and patients with a recent diagnosis. Patient with a recent neo diagnosis of hypertension are about 20% of the population in both the screened groups (VG: 21,2% ; DB: 22,6%). Phase 2. In the intervention phase, 16 VG (12 M, 4F) mean age 54,6±9,1 year, and 36 DB (25 M; 11 F) mean age 54±9,9 year, were included. Overweight or obese patients were less in the VG group, than in the diabetic patients. Basal PAS and PAD values were 145,5 ± 10,8 mmHg and 84,1 ±6,1 mmHg in VG population; 140,4 ±6, 1 mmHg and 81,5 ±5,6 in DB population; moreover, inter‐group homogeneity was high. In the VG group after 20 days of controlled low salt diet, a significant reduction in BP was observed. The mean PAS variation was ‐12,0 ±7,3 mmHg (p=0,002) (‐7,8% ) in L‐Na group and ‐5,9±3,8 mmHg (p=0,006) (‐4,1%) in M‐Na group. In DB population, a significant reduction in BP was observed, both in values checked at the centre, and in those taken at home, with a PAS mean change ‐8,1±7,9 mmHg (p<0,002) (‐5,9%) in the L‐Na group. The reduction in PAS was in the Medium salt group equal to ‐6,2±5,3 mmHg (p=0,002) (‐ 4,4%). In the VG group, the trend to the lowering of BP was constant all along the three months of observation, while in the L‐Na group an increase in BP was observed, although values still remain lower than the basal values. It is noticeable that BP values in M‐Na group were quite the same as in the L‐Na group, at the end of three months. In the DB population, BP monitoring for 15 months showed that the negative trend continued both in the L‐Na group and in the M‐Na group, leading to a relevant decrease of BP over the basal level. The regression for repeated measurements clearly showed the positive interaction between treatment and time (p<0.02). In the DB population a significant variation in arterial stiffness index was also observed. Indeed, after 20 days of strict diet, brachial AIX decreased by 17.7% in the L‐Na group and by 14.6% in the M‐Na group. PWV variation was higher in the L‐Na group, with a statistically significant reduction of 1.6m/s. Conclusions The study demonstrated that in the two populations studied there was a relevant number of subjects who, although hypertensive, did not know their blood pressure situation. If correctly monitored and treated even with only small changes of their lifestyle, in particular as regards the sodium intake, these subjects may exert a positive control on blood pressure, with a consequent possible reduction of cardiovascular risk. In both the populations studied, a salt intake of 3.75 mg per day has more evident and incisive effects in the short term respect to a salt intake of 5.5 mg per day, while the observance of a diet with low sodium intake is effective in a similar way on the long term. The preservation of pressure values within the reference range demonstrates that results are more effective depending on as much time is dedicated to controls. The more time is dedicated to controls, to a personalized identification of correct eating habits and to their strengthening of such a life style, the more efficacy the results are .
DI, BELLA Giovanna. "Il magnesio ionizzato negli anziani diabetici." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/91245.
Повний текст джерелаMILIĆ, Jovana. "Relazioni chiave tra steatosi epatica, insulino-resistenza, diabete mellito, fragilità, terapia antiretrovirale basata sugli inibitori dell'integrasi e aumento di peso nelle persone che vivono con HIV." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1253896.
Повний текст джерелаBackground Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become an emerging condition in general aging population and the most common cause of chronic liver disease. We hypothesized that NAFLD could be a significant determinant of frailty, in the context of a multisystemic nature of both these conditions. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate the correlation between liver steatosis and significant fibrosis alone and in association (NAFLD with fibrosis) and frailty, as a measure of biological age, in PLWH. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of consecutive patients attending Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic in 2018-2019. Patients with hazardous alcohol intake and viral hepatitis co-infection were excluded. Liver steatosis was diagnosed by controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), while liver fibrosis was diagnosed by liver stiffness measurement (LSM). NAFLD was defined as presence of liver steatosis (CAP≥248), while significant liver fibrosis or cirrhosis (stage ≥F2) as LSM>7.1 kPa. Frailty was assessed using a 36-Item frailty index (FI). Logistic regression was used to explore predictors of frailty using steatosis and fibrosis as covariates. Results We analyzed 707 PLWH (mean age 53.5 years, 76.2% males, median CD4 700 μL, 98.7% with undetectable HIV RNA). NAFLD with fibrosis was present in 10.2%; 18.9% and 3.9% of patients were classified as frail and most-frail, respectively. Univariate analysis demonstrated that neurocognitive impairment (OR=5.1, 1.6-15), vitamin D insufficiency (OR=1.94, 1.2-3.2), obesity (OR=8.1, 4.4-14.6), diabetes (OR=3.2, 1.9-5.6) and osteoporosis (OR=0.37, 0.16-0.76) were significantly associated with NAFLD with fibrosis. Predictors of FI included : steatosis (OR=2.1, 1.3-3.5), fibrosis (OR=2, 1-3.7), NAFLD with fibrosis (OR=9.2, 5.2-16.8), diabetes (OR=1.7, 1-2.7) and multimorbidity (OR=2.5, 1.5-4). Conclusion Liver steatosis and NAFLD with fibrosis were associated with frailty. NAFLD with fibrosis exceeded multimorbidity in the prediction of frailty, suggesting the former as an indicator of metabolic age in PLWH.
BELLIA, ALFONSO. "Effetti vascolari e metabolici delle statine in una coorte di pazienti affetti da diabete tipo 2 e dislipidemia secondaria." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/832.
Повний текст джерелаPatrizi, Alyssa. "Validazione e ottimizzazione di un modello computazionale integrato della terapia emodialitica e della cinetica glucosio-insulina." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18701/.
Повний текст джерелаRagazzini, Giulia. "Dieta di sostituzione con alimenti a base di grano khorasan KAMUT in pazienti affetti da diabete di tipo 2: Valutazione dell'effetto sull'espressione genica in campioni di sangue intero." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/14588/.
Повний текст джерелаPappalardo, Alessandro Orazio Giovanni. "Ruolo del recettore Gabaa nelle cellule alfa pancreatiche e suo coinvolgimento nelle fasi di desensibilizzazione indotta dalla lipotossicità nel diabete di tipo II." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/3991.
Повний текст джерелаCAMERLINGO, NUNZIO. "Migliorare la gestione dell'ipoglicemia nel diabete di tipo 1 mediante sensori CGM: modelli del comportamento del paziente, ottimizzazione della durata di monitoraggio nei trial clinici e suggerimento in tempo reale di carboidrati preventivi." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3458744.
Повний текст джерелаIn type 1 diabetes (T1D) management, individuals are required to perform burdensome daily tasks to compensate the absence of endogenous insulin, and to maintain their blood glucose (BG) concentration within the target range. To control BG and to tune therapeutic actions, individuals can use continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors, modern devices providing BG readings almost continuously. However, the risk of hypoglycemia (BG<70 mg/dL) is always present, with extremely dangerous short-term complications and a negative impact on quality of life. The huge amount of information provided by CGM can be used to quantify the therapy effectiveness through the computation of the so-called time-in-ranges, expressing the percentage of time with CGM within a certain glycemic range. For example, the percent time with CGM<70 mg/dL is indicated as time below range (TBR). Nowadays, the test of new T1D therapies can be much more easily pursued thanks to simulation tools that effectively capture individual physiology and therapy-related behavior, and allow performing in-silico clinical trials (ISCTs) at limited costs, without risks for real subjects. The above-mentioned technological advances allowed accelerating clinical research in diabetes management, but several questions requiring new methodological developments in the bioengineering domain are still open. The objective of the present PhD thesis is to propose answers to three specific questions related to hypoglycemia management: i) How much individuals' unideal behavior in performing therapeutic tasks impact on hypoglycemia? ii) For how long should patients be monitored with CGM sensors to effectively quantify their TBR? iii) How to exploit the CGM datastream to suggest appropriate countermeasures for mitigating hypoglycemia? To answer these questions, we resorted to methodologies mainly related to the development of mathematical models, the analysis of time-series, and the design of decision support algorithms. The thesis is organized in 5 chapters. In Chapter 1, after introducing causes, consequences, and management of hypoglycemia, the importance of addressing some open issues is discussed. Special attention is paid to a popular tool to perform ISCTs in T1D, the T1D patient decision simulator (T1D-PDS). In Chapter 2, we address the issue of identifying the behavioral determinants of hypoglycemia. First, by resorting to machine learning techniques, we develop and embed in the T1D-PDS new mathematical models meal carbohydrates (CHO) amount and timing, and insulin bolus timing. Then, we use the enhanced simulator to perform a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of behavioral factors on TBR. The resulting ranked list of behavioral determinants of hypoglycemia shows that the estimation of meals’ CHO amount is crucial to achieve the established glycemic goals. In Chapter 3, we address the issue of determining the minimum CGM duration to precisely quantify TBR. We formulate this problem as an estimator convergence problem, and derive a mathematical equation linking the CGM recording length to the precision around TBR estimates. We validate the formula in subjects with heterogeneous characteristics and different sensors. Then, we present an online calculator developed to facilitate practitioners in using our approach in different clinical scenarios. Finally, we compare our approach against another literature method. In Chapter 4, we address the issue of mitigating hypoglycemia using CGM data only. We propose a new real-time algorithm to suggest preventive doses of fast-acting CHO to minimize TBR, based on two risk measures to distinguish the severity of hypoglycemic events. The new strategy is assessed in-silico by comparison against standard guidelines for hypoglycemia and prediction-based algorithms. Results show that the new algorithm is able to reduce TBR with a limited number of preventive actions. Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes the major findings.
Cinti, Francesca. "Evidence of beta cell dedifferentiation in human type 2 diabetes." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/243145.
Повний текст джерелаContext. Diabetes is associated with a deficit of insulin-producing beta cells. Animal studies show that beta cells become dedifferentiated in diabetes, reverting to a progenitor-like stage, and partly converting to other endocrine cell types. Objective. To determine whether similar processes occur in human type 2 diabetes, we surveyed pancreatic islets from 15 diabetic and 15 non-diabetic organ donors. Design. We scored dedifferentiation using markers of endocrine lineage, beta cell-specific transcription factors, and a newly identified endocrine progenitor cell marker, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 (ALDH1A3). Results. By these criteria, dedifferentiated cells accounted for 31.9% of beta cells in type 2 diabetics vs. 8.7% in controls, and for 16.8% vs. 6.5% of all endocrine cells (p<0.001). The number of ALDH1A3-positive/hormone-negative cells was threefold higher in diabetics compared to controls. Moreover, beta cell-specific transcription factors were ectopically found in glucagon- and somatostatin-producing cells of diabetic subjects. Conclusions. The data support the view that pancreatic beta cells become dedifferentiated and convert to alpha- and delta-“like” cells in human type 2 diabetes. The findings should prompt a reassessment of goals in the prevention and treatment of beta cell dysfunction.
Cipponeri, E. "STEATOSI EPATICA NON ALCOLICA E COMPLICANZE CRONICHE NEL DIABETICO DI TIPO 1: RUOLO DELLA VITAMINA D E DEI POLIMORFISMI DEL RECETTORE DELLA VITAMINA D." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424220.
Повний текст джерелаIntroduzione e background. La malattia epatica su base non alcolica (NAFLD) ha una prevalenza del 20-30% tra gli adulti occidentali. Tale dato raggiunge il 90% nei pazienti affetti da obesità patologica. Recenti studi hanno dimostrato un incremento della incidenza di NAFLD anche tra i pazienti affetti da diabete di tipo 1 (T1D) in cui si assocerebbe ad una maggiore incidenza di nefropatia diabetica cronica (CKD) e altre malattie microvascolari. Inoltre dati in letteratura indicano che basse concentrazioni di vitamina D si associano alla severità della steatosi, alla necroinfiammazione ed alla fibrosi nella NAFLD. Parallelamente la vitamina D interviene nella patogenesi del T1DM ed i polimorfismi (SNPs) del suo recettore (VDR) sono stati descritti tra i fattori di suscettibilità per il T1DM. Benché i dati in letteratura supportino la correlazione tra NAFLD e vitamina D ad oggi, a nostro sapere, non ci sono studi che abbiano analizzato la correlazione tra NAFLD, vitamina D e diabete di tipo 1. Materiali e metodi. Sono stati reclutati in maniera consecutiva 265 pazienti affetti da diabete di tipo 1. I pazienti hanno eseguito una ecografia epatica ed un prelievo ematico per il dosaggio di vitamina D, PTH, calcio, fosforo, magnesio e per la determinazione dei Single Nucelotide Polymorphism (SNPs) del recettore della vitamina D. Sono stati studiati i più comuni SNPs del recettore della vitamina D: Fok, Bsm, Apa, Taq. Gli aplotipi del VDR dei siti polimorfici per B-A-T sono: aplotipo 1 (base GGT), aplotipo 2 (base ATC), aplotipo 3 (base GTT), aplotipo 4 (base ATT). Sulla base dei parametri ematochimici e biometrici valutati, è stato calcolato il fatty liver index, marcatore non invasivo di stetaosi epatica, utilizzato come parametro di conferma del reperto ecografico di statosi epatica. Per il calcolo del FLI viene utilizzato un algoritmo basato su BMI, circonferenza vita, trigliceridi, e gamma glutamil transpeptidasi. Per valori di FLI≥60, la probabilità di avere steatosi epatica è superiore al 78%; per valori inferiori a 20 la probabilità invece di non presentare tale patologia supera il 91%. Risultati. Risultati metabolici. La stetaosi non sembra essere influenzata dai livelli di vitamina D. Nella nostra popolazione la steatosi si associava ad una maggior prevalenza di nefropatia diabetica ed a maggiori spessori medio intimali. I livelli di vitamina D non influenzavano la presenza di complicanze croniche. Risultati genetici. 183 pazienti presentavano l’aplotipo 1 ed 85 pazienti gli altri aplotipi (aplotipo 2, aplotipo 3); L’aplotipo 1 si associava ad un maggiore deficit di vitamina D, ad un peggior compenso metabolico, ad una maggiore prevalenza di sindrome metabolica nonchè ad un maggior spessore del grasso peritoneale e preperitoneale. Dall’analisi in trend per diversi aplotipi, è emerso il rischio crescente di sviluppare complicanze passando dall'aplotipo 3 all’aplotipo 1. Conclusioni. Nel nostro studio la steatosi epatica e la vitamina D non appaiono essere correlate, né i livelli di vitamina D sembrano influenzare la presenza di complicanze croniche legate al diabete. Tra gli SNPs del VDR i pazienti con aplotipo 1 non presentavano segni di steatosi epatica bensì presentavano la sindrome metabolica, contrariamente a quanto comunemente riscontrato in letteratura in cui la stetaosi epatica è anche considerata un marker epatico di sindrome metabolica. Tale aplotipo sembrerebbe invece essere un elemento favorente la presenza di complicanze e di sindrome metabolica che, in questi pazienti, si manifesterebbero a prescindere dalla presenza di NAFLD.
SERINO, MATTEO. "Aploinsufficienza di TACE e omeostasi del glucosio: effetti protettivi su insulino-resistenza e obesità durante un regime di dieta grassa." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/434.
Повний текст джерелаTNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)-α is known to affect glucose and lipid metabolism through alternative and redundant mechanisms at different levels. TNF-α exerts its paracrine effects once the membrane-anchored form is shed and the soluble form is released from the cell membrane. TNF-α cleavage is regulated by TACE (TNF-α Converting Enzyme), which regulates the shedding and the function of several transmembrane proteins, such as IL-6R (Interleukin-6 Receptor) and EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) ligands. To shed light into the unknown role of TACE in high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and its metabolic complications we used Tace+/- mice fed with a standard or HFD for 16 weeks. We observed that Tace+/- mice are relatively protected from obesity and insulin resistance compared with WT littermates. When fed a HFD, WT mice exhibited visceral obesity, increased FFA (Free Fatty Acids) and MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1) levels, hypoadiponectinemia, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (all features of the metabolic syndrome) compared with Tace+/- mice. Interestingly, Tace+/- mice exhibited increased UCP-1 (UnCoupling Protein-1) and GLUT (GLUcose Transporter)-4 expression in white adipose tissue. These results suggest the development of pharmacological modulators of TACE activity as a novel way to treat obesity and its metabolic complications.
MEREU, ELISABETTA. "Joint whole exome sequencing and linkage analysis in a multigenerational family segregating Type 1 Diabetes." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266614.
Повний текст джерелаTORRE, ELEONORA. "Role of SERCA stimulation and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in improving Ca2+ handling and sustaining heart automaticity." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/261917.
Повний текст джерелаPart 1. Aim. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a multifactorial disease characterized by an early onset of diastolic dysfunction (DD). Mechanisms that can restore cardiac relaxation (lusitropic effect) improving intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, represent a promising therapeutic approach for cardiovascular diseases associated to DD. Istaroxime is a NaK ATPase (NKA) inhibitor with the property of accelerating Ca2+ re-uptake into sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) through the SR Ca2+ pump (SERCA2a) stimulation. The project aims to characterize Istaroxime effects at a concentration mostly unaffecting NKA to isolate its effects dependent on SERCA2a only in a model of mild diabetes (type 1). Methods and results. Streptozotocin (STZ) treated rats were evaluated at 9 weeks after STZ injection in comparison to control (CTR) ones. SERCA2a-dependent Istaroxime effects were evaluated in cell-free system and in isolated left ventricular (LV) myocytes. STZ animals showed reduced SERCA2a protein level and activity and increased monomeric PLN/SERCA2a ratio. Intracellular Ca2+ handling and electrical activity were evaluated in isolated ventricular myocytes. In STZ myocytes, SERCA downregulation caused 1) increased diastolic Ca2+, 2) reduction in SR Ca2+ content and Ca2+ transient amplitude following control of membrane potential, 3) slower SR reloading process under Na/Ca exchanger (NCX) inhibition, 4) unchanged SR stability and Ca2+ sparks rate. Action potentials (APs) were significantly prolonged, resulting in an increased short-term variability (STV) of APD. Istaroxime (100 nM) significantly stimulated SERCA2a activity and reverted STZ-induced effects by 1) reducing diastolic Ca2+, 2) increasing Ca2+ transient amplitude and SR Ca2+ content, and 3) accelerating SR Ca2+ reuptake in STZ group. Moreover, Istaroxime, by stimulating SERCA2a, partially restored Ca2+ sparks characteristics and significantly accelerated Ca2+ sparks decay. Conclusions. SERCA2a stimulation by Istaroxime restores STZ-induced intracellular Ca2+ handling anomalies. Thus, SERCA2a stimulation can be considered a promising therapeutic approach for DD treatment. Part 2. Aim. Heart automaticity is generated in the sino-atrial node (SAN) by a functional interplay between ion channels of the plasma membrane and intracellular ryanodine receptor (RyR)-dependent Ca2+ release. SAN cells are characterized by the expression of voltage-gated L-type Cav1.3 and T-type Cav3.1 Ca2+ (Cav) channels in addition to L-type Cav1.2 channels, which are ubiquitously expressed in the heart. To investigate the significance of Cav expression for heart automaticity we used mutant mice carrying individual or concomitant genetic ablation of Cav1.3 and Cav3.1. Methods and results. Cav ablation additively reduced heart rate in mice. ECG recordings of intact Cav1.3-/-/Cav3.1-/- hearts showed atrioventricular rhythm dissociation and predominantly junctional, rather than SAN driven rhythmicity. Optical mapping of automaticity showed disruption of primary automaticity in Cav1.3-/-/Cav3.1-/- SAN and a shift of the leading pacemaker sites outside the SAN area. We also investigated the role of hyperpolarization-activated f-(HCN) channels, and TTX-sensitive Na+ (Nav) channels in residual automaticity of mutant mice. Concomitant pharmacologic inhibition of f-HCN and TTX-sensitive Nav channels slowed atrial automaticity in wild-type and Cav3.1-/-, while arrested it in 4/6 of Cav1.3-/-, 3/6 of Cav1.3-/-/Cav3.1-/-. Same results were confirmed in isolated Cav1.3-/-/Cav3.1-/- SAN pacemaker cells. Conclusions. Cav1.3 and Cav3.1 Ca2+ channels deletion disrupts normal heart automaticity by inducing bradycardia and altering cardiac conduction. Moreover, in the concomitant absence of Cav1.3 and Cav3.1 channels, f-HCN channels and TTX-sensitive Nav channels are the predominant mechanisms sustaining pacemaker activity.
Zecchin, Chiara. "Online Glucose Prediction in Type-1 Diabetes by Neural Network Models." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423574.
Повний текст джерелаIl diabete mellito è una patologia cronica caratterizzata da disfunzioni della regolazione della concentrazione di glucosio nel sangue. Nel diabete di Tipo 1 il pancreas non produce l'ormone insulina, mentre nel diabete di Tipo 2 si verificano squilibri nella secrezione e nell'azione dell'insulina. Di conseguenza, spesso la concentrazione glicemica eccede le soglie di normalità (70-180 mg/dL), con complicazioni a breve e lungo termine. L'ipoglicemia (glicemia inferiore a 70 mg/dL) può risultare in alterazione delle capacità cognitive, cambiamenti d'umore, convulsioni e coma. L'iperglicemia (glicemia superiore a 180 mg/dL) predispone, nel lungo termine, a patologie invalidanti, come neuropatie, nefropatie, retinopatie e piede diabetico. L'obiettivo della terapia convenzionale del diabete è il mantenimento della glicemia nell'intervallo di normalità regolando la dieta, la terapia insulinica e l'esercizio fisico in base a 4-5 monitoraggi giornalieri della glicemia, (Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose, SMBG), effettuati dal paziente stesso usando un dispositivo pungidito, portabile e minimamente invasivo. Negli ultimi 15 anni si sono aperti nuovi orizzonti nel trattamento del diabete, grazie all'introduzione, nella ricerca clinica, di sensori minimamente invasivi (Continuous Glucose Monitoring, CGM) capaci di misurare la glicemia nel sottocute in modo quasi continuo (ovvero con una misurazione ogni 1-5 min) per parecchi giorni consecutivi (dai 7 ai 10 giorni). I sensori CGM permettono di monitorare le dinamiche glicemiche in modo più fine delle misurazioni SMBG e le serie temporali di concentrazione glicemica possono essere utilizzate sia retrospettivamente, per esempio per ottimizzare la terapia di controllo metabolico, sia prospettivamente in tempo reale, per esempio per generare segnali di allarme quando la concentrazione glicemica oltrepassa le soglie di normalità o nel “pancreas artificiale”. Per quanto concerne le applicazioni in tempo reale, poter prevenire gli eventi critici sarebbe chiaramente più attraente che semplicemente individuarli, contestualmente al loro verificarsi. Ciò sarebbe fattibile se si conoscesse la concentrazione glicemia futura con circa 30-45 min di anticipo. La natura quasi continua del segnale CGM rende possibile l'uso di algoritmi predittivi che possono, potenzialmente, permettere ai pazienti diabetici di ottimizzare le decisioni terapeutiche sulla base della glicemia futura, invece che attuale, dando loro l'opportunità di limitare l'impatto di eventi pericolosi per la salute, se non di evitarli. Dopo l'introduzione nella pratica clinica dei dispositivi CGM, in letteratura, sono stati proposti vari metodi per la predizione a breve termine della glicemia. Si tratta principalmente di algoritmi basati su modelli di serie temporali e la maggior parte di essi utilizza solamente la storia del segnale CGM come ingresso. Tuttavia, le dinamiche glicemiche sono determinate da molti fattori, come la quantità di carboidrati ingeriti durante i pasti, la somministrazione di farmaci, compresa l'insulina, l'attività fisica, lo stress, le emozioni. Inoltre, la variabilità inter- e intra- individuale è elevata. Per questi motivi, predire l'andamento glicemico futuro è difficile e stimolante e c'è margine di miglioramento dei risultati pubblicati finora in letteratura. Lo scopo di questa tesi è investigare la possibilità di predire la concentrazione glicemica futura, nel breve termine, utilizzando modelli basati su reti neurali (Neural Network, NN) e sfruttando, oltre alla storia del segnale CGM, altre informazioni disponibili. Nel dettaglio, inizialmente svilupperemo un nuovo modello che utilizza, come ingressi, il segnale CGM e informazioni relative ai pasti ingeriti, (istante temporale e quantità di carboidrati). L'algoritmo predittivo sarà basato su una NN di tipo feedforward, in parallelo ad un modello lineare. I risultati sono promettenti: il modello è superiore ad algoritmi stato dell'arte ampiamente utilizzati, la predizione è accurata e il guadagno temporale è soddisfacente. Successivamente proporremo un nuovo modello basato su una differente architettura di NN, ovvero una “jump NN”, che fonde i benefici di una NN di tipo feedforward e di un algoritmo lineare, ottenendo risultati simili a quelli del modello precedentemente proposto, nonostante la sua struttura notevolmente più semplice. Per completare l'analisi, valuteremo l'inclusione, tra gli ingressi della jump NN, di segnali ottenuti sfruttando informazioni sulla terapia insulinica (istante temporale e dose dei boli iniettati) e valuteremo l'importanza e l'influenza relativa di ogni ingresso nella determinazione del valore glicemico predetto dalla NN, sviluppando un'originale analisi di sensitività. Tutti i modelli proposti saranno valutati su dati reali di pazienti diabetici di Tipo 1, raccolti durante il progetto Europeo FP7 (7th Framework Programme, Settimo Programma Quadro) DIAdvisor. Per valutare l'utilità clinica della predizione e il miglioramento della gestione della terapia diabetica proporremo una nuova strategia per la quantificazione, in simulazione, della riduzione del numero e della gravità degli eventi ipoglicemici nel caso gli allarmi, e la relativa terapia, siano determinati sulla base della concentrazione glicemica predetta, utilizzando il nostro algoritmo basato su NN, invece che su quella misurata dal sensore CGM. Infine, investigheremo, in modo preliminare, la possibilità di includere, tra gli ingressi della NN, ulteriori informazioni, come l'attività fisica. La tesi è organizzata come descritto in seguito. Il Capitolo 1 introduce la patologia diabetica e le attuali tecnologie CGM, presenta le tecniche stato dell'arte utilizzate per la predizione a breve termine della glicemia di pazienti diabetici e specifica gli scopi e le innovazioni della presente tesi. Il Capitolo 2 introduce le basi teoriche delle NN e specifica i dettagli tecnici che abbiamo scelto di adottare per lo sviluppo e l'implementazione di tutte le NN proposte in seguito. Il Capitolo 3 descrive il primo modello proposto, basato su una NN in parallelo a un algoritmo lineare. Il Capitolo 4 presenta una struttura alternativa più semplice, basata su una jump NN, e dimostra la sua equivalenza, in termini di prestazioni, con il modello precedentemente proposto. Il Capitolo 5 apporta ulteriori miglioramenti alla jump NN, aggiungendo nuovi ingressi e investigando la loro utilità effettiva attraverso un'analisi di sensitività. Il Capitolo 6 indica possibili sviluppi futuri, come l'inclusione di informazioni sull'attività fisica, presentando anche un'analisi preliminare. Infine, il Capitolo 7 applica la NN per la generazione di allarmi preventivi per l'ipoglicemia, valutando, in simulazione, il miglioramento della gestione del diabete. Alcuni commenti e osservazioni concludono la tesi.