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Статті в журналах з теми "Deterrence mechanisms"
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Banasik, Mirosław. "Znaczenie odstraszania strategicznego dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 12, no. 1 (September 24, 2021): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.6467.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the article was to clarify the essence of the strategic deterrence and to characterize the deterrent mechanisms used to shape international security. The article explains the nature of the deterrent and mechanisms to guarantee international security. It presents the genesis of deterrence and characterizes its evolution. It also indicates the need for changes in the theory and practice of deterrence. As a result of the studies, it has been established that, nowadays, thanks to the complementary use of hard and soft power, strategic deterrence has a multi-faceted character and its importance for international relations is increasing. It is closely linked to diplomacy and constitutes a mechanism, by means of which the foreign political interests of states are realized and the international security order is shaped.
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Nye, Joseph S. "Deterrence and Dissuasion in Cyberspace." International Security 41, no. 3 (January 2017): 44–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00266.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Understanding deterrence and dissuasion in cyberspace is often difficult because our minds are captured by Cold War images of massive retaliation to a nuclear attack by nuclear means. The analogy to nuclear deterrence is misleading, however, because many aspects of cyber behavior are more like other behaviors, such as crime, that states try (imperfectly) to deter. Preventing harm in cyberspace involves four complex mechanisms: threats of punishment, denial, entanglement, and norms. Even when punishment is used, deterrent threats need not be limited to cyber responses, and they may address general behavior as well as specific acts. Cyber threats are plentiful, often ambiguous, and difficult to attribute. Problems of attribution are said to limit deterrence and dissuasion in the cyber domain, but three of the major means—denial by defense, entanglement, and normative taboos—are not strongly hindered by the attribution problem. The effectiveness of different mechanisms depends on context, and the question of whether deterrence works in cyberspace depends on “who and what.” Not all cyberattacks are of equal importance; not all can be deterred; and not all rise to the level of significant national security threats. The lesson for policymakers is to focus on the most important attacks and to understand the context in which such attacks may occur and the full range of mechanisms available to prevent them.
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Abdulridha, Jaafar Naser, Qusay Ali Abbas, and Salwan Jaber Hashim. "The philosophy of private deterrence in the penal code." Cuestiones Políticas 38, Especial II (December 8, 2020): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.382e.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of article was to discuss the philosophy of private deterrence under Iraq's penal code. The methodology adopted was the inductive approach, which helps to extrapolate legal texts with this study and the jurisprudence of legal jurists. The Legislator applies to the threat with punishment the harm and pain that will be inflicted on them if the crime is eaten by law, what is known as public deterrence speech. For its part, the special deterrent will be responsible for reforming the meaning and morality of the offender, following various means provided by the legislature and designing a method of education of the deprived of liberty, allowing them the voluntary work determined by the conditions of each penance conditions or even by the subsequent formal and informal reintegration mechanisms of ex-convictions. It is concluded that these methods and others can contribute significantly to the achievement of the deterrence objectives, which is to reform and evaluate the offender's conduct according to criminal gravity on a case-by-case basis.
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Giardini, Francesca. "Deterrence and transmission as mechanisms ensuring reliability of gossip." Cognitive Processing 13, S2 (October 9, 2011): 465–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10339-011-0421-0.
Повний текст джерела
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Nkundabanyanga, Stephen Korutaro, Gorettie Kyeyune Nakyeyune, and Moses Muhwezi. "Management mechanisms, deterrence measures and public finance regulatory compliance in Uganda." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 31, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 178–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-02-2018-0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose Despite the advancement of the assumptions of agency and institutional theories whereby monitoring structures and controls form the basis of management, inadequate public finance regulatory compliance among public entities has continued to be a challenge. The purpose of this paper is to examine how to break out of the apparent cycle of failures to comply with public finance regulations. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional study that integrates two approaches (cooperative and coercive models) drawing from the view that in central government agencies, there may be stewards and also agents motivated by self-interest, suggesting that the most promising framework is that which renders the traditional ways of achieving regulatory compliance to be supplemented with the stewardship model. Thus, the authors focus on four variables: management mechanisms, ethical climate, deterrence measures and public finance regulatory compliance all drawn from agency, institutional and stewardship theories. The authors collect data from 67 central government agencies in Uganda using a structured questionnaire. Findings The authors find that management mechanisms dimensions of leadership support and organisational commitment significantly associate with public finance regulatory compliance and so too are deterrence measures particularly oversight organs, penalties and procedural justices. Research limitations/implications Public finance regulatory compliance can be improved through management mechanisms and deterrence measures. Originality/value The study generates empirical evidence on the applicability of stewardship theory in the management of public entities for regulatory compliance
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Abrams, David S. "Estimating the Deterrent Effect of Incarceration Using Sentencing Enhancements." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 32–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.4.4.32.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increasing criminal sanctions may reduce crime through two primary mechanisms: deterrence and incapacitation. Disentangling their effects is crucial for optimal policy setting. I use sentence enhancements due to the introduction of state add-on gun laws to isolate the deterrent effect of incarceration. Using cross-state variation in the timing of law passage dates, I find that the average add-on gun law results in a roughly 5 percent decline in gun robberies within the first 3 years. This result is robust to a number of specification tests and does not appear to be associated with large spillovers to other types of crime. (JEL K14, K42)
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Khrishkevich, Tatiana. "Modern Germany in the architecture of NATO's nuclear deterrence." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 4 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760017960-3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article discusses the features of the participation of the Federal Republic of Germany in the NATO nuclear deterrence system. The main attention is paid to two key levels of nuclear participation - technical, related to the deployment of American missiles at German air bases, and political, consisting of state cooperation in disarmament programs. The objectives and mechanisms of nuclear participation, the attitude of leading political parties to the problem of nuclear deterrence within NATO, including the content of coalition agreements and election programs are analyzed. It is noted that there are currently no operational reasons why there is still a need for military participation in nuclear deterrence. The conclusion is made about the predominantly political grounds for Germany's participation in NATO.
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Hong, Yuxiang, and Mengyi Xu. "Autonomous Motivation and Information Security Policy Compliance." Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 33, no. 6 (November 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.20211101.oa9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many existing studies focus on the effect of external influence mechanisms (e.g., deterrence) impacting information security policy compliance (ISPC). This study explores the formation of ISPC from an autonomous motivation perspective, based on social exchange theory and self-determination theory. Data were gathered by conducting a survey of 261 employees, with hierarchical regression analysis being used to test our hypotheses.The results indicated the following: First, job satisfaction and personal responsibility positively impact ISPC. Second, job satisfaction perceived by employees is positively linked to personal responsibility, where deterrence severity has a negative moderating effect on this relationship. Finally, personal responsibility mediates the relationship between job satisfaction and ISPC. This study suggests that organizational support should focus on promoting perceived self-determination of employees, and that deterrence should be maintained at a moderate level to adapt to the organization's security strategy and information security environment.
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P. Harmon, Jason, and D. A. Andow. "Behavioral mechanisms underlying ants? density-dependent deterrence of aphid-eating predators." Oikos 116, no. 6 (June 2007): 1030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15578.x.
Повний текст джерела
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P. Harmon, Jason, and D. A. Andow. "Behavioral mechanisms underlying ants’ density-dependent deterrence of aphid-eating predators." Oikos 116, no. 6 (June 2007): 1030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15578.x.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Deterrence mechanisms"
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Wu, Qin. "Three Essays on Unethical Behaviour and Deterrence Mechanisms in Contests." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/124605.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis consists of three self-contained essays. We study undesirable behaviors such as cheating and self-sabotaging in contests in a laboratory environment. The rst paper proposes a new anti-doping policy. In a conditional superannuation scheme, athletes have to pay a certain fraction of their proceeds from sports into a fund from which they can draw only well after their careers and if they have never been caught doping. Theoretically, this fund has two important advantages over conventional anti-doping policies such as bans and nes. It does not lose its deterrence e ect when athletes approach the end of their careers (unlike bans), and it can deal with the widespread problem that drug cheats are often only found out much later when the detection technology has caught up with doping practices. We build a model of a dynamic sporting contest, implement it in the laboratory and compare the performance of our policy to that of traditional policies. Our policy compares favorably with respect to doping prevention and the quality of resulting sporting contests. In the second paper, we study a tournament that rewards not only winners but also losers with extremely bad performance, which creates an incentive for underdogs to under-perform deliberately. Such a contest scheme is often employed to improve the long term competitive balance. We design two treatments, with or without the leaderboard, to investigate whether social status can reduce this self-sabotaging behaviour. The leaderboard of all participants' ranked performance is used as a proxy of social status. Our results show that underdogs respond to the monetary self-sabotaging incentives in contests. In addition, individuals tend to self-sabotage just enough when the leaderboard is displayed to everybody. Without the leaderboard, players self-sabotage more excessively. We conjecture that by achieving exactly the level of performance that gives the consolation prize, tankers in the leaderboard treatment want to signal that they understand the game well and they tanked to receive the consolation prize. The third paper addresses an agency problem in a contest between two contestants, each with a manager. Individuals that are engaged in contests have strong incentives to cheat. Sanctions are designed to deter potential cheaters. Often other agents in the contestant's team (e.g., a coach of an athlete) or company (a manager of an R&D engineer) have a bene t from cheating and can in uence on the cheating decision. If only the contestant is punished for cheating, an agency problem arises. We show theoretically, that extending the liability from the contestant to the manager reduces cheating only if fines are suffciently high. Otherwise over-all cheating rate increases. Experimental tests confi rm that for high fines joint liability is effective in reducing cheating, while predicted detrimental effect of joint liability when fines are low does not materialise.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Economics, 2019
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Siang'andu, Twaambo Ellah Mapenzi. "The methodology by which transitional justice strategies ought to be incorporated into the International Criminal Court framework." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21168.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research seeks to establish a methodology by which transitional justice strategies ought to be incorporated within the International Criminal Court (ICC) framework. The study is based on the situation in Uganda as an example of the state that has a situation and cases before the ICC. The aim of the thesis was achieved through the adoption of a combination of theoretical legal research and the non -doctrinal approaches.
This research establishes that the primary responsibility to prosecute persons suspected of violating international law lies with the states. The importance of the concept of individual criminal responsibility, the idea that every person suspected of committing the most serious offences must be held accountable regardless of status. The principle of individual criminal responsibility is further developed with the creation of the ICC.
This research clarifies that there are limitations in terms of what prosecutions can achieve during transitional periods; further, that trials in the ICC and national courts can be undertaken together with proceedings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commissions or indigenous mechasims. Such an approach will allow for confines of prosecutions to be addressed.
Despite the existence of principles and institutional framework that are intended to ensure individuals are held accountable for the most serious offences of international concern, the majority of individuals are not held accountable. In order for the ICC to operate effectively it would need to seek to go beyond deterrence and retribution. This would require post – conflict states to devise transitional arrangements that compel with the ICC structure.
Thus the research recommends that it would be better for judicial and non- judicial measures to be adopted in states that have cases before the ICC. Particularly Uganda must adopt the mato oput method formally as a tool to address the past human rights abuses in Uganda. All persons regardless of whether they have been granted amnesty or not must be held accountable under the mato oput measures. This implies all persons with exception to those that the ICC has issued the warrants of arrest against.Public, Constitutional and International Law
LL. D.
Книги з теми "Deterrence mechanisms"
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Zagare, Frank C. Game Theory, Diplomatic History and Security Studies. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831587.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main purpose of this book is to demonstrate, by way of example, the several advantages of using a formal game-theoretic framework to explain complex events, diplomatic history, and contentious interstate relationships, via causal mechanisms and rationality. Chapter 1 lays out the broad parameters and major concepts of the mathematical theory of games and its applications in the security studies literature. Chapter 2 explores a number of issues connected with the use of game-theoretic models to organize analytic narratives, both generally and specifically. Chapter 3 interprets the Moroccan crisis of 1905–6 in the context of an incomplete information game model. Chapter 4 surveys and evaluates several prominent attempts to use game theory to explain the strategic dynamic of the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. Chapter 5 offers a general explanation that answers all of the foundational questions associated with the Cuban crisis within the confines of a single, integrated, game-theoretic model with incomplete information. Chapter 6 uses the same game form to develop a logically consistent and empirically plausible explanation of the outbreak of war in Europe in early August 1914. Chapter 7 introduces perfect deterrence theory and contrasts it with the prevailing realist theory of interstate war prevention, and classical deterrence theory. Chapter 8 addresses the charge made by some behavioral economists (and many strategic analysts) that game theory is of limited utility for understanding interstate conflict behavior.
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Jenia Iontcheva, Turner. Part III Prosecutorial Policy and Practice, 17 Accountability of International Prosecutors. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dilemma of holding prosecutors accountable while ensuring their independence was at the centre of the debates surrounding the establishment of the ICC and has been a recurring question ever since. Drastic judicial remedies against prosecutorial misconduct have the potential of harming other interests of international criminal justice, including deterrence, retribution, and the establishment of an accurate historical record. On the other hand, non-judicial mechanisms may compromise the principle of prosecutorial independence and create the risk that politics would influence disciplinary decisions. This chapter examines how the ICC has approached this accountability dilemma in its first years of operation. It advances that the Court should adopt a structured balancing approach in determining remedies for prosecutorial misconduct to include internal bureaucratic controls within the OTP, judicial intervention, and disciplinary measures by the ASP, the IOM, and national or international bar associations.
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Volgy, Thomas J., Kelly Marie Gordell, Paul Bezerra, and Jon Patrick Rhamey, Jr. Conflict, Regions, and Regional Hierarchies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.310.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite decades of scholarly attention to conflict and cooperation processes in international politics, rigorous, comparative, large-N analyses of these questions at the region level are difficult to find in the literature. Although this relative absence may stem in part from the difficulties related to the theoretical conceptualization or methodological operationalization of regions, it certainly is not for lack of interesting variation in terms of conflict and cooperation processes across regions. Between this variation and recent contributions toward a dynamic identification of regions, comparative analysis of conflict and cooperation outcomes at the region level are primed for exploration and increasingly salient as recent political elections in the United States (Trump election) and the United Kingdom (Brexit) have demonstrated a willingness on the part of policymakers to scale back efforts toward global interdependence.Turning attention to a region level unit of analysis, however, does not require abandoning decades of scholarship at the state or dyad levels. Indeed, much of this work may be viewed as informing or complementary to comparative regional analyses. In particular, regional propensity for cooperation or conflict is likely to be conditioned by a number of prominent explanations of these phenomena at state and dyad levels, which may usefully be conceived in their regional aggregates as so-called regional fault lines or baseline conditions. These include the presence of major and/or regional powers, interstate rivalries, unresolved territorial claims, civil wars, regime similarity, trade relationships, and common membership in intergovernmental organizations.Of these baseline conditions, the impact of major and regional powers on regional patterns of cooperation and conflict is notable for both its theoretical and practical implications. Power transition theory, hegemonic stability theory, hierarchical theory, and long cycle theory all suggest major—and to a lesser extent regional—powers will seek to establish order within areas under their influence; alternatively, the overwhelming capabilities these states bring to a region arguably act as a deterrent inhibiting conflict. Empirical analysis reveals—irrespective of the causal mechanism at hand—regions characterized by the presence of a major or regional power experience less conflict. Moving forward, future research should work to test the two plausible causal mechanisms for this finding—order building versus deterrence—to determine the true nature of hierarchy’s pacifying influence.
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Frey, Perry A., and Adrian D. Hegeman. Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195122589.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Books dealing with the mechanisms of enzymatic reactions were written a generation ago. They included volumes entitled Bioorganic Mechanisms, I and II by T.C. Bruice and S.J. Benkovic, published in 1965, the volume entitled Catalysis in Chemistry and Enzymology by W.P. Jencks in 1969, and the volume entitled Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms by C.T. Walsh in 1979. The Walsh book was based on the course taught by W.P. Jencks and R.H. Abeles at Brandeis University in the 1960's and 1970's. By the late 1970's, much more could be included about the structures of enzymes and the kinetics and mechanisms of enzymatic reactions themselves, and less emphasis was placed on chemical models. Walshs book was widely used in courses on enzymatic mechanisms for many years. Much has happened in the field of mechanistic enzymology in the past 15 to 20 years. Walshs book is both out-of-date and out-of-focus in todays world of enzymatic mechanisms. There is no longer a single volume or a small collection of volumes to which students can be directed to obtain a clear understanding of the state of knowledge regarding the chemicals mechanisms by which enzymes catalyze biological reactions. There is no single volume to which medicinal chemists and biotechnologists can refer on the subject of enzymatic mechanisms. Practitioners in the field have recognized a need for a new book on enzymatic mechanisms for more than ten years, and several, including Walsh, have considered undertaking to modernize Walshs book. However, these good intentions have been abandoned for one reason or another. The great size of the knowledge base in mechanistic enzymology has been a deterrent. It seems too large a subject for a single author, and it is difficult for several authors to coordinate their work to mutual satisfaction. This text by Perry A. Frey and Adrian D. Hegeman accomplishes this feat, producing the long-awaited replacement for Walshs classic text.
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Bove, Vincenzo, Chiara Ruffa, and Andrea Ruggeri. Composing Peace. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790655.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The book explores how diversity in United Nations’ peace mission composition affects peacekeeping effectiveness. It identifies four key dimensions of composition: Blue Helmets’ field diversity, top mission leadership diversity (between Force Commander and Special Representative of the Secretary General), vertical leadership distance (Leadership-Blue Helmets), and horizontal distance with the local population. Each dimension of diversity of mission is measured as linguistic, geographical, and religious distance. Our book conceptualizes original mechanisms—i. resolve commitment; ii. informative trust; iii. informative communicability; iv. skilled persuasion—through which diversity can shape mission effectiveness such as trust, communicability, deterrence, and persuasion. It then evaluates each dimension separately through three pathway case studies—the UN missions in Lebanon, in Mali, and in the Central African Republic—and quantitative analyses based on a global dataset of peacekeeping operations deployed since the end of the Cold War. The book finds that diversity of Blue Helmets and diversity of top leadership may increase the mission’s capacity to reduce battle-field violence and civilian victimization. At the same time, the effects of diversity are contextual and contingent. In fact, looking at the relation between peacekeepers and Force Commanders, proximity between them is generally associated with better performances. Furthermore, homogeneity between local populations and peacekeepers, or low distance between them, is also related to low levels of hostility and casualties. This book crucially demonstrates why diversity of mission composition is a key variable to consider when trying to enhance peacekeeping effectiveness.
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Tahamont, Sarah, and Aaron Chalfin. The Effect of Prisons on Crime. Edited by John Wooldredge and Paula Smith. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948154.013.29.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter presents empirical evidence regarding the (in)effectiveness of prisons for reducing crime. The authors begin with a brief discussion of the mechanisms through which incarceration affects crime, followed by a review of research that presents empirical evidence on the relationship between prisons and crime. This section separates empirical research on the total effect of prison on crime from empirical studies intended to isolate the deterrent or incapacitation effects of prison. Death penalty studies are also reviewed for insight into whether capital punishment has any short- or long-term effects on homicide rates. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the policy implications that follow from the empirical research on prison effects on crime.
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Olsen, Jan Abel. Patient payments. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter returns to the reason why people—in an ex ante situation—prefer to pay part of the healthcare costs ex post. This is simply because there is no welfare gain from insurance when the potential treatment expenditure is sufficiently low. The efficiency argument for co-insurance as a mechanism to reduce the welfare loss from insurance is illustrated using a standard model. Different patient payment systems are compared. A recurrent issue in policy debates over patient payments is their distributive implications. This inherent inequity problem is discussed, including a diagram showing the deterrent effect of out-of-pocket payments for poor people’s healthcare utilization. Finally, in a context where patient payments are justified as a way to reduce ‘excess demand’, the chapter suggests that it may be doctor initiated rather than patient initiated. Hence, it might be more appropriate to regulate the supply side than the demand side.
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Deigh, John. The Emotional Significance of Punishment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878597.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The essay explains the emotional significance of punishment in law and in common life. The explanation entails first understanding inflictions of punishment as a form of retaliation. So understanding inflictions of punishment requires abandoning the standard definition of punishment in the philosophical literature that takes legal punishment as the central case. A broader definition is offered that comprehends a broader array of cases including punishment by crime bosses of their underlings, punishment by international powers of countries that have attacked their citizens or property, and punishment inflicted by vigilantes. Given this broader definition, the emotional significance of punishment is then explained by considering punishment’s functions as a deterrent to those contemplating disrupting the social order, an assurance of support for those who maintain an allegiance to the social order, and a mechanism for reintegrating into society those who have disrupted the social order and caused a breach in their relations with its members.
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Stone Peters, Julie. Law as Performance. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898494.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tirades against legal theatrics are nearly as old as law itself, and yet so is the age-old claim that law must not merely be done, but “seen to be done.” Law as Performance traces the history of legal performance and spectatorship through the early modern period. Viewing law as the product not merely of edicts or doctrines but of expressive action, it investigates the performances that literally created law: in civic arenas, courtrooms, and judges’ chambers; on scaffolds; and in the streets. It examines the legal codes, learned treatises, trial reports, lawyers’ manuals, execution narratives, rhetoric books, images (and more) that confronted these performances, praising their virtues or denouncing their evils. In so doing, it recovers a long, rich, and largely overlooked tradition of jurisprudential thought about law as a performance practice. This tradition not only generated an elaborate poetics and politics of legal performance. It provided western jurisprudence with a set of constitutive norms that shaped the very identity of law. That identity emerged, in part, through an opposition: law stood for cool deliberation, by-the-book rules, and sovereign discipline; theatre stood for deceptive artifice, entertainment, histrionics, melodrama. And yet legal performance, even at its most theatrical, also appeared fundamental to law’s realization—a central mechanism for shaping legal subjects, key to persuasion, essential to deterrence, indispensable to law’s power—as it still does today.
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Stone Peters, Julie. Law as Performance. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898494.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tirades against legal theatrics are nearly as old as law itself, and yet so is the age-old claim that law must not merely be done, but “seen to be done.” Law as Performance traces the history of legal performance and spectatorship through the early modern period. Viewing law as the product not merely of edicts or doctrines but of expressive action, it investigates the performances that literally created law: in civic arenas, courtrooms, and judges’ chambers; on scaffolds; and in the streets. It examines the legal codes, learned treatises, trial reports, lawyers’ manuals, execution narratives, rhetoric books, images (and more) that confronted these performances, praising their virtues or denouncing their evils. In so doing, it recovers a long, rich, and largely overlooked tradition of jurisprudential thought about law as a performance practice. This tradition not only generated an elaborate poetics and politics of legal performance. It provided western jurisprudence with a set of constitutive norms that shaped the very identity of law. That identity emerged, in part, through an opposition: law stood for cool deliberation, by-the-book rules, and sovereign discipline; theatre stood for deceptive artifice, entertainment, histrionics, melodrama. And yet legal performance, even at its most theatrical, also appeared fundamental to law’s realization—a central mechanism for shaping legal subjects, key to persuasion, essential to deterrence, indispensable to law’s power—as it still does today.
Частини книг з теми "Deterrence mechanisms"
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Jakobsen, Peter Viggo. "Deterrence in Peace Operations: Look Beyond the Battlefield and Expand the Number of Targets and Influence Mechanisms." In NL ARMS, 327–45. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-419-8_17.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe peace operations literature suffers from a narrow focus on battlefield deterrence. It ignores the need to deter actors beyond the battlefield from supporting the combatants using force, and analyses the use of military threats and force in peace operations in a vacuum without taking into account the other instruments that deterring actors employ simultaneously to influence the combatants, combatant allies, combatant supporters and bystanders that undermine deterrence in peace operations. Since most peace operation forces lack the capacity and willingness to threaten and use force in accordance with the requirements stipulated by rational deterrence theory, influencing actors beyond the battlefield is more important with respect to deterring violence than the military efforts undertaken by peace operation forces to deter combatants from using force or to compel them to stop doing so. Accordingly, this chapter develops a new analytical framework that will enable peace operation theorists and practitioners to target all the actors that undermine deterrence on the battlefield and beyond with all the tools at their disposal—persuasion, inducement and coercion. The framework will improve both theory and practice by providing a better understanding of the conditions under which peace operations can contribute to deterring and, if need be, compelling combatants from using force as well as identifying the tools that practitioners can employ to this end. It highlights that peace operations merely constitute the top of the deterrence iceberg, and that peace operation forces must be supported by other actors and tools to succeed with respect to deterring violence and facilitating conflict resolution.
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Zilincik, Samuel, and Isabelle Duyvesteyn. "Deterrence: A Continuation of Emotional Life with the Admixture of Violent Means." In NL ARMS, 455–74. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-419-8_24.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractDeterrence is more than anything a psychological mechanism. It depends on emotions that orchestrate processes across organisms to deal with the challenges of the present and the future. However, deterrence scholarship has had a turbulent relationship with emotions. The main aim of this chapter is to review what we know and what we do not know about emotions and deterrence. The secondary aim is to develop a dynamic and interactive emotion-centric model of deterrence to explain where and how emotions play a role in such a mechanism. We combine the methods of theoretical analysis and literature review to achieve these aims. Our findings indicate that emotions give a new meaning to deterrence by changing the nature of the theory and by highlighting problems of practice. More specifically, scholars should reconsider both the means and the ends of deterrence. Practitioners should be aware that deterrence efforts are hard to sustain and may produce emotional effects detrimental to their original purpose.
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Mazarr, Michael J. "Other Issues: The Mechanics of the Nuclear Deterrent." In Start and the Future of Deterrence, 161–82. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11524-2_7.
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Green, Brendan Rittenhouse, and Austin G. Long. "Signaling with Secrets." In Cross-Domain Deterrence, 205–33. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190908645.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
How do you credibly communicate a threat that you cannot reveal? This problem is endemic for modern space and cyberspace capabilities, but the challenge of secrecy constraints in cross-domain deterrence is not a new phenomenon. During the late Cold War, nuclear forces deterred conventional attack, theater nuclear forces deterred strategic nuclear escalation, and conventional threats to nuclear capabilities deterred conventional attack. Some of these capabilities, particularly intelligence collection and electronic datalinks, depended on sensitive tactics and technologies that could not be revealed lest the enemy develop effective countermeasures. Secrecy created uncertainty about the true balance of power, which should have made conflict more likely, according to rationalist theory. This chapter shows, however, that the United States was able to use several mechanisms to communicate its capabilities to the Soviet Union without thoroughly compromising the ability to use them. Leveraging historical evidence from senior Soviet leadership, the chapter argues that U.S. nuclear counterforce strategy, which leveraged clandestine capabilities in many domains, nevertheless was effective in shaping Soviet perceptions and influencing Soviet policy.
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Bove, Vincenzo, Chiara Ruffa, and Andrea Ruggeri. "Mission Composition and Mechanisms of Peacekeeping." In Composing Peace, 25–42. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790655.003.0002.
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This chapter introduces the analytical and theoretical framework for the entirety of the book. First, it establishes three key concepts for this research: mission composition, diversity, and distance. These concepts are used to explore whether and how differences within peacekeepers, between the peacekeepers and the local populations, and as well as between the leaders of the operation affect the performances of the operation. Second, it reviews the current analytical toolbox of peacekeeping missions and highlights the limitations of only conceptualizing peacekeeping missions as present or absent and in terms of mission size. Third, it presents four new mechanisms through which mission diversity shapes its effectiveness: Informative Trust, Informative Communicability, Resolve Deterrence, and Skilled Persuasion.
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Koranteng, Felix Nti, Richard Apau, Jones Opoku-Ware, and Akon Obu Ekpezu. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Deterrence Theory in Information Security Compliance." In Modern Theories and Practices for Cyber Ethics and Security Compliance, 140–51. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3149-5.ch009.
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There is a long-held belief that deterrence mechanisms are more useful in developing countries. Evidence on this belief is anecdotal rather than empirical. In this chapter, individual compliance to information system security policy (ISSP) is examined through the lenses of deterrence theory. The effects of certainty of detection and severity of punishment on attitude towards compliance and also ISSP compliance behaviour are investigated. A survey questionnaire was distributed to gather responses from 432 individuals who are staff of a public university in Ghana. The data was analysed using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that severity of punishment has a positive effect on attitude towards compliance and ISSP compliance behaviour. However, certainty of detection neither affected attitude towards compliance nor ISSP compliance behaviour. It is recommended that organizations enhance the severity of sanctions imposed on those who violate ISSPs. Future studies should explore how users apply neutralization techniques to evade sanctions.
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Narang, Vipin. "Deterring Unequally II: Regional Power Nuclear Postures and Crisis Behavior." In Nuclear Strategy in the Modern Era. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691159829.003.0010.
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This chapter probes questions regarding how nuclear weapons or nuclear postures affect crisis dynamics, by examining whether there is variation in states' decisions to escalate or de-escalate a crisis as a function of nuclear posture. That is, within a crisis, the chapter considers if some nuclear postures deter states from conflict escalation better than others. In answering this question, this chapter uncovers the mechanisms responsible for the relationship between regional nuclear postures and deterrence outcomes, ensuring that the correlations established in the statistical analysis are not just spurious but are real and causal. To do this, the chapter explores the findings from the large-n analysis in more fine-grained crisis settings.
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Lebovic, James H. "Resolve and Reputation." In The False Promise of Superiority, 147—C6P99. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197680865.003.0006.
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Abstract Chapter 6 explores the notions of resolve and reputation. To establish its credibility to use nuclear force, a nuclear “superior” can arguably bolster its apparent “resolve” to convince the opponent that the cost of its transgressions will exceed any gains. Or else it can build—and then store—credibility for future use by establishing a “reputation” for standing by commitments or taking decisive action. A party can supposedly harness both mechanisms by establishing a “reputation for resolve.” The concepts of resolve and reputation are problematic, however, when employed to understand deterrence (or compellence) relationships. Outcomes that we often attribute to resolve, or reputations, owe to other plausible influences. Indeed, efforts to establish resolve or build a reputation for action might again prove ineffective or counterproductive.
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Zagare, Frank C. "The Moroccan Crisis of 1905–6." In Game Theory, Diplomatic History and Security Studies, 41–60. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831587.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter focuses on the Moroccan crisis of 1905–6, which was the first in a series of early twentieth-century confrontations that are generally considered to have led to World War I. The chapter interprets this crisis in the context of an incomplete information game model, the Tripartite Crisis Game, and one of its proper subgames, the Defender–Protégé subgame. British support of France during the 1906 Algeciras Conference, which ended the crisis, the firm stand that France took at the conference, and the German decision to press for a conference, are explained in terms of the model’s principal variables. In addition, the chapter discusses the Entente Cordiale and the “deterrence vs. restraint dilemma” associated with it, and similar strategic relationships. While the analysis is not necessarily at odds with the conclusions of some historians, it is more powerful because it is explicit about the causal mechanisms at work.
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Guchua, Alika Alika. "New Realities for NATO's Modern Nuclear Policy." In NATO and the Future of European and Asian Security, 54–72. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7118-7.ch005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The role and importance of nuclear weapons in modern international security are growing steadily at the present time. The key actors in global politics are trying to further develop nuclear weapons and improve their technologies. Against this background, the role and importance of the North Atlantic alliance is growing. The chapter discusses NATO's new nuclear policy and approaches to nuclear non-proliferation. The topic will discuss the risks, threats, and challenges facing NATO and the world in the field of nuclear security and the nuclear safety factor in global security amid asymmetric threats. The North Atlantic alliance was able to maintain peace and stability in the Euro-Atlantic region in the field of strategic security and stability, which, in turn, is quite active in the context of global security. The document will also discuss key aspects of NATO's nuclear policy in the modern era and the mechanisms of nuclear deterrence. The chapter will also discuss the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty agreement canceled and New Start agreement.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Deterrence mechanisms"
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Jiang, Xiancai, Ke Huang, Bei Wang, and Yongsong Zeng. "Deterrent Effect Mechanism of Traffic Electronic Enforcement." In Fourth International Conference on Transportation Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413159.233.
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Fukumoto, M., Y. Huang, and M. Ohwatari. "Flattening Mechanism in Thermal Sprayed Particle Impinging on Flat Substrate." In ITSC 1998, edited by Christian Coddet. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1998p0401.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The transitional behavior of the splat pattern of Ni particles sprayed on a flat substrate was investigated. Based on Auger analysis and SEM observation, it was confirmed that the splashing was formed not by material flowing on the substrate surface from the impingement center to the periphery, but by jetting away from the central disk. Observations of etched splat surfaces revealed that the bottom portion of the central disk solidified rapidly after impingement, and it was also confirmed, based on the direction of the splash pattern, that the splashing was caused by stumbling due to some type of deterrent to liquid flow, such as poor wettability at the flow tip or initial rapid solidification of the splat. The drastic change of the splat pattern near the transition temperature seems to occur when the Weber number of the liquid flow coincides with some critical value.
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Lásková, Mariana, and Alena Novák Sedláčková. "Unruly passengers on board aircraft." In Práce a štúdie. University of Zilina, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/pas.z.2021.2.21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Unruly behaviour on board aircraft can cause a minor inconvenience to the other passengers, or else, it can escalate to such a degree where the passengers’ safety is jeopardised. Over the last three decades, the number of unruly passenger incidents has increased dramatically. The frequency and severity of such incidents had become a growing concern of the international community and aviation industry itself. Consequently, different preventive and countermeasures have been implemented to cope and deter such behaviour. The primary aim of this paper is to focus on the legal aspect of trying and prosecuting the offenders who have committed an offence or act that jeopardises the safety of aircraft or good order on board. This was accomplished by analysing the international legal framework governing unruly behaviour, namely the Tokyo Convention of 1963 and its amending Montreal Protocol from 2014. The main factor that was observed is the way how these legal instruments addressed the provisions for trying the alleged offenders and their effectiveness in the deterrence of unruly behaviour. In this paper, formal legal and case-study methods, along with comparative reasoning, were used to analyse the legal instruments. The findings showed that the Tokyo Convention had made a valuable contribution to establishing an international security legal framework. However, considerable deficiencies of this treaty have hindered the global legal uniformity and effective enforcement mechanism. Those shortcomings were to be eliminated by the Montreal Protocol. Nevertheless, the analysis revealed that, while it succeeded to eliminate the most triggering shortcoming of jurisdiction, it failed to address the lack of strong enforcement and has even constrained the powers of in-flight security officers. Regrettably, that proves to impede the achievement of the Montreal Protocol’s objectives, and it sees only a small added value. Hence, further improvements are needed to ensure that it is effective in the realities faced by modern aviation.
Звіти організацій з теми "Deterrence mechanisms"
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Halpern, B. P. Mechanisms of Feeding Deterrence by Ziziphins. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada157409.
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Santoro, Fabrizio. Visual Nudges: How Deterrence and Equity Shape Tax Compliance Attitudes and Behaviour in Rwanda. Institute of Development Studies, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.011.
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The empirical evidence on the drivers of compliance is expanding quickly, but there is less evidence from low-income countries. Mass-media communication channels are a cheap option that budget-constrained revenue administrations can use to communicate with taxpayers. However, very little is known about the effectiveness of such tools in improving compliance. This paper starts to address this gap by testing the impact of two short animated videos on tax matters – one focusing on deterrence and the other on equity – that were used in a survey experiment. Using a unique dataset of survey and administrative data from Rwandan taxpayers, we are able to measure the impact on compliance perceptions and behaviour. We document two significant results. First, both videos are effective in improving perceptions around enforcement and equity. Second, only the deterrence video translates into more tax being remitted – the equity appeal fails to raise more revenue. We investigate the mechanisms behind this response, and show that prior behaviour of taxpayers might explain the different responses to our deterrence and equity treatments. Our intervention is highly cost-effective and easily scalable.
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Wright, Timothy. Hypersonic Missile Proliferation: An Emerging European Problem. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/qvhv3959.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The supposed benefits of hypersonic missile technology and the reconsideration of the European security landscape following Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine may act as a catalyst for multiple European states to acquire or develop high-speed systems. Although these systems are currently challenging to develop, trends in other missile technology point towards a gradual diffusion of explicit and tacit knowledge that ultimately lowers production costs, resulting in greater affordability and accessibility. Coupled with inefficient non-proliferation barriers and the gradual erosion of the cold war arms control architecture, it is likely that these systems will be fielded by several European countries in the next 10 to 15 years. Reflecting this projection, this paper considers in detail various European hypersonic missile programmes and explains the applications of these systems and their possible implications for European stability, including existing technical and policy barriers that impede proliferation. In unravelling these, the paper proposes how policymakers can strengthen these mechanisms, achieve deterrence without undermining stability and better manage this emerging security issue.
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Jander, Georg, and Daniel Chamovitz. Investigation of growth regulation by maize benzoxazinoid breakdown products. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600031.bard.
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Introduction Previous research had suggested that benzoxazinoids, a class of defensive metabolites found in maize, wheat, rye, and wild barley, are not only direct insect deterrents, but also influence other areas of plant metabolism. In particular, the benzoxazinoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxa- zin-3(4H)- one (DIMBOA) was implicated in: (i) altering plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling, and (ii) leading to the induction of gene expression changes and secondary plant defense responses. The overall goal of this proposal was to identify mechanisms by which benzoxazinoids influence other aspects of plant growth and defense. Specifically, the following hypotheses were proposed to be tested as part of an approved BARD proposal: Benzoxazinoid breakdown products directly interfere with auxin perception Global changes in maize and barley gene expression are induced by benzoxazinoid activation. There is natural variation in the maize photomorphogenic response to benzoxazinoids. Although the initial proposal included experiments with both maize and barley, there were some technical difficulties with the proposed transgenic barley experiments and most of the experimental results were generated with maize. Summary of major findings Previous research by other labs, involving both maize and other plant species, had suggested that DIMBOA alters plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling. However, experiments conducted in both the Chamovitz and the Jander labs using Arabidopsis and maize, respectively, were unable to confirm previously published reports of exogenously added DIMBOA effects on auxin signaling. Nevertheless, analysis of bx1 and bx2 maize mutant lines, which have almost no detectable benzoxazinoids, showed altered responses to blue light signaling. Transcriptomic analysis of maize mutant lines, variation in inbred lines, and responses to exogenously added DIMBOA showed alteration in the transcription of a blue light receptor, which is required for plant growth responses. This finding provides a novel mechanistic explanation of the trade-off between growth and defense that is often observed in plants. Experiments by the Jander lab and others had demonstrated that DIMBOA not only has direct toxicity against insect pests and microbial pathogens, but also induces the formation of callose in both maize and wheat. In the current project, non-targeted metabolomic assays of wildtype maize and mutants with defects in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis were used to identify unrelated metabolites that are regulated in a benzoxazinoid-dependent manner. Further investigation identified a subset of these DIMBOA-responsive compounds as catechol, as well as its glycosylated and acetylated derivatives. Analysis of co-expression data identified indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) as a possible regulator of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in maize. In the current project, enzymatic activity of three predicted maize IGPS genes was confirmed by heterologous expression. Transposon knockout mutations confirmed the function of the maize genes in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. Sub-cellular localization studies showed that the three maize IGPS proteins are co-localized in the plastids, together with BX1 and BX2, two previously known enzymes of the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Implications Benzoxazinoids are among the most abundant and effective defensive metabolites in maize, wheat, and rye. Although there is considerable with-in species variation in benzoxazinoid content, very little is known about the regulation of this variation and the specific effects on plant growth and defense. The results of this research provide further insight into the complex functions of maize benzoxazinoids, which are not only toxic to pests and pathogens, but also regulate plant growth and other defense responses. Knowledge gained through the current project will make it possible to engineer benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in a more targeted manner to produce pest-tolerant crops without negative effects on growth and yield.
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Morin, Shai, Gregory Walker, Linda Walling, and Asaph Aharoni. Identifying Arabidopsis thaliana Defense Genes to Phloem-feeding Insects. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699836.bard.
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The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a serious agricultural pest that afflicts a wide variety of ornamental and vegetable crop species. To enable survival on a great diversity of host plants, whiteflies must have the ability to avoid or detoxify numerous different plant defensive chemicals. Such toxins include a group of insect-deterrent molecules called glucosinolates (GSs), which also provide the pungent taste of Brassica vegetables such as radish and cabbage. In our BARD grant, we used the whitefly B. tabaci and Arabidopsis (a Brassica plant model) defense mutants and transgenic lines, to gain comprehensive understanding both on plant defense pathways against whiteflies and whitefly defense strategies against plants. Our major focus was on GSs. We produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants accumulating high levels of GSs. At the first step, we examined how exposure to high levels of GSs affects decision making and performance of whiteflies when provided plants with normal levels or high levels of GSs. Our major conclusions can be divided into three: (I) exposure to plants accumulating high levels of GSs, negatively affected the performance of both whitefly adult females and immature; (II) whitefly adult females are likely to be capable of sensing different levels of GSs in their host plants and are able to choose, for oviposition, the host plant on which their offspring survive and develop better (preference-performance relationship); (III) the dual presence of plants with normal levels and high levels of GSs, confused whitefly adult females, and led to difficulties in making a choice between the different host plants. These findings have an applicative perspective. Whiteflies are known as a serious pest of Brassica cropping systems. If the differences found here on adjacent small plants translate to field situations, intercropping with closely-related Brassica cultivars could negatively influence whitefly population build-up. At the second step, we characterized the defensive mechanisms whiteflies use to detoxify GSs and other plant toxins. We identified five detoxification genes, which can be considered as putative "key" general induced detoxifiers because their expression-levels responded to several unrelated plant toxic compounds. This knowledge is currently used (using new funding) to develop a new technology that will allow the production of pestresistant crops capable of protecting themselves from whiteflies by silencing insect detoxification genes without which successful host utilization can not occur. Finally, we made an effort to identify defense genes that deter whitefly performance, by infesting with whiteflies, wild-type and defense mutated Arabidopsis plants. The infested plants were used to construct deep-sequencing expression libraries. The 30- 50 million sequence reads per library, provide an unbiased and quantitative assessment of gene expression and contain sequences from both Arabidopsis and whiteflies. Therefore, the libraries give us sequence data that can be mined for both the plant and insect gene expression responses. An intensive analysis of these datasets is underway. We also conducted electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings of whiteflies feeding on Arabidopsis wild-type and defense mutant plants in order to determine the time-point and feeding behavior in which plant-defense genes are expressed. We are in the process of analyzing the recordings and calculating 125 feeding behavior parameters for each whitefly. From the analyses conducted so far we conclude that the Arabidopsis defense mutants do not affect adult feeding behavior in the same manner that they affect immatures development. Analysis of the immatures feeding behavior is not yet completed, but if it shows the same disconnect between feeding behavior data and developmental rate data, we would conclude that the differences in the defense mutants are due to a qualitative effect based on the chemical constituency of the phloem sap.