Книги: "Determinist theories"

1

Marek, Miloš. Chaotic behaviour of deterministic dissipative systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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2

library, Wiley online, ed. Electromagnetic fields in cavities: Deterministic and statistical theories. Piscataway, N.J: IEEE, 2009.

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3

Marek, Miloš. Chaotic Behaviour of Deterministic Dissipative Systems. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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4

Roth, Gerhard, 1942 Aug. 15-, ed. Freiheit, Schuld und Verantwortung: Grundzüge einer naturalistischen Theorie der Willensfreiheit. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2008.

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5

Spielräume und Spuren des Willens: Eine Theorie der Freiheit und der moralischen Verantwortung. Paderborn: Mentis, 2010.

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6

Schälike, Julius. Spielräume und Spuren des Willens: Eine Theorie der Freiheit und der moralischen Verantwortung. Paderborn: Mentis, 2010.

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7

Weber, Martin. Zur Theorie der Familie in der Rechtsphilosophie Hegels. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1986.

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8

Eine experimentell prüfbare Theorie der Willenshandlung und Willensentscheidung, entwickelt am Phänomen Ausdauer: Untersuchungen zu freiem Willen und unfreiwilligem Grübeln. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1998.

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9

Chappell, T. D. J. Aristotle and Augustine on freedom: Two theories of freedom, voluntary action and akrasia. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995.

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10

Chappell, T. D. J. Aristotle and Augustine on freedom: Two theories of freedom, voluntary action, and akrasia. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.

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11

Ich, Freiheit und Moral: Eine kritische Interpretation der Theorie Fichtes. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1996.

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12

Jinzhao, Wang, ed. She hui he xie jue ding lun: Zhongguo she hui yu jing ji fa zhan zhong da li lun tan tao = Societal harmony determinism : an inquiry of critical theories of China's social and economic development. Beijing Shi: She hui ke xue wen xian chu ban she, 2011.

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13

Jakobson, Dmitry, Pierre Albin, and Frédéric Rochon. Geometric and spectral analysis. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2014.

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14

Kloos, John. Constructionism and Its Critics. Edited by John Corrigan. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170214.003.0027.

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Since the 1970s, social scientists increasingly have cast human emotions in the arenas of culturally or linguistically constructed expression. A wide spectrum of theoretical terminology has been employed, including “constructionism” and “constructivist.” This essay reviews constructionist theories that bear on the study of religion and emotion. It analyzes constructionist theories as both determinist and relativist. It focuses on the recent historical ethnographic work of an important anthropologist of emotion, William M. Reddy. It also examines how religious emotions get constructed and what forms serve to give them expression. Generally, religious ritual is a form that can function in such a way so that the emotional lows of loss and grief are made less low. Conversely, ritual can heighten the feelings of joy and happiness at times of celebration. The construction of ritual form reflects specific religious traditions, yet cultures also share more broadly emotional forms for handling death, birth, marriage, and personal formation.

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15

Electromagnetic Fields In Cavities Deterministic And Statistical Theories. IEEE Computer Society Press, 2009.

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16

Frigg, Roman. Chance and Determinism. Edited by Alan Hájek and Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.24.

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Determinism and chance seem to be irreconcilable opposites: either something is chancy or it is deterministic, but not both. Yet there are processes which appear to square the circle by being chancy and deterministic at once, and the appearance is backed by well-confirmed scientific theories, such as statistical mechanics, which also seem to provide us with chances for deterministic processes. Is this possible, and if so how? In this chapter is a discussion of this question for probabilities as they occur in the empirical sciences. Particular attention is paid to broadly Humean approaches and to the method of arbitrary functions, which seem to offer the most promising accounts of deterministic chance.

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17

Bobzien, Susanne. Determinism, Freedom, and Moral Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866732.001.0001.

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This volume assembles nine of the author’s essays on determinism, freedom, and moral responsibility in Western antiquity, ranging from Aristotle via the Epicureans and Stoics to the third century. It is representative of the author’s overall scholarship on the topic, much of which emphasizes that what commonly counts as ‘the problem of free will and determinism’ is noticeably distinct from the issues the ancients discussed. It is true that one main component of the ancient discourse concerned the question how moral accountability can be consistently combined with certain causal factors that impact human behaviour. However, it is not true that the ancient problems involved the questions of the compatibility of causal determinism with our ability to do otherwise or with free will. Instead, we encounter questions about human rational and autonomous agency and their compatibility with preceding causes, external or internal; with external impediments; with divine predetermination and theological questions; with physical theories like atomism and continuum theory, and with sciences more generally; with elements that determine character development from childhood, such as nature and nurture; with epistemic features such as ignorance of circumstances; with necessity and modal theories generally; with folk theories of fatalism; and also with questions of how human autonomous agency is related to moral development, to virtue and wisdom, to blame and praise. In Classical and Hellenistic philosophy, these questions were all debated without reference to freedom to do otherwise or free will—. This volume considers all of these questions to some extent.

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18

Marek, Milos, and Igor Schreiber. Chaotic Behaviour of Deterministic Dissipative Systems. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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19

Marek, Miloš. Chaotic Behaviour of Deterministic Dissipative Systems. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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20

Eisenberg, Melvin A. Theories of Contract Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0002.

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Theories of contract law fall into three basic categories: formalist, interpretive, and normative. Formalist theories proceed by first purporting to identify a core set of rules that are justified on the ground that they are self-evident axioms, and then purporting to derive the remaining rules by logical deduction from the axioms. Interpretive theories proceed by describing areas of contract law and then determining the social propositions that are to be found in the most fundamental doctrines in the area or that meet some standard of fit with and best justify or rationalize doctrine in the area. Under normative theories the content of contract law depends on the rules that are generated by properly weighted and reconciled policy, moral, and empirical propositions. Unlike the objectives of formalist and interpretive theories, the objective of normative theories is to formulate the best possible rules of contract law.

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21

Marek, Milos, and Igor Schreiber. Chaotic Behaviour of Deterministic Dissipative Systems (Cambridge Nonlinear Science). Cambridge University Press, 1995.

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22

Deterministic Observation Theory & Applications. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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23

Gauthier, Jean-Paul, and Ivan Kupka. Deterministic Observation Theory and Applications. Cambridge University Press, 2001.

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24

Gauthier, Jean-Paul, and Ivan Kupka. Deterministic Observation Theory and Applications. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

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25

Gauthier, Jean-Paul, and Ivan Kupka. Deterministic Observation Theory and Applications. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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26

Gauthier, Jean-Paul, and Ivan Kupka. Deterministic Observation Theory and Applications. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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27

Buhler, James. Theories of the Soundtrack. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199371075.001.0001.

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This book is concerned with summarizing and critiquing theories of the soundtrack from roughly 1929 until today. A theory of the soundtrack is concerned with what belongs to it, how it is effectively organized, how its status in a multimedia object affects the nature of the object, the tools available for its analysis, and the interpretive regime that the theory mandates for determining the meaning, sense, and structure that sound and music bring to film and other audiovisual media. Beyond that, a theory may also delineate the range of possible uses of sound (and music), classify the types of relations that films have used for image and sound, identify the central problems, and reflect on and describe effective uses of sound in film. This book does not provide an exhaustive historical survey but rather sketches out the range of theoretical approaches that have been applied to the soundtrack over time. For each approach, it presents the basic theoretical framework, considers explicit and implicit claims about the soundtrack, and then works to open the theories to new questions about film sound, often by putting the theories into dialogue with one another. The organization is both chronological and topical: the former in that the chapters move steadily from early film theory through models of the classical system to more recent critical theories; the latter in that the chapters highlight central issues for each generation: the problem of film itself, then of image and sound, then of adequate analytical-descriptive models, and finally of critical-interpretative models.

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28

Edith, Dusing, Düsing Klaus, and Klein Hans-Dieter, eds. Geist und Willensfreiheit: Klassische Theorien von der Antike bis zur Moderne. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2006.

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29

Tóth, János, Attila László Nagy, and Dávid Papp. Reaction Kinetics : Exercises, Programs and Theorems: Mathematica for Deterministic and Stochastic Kinetics. Springer, 2018.

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30

Tóth, János, Attila László Nagy, and Dávid Papp. Reaction Kinetics : Exercises, Programs and Theorems: Mathematica for Deterministic and Stochastic Kinetics. Springer, 2019.

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31

Mann, Peter. The Structure of Phase Space. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0023.

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This chapter introduces the reader to canonical perturbation theory as a tool for studying near-integrable systems. Many problems in physics and chemistry do not have exact analytical solutions; these systems are in direct opposition to integrable systems and action-angle variables. The chapter starts by considering tiny perturbations to integrable Hamiltonians. Poincaré in 1893 claimed this was the fundamental question of classical mechanics and, fittingly, Hamilton–Jacobi theory is the starting point. The chapter develops Poincaré’s fundamental equation as well as Delaunay’s small divisor problem. Resonant, near–resonant and non-resonant tori are investigated in the context of Poincaré’s theorem and KAM theory is described in detail. Chaos and Poincaré maps are presented before discussing determinism, deterministic chaos and Laplace’s demon.

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32

Asheghi, Ata. Determinant Theories and Philosophies in Architecture: Ten Chapters Examining the Consciousness of Ideas Leading to Our Built World. iUniverse, Incorporated, 2020.

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33

Hutchison, Katrina, Catriona Mackenzie, and Marina Oshana, eds. Social Dimensions of Moral Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609610.001.0001.

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Philosophical theorizing about moral responsibility has recently taken a “social” turn, marking a shift in focus from traditional metaphysical concerns about free will and determinism. Yet despite this social turn, the implications of structural injustice and inequalities of power for theorizing about moral responsibility remain surprisingly neglected in philosophical literature. Recent theories have attended to the interpersonal dynamics at the heart of moral responsibility practices, and the role of the moral environment in scaffolding agential capacities. However, they assume an overly idealized conception of agency and of our moral responsibility practices as reciprocal exchanges between equally empowered and situated agents. The essays in this volume systematically challenge this assumption. Leading theorists of moral responsibility, including Michael McKenna, Marina Oshana, and Manuel Vargas, consider the implications of oppression and structural inequality for their respective theories. Neil Levy urges the need to refocus our analyses of the epistemic and control conditions for moral responsibility from individual to socially extended agents. Leading theorists of relational autonomy, including Catriona Mackenzie, Natalie Stoljar, and Andrea Westlund develop new insights into the topic of moral responsibility. Other contributors bring debates about moral responsibility into dialogue with recent work in feminist philosophy, and topics such as epistemic injustice, implicit bias and blame. Collectively, the essays in this volume reorient philosophical debates about moral responsibility in important new directions.

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34

Muldoon, James. Building Power to Change the World. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856627.001.0001.

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The German council movements arose through mass strikes and soldier mutinies towards the end of the First World War. They brought down the German monarchy, founded several short-lived council republics, and dramatically transformed European politics. This book reconstructs how participants in the German council movements struggled for a democratic socialist society. It examines their attempts to democratize politics, the economy, and society through building powerful worker-led organizations and cultivating workers’ political agency. Drawing from the practices of the council movements and the writings of theorists such as Rosa Luxemburg, Anton Pannekoek, and Karl Kautsky, this book returns to their radical vision of a self-determining society and their political programme of democratization and socialization. It presents a powerful argument for renewed attention to the political theories of this historical period and for their ongoing relevance today.

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35

Ben-Menahem, Yemima. Causation in Science. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174938.001.0001.

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This book explores the role of causal constraints in science, shifting our attention from causal relations between individual events—the focus of most philosophical treatments of causation—to a broad family of concepts and principles generating constraints on possible change. The book looks at determinism, locality, stability, symmetry principles, conservation laws, and the principle of least action—causal constraints that serve to distinguish events and processes that our best scientific theories mandate or allow from those they rule out. The book's approach reveals that causation is just as relevant to explaining why certain events fail to occur as it is to explaining events that do occur. It investigates the conceptual differences between, and interrelations of, members of the causal family, thereby clarifying problems at the heart of the philosophy of science. The book argues that the distinction between determinism and stability is pertinent to the philosophy of history and the foundations of statistical mechanics, and that the interplay of determinism and locality is crucial for understanding quantum mechanics. Providing a historical perspective, the book traces the causal constraints of contemporary science to traditional intuitions about causation, and demonstrates how the teleological appearance of some constraints is explained away in current scientific theories such as quantum mechanics. The book represents a bold challenge to both causal eliminativism and causal reductionism—the notions that causation has no place in science and that higher-level causal claims are reducible to the causal claims of fundamental physics.

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36

Hedberg Olenina, Ana. Psychomotor Aesthetics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190051259.001.0001.

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In the late 19th century, neurophysiology introduced techniques for detecting somatic signs of psychological processes. Scientific modes of recording, representing, and interpreting body movement as “expressive” soon found use in multiple cultural domains. Based on archival materials, this study charts the avenues by which physiological psychology reached the arts and evaluates institutional practices and political trends that promoted interdisciplinary engagements in the first quarter of the 20th century. In mapping the emergence of a paradigm it calls “psychomotor aesthetics,” this book uncovers little-known sources of Russian Futurism, Formalist poetics, avant-garde film theories of Lev Kuleshov and Sergei Eisenstein, and early Soviet programs for evaluating filmgoers’ reactions. Drawing attention to the intellectual exchange between Russian authors and their European and American counterparts, the book documents diverse cultural applications of laboratory methods for studying the psyche. Both a history and a critical project, the book attends to the ways in which artists and theorists dealt with the universalist fallacies inherited from biologically oriented psychology—at times, endorsing the positivist, deterministic outlook, and at times, resisting, reinterpreting, and defamiliarizing these scientific notions. In exposing the vastness of cross-disciplinary exchange at the juncture of neurophysiology and the arts at the turn of the 20th century, Psychomotor Aesthetics calls attention to the tremendous cultural resonance of theories foregrounding the somatic substrate of emotional and cognitive experience—theories, which anticipate the promises and limitations of today’s neuroaesthetics and neuromarketing.

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37

Garner, Robert. 4. Freedom and Justice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198704386.003.0005.

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This chapter examines two related, but distinct, political concepts — justice and freedom. It first considers various possible constraints on freedom before discussing the degree to which freedom is desirable. It then explores various alternative values that might conflict with freedom, mainly in the context of John Stuart Mill's political thought; these include equality, paternalism, and happiness. The chapter proceeds by analysing the concept of justice and various criteria for determining its meaning in the context of the major competing theories of justice provided by John Rawls and Robert Nozick. Finally, it evaluates alternative theories of justice which challenge the conventional liberal view that theories of justice should focus only on the nation-state and are applicable only to human beings.

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38

Shea, Nicholas. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812883.003.0001.

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This chapter offers a breezy introduction to the content question, the question of what determines the content of a mental representation. Existing approaches are outlined: informational semantics, inferential role semantics, correspondence theories, ascriptionism and the intentional stance, and teleosemantics. This discussion highlights the major issues that the book’s positive account must address if it is to succeed.

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39

LaBossiere, Michael. Testing the Moral Status of Artificial Beings; or “I’m Going to Ask You Some Questions …”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190652951.003.0019.

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While sophisticated artificial beings are still the stuff of science fiction, it is reasonable to address the challenge of determining the moral status of such systems now. Since humans have spent centuries discussing the ethics of humans and animals, a sensible shortcut is to develop tests for matching artificial beings with existing beings and assigning them a corresponding moral status. While there are a multitude of moral theories addressing the matter of status, the focus is on two of the most common types. The first comprises theories based on reason (exemplified by Kant). The second comprises theories based on feeling (exemplified by Mill). Regardless of the actual tests, there will always be room for doubt. To address this, three arguments are presented in favor of the presumption of status, similar to that of the presumption of innocence in the legal system.

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40

Olsen, Jan Abel. Equality and fairness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0004.

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This chapter investigates the equity reasons behind regulations and public finance of healthcare. An inquiry into altruism and redistribution is followed by a discussion of equality and fairness as applied to the distribution of health and healthcare. Voluntary redistribution through cross-subsidized healthcare is explained by paternalistic altruism, that is, most people simply care for their fellow citizens’ access to needed healthcare. The concepts of equity, equality, and fairness in health are explained and defined. Three theories of distributive justice have particular relevance in the context of determining a fair allocation of healthcare: utilitarianism, egalitarianism, and Rawls’ maximin principle. These theories are formally analysed within the framework of a health possibility frontier. The figure illustrates a trade-off between efficiency as health maximization versus equality of health.

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41

Eisenberg, Melvin A. The General Principles of Contract Interpretation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0028.

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Chapter 28 considers theories of contract interpretation, which generally fall into two schools. Theories in one school, contextualism, hold that a contract cannot be sensibly interpreted without regard to the context in which the contract was made. Theories in the other school, literalism, hold that if a contract is embodied in a relatively comprehensive writing it should be interpreted solely on the basis of the writing. The most prominent form of textualism is the plain-meaning rule. Under that rule if there exists a more or less complete writing that reflects the existence of a contract and the court determines, by looking only at the writing, that the writing is unambiguous, the parties are not allowed to introduce evidence outside the writing concerning the meaning of the writing. The plain-meaning rule is fatally defective because a writing cannot be sensibly interpreted without regard to the context in which it was written, and disputed contract language is almost never unambiguous.

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42

Mele, Alfred R. Free Will. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197574232.001.0001.

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Abstract Do we have free will? This book is an opinionated guide through a philosophical maze that leads to an answer. The main philosophical theories and arguments about free will are explained, and their pros and cons are explored. Topics discussed include the meaning of “free will,” connections between free will and moral responsibility, compatibilism and incompatibilism, determinism and indeterminism, decision-making, the ability to do otherwise than one did, philosophical skepticism about free will, and alleged challenges that some experiments in neuroscience pose to the existence of free will. The author’s own unique position on free will is explained in the final chapter.

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43

Healey, Richard. Fundamentality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714057.003.0013.

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The metaphor that fundamental physics is concerned to say what the natural world is like at the deepest level may be cashed out in terms of entities, properties, or laws. The role of quantum field theories in the Standard Model of high-energy physics suggests that fundamental entities, properties, and laws are to be sought in these theories. But the contextual ontology proposed in Chapter 12 would support no unified compositional structure for the world; a quantum state assignment specifies no physical property distribution sufficient even to determine all physical facts; and quantum theory posits no fundamental laws of time evolution, whether deterministic or stochastic. Quantum theory has made a revolutionary contribution to fundamental physics because its principles have permitted tremendous unification of science through the successful application of models constructed in conformity to them: but these models do not say what the world is like at the deepest level.

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44

Nolan, Daniel. Causal Counterfactuals and Impossible Worlds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746911.003.0002.

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A standing challenge in the theory of counterfactuals is to solve the ‘deviation problem’. Consider ordinary counterfactuals involving an antecedent concerning a difference from the actual course of events at a particular time, and a consequent concerning, at least in part, what happens at a later time. In the possible worlds framework, the problem is often put in terms of which are the relevant antecedent worlds. Desiderata for the solution include that the relevant antecedent worlds be governed by the actual laws of nature with no miracles; that the past in those worlds before the antecedent time matches the actual past; that the account is compatible with determinism, and that many of our ordinary counterfactual judgements are correct, and would be correct even given determinism. Many theorists have compromised on one or more of these desiderata, but this chapter presents an account employing impossible worlds that satisfies them all.

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45

Isett, Philip. Main Lemma Implies the Main Theorem. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691174822.003.0011.

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This chapter shows that the Main Lemma implies the main theorem. It proves Theorem (10.1) by inductively applying the Main Lemma in order to construct a sequence of solutions of the Euler-Reynolds system. At each stage of the induction, an energy function is chosen along with a parameter whose choice determines the growth of the frequency parameter and the decay of the energy level. A base case lemma is then established, after which the proof of the Main Theorem (10.1) is presented so that the Main Lemma implies the Main Theorem. The Main Lemma is employed to approximately prescribe the energy increment of the correction. The solution obtained at the end of the process is nontrivial.

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46

Kelly, Phil. Defending Classical Geopolitics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.279.

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Three successive parts are presented within this article, all intended to raise the visibility and show the utility of classical geopolitics as a deserving and separate international-relations model: (a) a common traditional definition, (b) relevant theories that correspond to that definition, and (c) applications of certain theories that will delve at some depth into three case studies (the Ukrainian shatterbelt, contemporary Turkish geopolitics, and a North American heartland).The placement of states, regions, and resources, as affecting international relations and foreign policies, defines classical geopolitics. This definition emphasizes the application of spatially composed unbiased theories that should bring insight into foreign-affairs events and policies. Specifically, a “model” contains theories that correspond to its description. A “theory” is a simple sentence of probability, with “A” happening to likely affect “B.” Importantly, models are passive; they merely hold theories. In contrast, theories possess their own titles and perform actively when taken from such models.Various methodological challenges are presented: (a) combining concepts with theories, (b) estimating probability for testing theories, (c) claiming the “scientific,” (d) accounting for determinism, (e) revealing a dynamic environment for geopolitics, (f) separating realism from geopolitics, and (g) drawing classical geopolitics away from the critical. Certain theories that are placed within the geopolitical model are examined next: (a) heartlands and rimlands, (b) land and sea power, (c) choke points and maritime lines of communication, (d) offshore balancing, (e) the Monroe doctrine, (f) balances of power, (g) checkerboards, (h) shatterbelts, (i) pan-regions, (j) influence spheres, (k) dependency, (l) buffer states, (m) organic borders, (n) imperial thesis, (o) borders/wars, (p) contagion, (q) irredentism, (r) demography, (s) fluvial laws, (t) petro-politics, and (u) catastrophic events in nature. Additional theories apply elsewhere in the article as well.Of the three case studies, the Ukrainian shatterbelt represents the sole contemporary geopolitical configuration of this type, a regional conflict coupling with a strategic rivalry. Here, partisans of the civil war between the eastern and the western sectors of the country have joined with the Russians against the Europeans and Americans, respectively. Next, Turkey’s pivotal location has afforded it both advantages and disadvantages, a topic discussed at some length earlier in the article. Its “zero-problems” strategy of seeking positive relations with neighbors has now been forced to change tactics, reflective of new forces within and beyond the country. Finally, a North American heartland compares nicely to Halford Mackinder’s earlier Eurasia heartland thesis, with the American perhaps proving more stable, wealthy, and enduring, based in large part on its stronger geopolitical features.

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47

Franklin, Christopher Evan. Minimal Event-Causal Libertarianism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682781.003.0002.

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This chapter explains the differences between agency reductionism and nonreductionism, explains the varieties of libertarianism, and sets out the main contours of minimal event-causal libertarianism, highlighting just how minimal this theory is. Crucial to understanding how minimal event-causal libertarianism differs from other event-causal libertarian theories is understanding the location and role of indeterminism in human action, the kinds of mental states essential to causing free action, the nature of nondeterministic causation, and how the theory is constructed from compatibilist accounts. The chapter argues that libertarians must face up to both the problem of luck and the problem of enhanced control when determining the best theoretical location of indeterminism.

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Acs, Zoltan J. Start-ups and Entry Barriers: Small and Medium-Sized Firms Population Dynamics. Edited by Anuradha Basu, Mark Casson, Nigel Wadeson, and Bernard Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546992.003.0008.

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Entrepreneurship is about people in their roles as identifiers of opportunities and the exploiters of opportunities. Moreover, recent theories of opportunity have shed light on the role of knowledge, knowledge spillovers, human capital, agglomeration of knowledge, and similar spatial structures as being the key to entrepreneurship. This article focuses on the age of the establishment as measured by new-firm entry as the operational variable in entrepreneurship and discusses what variables are important in determining entry. The focus in this article is on the role of human capital as a barrier to entry and suggests that the lack of education is the greatest barrier to entry.

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Scheuerman, William E. Critical Theory Beyond Habermas. Edited by John S. Dryzek, Bonnie Honig, and Anne Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548439.003.0004.

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This article analyses the changes in critical theory after Jürgen Habermas. It suggests that recent Habermasian attempts to tackle the normative and institutional quagmires of globalization offer a useful test for determining whether the paradigm of deliberative democracy should continue to occupy the energies of critical theorists. It contends that while Habermas-inspired deliberative democracy has undoubtedly enriched the ongoing debate about the prospects of transnational governance, it remains both programmatically and conceptually tension-ridden.

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50

Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Non-Equilibrium Green’s Functions: Variational Relations and Approximations for Particle Interactions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0009.

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Chapter 09 Nonequilibrium Green’s functions (NEGF), including coupled-correlated (C) single- and multi-particle Green’s functions, are defined as averages weighted with the time-development operator U(t0+τ,t0). Linear conductivity is exhibited as a two-particle equilibrium Green’s function (Kubo-type formulation). Admitting particle sources (S:η,η+) and non-conservation of number, the non-equilibrium multi-particle Green’s functions are constructed with numbers of creation and annihilation operators that may differ, and they may be derived as variational derivatives with respect to sources η,η+ of a generating functional eW=TrU(t0+τ,t0)CS/TrU(t0+τ,t0)C. (In the non-interacting case this yields the n-particle Green’s function as a permanent/determinant of single-particle Green’s functions.) These variational relations yield a symmetric set of multi-particle Green’s function equations. Cumulants and the Linked Cluster Theorem are discussed and the Random Phase Approximation (RPA) is derived variationally. Schwinger’s variational differential formulation of perturbation theories for the Green’s function, self-energy, vertex operator, and also shielded potential perturbation theory, are reviewed. The Langreth Algebra arises from analytic continuation of integration of products of Green’s functions in imaginary time to the real-time axis with time-ordering along the integration contour in the complex time plane. An account of the Generalized Kadanoff-Baym Ansatz is presented.

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