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Статті в журналах з теми "Deterministic factor analysis"
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Liu, Haitao, Ioan Dzitac, and Sicong Guo. "Reduction of Conditional Factors in Causal Analysis." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 13, no. 3 (May 27, 2018): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2018.3.3252.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Faced with a great number of conditional factors in big data causal analysis, the reduction algorithm put forward in this paper can reasonably reduce the number of conditional factors. Compared with the previous reduction methods, we take into consideration the influence of conditional factors on resulted factors, as well as the relationship among conditional factors themselves. The basic idea of the algorithm proposed in this paper is to establish the matrix of mutual deterministic degrees in between conditional factors. If a conditional factor f has a greater deterministic degree with respect to another conditional factor h, we will delete the factor h unless factor h has a greater deterministic degree with respect to f, then delete factor f in this case. With this reduction, we can ensure that the conditional factors participating in causal analysis are as irrelevant as possible. This is a reasonable requirement for causal analysis.
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Utsugi, Akio, and Toru Kumagai. "Bayesian Analysis of Mixtures of Factor Analyzers." Neural Computation 13, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 993–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/08997660151134299.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For Bayesian inference on the mixture of factor analyzers, natural conjugate priors on the parameters are introduced, and then a Gibbs sampler that generates parameter samples following the posterior is constructed. In addition, a deterministic estimation algorithm is derived by taking modes instead of samples from the conditional posteriors used in the Gibbs sampler. This is regarded as a maximum a posteriori estimation algorithm with hyperparameter search. The behaviors of the Gibbs sampler and the deterministic algorithm are compared on a simulation experiment.
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Wu, Weiqiang, Ning Huang, and Zhitao Wu. "Traffic chaotic dynamics modeling and analysis of deterministic network." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 18 (July 10, 2016): 1650285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916502857.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Network traffic is an important and direct acting factor of network reliability and performance. To understand the behaviors of network traffic, chaotic dynamics models were proposed and helped to analyze nondeterministic network a lot. The previous research thought that the chaotic dynamics behavior was caused by random factors, and the deterministic networks would not exhibit chaotic dynamics behavior because of lacking of random factors. In this paper, we first adopted chaos theory to analyze traffic data collected from a typical deterministic network testbed — avionics full duplex switched Ethernet (AFDX, a typical deterministic network) testbed, and found that the chaotic dynamics behavior also existed in deterministic network. Then in order to explore the chaos generating mechanism, we applied the mean field theory to construct the traffic dynamics equation (TDE) for deterministic network traffic modeling without any network random factors. Through studying the derived TDE, we proposed that chaotic dynamics was one of the nature properties of network traffic, and it also could be looked as the action effect of TDE control parameters. A network simulation was performed and the results verified that the network congestion resulted in the chaotic dynamics for a deterministic network, which was identical with expectation of TDE. Our research will be helpful to analyze the traffic complicated dynamics behavior for deterministic network and contribute to network reliability designing and analysis.
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Anitas, Eugen Mircea, Giorgia Marcelli, Zsolt Szakacs, Radu Todoran, and Daniela Todoran. "Structural Properties of Vicsek-like Deterministic Multifractals." Symmetry 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2019): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11060806.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Deterministic nano-fractal structures have recently emerged, displaying huge potential for the fabrication of complex materials with predefined physical properties and functionalities. Exploiting the structural properties of fractals, such as symmetry and self-similarity, could greatly extend the applicability of such materials. Analyses of small-angle scattering (SAS) curves from deterministic fractal models with a single scaling factor have allowed the obtaining of valuable fractal properties but they are insufficient to describe non-uniform structures with rich scaling properties such as fractals with multiple scaling factors. To extract additional information about this class of fractal structures we performed an analysis of multifractal spectra and SAS intensity of a representative fractal model with two scaling factors—termed Vicsek-like fractal. We observed that the box-counting fractal dimension in multifractal spectra coincide with the scattering exponent of SAS curves in mass-fractal regions. Our analyses further revealed transitions from heterogeneous to homogeneous structures accompanied by changes from short to long-range mass-fractal regions. These transitions are explained in terms of the relative values of the scaling factors.
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Mirzaeian, Yousef, Kourosh Shahriar, and Mostafa Sharifzadeh. "Tunnel Probabilistic Structural Analysis Using the FORM." Journal of Geological Research 2015 (August 12, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/394761.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper tunnel probabilistic structural analysis (TuPSA) was performed using the first order reliability method (FORM). In TuPSA, a tunnel performance function is defined according to the boundary between the structural stability and instability. Then the performance function is transformed from original space into the standard normal variable space to obtain the design point, reliability index, and also the probability of tunnel failure. In this method, it is possible to consider the design factors as the dependent or independent random parameters with arbitrary probability distributions. A software code is developed to perform the tunnel probabilistic structural analysis (TuPSA) using the FORM. For validation and verification of TuPSA, a typical tunnel example with random joints orientations as well as mechanical properties has been studied. The results of TuPSA were compared with those obtained from Monte-Carlo simulation. The results show, in spite of deterministic analysis which indicates that the rock blocks are stable, that TuPSA resulted in key-blocks failure with certain probabilities. Comparison between probabilistic and deterministic analyses results indicates that probabilistic results, including the design point and probability of failure, are more rational than deterministic factor of safety.
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Nagumanova, R. V., and A. Sabirova. "Using the deterministic factor systems in the analysis of return on equity." Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 9, no. 2S (January 17, 2018): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i2s.65.
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Umar, Sujeet Kumar, Pijush Samui, and Sunita Kumari. "Reliability Analysis of Liquefaction for Some Regions of Bihar." International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 9, no. 2 (July 2018): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgee.2018070102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are many deterministic and probabilistic liquefaction assessment measures to classify if soil liquefaction will take place or not. Different approaches give dissimilar safety factor and liquefaction probabilities. So, reliability analysis is required to deal with these different uncertainties. This paper describes a reliability technique for predicting the seismic liquefaction potential of soils of some areas at Bihar State. Here a reliability approach has been presented in order to find the probability of liquefaction. The proposed approach is formulated on the basis of the results of reliability analyses of 234 field data. Using a deterministic simplified Idriss and Boulanger method, factor of safety of soil has been accessed. The reliability index as well as corresponding probability of liquefaction has been determined based on a First Order Second Moment (FOSM) method. The developed method can be used as a robust tool for engineers concerned in the estimation of liquefaction potential.
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Rahman, Hafiz, Eri Besra, and Nurhayati Nurhayati. "The Mediating Effect of Emotive Factor on the Constructs That Influence Entrepreneurial Failure." DeReMa (Development Research of Management): Jurnal Manajemen 14, no. 1 (May 28, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/derema.v14i1.1113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>This paper examines the presence of emotive factor that mediates the variables of voluntaristic, deterministic and opportunistic behaviour that impact entrepreneurial failure. The study is a quantitative study and uses causal analysis as its research approach. It relates the constructs of voluntaristic factor, deterministic factor, and opportunistic behaviour with the mediation of emotive factor to entrepreneurial failure. Sample of the study is 1541 nascent entrepreneurs in West Sumatra Province, Indonesia, who have experienced business failures. Analysis was undertaken by using causal step analysis in which the statistical protocol and rule were operated. The study found and argue that emotive factor of entrepreneurs is identified as individual psychological construct that partially mediates voluntaristic, deterministic and opportunistic behaviour in causing entrepreneurial failure experienced by nascent entrepreneurs. Originality and value of the study lies in the framework used – which considers the construct of opportunistic behaviour of entrepreneurs as an independent variable that can cause entrepreneurial failure. Other is related to the consideration that emotive factor that mediates the voluntaristic, deterministic and opportunistic behaviour in causing entrepreneurial failure.</p><p><em><strong>Abstrak dalam Bahasa Indonesia</strong> Penelitian ini membahas tentang keberadaan faktor emosi yang memediasi variabel voluntaristic, deterministic dan perilaku opportunis yang mengakibatkan terjadinya kegagalan berwirausaha. Studi ini merupakan studi kuantitatif dan menggunakan analisa kausal sebagai pendekatan penelitian. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 1541 orang wirausahawan pemula di Provinsi Sumatera Barat, Indonesia yang sebelumnya pernah mengalami kegagalan dalam berwirausaha. Analisa dilakukan dengan menggunakan causal step analysis yang menggunakan prosedur statistik tertentu. Studi ini menemukan dan lebih lanjut berpendapat bahwa faktor emotsi wirausahawan diidentifikasi sebagai konstruk psikologis individu yang secara parsial memediasi hubungan faktor voluntaristic, faktor determiniastic dan perilaku opportunis sebagai penyebab terjadinya kegagalan berwirausaha yang dialami oleh wirausahawan pemula. Keaslian dan nilai dari studi ini terletak pada kerangka penelitian yang digunakan, yang menempatkan faktor perilaku opportunis sebagai variabel bebas yang dapat mengakibatkan kegagalan berwirausaha. Hal lainnya terletak pada adanya unsur faktor emotsi yang memediasi faktor voluntaristic, faktor determiniastic dan perilaku opportunis sebagai penyebab kegagalan berwirausaha</em></p>
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Gao, W. "Finite Element Analysis of Structures with Interval Parameters." Journal of Mechanics 23, no. 1 (March 2007): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1727719100001106.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis paper present a new method called the interval factor method for the finite element analysis of truss structures with interval parameters. Using the interval factor method, the structural parameters and loads can be considered as interval variables, and the structural stiffness matrix can then be divided into the product of two parts corresponding to its deterministic value and the interval factors. The computational expressions for lower and upper bounds, mean value and interval change ratio of structural placement and stress responses are derived from the static governing equations by means of the interval operations. The effect of the uncertainty of the structural parameters and loads on the structural static responses is demonstrated by truss structures.
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Hazledine, Saul, Jongho Sun, Derin Wysham, J. Allan Downie, Giles E. D. Oldroyd, and Richard J. Morris. "Nonlinear Time Series Analysis of Nodulation Factor Induced Calcium Oscillations: Evidence for Deterministic Chaos?" PLoS ONE 4, no. 8 (August 13, 2009): e6637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006637.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Deterministic factor analysis"
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Bagheri, Mehdi. "Block stability analysis using deterministic and probabilistic methods." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-49447.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis presents a discussion of design tools for analysing block stability around a tunnel. First, it was determined that joint length and field stress have a significant influence on estimating block stability. The results of calculations using methods based on kinematic limit equilibrium (KLE) were compared with the results of filtered DFN-DEM, which are closer to reality. The comparison shows that none of the KLE approaches– conventional, limited joint length, limited joint length with stress and probabilistic KLE – could provide results similar to DFN-DEM. This is due to KLE’s unrealistic assumptions in estimating either volume or clamping forces. A simple mechanism for estimating clamping forces such as continuum mechanics or the solution proposed by Crawford-Bray leads to an overestimation of clamping forces, and thus unsafe design. The results of such approaches were compared to those of DEM, and it was determined that these simple mechanisms ignore a key stage of relaxation of clamping forces due to joint existence. The amount of relaxation is a function of many parameters, such as stiffness of the joint and surrounding rock, the joint friction angle and the block half-apical angle. Based on a conceptual model, the key stage was considered in a new analytical solution for symmetric blocks, and the amount of joint relaxation was quantified. The results of the new analytical solution compared to those of DEM and the model uncertainty of the new solution were quantified. Further numerical investigations based on local and regional stress models were performed to study initial clamping forces. Numerical analyses reveal that local stresses, which are a product of regional stress and joint stiffness, govern block stability. Models with a block assembly show that the clamping forces in a block assembly are equal to the clamping forces in a regional stress model. Therefore, considering a single block in massive rock results in lower clamping forces and thus safer design compared to a block assembly in the same condition of in-situ stress and properties. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine which is the most important parameter by assessing sensitivity factors and studying the applicability of the partial coefficient method for designing block stability. It was determined that the governing parameter is the dispersion of the half-apical angle. For a dip angle with a high dispersion, partial factors become very large and the design value for clamping forces is close to zero. This suggests that in cases with a high dispersion of the half-apical angle, the clamping forces could be ignored in a stability analysis, unlike in cases with a lower dispersion. The costs of gathering more information about the joint dip angle could be compared to the costs of overdesign. The use of partial factors is uncertain, at least without dividing the problem into sub-classes. The application of partial factors is possible in some circumstances but not always, and a FORM analysis is preferable.QC 20111201
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Siketina, Natalya Hennadievna. "Necessity application dispersion analysis of enterprises in modern conditions." Thesis, Харківський національний університет міського господарства ім. О. М. Бекетова, 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/39038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dispersion analysis is used to determine the relationship between the indicators, quantitative assessment of risk parameters. In the analysis of enterprises can different methods and models of analysis are used. Their number and the breadth of application depends on the specific objectives of the analysis and is determined by it tasks in each individual case. When collecting compulsory statistical information, it is quite easy to conduct a dispersion analysis of domestic activities to ensure financial and economic security.
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Wright, Alexander David. "Comparison of Performance-Based Liquefaction Initiation Analyses Between Multiple Probabilistic Liquefaction Models Using the Standard Penetration Test." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3710.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For the most recent and correct article, please click here: http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784412787.086
This study examines the use of performance-based approaches in liquefaction hazard analysis. Two new methods of performance-based liquefaction initiation analysis are proposed which use the works of Juang et al. (2012) and Boulanger and Idriss (2012). Further advances are made by incorporating the performance-based magnitude scaling factors as proposed by Cetin et al. (2012). Using these new equations a comparative study is made between the three methods. Further comparisons are made between the performance-based approaches and the more widely used deterministic approaches. The comparisons reveal that on average for the 11 sites used in this study, the performance-based approaches tend to be slightly less conservative than deterministic approaches overall, with large differences possible for some locations in the country. They also reveal that the newer performance-based approaches are generally less conservative than the approach proposed by Kramer and Mayfield (2007). Some cases where this relationship does not hold true and the new relationships are more conservative are outlined.
Книги з теми "Deterministic factor analysis"
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Dundulis, Gintautas. Deterministic and probabilistic structural integrity analysis of the reinforced concrete structures. New York: Begell House, 2012.
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Verderaime, V. Inherent conservatism in deterministic quasi-static structural analysis. Linthicum Heights: NASA CEnter for AeroSpace Information, 1997.
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Kolpakov, Vasiliy. Economic and mathematical and econometric modeling: Computer workshop. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24417.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The textbook presents mathematical research methods and models of economic objects and processes designed for the analysis and prediction of economic factors and develop control solutions as in the deterministic conditions, and in conditions of some uncertainty, and dynamics. Each Chapter of the book consists of a theoretical framework, discussed in detail several examples and tasks for independent work. As workbench simulation uses standard office the program Excel and Mathcad. Tutorial focused on independent performance of students individual tasks on disciplines "Economic-mathematical methods" and "Econometrics".
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation.
The publication is intended for students and postgraduate students in economic disciplines. It can also be useful as they perform final qualifying works. The book will be useful for practitioners engaged in the analysis of the current financial and economic condition and future development of firms and businesses.
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Inherent conservatism in deterministic quasi-static structural analysis. [Marshall Space Flight Center, Ala.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1997.
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Huffaker, Ray, Marco Bittelli, and Rodolfo Rosa. Entropy and Surrogate Testing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782933.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Reconstructing real-world system dynamics from time series data on a single variable is challenging because real-world data often exhibit a highly volatile and irregular appearance potentially driven by several diverse factors. NLTS methods help eliminate less likely drivers of dynamic irregularity. We set a benchmark for regular behavior by investigating how linear systems of ODEs are restricted to exponential and periodic dynamics, and illustrating how irregular behavior can arise if regular linear dynamics are corrupted with noise or shift over time (i.e., nonstationarity). We investigate how data can be pre-processed to control for the noise and nonstationarity potentially camouflaging nonlinear deterministic drivers of observed complexity. We can apply signal-detection methods, such as Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), to separate signal from noise in the data, and test the signal for nonstationarity potentially corrected with SSA. SSA measures signal strength which provides a useful initial indicator of whether we should continue searching for endogenous nonlinear drivers of complexity. We begin diagnosing deterministic structure in an isolated signal by attempting to reconstructed a shadow attractor. Finally, we use the classic Lorenz equations to illustrate how a deterministic nonlinear system of ODEs with at least three equations can generate observed irregular dynamics endogenously without aid of exogenous shocks or nonstationary dynamics.
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Wailes, Nick, and Russell D. Lansbury. International and Comparative Perspectives on Employee Participation. Edited by Adrian Wilkinson, Paul J. Gollan, Mick Marchington, and David Lewin. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199207268.003.0024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article seeks to modify and extend the Varieties of Capitalism (VofC) approach in a way that makes it possible for it to account for both within country diversity and the role which international factors play in shaping national patterns of participation. It does so by drawing on recent debates about the VofC approach in general and comparative corporate governance in particular. Both these literatures suggest the need for VofC analysis to adopt a less deterministic view of the role that institutions play in shaping social action, to focus more on the role of agency and interests, and to suggest the need to explore the interconnections between countries in more detail. The article uses this modified VofC framework to examine the extent to which it can help explain recent developments in two countries: the United Kingdom and Germany. It concludes by outlining suggestions for further research.
Частини книг з теми "Deterministic factor analysis"
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Tarasova, Valentina V., and Vasily E. Tarasov. "Fractional Deterministic Factor Analysis of Economic Processes with Memory and Nonlocality." In Understanding Complex Systems, 173–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68109-2_9.
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Huang, Duruo, Jui-Pin Wang, Logan Brant, and Su-Chin Chang. "Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis Considering Non-controlling Seismic Sources and Time Factors." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 550–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33362-0_42.
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Ding, Shirui, Haoqing Yang, and Jiabao Xu. "Probabilistic Analysis of a Braced Excavation Considering Soil Spatial Variability." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 151–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1260-3_14.
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AbstractDeep braced excavations are generally known to be associated with risks from various sources. The inherent uncertainty of soil strength properties is one of the primary factors that influence the deformation of the retaining wall and the ground settlement. In this study, the numerical model of a braced excavation is firstly established by an elastic-plastic model with Drucker-Prager failure criterion in COMSOL Multiphysics. Random field theory is used to simulate the spatial variability of Young’s modulus. The uncertainty of braced excavation on ground settlement and deflection of retaining wall by stages are studied by Monte Carlo simulation based on 500 random fields. The struts can lessen the uncertainty of wall deflection during excavation but have a limited impact on settlement. The deterministic result may underestimate the settlement of braced excavation. The uncertainty of wall deflection is significantly reduced after the first strut. The uncertainty of wall deflection above the depth of struts is well-controlled at the final stage of excavation.
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"4 Deterministic factor analysis of processes with memory." In Economic Dynamics with Memory, 87–100. De Gruyter, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110627459-004.
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Griffin, Susan. "Uncertainty about facts and heterogeneity in values." In Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, edited by Susan Griffin, 303–20. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198838197.003.0015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter covers methods for describing how lack of knowledge impacts on the conduct and findings of distributional cost-effectiveness analysis (DCEA). It also sets out methods for describing how different value judgments can alter the findings. It explains why and how to distinguish uncertainty about facts from heterogeneity in values, and the role of each in informing decisions. It shows how the standard tools of uncertainty analysis in economic evaluation—including deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis, and value of information analysis—can be applied to DCEA to provide information about uncertainty in the estimated health distributions and summary measures of equity impact. The chapter also shows how to use deterministic sensitivity analyses to investigate the implications of alternative value judgments and inequality metrics for DCEA findings and recommendations.
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Shindo, Takuya. "Analysis of the Dynamic Characteristics of the Firefly Algorithm." In Handbook of Research on Advancements of Swarm Intelligence Algorithms for Solving Real-World Problems, 100–115. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3222-5.ch006.
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The firefly algorithm is a meta-heuristic algorithm, the fundamental principle of which mimics the characteristics associated with the blinking of natural fireflies. This chapter presents a rigorous analysis of the dynamics of the firefly algorithm, which the authors performed by applying a deterministic system that removes the stochastic factors from the state update equation. Depending on its parameters, the individual deterministic firefly algorithm exhibits chaotic behavior. This prompted us to investigate the relationship between the behavior of the algorithm and its parameters as well as the extent to which the chaotic behavior influences the searching ability of the algorithm.
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Fehr, Hans, and Fabian Kindermann. "Dynamic macro II: The stochastic OLG model." In Introduction to Computational Economics Using Fortran. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804390.003.0016.
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In Chapters 6 and 7 we discussed how to compute overlapping generations models and how to use them for policy analysis. The models developed there are completely deterministic in that they exclude both income and investment risk. While this ensured analytical tractability of the household problem and greatly facilitated computation, it certainly limit the scope of policy analysis. Consequently these chapters centred around clarifying the impact of public policy on the labour-supply and savings decisions of households and around evaluating its consequences for intergenerational redistribution. In practice, however, households face all kinds of risks that cannot be insured perfectly by the market. This opens up an additional channel through which the government could increase households’ welfare, namely by providing public insurance. In Chapter 10, we studied individual behaviour in an uncertain world, where individuals face idiosyncratic labour income and mortality risk as well as aggregate capital-market risk. The models therein are partial equilibrium models, meaning that prices are fixed and there is no need for the government to operate a balanced budget. In this chapter, we embed a household’s decision model with idiosyncratic labour-productivity risk and endogenous labour-supply decisions into a general equilibrium framework, which leads us to the stochastic OLG model. In this setup, factor prices respond to changes in individual behaviour and the government will be an explicit entity that collects revenue from taxes to finance its expenditure. Such a setup allows us to analyse both the distortionary and the risk-sharing effects of public policies. This chapter is organized in three main sections. The first two closely follow the setup of Chapter 6. We first explain the general structure of the stochastic OLG model with all its actors and conduct some steady-state policy analysis. We then discuss how to extend the model to include a transition path between steady states and to compute aggregate efficiency effects. In the last section, Section 11.3, we provide some policy applications where we analyse optimal tax schedules and the optimal size of the social-security system in more detail. In the following, we extend the life-cycle model with variable labour supply from Section 10.1.2 to a full general equilibrium setup with overlapping generations.
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Dixon, Paul. "Beyond Sectarianism in the Middle East?" In Beyond Sunni and Shia, 11–36. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876050.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The concept of sectarianism is often problematic because it leads to simplistic analysis and fails to take into account a range of other factors such as power politics in understanding conflict. The term itself carries derogatory connotations and is often used expansively to denote a range of in-group/out-group associations. Primordialist, Ethnonationalist and Instrumentalist explanations for sectarianism posit grand narratives that are often generalized and too deterministic. A useful lens, therefore, is Constructivist Realism that focuses on processes whereby particular identities, such as sect, become more or less salient. Constructivist Realism strikes the appropriate balance between structure and agency, acknowledging that actors make their own history but not in circumstances of their making.
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Vinck, Dominique, Igor Rivera-Gonzales, and Bernard Penz. "Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Embedding." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 432–53. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-892-5.ch024.
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This chapter analyses the mutual processes according to which the tool (ERP) and the organisation adapt to each other. It documents the live experience of technological change during the introduction of ERP in a medium-sized enterprise. Focusing on the election of the new tool and its appropriation by firm members, it does not simply reduce the process to a handful of factors (of success or failure), but analyses the different negotiations between actors leading to the reconstruction of both the tool and the organisation. It thus takes an in-depth look at the role of technology rather than just resorting to a simplistic and deterministic search for causal connections. Tracing the construction and meshing of the performance of both organisation and tools within the company, it reviews a set of dichotomies between technology and society, initial project and “impact,” but also action and submission to constraints. Hence, the chapter explores the learning processes and the redefinition of actors, organisation and tools.
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Vinck, Dominique, Igor Rivera-Gonzales, and Bernard Penz. "Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Embedding." In Business Information Systems, 1303–23. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-969-9.ch081.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter analyses the mutual processes according to which the tool (ERP) and the organisation adapt to each other. It documents the live experience of technological change during the introduction of ERP in a medium-sized enterprise. Focusing on the election of the new tool and its appropriation by firm members, it does not simply reduce the process to a handful of factors (of success or failure), but analyses the different negotiations between actors leading to the reconstruction of both the tool and the organisation. It thus takes an in-depth look at the role of technology rather than just resorting to a simplistic and deterministic search for causal connections. Tracing the construction and meshing of the performance of both organisation and tools within the company, it reviews a set of dichotomies between technology and society, initial project and “impact,” but also action and submission to constraints. Hence, the chapter explores the learning processes and the redefinition of actors, organisation and tools.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Deterministic factor analysis"
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Filatov, E. A. "Deterministic Factor Analysis Of Three-Factor Dupont Model Using Filatov Methods." In RPTSS 2018 - International Conference on Research Paradigms Transformation in Social Sciences. Cognitive-Crcs, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.12.45.
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Kariyawasam, Shahani, and Luc Huyse. "Providing Safety: Using Probabilistic or Deterministic Methods." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90546.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The primary objective of a good engineering design or maintenance process is to provide safety with optimized resources. Most parameters and models used in engineering have uncertainty — some more so than others. Probabilistic assessments strive to account for these uncertainties explicitly while the deterministic methods account for uncertainties implicitly by using conservative inputs and safety factors. Deterministic methods are preferred by many due to their simplicity. However if inputs and safety factors are not defined prudently with explicit consideration for uncertainties and consequences they can lead to unsafe or unduly conservative solutions. The main objective in using reliability based methodologies is to provide consistent safety by explicitly accounting for uncertainties in a probabilistically quantified manner. Reliability methods also allow the articulation of the level of safety. This level of consistency in safety cannot be achieved in a deterministic analysis using safety factors because uncertainties are not accounted for explicitly and consequently the uncertainties lead to variable solutions. However safety factors can be calibrated using reliability methods so that more consistent safety levels can be assured when using deterministic methods. There is a relationship between the reliability level and the deterministic safety factors. This relationship between reliability levels and deterministic safety factors is examined both from a mathematical and practical perspective. Consequently it is shown that reliability based methods can be used to calibrate deterministic methods to improve the consistency of the safety level with due consideration to underlying uncertainties and consequences. This kind of calibration is used in other industries such as structural design and nuclear facilities. Providing more consistent safety enables optimization of maintenance activities which enables the safest system to be provided with available resources. Currently the pipeline industry uses deterministic methods with conservative inputs that are not based on risk or safety principles. Consequently there is a large variation in the inputs and safety factors used in the industry. Some examples of these are safety factors used in response to inline inspection that vary from the reciprocal of the design factor to 1.1 for all location classes. This paper shows that the maximum safety factor achievable for a given design is defined by the original design factor and the ratio between flow stress and yield strength. It also shows the inadequacy of using safety factors that are not risk based. The paper focuses on the importance of using a sound risk based rationale for appropriate safety factors in deterministic methods. A glossary of terms is provided at the end of the introduction.
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Garud, Y. S., and David A. Steininger. "Assessment of Uncertainty Sources in Fatigue Usage in Relation to Deterministic Margins, and Sensitivity Analysis." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65850.
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Considerations of environmental effects in fatigue have resulted in proposals to augment the original basis and deterministic methods of fatigue assessment, such as in the ASME Code Subarticles NB-3200 and NB-3600. This process of deterministically combining various elements, each with its own set of safety factors, of the CUF-based assessment has the potential to be overly conservative and restrictive in practice. Furthermore, as in the commonly used deterministic design approaches, fixed safety factors are subjectively assigned; as a result the approach does not provide a logical basis to account for uncertainties or variability, and the resulting level of reliability cannot be assessed quantitatively. Therefore, it is useful and desirable to complement the simplicity of deterministic approach by relating the safety factor to target reliability (or probability of meeting the design criterion) so that an appropriately adequate conservatism can be utilized. The feasibility of such an inter-relation and its underlying probabilistic basis were demonstrated in our recent paper that provided a rational basis to account for the significant uncertainties in assessing the CUF-based fatigue including environmental effects. The objective of this paper is to provide further assessment of the above basis for uncertainty quantification and its linkage to deterministic safety factor approach, with additional focus on the quantitative sensitivity analysis of varied sources of uncertainty in the CUF estimation. Results of the case studies implementing the proposed approach combining these uncertainties are presented. New expressions for sensitivity assessment are developed. Results of sensitivity analysis are presented with the goal of demonstrating the sensitivity/ranking of significant contributors to the final CUF uncertainty and the resulting deterministic margins in relation to the target (specified) reliability. The overall approach, also summarized in the paper, utilizes the generally accepted concept of propagation of input uncertainties based on the Taylor series method and the framework of the stress-strength interference technique. The utility and limitations of the approach are discussed in defining the acceptable deterministic margins and in quantifying the impact of various elements of conservatism in the current CUF based fatigue evaluations.
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Gao, Zengliang, Yuebing Li, and Yuebao Lei. "A Comparison Between Probabilistic and Deterministic Fracture Mechanics Assessments of the Structural Integrity of a Reactor Pressure Vessel Subjected to a Pressurized Thermal Shock Transient." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-97569.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Both probabilistic and deterministic methods are used in structural integrity assessment of reactor pressure vessels (RPV) under pressurized thermal shock (PTS) conditions. The deterministic assessment is normally performed using flaw assessment procedures based on linear elastic or elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. Over the past two decades, the probabilistic assessment approach, which is based on probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM), has undergone continuous development, mostly driven by the desire to address some of the weaknesses of the deterministic approach and to facilitate increasing the life and safety of nuclear power plants. In this paper, structural integrity assessments for a selected RPV subjected to a typical PTS transient are performed using the deterministic approach according to different flaw assessment codes. The failure probabilities corresponding to the deterministic facture mechanics method with defined safety factors are evaluated and compared with the failure probability value determined using the PFM method. Several sources of uncertainty that affect the assessment of the structural integrity of an RPV under PTS, including uncertainties in the material property values, the fracture toughness and the flaw size are incorporated in the failure probability evaluation. The response distribution of crack driving force is obtained from the PFM analysis and the failure probability is calculated using Monte Carlo simulation, where the failure criteria used in the deterministic assessment are adopted. The results of analysis from the two approaches are compared and discussed. The results show that the defined safety factor in the deterministic methods does affect the limit failure probability implied by the method. However, there is no unique relationship between safety factor and the limit failure probability.
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Mano, Akihiro, Jinya Katsuyama, and Yinsheng Li. "Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics Benchmarking Study Involving the xLPR and PASCAL-SP Codes: Analysis by PASCAL-SP." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21427.
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Abstract A probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) analysis code, PASCAL-SP, has been developed by Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) to evaluate the failure probability of piping within nuclear power plants considering aged-related degradations such as stress corrosion cracking and fatigue for both pressurized water reactor and boiling water reactor environments. To strengthen the applicability of PASCAL-SP, a benchmarking study is being performed with a PFM analysis code, xLPR, which has been developed by U.S.NRC in collaboration with EPRI. In this benchmarking study, deterministic and probabilistic analyses are undertaken on primary water stress corrosion cracking using the common analysis conditions. A deterministic analysis on the weld residual stress distributions is also considered. These analyses are carried out by U.S.NRC and JAEA independently using their own codes. Currently, the deterministic analyses by both xLPR and PASCAL-SP codes have been finished and probabilistic analyses are underway. This paper presents the details of conditions and comparisons of the results between the two aforementioned codes for the deterministic analyses. Both codes were found to provide almost the same results including the values of stress intensity factor. The conditions and results of the probabilistic analysis obtained from PASCAL-SP are also discussed.
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Pahos, Spiro J., Georgina Maldonado, and Paul C. Westlake. "A Review of Mooring Analysis Methodologies for Permanent Offshore Installations." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18000.
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Abstract Traditionally mooring line strength assessment is based on a deterministic approach, where the mooring system is evaluated for a design environment defined by a return period. The mooring system response is then checked against the mooring strength to ensure a required factor of safety. Some codes adopt a deterministic approach [1], [2], [3]. Other codes like [4] adopt a partial safety factor format where uncertainties are addressed through load factors for load components and material factors for line strength. Industry practices give guidance on mooring analysis methodology together with analysis options like coupled, de-coupled, time domain, frequency domain and the associated line tension safety factors. Prior work has demonstrated that discrepancies in mooring line tensions are observed when different analytical approaches are used [5]. Namely, the mooring line tensions of a semi-submersible unit in a coupled time domain analysis, were found to be non-compliant, whereas those calculated using a decoupled time domain analysis returned compliant tensions. This work focuses on a coupled dynamic analysis where all inertial, hydrodynamic and mechanical forces are assessed to determine the subsequent motions. Despite being considered the most accurate to capture the true dynamic response, a coupled analysis is also the least efficient in terms of the required computer resources and engineering effort [1]. This paper presents further discussion on the above observation in mooring tensions and also considers differences in the installation’s excursion. All responses are evaluated in the time domain where the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the mooring lines, slowly varying wave drift forces and coupling effects are captured. Agreement is found in the present computations, carried out with two renowned hydrodynamic codes, which validate former results and reiterate the need to distinguish between time domain methods and recommended appropriate safety factors accordingly.
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Lindley, B. A., and P. M. James. "Analysis of the Partial Safety Factor Method Using Probabilistic Techniques." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25312.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Partial Safety Factors (PSFs) are scaling factors which are used to modify the input parameters to a deterministic fracture mechanics assessment in order to consider the effects of variability or uncertainty in the values of the input parameters. BS7910 and SINTAP have adopted the technique, both of which use the First Order Reliability Method (FORM) to derive values for PSFs. The PSFs are tabulated, varying with the target probability of failure, p(F), and the Coefficient of Variance (COV) of the variable. An accurate assessment of p(F) requires a probabilistic method with enough simulations. This has previously been found to be time consuming, due to the large number of simulations required. The PSF method has been seen as a quick way of calculating an approximate, conservative value of p(F). This paper contains a review of the PSF method, conducted using an efficient probabilistic method called the Hybrid probabilistic method. The Hybrid probabilistic method is used to find p(F) at a large number of assessment points, for a range of different PSFs. These p(F) values are compared to those obtained using the PSF method. It is found that the PSF method was usually, and often extremely, conservative. However there are also cases where the PSF method was non-conservative. This result is verified by a hand calculation. Modifications to the PSF method are suggested, including the establishment of a minimum PSF on each variable to reduce non-conservatisms. In light of the existence of efficient probabilistic techniques, the non-conservatisms that have been found in the PSF method, coupled with the impracticality of completely removing these non-conservatisms, it is recommended that a full probabilistic assessment should generally be performed.
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Bhimanadam, V. R., and F. J. Blom. "Probabilistic PTS Analysis." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63112.
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This paper describes the effect of variability of fracture toughness of nuclear pressure vessels during a PTS event. The model used in this paper is based on the NESC-1 experiment. To determine the behavior of the surface breaking defect NRG performed three dimensional finite element calculations and subsequently extended these calculations to the probabilistic calculations. Three-dimensional finite-element model of the cladded cylinder was generated using ANSYS with semi-elliptical surface crack having a crack depth of 75 mm and a crack length of 205 mm. The cylinder specimen was subjected to thermal-shock and centrifugal loading conditions and analyzed with a themo-elastic-plastic material model and subsequently determined the fracture mechanics parameters (J and K) along the elliptical crack front as a function of time and temperature. The determined stress intensity factor K has been compared with the available cleavage fracture toughness (KJC) data with 50% fracture probability which has been obtained from the Master Curve according to BS7910. The comparison has been performed for the locations in the base metal as well as the locations in the heat affected zone. Deterministic analysis has been extended to probabilistic analysis to calculate the failure probability for the crack initiation at the locations in the base metal as well as the locations in the heat affected zone along the crack front by considering probabilistic distributions from Master Curve and FAVOR. Master Curve analysis through the ASME code case N-629 has been applied to the material. Results obtained from these two methods have been compared and also the results are used to compare the inherent safety factors in the deterministic analysis using RTNDT and Master Curve.
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Huang, Yifan, and Xinjian Duan. "Stress Intensity Factor and Crack Opening Area of Circumferentially-Cracked Pipe Under Torsion Moment." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21549.
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Abstract The deterministic leak-before-break (LBB) analysis and probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) assessment are two primary approaches for demonstrating extremely low probability of rupture of pressurized piping in the nuclear energy industry. Both stress intensity factor (SIF) and crack opening area (COA) are key components to the LBB and PFM assessments. Most of the studies and engineering practices focus on the SIF and COA due to axial tension, bending moment and internal pressure while limited investigations target on these parameters caused by torsion moment. The objective of this study is to perform three-dimensional finite element analyses (3D FEA) to determine both SIF and COA for through-wall circumferential cracks in the pipe under bending or torsion moment. A range of normalized crack lengths (i.e. θ/π = 1/18 to 4/9) and three pipe radius over thickness ratios (i.e. Rm/t = 5, 10 and 25) are considered. Empirical solutions of the SIF for torsion loading as functions of crack geometry are developed. Comparisons for SIF regarding combined bending and torsion moments evaluated using code-specified solutions are presented. Finally, the COAs regarding the two loading modes are discussed. Such study is expected to be useful for both deterministic LBB analysis and PFM assessment of pressurized pipes.
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Wei, Liwu. "Reliability Analysis of Defect-Containing Structures Using Partial Safety Factors." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-80165.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Some standards of structural integrity assessment such as BS 7910 and API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 recommend values of partial safety factor (PSF) applied to the deterministic engineering critical assessments of flaw-containing structures to achieve certain reliability levels. However, it is still uncertain as to whether the use of the PSFs can achieve the target reliability level specified in the codes, or excessively exceed the targets (un-conservative) or under-reach the targets (too conservative). This work was undertaken to make investigations into these issues raised from the use of PSFs through case studies involving deterministic fitness-for-service analysis incorporating PSFs and probabilistic fracture mechanics analysis. Two cases, a through-thickness crack and a surface-breaking elliptical crack in a plate subjected to tension, were considered. The results in terms of failure probability from the studied cases have shown a general trend that for each of the four PSFs recommended in BS 7910, the failure probability decreased as the assessments changed from the elastic fracture region to the plastic collapse region in the failure assessment diagram. Some over-conservatism has been found in certain situations from the use of PSFs recommended in BS 7910:2005. Cautions are given for application of the PSFs for integrity assessment of the structures and components containing flaws.