Дисертації: "Developing natural"

1

Reavis, Dena L. "Natural resources, investment, and growth in low income countries /." View online, 2009. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131590402.pdf.

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2

Oliver, Peter Edward, and n/a. "Developing Effective Partnerships in Natural Resource Management." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040802.163341.

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This thesis seeks to understand and improve the effectiveness of partnerships formed by industry, community and government members of natural resource management (NRM) groups. The increasing popularity of partnership-based approaches to NRM is reflected in the rise of landcare, catchment management and other social mobilisation approaches throughout Australia and overseas. This thesis uses critical ethnographic methods to identify the characteristics of effective NRM partnerships and the factors influencing their effectiveness. This research also investigates appropriate methods for evaluating the effectiveness of such relationships and for determining when working in partnership with others may be the most appropriate response to a given NRM problem and context. The critical intent of the study means that it sought not only to understand the nature of such issues but also sought to enlighten and empower participants to improve the practice of partnerships in natural resource management. These characteristics and factors are analysed from three perspectives: the coordinators employed to broker and facilitate community-based NRM groups, the groups themselves and individual group members. This was done in order to reflect the importance of the continuous (re)negotiation of power that characterises long-term group relationships. It also enabled theories of power, cultural transformation, citizen participation, social capital and social learning to be used in the analysis of the NRM partnerships investigated in this study. These concepts were used to develop three tools for analysing NRM partnerships: a pendulum of citizen participation, an NRM citizen participation decision tree, and an NRM partnership typology. The study is based upon the analysis of nineteen cases, predominantly in South East Queensland, which were selected as examples of successful and effective NRM partnerships on the basis of referrals from regional managers and coordinators from State and Local Government. The research design was 'T' shaped, with Phase 1 of the study providing breadth through the analysis of fifteen partnerships. Depth was achieved in Phases 2 and 3. Phase 2 was a long-term ethnographic case study of one catchment management group while Phase 3 comprised a detailed analysis of three issue-specific partnerships formed by this group. These three phases concentrated on the viewpoint of coordinators, NRM groups and participants, respectively. Data on each of the nineteen cases were collected through interviews, field observations, workshops, document analyses and a short questionnaire. Data were analysed qualitatively. All data records were systematically coded to reveal themes and concepts relating to the research objectives from the viewpoints of coordinators, NRM groups and participants. Coding also revealed implications for governments seeking to enter into or to facilitate partnerships with others. The coding and interpretation of this data revealed a suite of twelve characteristics typical of effective natural resource management partnerships. These fell into five groups: (i) definitional characteristics (relating to effectiveness and shared power and responsibility) (ii) relationship characteristics (focusing on social capital building processes; communication; processes for knowledge acquisition and social learning; shared values, intent, action and risk-taking) (iii) participant characteristics (high levels of motivation and realistic expectations); (iv) a context characteristic (that the context is appropriate for a partnership) and (v) an 'outsider' perception characteristic (that the partnership is perceive positively by outsiders). A comparative analysis of cases reveals that only one of the nineteen cases exhibited all twelve characteristics. Importantly, three of these characteristics are not mentioned in the literature reviewed for this thesis. Two of these, share values and shared intent are relationship characteristics. Study findings emphasise that effective NRM partnerships are built on good personal relationships, based on shared values and intent. The third new characteristic is that people outside the partnership should perceive the relationship favourably. Since funds and other resources may be under the control of people outside a partnership, it is important that participants are able to effectively communicate their shared values and intent to others. Five factors were found to be significant in the development of effective partnerships (i) the need for participants and those brokering partnerships to realize that effective partnerships are built on positive personal relationships in which (ii) participants have high levels of motivation for being involved, particularly early in the relationship. The study further revealed that such relationships: (iii) need to be supported by a continuity of adequate funding and resources and (iv) the services of skilled, enthusiastic coordinators who (v) enjoy and are skilled at working in 'grey areas', the constantly changing social and organizational environment that is typical of NRM groups. These findings of the study are synthesized through a critical ethnography which depicts three years in the life of a typical, yet hypothetical, NRM group, the Armstrong Narrows-Yarooba Catchment Management Group (ANY Group). Based on the literature review and the analysis of results from this study, this composite story protects the anonymity of those who have participated in this research. Each of the three vignettes that make up this story contains two sections -As it was and As it could be. This 'double take approach' highlights the critical nature of the ethnography, emphasising how the development of collaborations and partnerships among members of NRM groups may be improved and evaluated. Coordinators, NRM group members and agencies supporting their efforts may use this ethnography as a basis for reflection and deliberation on the development of effective partnerships in natural resource management. Recommendations for how different stakeholders in NRM partnerships may develop the effectiveness of the partnerships they form are provided.

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3

Ohanessian, Natalie. "Developing a green tea based natural energy drink /." Click here to view, 2009. http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/fsnsp/1.

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Thesis (B.S.)--California Polytechnic State University, 2009.
Project advisor: Hany Khalil. Title from PDF title page; viewed on Jan. 14, 2010. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on microfiche.

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4

Zhu, Zhao S. M. Sloan School of Management. "Developing a natural gas trading hub in China." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104505.

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Thesis: S.M. in Management Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 44-46).
Natural gas demand is expected to grow rapidly in China in the coming decade with the policy target of increasing the natural gas contribution to the energy supply from less than 6% in 2014 to 10% in 2020. Ensuing the 2013 national pricing reform, China started to launch more fundamental market reform in the natural gas industry and proposed to set up a gas hub in Shanghai. At the same time, there are also heated discussions for Asia to set up a benchmark gas hub with the growing needs for gas-to-gas pricing. This study discusses how China can successfully develop the Shanghai benchmark hub with deep analysis of both the unique features of the China's gas market and the development of the successful hubs in the US and Europe. By identifying the critical physical and market conditions of a successful hub such as sufficient infrastructures, the open access to the network and a more competitive market structure, the study summarizes the key takeaways of the international experiences that are most relevant to China's current situation. Then the author proposes the detailed pathway for the development of the Shanghai gas hub. The preliminary proposal argues that the reform should first start from LNG by distributing the costs of the large take-or-pay contracts which were signed at high prices. Then more substantial reform should be implemented with setting up an Independent System Operator (ISO) in charge of the operation and the investment of pipelines, LNG terminals and other infrastructures, yet still leaving the ownership of the assets to the three big oil companies. Such unbundling should start from the national level with the conditions that big consumers should be permitted direct connection to the trunk pipelines. Additionally, a new mechanism incentivized the ISO to efficiently expand and connect the network should be designed.
by Zhao Zhu.
S.M. in Management Studies

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5

Al-Khalili, Reya Sadik. "Contact flocculation filtration using natural coagulants for developing countries." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30172.

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Contact flocculation filtration using natural cationic polyelectrolytes extracted from seeds of the tree M.oleifera were found to be effective in the treatment of low turbidity waters. The coagulant was dosed immediately prior to the filter inlet, with subsequent flocculation and deposition occurring in the filter bed. This single stage treatment option was considered appropriate for developing countries, due to observed treatment performance, robustness of operation and reduced treatment costs. This work extends and complements previously successful studies on the treatment of medium to high turbidity raw waters using M.oleifera seed. Laboratory studies using twin 100 mm diameter filter columns, were undertaken with the following variables: turbidities of 5-75 NTU; filtration rates of 5-20 m/h; filter depths of 70 and 120 cm; dual and single media beds, and media sizes of 0.50-1.00 mm and 0.85-1.70 mm. Deeper beds and smaller media were found to considerably reduce filtrate turbidity when using M.oleifera seed. The consequent headloss increase was only significant with the higher turbidity waters; dual media beds were most effective on such waters. Turbidity removal was reduced at higher filtration rates (10m/h), due to lower retention times in the bed, and increased detachment of retained particles causing early turbidity breakthrough. Higher filtration rates with another natural coagulant, chitosan, increased turbidity removal and prolonged the time to breakthrough, due to the reduction in surface removal in the filter. At lower loading rates (5 NTU at 5 m/h), removal with M.oleifera seed was comparable with chitosan and aluminium sulphate, with the additional advantage of a lower headloss. Optimisation of the hydraulic variables for a specific coagulant was considered necessary to ensure maximum output and filtrate quality. Field trials on a low turbidity natural raw water indicated that M.oleifera reduced the turbidity by >95% and bacterial numbers by 100% at the optimum dose. Despite the rise in organic matter in the final water, trihalomethane levels were not excessive.

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6

Benson, Charlotte. "The economy-wide impact of natural disasters in developing countries." Thesis, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409221.

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7

Munedzimwe, Tatenda Carol. "The isolation, quantification and synthetic modification of antiplasmodial natural products from sargassum heterophyllum." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018252.

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Malaria is one of the most deadly parasitic diseases known to man. Although the number of malaria cases reported each year is decreasing, this disease continues to pose health and economic problems mainly in developing countries. Significant progress has been made in the fight against this disease. This includes the discovery and development of potent antimalarial agents. However, the development of resistance to most of these potent antimalarials has made the development of new antiplasmodial agents of paramount importance. Several promising antiplasmodial agents have been found from the marine environment. Amongst these are the tetraprenylated toluquinols from the brown alga: Sargassum heterophyllum. These metabolites have been reported to exhibit a range of antiplasmodial activity; however, the mechanisms by which these compounds bring about their antiplasmodial activity and the pharmacophoric groups responsible for such activity are unknown. Two species of Sargassum algae were encountered during the course of this project. From the investigation of the geographical and seasonal variation of metabolites of S. heterophyllum and S. elegans we established that there were no significant intra and inter site variations amongst metabolite profiles of both species both within and between the sampled seasons. These results enabled us to establish that the collection of both species from three different sites on the eastern coast of South Africa namely; Kenton on Sea, Port Alfred and Noordhoek in autumn, winter or spring would qualitatively yield the same metabolites. A comparison of metabolite profiles of both species also revealed no qualitative differences between metabolites of S. heterophyllum and S. elegans. The quantities of selected prenylated metabolites extracted from S. heterophyllum using four different extraction techniques was also assessed using qNMR as the method of quantification. This led to the identification of optimal extraction techniques and conditions for the extraction of sargahydroquinoic acid (1.38), sargaquinoic aid (1.39) and sargachromenol (2.10) from S. heterophyllum. From this study, the extraction of algae by soxhlet extraction using EtOH as the extraction solvent led to the extraction of the highest quantities of sargahydroquinoic acid. The potential of other extraction techniques such as microwave assisted extraction, to yield high quantities of the selected metabolites were also identified. With gram quantities of sargahydroquinoic acid (1.38) in hand, this compound was modified by oxidation, reduction, acetylation, methylation and cyclization reactions to yield nine derivatives. The derivatives and four naturally occurring prenylated toluquinols were assessed for antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activity against the FCR-3 Gambian Chloroquine resistant strain of P. falciparum and the MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell line respectively. Comparison of antiplasmodial data for all twelve compounds showed that the hydroquinone moeity of sargahydroquinoic acid (1.38) is important for antiplasmodial activity while esterification of the carboxylic acid group in 1.38 resulted in more potent antiplasmodial compounds. Of all twelve compounds, compound 5.2, the hydroquinone methyl ester of 1.38 was found to be the most potent antiplasmodial compound with an IC₅₀ value of 1.94 μM and a selectivity index of 22.68.

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8

Mechler, Reinhard. "Natural disaster risk management and financing disaster losses in developing countries /." Karlsruhe : VVW, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39236264t.

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9

Brentel, Adam. "The Scientific Gaze: Developing a theory for the analysis of natural." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23593.

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The objective of this paper is to develop a theory for analysing the practice of representing the world with visualizations in the form of different images and the scientific gaze that renders these images meaningful. These images are often combined with text, since the natural sciences are lexivisual practices. For natural scientists these visual and lexivisual representations appear totally unproblematic. Scientific representations can be many kinds of pictures, graphs, tables or diagrams and are seen as vehicles of knowledge; in their concrete and tangible form we call them images but they can also be displayed, screened and projected. I will not directly deal with mental images or conceptions of the world, only as one way to understand what renders the tangible images meaningful. But of course, the conflict between a culturalistic and a natural scientific conception of the world runs through this paper, as the empirical material is natural scientific and the analysis is culturalistic.

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10

Sulyanto, Rosalyn. "The Natural History of Oral Bacteria Acquisition in the Developing Infant." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374150918.

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11

Garcia, Sharon Louise. "THE IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: A STUDY OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2002. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyagec2002t00032/00Garcia.pdf.

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Анотація:

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Kentucky, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 150 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 148-149).

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12

Florey, Anna Lea. "Incorporating natural disaster risk information into economic analyses of agricultural projects." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91094.

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The three principal objectives of this study were: (i) to identify the levels of agricultural project planning where an economic analysis, utilizing natural disaster risk information, could be introduced, (ii) to examine methods of incorporating natural disaster risk into economic analyses of agricultural projects, and (iii) to include this information in an economic analysis of an agricultural project, and to consider the potential effects of such information in planning. Several economic analysis methods were investigated, and four were selected to incorporate natural disaster information into the planning of a case study project in st. Lucia. The first two methods selected were cut-off period and discount rate adjustment. Sensitivity analysis was also utilized to investigate the parameters of two key economic decision making variables, net present value and benefit-cost ratio. Finally, a stochastic simulation program was utilized to conduct mean-variance analyses on the project with and without a disaster mitigation measure, for comparison. Results from cut-off period, discount rate adjustment and sensitivity analyses suggest that disaster information can be readily incorporated into agricultural project planning. This information greatly increases the amount of information available to project planners. Results from the mean-variance analysis suggested that disaster mitigation options could increase the benefits from a project. In turn, these more stable benefits could improve the development in developing nations.
M.S.

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13

Baez, Javier Eduardo. "Three essays on children's well-being in developing countries." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available, full text:, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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14

Warthmann, Norman [Verfasser]. "Finding the Causal Genes: Developing Tools for Natural Variation Research / Norman Warthmann." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1028785836/34.

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15

Thamae, Thimothy Molefi. "Developing and Characterizing New Materials Based on Natural Fibres and Waste Plastic." Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1598.

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16

Anderson, John E. "Developing two quality characteristics of natural church development through spiritual formation groups." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2001. http://www.tren.com.

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17

Evans, Colleen R. "Developing a Collection Digitization Workflow for the Elm Fork Natural Heritage Museum." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500042/.

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Natural history collections house immense amounts of data, but the majority of data is only accessible by locating the collection label, which is usually attached to the physical specimen. This method of data retrieval is time consuming and can be very damaging to fragile specimens. Digitizing the collections is the one way to reduce the time and potential damage related to finding the collection objects. The Elm Fork Natural Heritage Museum is a natural history museum located at the University of North Texas and contains collections of both vertebrate and invertebrate taxa, as well as plants. This project designed a collection digitization workflow for Elm Fork by working through digitizing the Benjamin B. Harris Herbarium. The collection was cataloged in Specify 6, a database program designed for natural history collection management. By working through one of the museum’s collections, the project was able to identify and address challenges related to digitizing the museum’s holdings in order to create robust workflows. The project also produced a series of documents explaining common processes in Specify and a data management plan.

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18

Perry, David. "Developing and extending the capabilities of the scanning ion conductance microscope." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/88301/.

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This thesis presents advances made to the scanning ion conductance microscope (SICM), a tool predominantly used to date for topographical imaging of biological samples. This technique is demonstrated to be a powerful tool for non-invasive surface charge mapping as well, through probing of the diffuse double layer formed at charged interfaces. Surface charge mapping with SICM is demonstrated for a range of samples, including biological systems, and it is shown that through the use of a novel feedback technique, also introduced herein, and newly implemented scanning regimes, that the surface charge information can be elucidated unambiguously, together with topography. Through adopting a characterisation protocol presented in this work, which helps provide a fuller understanding of the used nanopipette probe, the SICM response to charged interfaces and also in bulk solution can become quantitative, allowing for surface charge values for cell membranes and other substrates to be determined. This combination of: SICM experiments, complete probe characterisation and FEM simulations serves as a robust platform for investigating biological and other charged interfaces. The surface charge mapping protocols used allow for unseen surface charge heterogeneities, presented on cell membranes, to be identified and are amenable to future studies, performed in combination with other microscopy techniques, that could help correlate charged domains with physiological function. Finally, the nanopipette probe is also used as a reaction centre for driving the crystallisation of calcium carbonate, as an exemplar system. Through partitioning the constituent ions of calcium carbonate, with calcium present in a bath solution, and carbonate ions in a nanopipette, a bias can subsequently be applied to drive the ions together, leading to the formation of a crystalline entity, which blocks the nanopipette. Changes in the nanopipette conductance can then provide information about the growth process or subsequently the dissolution as the applied bias is reversed. FEM simulations can allow for an understanding of the underlying mixing problem and the technique is shown to be powerful for the screening of growth additives.

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19

Budhathoki, Prabhu. "Developing conservation governance strategies : holistic management of protected areas in Nepal." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2012. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/9453/.

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The Buffer Zone (BZ) concept has been introduced in Nepal as a key component of the national biodiversity conservation strategy to mitigate the impacts of protected areas on local communities, and thereby reduce adverse impacts of local people on protected areas. Unlike traditional Buffer Zone programmes which are mostly limited to creating a protective layer and/or distributing economic benefits to local people, the Buffer Zone management approach in Nepal integrates livelihoods and conservation issues and their linkages in a more holistic and balanced manner. The programme has been successful in establishing a network of community institutions and in mobilising large numbers of local communities in conservation and community development. The research findings clearly indicate that the current Buffer Zone management approach based on park revenue sharing for community development has been successful in developing positive attitudes among local people towards protected areas. There is also evidence of improvement in the condition of forests and biodiversity in the Buffer Zone and a decrease in pressure inside the protected areas for basic forestry resources. The BZ communities also feel empowered by the Buffer Zone management programme. These outputs suggest that if properly designed, the Buffer Zone management programme can achieve both conservation and development objectives ensuring the long-term integrity of the protected areas. At the same time, however, the research has also revealed that the existing incentives and institutional arrangements adopted in the Buffer Zone management programme were necessary but not sufficient to address present and potential challenges in Chitwan National Park. There is a need to use additional instruments to demonstrate Buffer Zone management as a viable conservation governance strategy to expand conservation into the areas beyond park boundaries ensuring greater stability of the Park. Any park management strategy seeking to make tangible impacts on conservation, livelihood and governance should have five elements, namely; incentive, empowerment, education, enforcement and integration (IEEEI); and appropriate policy and institutional frameworks to implement them in an integrated way. If issues such as inclusion, equity, empowerment and integration are properly incorporated into the policies and programmes of the Buffer Zone management, the Buffer Zone management strategy adopted in Chitwan could be promoted as a viable model for the sustainable management of protected areas situated in a human dominated landscape.

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20

Naveed-ur-Rehman, Muhammad. "Customer Retention Strategies of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in a Developing Country (Pakistan)." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-24338.

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Background: Statistics say that Pakistan is the third largest user of compressed natural gas, its increased demand has encouraged investment in this sector. Number of stations has doubled in less than four years, this has increased the ratio of competition and low amounts of profit. Cut throat competition forces retailers to work on quality for customers’ retention and for this retailers are expected to understand the needs and requirements of their customers. This understanding is the only key to customer retention. Research undertaken focus on the key issues faced by CNG stations for customers’ retention. The study will focus on retailer’s strategies for customer retention in a competitive environment. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is study customer retention strategies adopted by compressed natural gas (CNG) retailing stations, in a developing country (Pakistan). Research Question: How do CNG retailing stations satisfy, make loyal, and retain their customers in a competitive environment? Methodology: Deductive approach has been adopted for this research to investigate the behaviour of customers through telephone interviews, as it is a distant research. Convenience sample has been selected for this research and ten semi-structured telephonic interviews have been conducted to get the empirical data from the CNG retailers of Lahore, stations from ten different stations have been selected on the basis of prestige, repute and amount of publicity in print and electronic media. Semi structured interviews will be based on primary and secondary data together. Primary data is in the form of interviews, secondary in the form of reports and published journals. Telephonic interview was based on open-ended questions to judge the views, knowledge and utility of customers experience and close-ended questions that have provided the direct and accurate answers. Telephonic interviews have advantages and disadvantages but for a distant research like this, it is the only best possible methodology to get first-hand knowledge quickly, interview was based on ten questions to get a complete picture of customers’ retention. Operationalization was based on 14 questions question 1 to 6 are about customers’ satisfaction, 7 to 11 customer loyalty and 12 to 14 customer retention. Validity and reliability is the key to success for any research. Same question were asked in different ways to check the reliability of the answers, target oriented questions were asked to validate the objective of the research and to make research credible. Conclusion and Results: The research establishes that most companies do not have specific plans for the customer retention in a cut-throat competitive environment. Customers’ service and technical issues were the targeted areas to understand the customers’ retention. Customers’ retention means profit, low retention means low profits. Result in a nutshell is an increased focus on imperial investigation, which is inevitable to study strategies for customer retention for the survival in the competitive world.

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21

Hochrainer, Stefan. "Macroeconomic risk management against natural disasters : analysis focussed on governments in developing countries /." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/518353087.pdf.

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22

Taylor, Troy Sherwood Loewenstein Edward F. "Exploring natural and artificial regeneration techniques for developing high-quality bottomland oak stands." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Thesis/TAYLOR_TROY_7.pdf.

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23

Naipaul, Zachary, and Daniel Svahn. "Natural Wine: A Developing Community : A study into norms and marketing within sweden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kost- och måltidsvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172701.

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Анотація:

Naturvin växer som ett koncept och som ett samfund, särskilt i Sverige betraktas det till en stor del som något nytt. Syftet med denna studie var att identifiera normerna som definierar samfundet och analyserar hur de människor som arbetar med naturvin varje dag marknadsför och presenterar det som en produkt för konsumtion. För att besvara dessa frågor genomfördes fyra intervjuer med människor som arbetar med naturvin dagligen. Två sommeliers på välkända restauranger i Stockholm som primärt arbetar med naturvin som dryck. Samt två importörer av naturvin som är verksamma över hela Sverige. Denna studie visar att naturligt vin har vuxit mycket under de senaste tio åren i Sverige och att ett samfund har byggts runt det. Det visade också att normer som ärlighet och öppenhet är viktiga i samhället. Storytelling verkar också vara en stor del i försäljningen av produkten och som ett sätt att introducera nya människor till naturligt vin som ett koncept. Hållbarhet är också en stor del av debatten som för närvarande äger rum kring naturligt vin. Slutligen upptäckte vi att naturligt vin kan ha det svårt i framtiden på grund av bristen på tydlig juridisk definition av produkten. Medans alla de fyra personerna som intervjuades i stort sett var överens med varandra om definitionen av naturligt vin, kan bristen på en definitiv definition skada tillväxten framöver.

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24

Miller, Stuart. "The micro-economic implications of natural disaster risk for developing countries : evidence from Nicaragua." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1955/.

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25

Albala-Bertrand, Jose Miguel. "Natural disasters : a framework of economic and social effects with reference to developing countries." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284524.

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26

Stratos, Steven K. "Developing a strategy for change in a turn-around church using natural church development." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2002. http://www.tren.com.

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27

Anderson, Abigail M. "Design for infectious disease control in the developing world : the power of natural ventilation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118696.

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Анотація:

Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 55-56).
Contaminated particles in hospitals can spread from infected patients to those who are hospitalized for non-disease-related reasons. The reputation of hospitals, especially in the developing world, as places where diseases are spread rather than cured necessitates design strategies focused on stopping or controlling disease spread among patients. In this thesis, I examine the potential of architectural layout, among other factors, to reduce the spread of contaminants through passive ventilation strategies. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics, I propose a system of hospital rooms which minimizes contaminant spread among patients while maintaining comfortable airflow rates.
by Abigail M. Anderson.
S.B.

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28

Ishiwata, Hiroaki. "Dynamic Stochastic Macroeconomic Analysis of Natural Hazards and Disaster Risk Reduction in Developing Countries." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232025.

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29

Ogutu, Maurice Okendo. "Developing methods of strip cropping cucumbers with rye/vetch." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37220.

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The purpose of this research carried out in 1998 and 1999 was to develop methods for strip cropping of cucumbers with rye/vetch and black plastic mulch. Effects of planting methods, weed control measures, and cover crop management techniques on pest and beneficial insects, petiole sap nitrate-nitrogen, soil moisture, yields and economic viability were assessed. Four treatments, namely cucumber direct seeded in black plastic mulch on tilled bare ground (conventional); cucumber direct seeded in black plastic mulch laid over incorporated rye/vetch residue; cucumber direct seeded into no-till rolled rye/vetch; and seedlings transplanted into no- till rolled rye/vetch, were evaluated in a randomized complete block design. Weeds were controlled in half the plot by critical manual weeding and pre-emergence herbicides applied in the other half in all treatments except the conventional system. Three-week interval staggered plantings of buckwheat to provide flowers for adult beneficial insects were also evaluated. Results obtained indicate that rye/vetch habitat is more attractive to beneficial insects than cucumber beetles before rolling or flail mowing. There were higher densities of adult Diptera (an indicator for Tachinid parasitoids) in both years and of Pennsylvania leatherwings in 1999 in plots with rye/vetch than in plots with rye only before planting. Preferential attraction to adult Diptera was not found after planting with no differences in cumulative densities between no-till and black plastic mulch plots after rolling or flail mowing. However, adult Diptera densities were positively correlated with cucumber yield, higher densities of cucumber beetles occurred in black plastic mulch than in no-till plots in both years, and bacterial wilt, transmitted by cucumber beetles, was reduced in no-till in 1999. Similarly, rye/vetch habitat plots had a higher diversity of Carabidae species (in both habitat areas and crop rows) before rolling or flail mowing, and higher densities of Carabidae (in habitat areas), Staphylinidae (in both habitat areas and crop rows) and spiders (in crop rows) after rolling or flail mowing. Black plastic mulch plots with flail mowed, incorporated rye/vetch residues had higher petiole sap nitrate-nitrogen and higher early season cucumber plant dry weights than in conventional plots; later in the season, the highest petiole sap nitrate-nitrogen occurred in no-till plots. No-till had higher marketable cucumber yield than plastic systems. The profitability of these production systems depended more on differences in marketable yield than on cost differences. The plastic with incorporated rye/vetch and no-till transplant systems were more profitable during early harvests in late July, while no- till direct seeded and transplant systems were more profitable from early August onwards. The three-week interval staggered planting of buckwheat led to conservation of beneficial insects, and the second and third seeded buckwheat flowering periods coincided with the period vetch had lost flowers.
Ph. D.

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30

Katsamagka, Argyro. "Developing Place Attachment to the Natural Surroundings of the School: The Role of Outdoor Education." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och kommunikation, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-98740.

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Place is highly connected with outdoor education; it is defined by the location of the learning process and it designates both practically and theoretically ways to foster to students a strong bond with natural places. Place attachment refers to this bond or, in other words, the love relationship, one can develop with a place. This research tries to investigate if there is a causal relationship between outdoor education and development of place attachment. A quasi-experimental design research was conducted to 31 teenagers, 12-13 years old. A questionnaire, for measuring the level of place attachment to the natural surroundings of their school, was distributed at two different timelines. Four different dimensions of place attachment were measured; place identity, place dependence, social bonding and nature bonding. The experimental group participated in the program “Attachment to my Local Natural Landscape”, which was developed especially for this study and promoted direct connection with the land, through outdoor activities. The control group received no intervention. The results demonstrated that the program influenced only the female participants of the experimental group. No significant differences were indicated between the two groups after the implementation of the program. The small sample and the short length program implemented were important limitations of this study, which demand further future research to extract more clear results.

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31

Feitoza, Leandro Roberto. "Natural resources for rural development : developing and testing an information system for Espirito Santo Brazil." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389256.

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32

Baji, Divya. "Developing a novel methodology to investigate the biomechanics and wear in natural patello-femoral joints." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16515/.

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Patello-femoral problems affect nearly a quarter of the population and remain a common cause of knee replacement revision surgery. Minimally invasive treatments such as osteochondral substitutions are early interventions that can be used to prevent or delay the need for these replacements. Lack of pre-clinical testing is a major challenge in getting these promising treatments to clinical trials. The purpose of this research was to develop a platform that can get these products one step closer to clinical trials and hence getting them out in the market as a viable product for treating osteochondral lesions. The aim of this project was to develop and validate a design specification for the pre-clinical testing of natural patello-femoral joint (PFJ). A characterization study was carried out to investigate the suitable animal model required to simulate a human joint that requires osteochondral substitutions. The size of the porcine PFJ was closer to the human PFJ and the material properties of its cartilage were also similar to the human cartilage. Therefore, the porcine PFJ was chosen as the animal model to develop the methodologies for this project. A methodology was developed to investigate wear of the natural porcine PFJ by adapting a single station knee simulator to apply the porcine PFJ gait cycle to the joints. The position of the patella with respect to the femur determined through a contact point study was used to set up the samples in the simulator. A positive (cobalt chrome on natural cartilage) and negative (cartilage on cartilage) control was used to investigate the wear. This study showed the potential of using an Alicona Infinite focus G5 optical profiler to assess the change in cartilage topography in natural joints. The contact area and pressure in the PFJ was measured using Tekscan pressure sensors. This study showed the change in contact mechanics across a gait cycle and the effect of sample geometry on the contact mechanics of a joint. In-vitro simulation can reduce the need for animal testing and progress the preclinical trials for new tissue substitutions. Developing the methodology in a human knee is not practical. However, by establishing an animal model can bring this a step closer. The methods developed in this thesis can contribute towards creating a pre-clinical testing system that can be used to assess early interventions to the PFJ.

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33

Davidson, William C. "Developing a Sustainable Approach to Emerald Ash Borer Management." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/entomology_etds/21.

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Emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, is an invasive wood boring beetle native to eastern Asia which was first detected in North America in 2002. All North American Fraxinus (ash) species are suitable hosts and susceptible to attack. Emerald ash borer larvae feed on phloem beneath the bark of infested trees resulting in girdling and mortality in as little as five years following initial infestation. Since its introduction near Detroit, Michigan, emerald ash borer has rapidly spread throughout much of the United States and portions of Canada, threatening the persistence of ash in invaded regions. I tested a management strategy for emerald ash borer which combines pesticide applications with releases of three species of classical biological control agents: Tetrastichus planipennisi, Spathius agrili, and Oobius agrili. My data suggest that the two approaches are compatible and pesticides did not negatively impact establishment success of T. planipennisi and O. agrili. Additionally, I characterized the assemblage of natural enemies native to the central United States that might be capable of helping regulate emerald ash borer populations, and found twelve morpho-species of natural enemies being recruited to emerald ash borer in this region. Finally, I evaluated the impact of ash decline on native hymenopteran parasitoids and found a positive correlation between ash decline and parasitoid abundance.

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34

Dvorak, Robert Gregory. "Dynamic human relationships with wilderness developing a relationship model /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12092008-122753/.

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35

Martell, David D. "Developing a guidebook for an outdoor classroom." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/36.

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36

Klingel, Heidi M. "Developing a physical effectiveness monitoring protocol for aquatic organism passage restoration at road-stream crossings." Thesis, Colorado State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1558242.

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Two US Forest Service draft monitoring protocols are used to assess the effectiveness of design channels at road-stream crossings by comparing their physical channel dimensions to those in the natural channel. Level II physical monitoring is a time intensive, quantitative and statistically based procedure for assessing effectiveness at selected sites. Level I physical monitoring is a less detailed, rapid procedure limited to a few simple measurements and observations for assessing effectiveness at a large number of sites. Study objectives were to: 1) test and refine the field methods for collecting data by the levels I and II physical monitoring protocols; 2) find a meaningful way to combine the data collected by levels I and II into separate effectiveness evaluations by each protocol; and, 3) evaluate whether the level I protocol can be used as a proxy for the level II protocol. Where the two protocols systematically differ, field data help distinguish why.

Study results for all objectives (combined) include: improved field methodologies, recommendations for further development, and separate summary rubrics for the levels I and II monitoring protocols. The recommendations are of three categories; channel metrics/data collection, methods of scoring each metric, and sample sizes. Some of most significant of those recommendations are described within the following paragraphs.

Data collection methods might be improved to save time, increase the accuracy of protocol evaluations, and facilitate agreement between the levels I and II protocol evaluation results. The techniques by which the level I bankfull stage and coarse fraction of the gradation metrics are collected should incorporate level II methods. Instructions for collecting level II coarse fraction of the gradation data should specify measuring all particles within the channel, including particles much larger than the sampling frame. The level I method by which the representative reach is selected should incorporate a basic longitudinal profile survey in which only the most prominent grade controls separating slope segments are captured. Decreasing the allowable gradient difference between the level II design channel and representative reach might also improve accuracy. The method by which the levels I and II protocols compare channel units (or channel unit sequences) between the design and representative reach should be equivalent, as should the rules by which slope segments and channel units are defined. Finally, the channel metrics of low flow width and bed irregularity are inconsistent with the objectives of physical effectiveness monitoring, in that they are aspects of habitat, rather than strong controls on channel form. I suggest they be eliminated from the levels I and II protocols.

The level II summary rubric scores most metrics statistically by a Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test of medians. For most metrics, the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test appears to be a reasonable way to compare representative reach and design zone data. For the metrics of bed and bank irregularity, however, a test of distributions (e.g., Kolmogorov-Smirnov) is recommended instead. The coarse fraction of the gradation metric would be more fairly assessed if the modes of the particle size (in phi units) were compared instead of the medians. Doing so would allow the design and representative reach gradients to be slightly different (as does the criteria for selecting a representative reach) without penalizing the metric score.

The levels I and II summary rubric tools created were used to evaluate twelve AOP road-stream crossing designs. The performance of the levels I and II summary rubrics were then assessed by the evaluation results at those twelve sites. Levels I and II generally seemed to provide effectiveness evaluations which agreed with site observations, data, and photographs. Further, the summary rubrics facilitated concurrent evaluation of the many channel dimensions which together affect the hydraulic conditions experienced by aquatic organisms. In addition, the simple utility of the levels I and II summary rubric tools should encourage effectiveness monitoring and help restoration practitioners learn from their mistakes, ultimately improving aquatic organism passage design methods and results. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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37

Armshaw, Jared T. "Variability in the Natural World: An Analysis of Variability in Preschool Play." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707331/.

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Children acquire many skills through play. These range from fine and gross motor skills, social skills, problem-solving, to even creativity. Creativity or creative engagement is frequently a component in early preschool curricula. A pivotal repertoire to engage in behaviors deemed creative, such as art, storytelling, problem-solving, and the like, is the ability to vary one's responses regardless of the specific repertoire. Researchers have developed methods to produce response variability. However, notwithstanding the significant contributions from the literature for prompting response variability, it remains unclear how much variation in responding is socially appropriate. To fill this research gap, the purpose of this study is to characterize and understand the different ways preschool children commonly interact with the activities and materials present in a preschool classroom. In our study, we assessed children's repeat item interactions, novel item interactions, and time allocation across seven concurrently available activity centers. A multifarious pattern for item interactions emerged across children. Some children had restricted levels of novel item and center interactions, while other children had more varied novel item and center interactions. However, the variance in interactions was predominantly controlled by the center type. This study bolsters our understanding of variability and creativity within a school setting, but more importantly, it informs the task of selecting goals for applied practice with children who have restricted play or interests.

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38

Cust, James Frederick. "The economic effects of resource extraction in developing countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:50412d56-f193-472e-97ea-a0bbf219cf09.

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This thesis presents three core chapters examining different aspects of the relationship between natural resources and economic development. While addressing different questions they share several features in common: a concern with causal inference; overcoming the challenges of endogeneity between resource abundance and other characteristics of developing countries; and the use of new and novel datasets with spatially identified units of analysis. The work contributes to a rich and growing empirical literature seeking to deepen our understanding of the underlying mechanisms affecting the fortunes of resource-abundant countries. In the introductory chapter I discuss the extensive literature on this topic and in particular focus on the new generation of well-identified within-country studies, seeking to understand the empirical relationship between resources and economic development. Countries typically welcome the news of a resource discovery with joy and indeed, resource discoveries hold great economic potential. But what determines whether a country is resource rich or not? Is it more than just a chance finding, or good geology? In Chapter 2, entitled Institutions and the Location of Oil Exploration I present an investigation into this question. I examine the relationship between governance and choices of where to drill for oil. This work utilises a new dataset on exploration wells and looks at the distribution of drilling close to national borders. This allows me to identify estimates for the effect of differences in governance between neighbours. Two times out of three, investors choose to drill on the side of borders that are better governed, all other things being equal. This suggests that resource-wealth itself may be contingent on factors beyond geology, and indeed may be endogenous to the process of development. In Chapter 3, entitled The Local Effects of Resource Extraction, I turn my attention to the local economic consequences of industrial mining in Indonesia. I present a simple three-sector general equilibrium model to generate predictions for the local labour market, akin to the Corden-Neary Dutch disease model of the macroeconomy. I test the predicted effects in response to an exogenous resource sector shock by looking at mine opening or mine expansion events across three hundred mines. I test the predictions of the model, first by estimating the economic footprint from industrial mining; found to be an average of fifteen kilometre radius. I then examine the response of reported labour market activity from households surveyed in nearby communities. Here I find no evidence for a shift of local labour into the mining sector. I do find however a notable movement of labour from the traded sectors (agriculture and manufacturing) to the non-traded service sector, with a strong effect for foreign-owned mines versus domestic ones. Chapter 4, entitled Disentangling the Effects of Resource Extraction: Local Government and Investment Multipliers, examines the oil and gas boom in Indonesia from 1999-2009. Here I deploy a variety of identification strategies to attempt to disentangle the regional effects of the boom, measured in terms of district GDP. I estimate effects arising from transfers of revenue to local government. Using an instrumental variable approach I isolate the fiscal channel from resource projects. I find a positive and significant effect of increased local government revenues on district GDP over the boom decade. I then examine the spillovers from resource projects, isolating them from fiscal transfers. For districts neighbouring resource rich districts I find evidence for a modest positive effect arising from project investments, rather than fiscal transfers. In Chapter 5 I present concluding thoughts and discuss a future research agenda. I also summarise the burgeoning landscape of resource data available for within country and spatially identified studies and offer some thoughts on how this might evolve.

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Quist, Noel. "Performance on Natural Dissemblance Tasks in 7-11 Year-Old, Language-Impaired and Typically Developing Children." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1426.

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Studies over the past several years have shown that children with language impairment (LI) have greater difficulty in social situations than typically developing children. More specifically, studies have shown that children with LI have more difficulty with dissemblance. This study was conducted to assess whether these children are less likely to dissemble in real-life situations. Forty-four children aged 7 to 11 years (22 LI and 22 typically developing) were presented with four situations designed to elicit dissemblance. Their reactions were scored and compared. The results of this study showed subtle differences between children with LI and typically developing children. Children with LI were more likely to display emotions, and the typically developing children were more likely to have non-committal and dissembled responses. These tasks were pilots, and further research is suggested.

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40

Jorge, Maldonado Higinio. "Relationships among poverty, financial services, human capital, risk coping, and natural resources: Evidence from El Salvador and Bolivia." The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1093505947.

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41

Currin, Aubrey Jason. "Text data analysis for a smart city project in a developing nation." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2227.

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Increased urbanisation against the backdrop of limited resources is complicating city planning and management of functions including public safety. The smart city concept can help, but most previous smart city systems have focused on utilising automated sensors and analysing quantitative data. In developing nations, using the ubiquitous mobile phone as an enabler for crowdsourcing of qualitative public safety reports, from the public, is a more viable option due to limited resources and infrastructure limitations. However, there is no specific best method for the analysis of qualitative text reports for a smart city in a developing nation. The aim of this study, therefore, is the development of a model for enabling the analysis of unstructured natural language text for use in a public safety smart city project. Following the guidelines of the design science paradigm, the resulting model was developed through the inductive review of related literature, assessed and refined by observations of a crowdsourcing prototype and conversational analysis with industry experts and academics. The content analysis technique was applied to the public safety reports obtained from the prototype via computer assisted qualitative data analysis software. This has resulted in the development of a hierarchical ontology which forms an additional output of this research project. Thus, this study has shown how municipalities or local government can use CAQDAS and content analysis techniques to prepare large quantities of text data for use in a smart city.

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42

Charlson, Joseph Arons. "Straw insulation materials to address heating fuel requirements, thermal comfort, and natural resource depletion in developing regions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65055.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1997.
"February 1997."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 252-253).
In modem society, major stresses are placed on the natural environment in an attempt to make the location comfortable for the human occupants. For many developing regions with cold winters such as northern Pakistan, new building construction has been driven by structural and economic criteria. Thermal comfort can be improved, heating fuel requirements can be reduced, and degradation of the natural environment can be mitigated by improving the thermal performance of these buildings. This thesis presents strong evidence for the benefits of thermal insulation and presents an optimal solution for producing that insulation in a sustainable and cost-competitive manner. Using Polymeric Methylene Diisocyanate as a binder, we were able to develop a formula for low density, structurally sound, straw based insulation board. The fabrication process involves the spraying of isocyanate onto an agricultural furnish of mixed fiber lengths in a rotating drum. The process appears to be one that could be used in developing regions. It is likely that this board can be manufactured well below the cost of competing insulation board products on a unit thermal resistance basis. Forty-one experimental boards were fabricated. The thermal, structural, and economic characteristics of these boards have been tested and analyzed. A formula has been developed for an optimized solution based on binder load, fiber size concentrations, density, and economic cost. The optimal boards meet or exceed all of our product design specifications. The optimal insulation placement scenarios for community-built school buildings are explored through the use of a dynamic building thermal modeling software, SERI-RES. The work described in this thesis provides a strong foundation for moving ahead and improving the thermal performance of the schools. Installation of insulation will improve thermal comfort in schools that continue to be unheated or under-heated. For those schools that are more fully heated, insulation will reduce fuel use at no penalty in thermal comfort. Improved thermal comfort will extend the use of schools in winter and payback periods are of reasonable duration, from two to four years for heated schools.
by Joseph Arons Charlson.
S.M.

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43

Chen, Wei. "Developing a Framework for Geographic Question Answering Systems Using GIS, Natural Language Processing, Machine Learning, and Ontologies." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1388065704.

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44

Dvorak, Bob G. "Dynamic human relationships with wilderness developing a relationship model /." [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12092008-122753/unrestricted/umi-umt-1103.pdf.

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45

Hollinshead, James Michael. "Investigating the great crested newt landscape in a pond rich environment : developing a landscape scale management perspective." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2011. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/6167/.

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This thesis investigated graph theoretic analysis of connectivity and habitat availability for landscape scale management of Triturus cristatus, the Great Crested Newt. The ecological foundations of wider landscape management concepts and knowledge base on T. cristatus' habitat requirements, dispersal and migration were explored. Species presence, and aquatic and terrestrial habitat on the Cholmondeley Estate, Malpas, Cheshire, UK was mapped and land cover characterized for suitability and traversibility by T. cristatus. Habitat area available and accessible from ponds were identified. Analysis and modelling of pondscape connectivity using Probability of Connectivity (PC) and related indices, was carried out using Euclidean and Cost Weighted Distance and pond clustering at ecologically relevant scales was examined. Association or correlation of presence with proximity to breeding ponds, pond cluster size, proximity and available quantity of terrestrial habitat, proximity to roads and moving water, and connectivity of breeding ponds were examined at Cost Weighted and Euclidean distances. Connectivity, (PC index), pond count in clusters at 250 and 500m thresholds of connectivity, and proximity to core habitat (broad leaved woodland and rough grassland) using Cost Weighted distances were positively associated with breeding presence. Road proximity and density, proximity of core habitat at Euclidean distances and mean inter-pond distance were not significantly associated with breeding presence. Proximity to moving water was negatively associated with breeding presence. Resistance to movement of various land cover types has important implications for habitat availability and connectivity, , / and important questions are raised in terms of "rule of thumb" guidelines for estimation of connectivity between pond populations and habitat availability around breeding ponds. Graph analysis was used to identify priority areas for maintenance of landscape level connectivity, and enhancement of habitat connectivity and availability on the local population scale, with prioritization of pond creation/protection sites against their contribution to connectivity and habitat I availability, examining various scenarios.

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46

Alestad, Linda, and Catrine Bergqvist. "A natural economic experiment : An analysis of the macroeconomic consequenses of the Indian Ocean tsunami in Sri Lanka." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7024.

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In this thesis we analyze the macroeconomic impact of the tsunami in 2004 on the Sri Lankan economy. The theoretical framework we use, the Australian model of a developing economy, gives direct or indirect predictions for the development of a number of variables after a natural disaster. In our case, we believe that the main reason for developments of the output variables and the exchange rate is the extraordinary large and rapid inflow of foreign aid money. In summary, we find the overall impact of the tsunami on the Sri Lankan economy to be minor.

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47

Andersson, Pär. "Sustainable Agriculture Modernization, Orongo Village, Western Kenya." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, NV, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-9524.

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Анотація:

Today more than 200 million people are suffering from malnutrition in Africa, a major contributing factor to this is that Africa is the continent, by a large margin, that gets least yield per cultivated hectare. The relatively poor yield is not because Africa has no cultivable land but because of the prevailing agricultural practices. Orongo is a village in western Kenya, where large parts of agriculture are threatened by severe soil erosion problems and two-thirds of the inhabitants are totally dependent on agriculture for food and economic security. Today's agricultural practices have proved inadequate. Organic agriculture is not dependent on high-tech methods or expensive synthetic chemicals to provide a relatively good harvest and has therefore proved to have particularly good potential to increase the harvest of small-scale farmers living under poor circumstances. Organic agriculture relies entirely on natural processes that exist to increase soil fertility. The strengthening of these natural processes is the most important work in Organic agriculture with many long-lasting positive effects and a constant increase of soil fertility as a result. All the different components of organic agriculture have the potential to independently contribute to the desired development, decreased soil erosion and increased resistance of the local ecosystem are common consequences of organic agriculture components. There are many indications that Organic agriculture could provide a sustainable solution to the malnutrition problem in Orongo but to implement such modernization has globally proven difficult. The various components must all be adapted to the local biophysical circumstances, the local need and knowledge level of the farmers concerned. This document describes and analyzes these components from an Orongo perspective and looks at local cultural phenomena that must be considered. For a modernization to organic agriculture to be possible, a combined effort will be necessary, both to raise awareness of Organic agriculture through physical demonstration and classical learning but also provide economic security and incentives for farmers who want to change to Organic agriculture. It is also important to encourage entrepreneurship forces that can help to spread the different components of organic agriculture, components that on their own can contribute to a desired development.

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48

Eweje, Gabriel. "Corporate social responsibility and multinational enterprises in developing countries : natural resource exploitation in Nigeria, South Africa and Zambia." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540863.

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This thesis critically examines the corporate social responsibilities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in developing countries. A conceptual and theoretically oriented literature review is followed by focused discussions, chapter by chapter, of employee relations, community development projects, health and safety, and environmental impacts. The empirical domain is the activities of MNEs in the extractive industries of Nigeria, South Africa and Zambia. The discussion in each of the main empirically based chapters is lent focus and direction through the analysis of critical incidents from the perspectives of various stakeholders: governments, companies, employees, local communities and the media. Primary data relating to critical incidents was gathered from archival sources and through fieldwork interviews with personnel from multinational oil and mining companies, governments, petroleum and mining unions and local community representatives in Nigeria, South Africa and Zambia. Oral history testimonies and documentary materials have been analysed with reference to three influential and widely used theoretical frameworks. This approach has enabled the testing of various theoretical propositions and the establishment of benchmark standards for evaluating the activities of MNEs in terms of corporate social responsibility and business ethics. It is shown that multinational oil and mining companies often fall short of international benchmark standards of corporate social responsibility when operating in developing countries. The perceptions of host governments, unions and local communities are often negative and arouse strong feelings of hostility to the point that the behaviour of MNEs is described by informants as unethical or immoral. Hostile feelings and negative attitudes of the kind revealed in this thesis have their foundation in industrial and corporate strategies and structures, defying any explanation cast in terms of poor corporate communications. It follows that the remedy needs to be fundamental and thoroughgoing. This conclusion has not yet been fully accepted by all of the extractive MNEs operating in Nigeria, South Africa and Zambia. However, they do concede that their operations can have negative consequences for health, families, local communities and the environment. As a result, and in the absence of sufficiently binding national regulations, they have introduced voluntary codes of conduct and emphasise corporate social responsibility in mission statements and other public relations materials. On the basis of the evidence presented in this thesis, it is argued that these efforts, though laudable, are inadequate when confronting the strategies and structural pressures that give rise to unethical business practices. 2

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49

Corralejo, Samantha M. "Time-out for sibling aggression: An analysis of effective durations for typically developing children in a natural setting." Scholarly Commons, 2015. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/285.

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Past research has investigated parameters of time-out such as duration, mostly with individuals with developmental disabilities. Existing research and popular parenting sources do not coincide in terms of the suggested duration of time-out. The current study sought to find the shortest effective duration(s) of time-out necessary to reduce sibling aggression in eight typically developing girls ages 3-7. The intervention took place in participants’ homes using a minute-by-minute incremental increase and reversal design. All participants reached a minimum reduction in sibling aggression of 60% after experiencing a 1-min time-out. The majority (75%) of participants also demonstrated clear reversals of behavior when returned to the baseline condition. The current findings suggest that a 1-min time-out may be sufficient for children as old as 7— contrary to the common 1-min per year of age rule. Limitations include the presence of a graduate assistant during sibling play and some loss of experimental control in the natural setting. Future research should seek to replicate the current methodology with the same population and populations of different ages and developmental levels.

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Ali, Kazmi Syed. "Impact of Natural, Man-made Risks and Stakeholders Relationship on effectiveness of Supply Chain Management in Developing Countries." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad maskinteknik (KTH Södertälje), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-204466.

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