Книги з теми "Determined examinations"
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1
Armstrong, Ronald D. A method to determine targets for multi-stage adaptive tests. Newtown, PA: Law School Admission Council, 2005.
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2
Link, Vanessa Art. Postmortem: An examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death. Jakarta, Indonesia: Vanessa Art Link, 2009.
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3
Florida. Legislature. Senate. Committee on Transportation. An examination of the Federal Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 to determine required actions for compliance by Florida. [Tallahassee?]: The Committee, 1989.
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4
Wolfe, Rosita. An examination of inter-relationships between sport, media and sponsor to determine the shifting balance of power between the actors in the sports network. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.
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5
New Jersey. Legislature. Senate. Commerce Committee. Public hearing before Senate Commerce Committee: Testimony to examine the underwriting factors and rating systems used by private passenger automobile insurers to determine driver eligibility and premiums for insurance coverage; this examination will include, but not be limited to, information concerning the use of occupation and education to determine driver eligibility and premiums : [June 12, 2006, Trenton, New Jersey]. Trenton, N.J: The Unit, 2006.
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6
Valentine, Page C. The shelf-slope transition--canyon and upper slope sedimentary processes on the southern margin of Georges Bank: An examination of sedimentary environments in water depths of 150-600 meters and of how they are determined by the interaction of available sediment, bottom currents, and sea-floor morphology. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.
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7
Valentine, Page C. The shelf-slope transition--canyon and upper slope sedimentary processes on the southern margin of Georges Bank: An examination of sedimentary environments in water depths of 150-600 meters and of how they are determined by the interaction of available sediment, bottom currents, and sea-floor morphology. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.
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8
C, Condon Marian, and March Karen S, eds. NCLEX high risk: The disaster prevention manual for nurses determined to pass the RN licensing examination. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011.
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9
Shultz, Sandra J., Peggy A. Houglum, and David H. Perrin. Examination of Musculoskeletal Injuries. 4th ed. Human Kinetics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718215528.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Examination of Musculoskeletal Injuries, Fourth Edition, guides current and future athletic trainers and rehabilitation professionals through the examination and evaluation of musculoskeletal injuries both on and off the field. The text presents injury examination strategies in on-site, acute, and clinical settings and provides the information on mastering the skills needed for the Board of Certification examination for athletic trainers as determined by the sixth edition of Athletic Training Role Delineation Study/Practice Analysis for entry-level athletic trainers. This updated fourth edition contains foundational information on a wide spectrum of injuries and the appropriate tests for examining and diagnosing them. Readers will learn to obtain an accurate injury history from the patient, inspect the injury and related areas, test motion control, palpate both bone and soft tissues, and examine function in order to gauge the player’s readiness to return to play. The fourth edition also includes the following enhancements: More than 51 short video clips that correspond to and demonstrate evaluation techniques for various musculoskeletal disorders found throughout the text.Full-color photos and medical artwork have been added throughout the text to clarify testing techniques and enhance knowledge of relevant body structures.Substantial updates provide the most recent evidence-based clinical information.An expanded selection of special tests and injury-specific examinations are now presented in a more accessible format and include a photo or video, description of the purpose, patient and clinician positions for the test, procedures performed, and possible outcomes. The content of Examination of Musculoskeletal Injuries, Fourth Edition, has been restructured and focused to provide applicable information in a straightforward manner. Examination of Musculoskeletal Injuries, Fourth Edition, is an essential resource for students of athletic training and therapy as well as current practitioners in the field who wish to use evidence-based procedures in their clinical practice to ensure safe and accurate diagnoses of injuries.
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Spalding, Tim. History and examination of the knee. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.008001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
♦ History and examination of the knee are linked and specific examination is determined by the likely diagnosis indicated by the history♦ The 5 diagnostics groups are: Anterior knee pain; Traumatic injury to knee ligaments, meniscus, or other structures; Degenerative osteoarthritis; Inflammatory joint problem; and other problems♦ General examination of the knee is still required with the patient, walking, standing, sitting, and lying supine♦ Specific examination is targeted to 4 areas: The patello-femoral joint and extensor mechanism; Meniscal pathology; Ligament stability; and Arthritis. The pattern of signs elicited should lead to definitive diagnosis.
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Huntoon, Marc A., ed. Pain Medicine Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190217518.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pain Medicine is a comprehensive guide for preparing for the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) certification or recertification in pain medicine and also for residents preparing for in-training examinations in pain medicine. The text is organized into 28 chapters covering topics such as anatomy, physiology of pain, pharmacology, diagnosis of pain, and various pain syndromes. Each chapter includes questions, answers, detailed explanations with highlighted key points, and concise further reading lists. Questions follow the ABMS style, and the explications of answers carefully address all points in the ABMS content outline for pain medicine. A section on imaging includes high-quality magnetic resonance images, ultrasound images, fluoroscopic images, and other images that will enable the examination candidate to answer questions that determine knowledge of pathological states compared to normal and complications of treatments. This book will help medical students become interested in the field and also help residents, fellows, and recertification candidates become familiar enough with the material that they can pass the ABMS examination.
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Preparticipation Physical Evaluation. 4th ed. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581104882.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Must-have resource guides health care professionals through the PPE process for young athletes from middle school through college. The explosive growth of children's athletics makes the preparticipation physical evaluation (PPE) an important part of many pediatric practices. The new 4th edition guides physicians through the PPE process for young athletes from middle school through college. Included are recommendations on PPE timing, setting, and structure; medical history questions; and how to determine participation clearance; lists return-to-play guidelines; addresses medicolegal and ethical concerns; and explores future research and use of electronic formats. Also includes: History Form, Supplemental History Form, Physical Examination Form, Clearance Form. Contents: Goals and Objectives, Timing, Setting and Structure, Administrative, Ethical, and Legal Concerns, General Considerations of the History, Physical Examination, and Clearance Systems-Based Examinations, Cardiovascular Problems, Central Nervous System, General Medical, Pulmonary System, Gastrointestinal, Genitourinary, Dermatologic Conditions, Musculoskeletal, The Female Athlete, The Athlete with Special Needs, Research Considerations.
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Harrop, S. H. An investigation to determine if the present craft examination structure is effective in meeting the requirements of theconstruction industry. Polytechnic of Huddersfield, 1988.
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14
Aldridge, Caroline Jane. Examination of a small professional body to determine the need and support for a team development approach toits work. Polytechnic of East London, 1986.
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15
Albright, Robert C. Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0474.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The most important principle in understanding disorders of water balance is that sodium balance is determined by the adequacy of the effective circulating volume, while water balance is determined by osmoregulation and the interplay between vasopressin activity, renal concentrating and diluting ability, and thirst. Disorders of sodium balance can be determined only by clinical examination. Orthostatic hypotension implies volume depletion and sodium deficiency. Edema implies volume excess and sodium excess. Potassium is predominantly an intracellular cation. The intracellular balance of potassium is regulated by endogenous factors such as acidemia, sodium, adenosine triphosphatase, insulin, catecholamines, and aldosterone. Clinically, it is absolutely critical to follow a stepwise approach to acid-base disorders. Metabolic acidosis is defined as a primary disturbance in which the retention of acid consumes endogenous alkali stores. This is reflected by a decrease in bicarbonate. Metabolic alkalosis is defined as a primary disturbance in which plasma bicarbonate is increased. The signs and symptoms of metabolic alkalosis include weakness, muscle cramps, hyperreflexia, alveolar hypoventilation, and arrhythmias.
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Omond, T. S. Metrical Rhythm: Being An Examination Of A Recent Attempt To Determine The Basis Of English Rhythm In Verse And Prose. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2007.
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17
Chan, Kenneth, and Andrew Stuckey, eds. Sino-Enchantment. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474460842.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although Chinese film audiences, including those in the PRC, Taiwan and Hong Kong, have always maintained a foundational cultural interest in the fantastic, this trend has dramatically increased over the last decade. Sino-Enchantment is the first work in English to approach this recent explosion of fantastic films in Chinese cinemas, where each re-envisioning of the form is determined by cultural, economic, political and technological factors to produce fresh inventions and creative reinventions of familiar narratives, characters and tropes. As a whole, the book argues that fantastic cinemas serve a fundamental function of re-enchanting mundane modern society with wonder and awe. Individual chapters present detailed examinations of works by famous filmmakers such as Zhang Yimou, Tsui Hark and Stephen Chow, as well as case studies of films like The Assassin (2015), Monster Hunt (2015) and The Great Wall (2016). The book focuses on a range of cinematic forms, practices and themes, which include blockbuster films, art cinema, exploitation B-movies, digital effects, ecocinema, film blanc and contemporary adaptations of traditional Chinese classics. Sino-enchantment functions as a new theoretical lens through which readers can engage with elements of the fantastic in Chinese cinema in nuanced, complex and innovative ways.
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Winfree, Christopher J. Failed Carpal Tunnel Release—Recurrent Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Edited by Meghan E. Lark, Nasa Fujihara, and Kevin C. Chung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617127.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Peripheral nerve decompression is the typical definitive treatment for peripheral nerve entrapment. Unfortunately, some patients continue to have pain after surgical decompression. A careful history, physical examination, electrodiagnostic studies, laboratory studies, and imaging can help determine why this occurs and whether further surgery is warranted, as it may not be necessary in all cases.
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Jiang, Li Julie. Nominal Arguments and Language Variation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190084165.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book investigates nominal arguments in classifier languages. A long-held claim is that classifier languages do not have overt article determiners (D). This book, however, brings to the forefront the theoretical investigation on the typologically unique Nuosu Yi, a classifier language that will be shown to have an overt article determiner. By comparing nominal arguments in Nuosu Yi to those in Mandarin, the book provides a parametric account of variation among classifier languages and extends the account to argument formation in general. This book begins with a detailed examination of bare numeral classifier phrases in Mandarin by comparing them with bare numeral noun phrases in number marking languages, such as English, French, and Russian. The book argues for a unified structure of bare numeral containing phrases with no reference to D across languages as well as for a D-less structure for various types of nominal arguments in Mandarin. It further studies nominal argument formation in Nuosu Yi. The facts from Nuosu Yi essentially alter the landscape of empirical data and constitute an immediate (prima facie) challenge to the proposed analysis of nominal arguments based on the Mandarin data. This book argues that despite the fact that Nuosu Yi has an overt article determiner, this should not force us to change anything about the proposed analysis of nominal arguments. Lastly, the book puts the analysis of Mandarin and Nuosu Yi nominal arguments in a broader, cross-linguistic perspective and develops a parametric account of variation in nominal argument formation in general.
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Beck, Robert J., and Henry F. Carey. Teaching International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.309.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The international law (IL) course offers a unique opportunity for students to engage in classroom debate on crucial topics ranging from the genocide in Darfur, the Israeli–Palestinian issue, or peace processes in Sri Lanka. A well-designed IL course can help students to appreciate their own preconceptions and biases and to develop a more nuanced and critical sense of legality. During the Cold War, IL became increasingly marginalized as a result of the perceived failure of international institutions to avert World War II and the concurrent ascent of realism as IR’s predominant theoretical paradigm. Over the past two decades, however, as IL’s profile has soared considerably, political scientists and students have taken a renewed interest in the subject. Today, IL teaching/study remains popular in law schools. As a general practice, most instructors of IL, both in law schools or undergraduate institutions, begin their course designs by selecting readings on basic legal concepts and principles. Once the basic subject matter and associated reading assignments have been determined, instructors typically move on to develop their syllabi, which may cover a variety of topics such as interdisciplinary methods, IL theory, cultural relativism, formality vs informality, identity politics, law and economics/public choice, feminism, legal realism, and reformism/modernism. There are several innovative approaches for teaching IL, including moot courts, debates, simulations, clinical learning, internships, legal research training, and technology-enhanced teaching. Another important component of IL courses is assessment of learning outcomes, and a typical approach is to administer end-of-semester essay-based examinations.
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Rubin, Mark N., and Alejandro A. Rabinstein. Electrolyte Disturbances. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0183.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The neurological manifestations of abnormal electrolyte concentrations and acid-base disturbances can be multiple and often nonspecific. They are typically determined by the acuity and severity of the derangement. Detailed history and physical examination may guide appropriate laboratory testing and lead to prompt and accurate diagnosis. Neurological symptoms and signs are typically reversible if the underlying systemic disorder is detected and treated early. However, severe long-term neurologic sequelae can occur if treatment is delayed. The focus of this chapter is to detail the scientific fundamentals, clinical presentation, laboratory testing, and management of the various electrolyte and acid-base disorders associated with neurologic impairment.
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Ariel, Mira. Pragmatics and Grammar. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper argues that the grammar/pragmatics division of labour should be drawn along a code versus inference distinction. On this view, grammar specifies a set of codes, while pragmatics provides a set of context-dependent inferences. However, despite this very clear grammar/pragmatics distinction, it is not necessarily trivial to determine which aspects of the interpretation are encoded and which are inferred. Such decisions must be based on empirical examinations of each case. Thus, interpretations commonly analysed as part of grammar may be reanalysed as pragmatics, and vice versa, aspects of use and interpretation previously analysed as pragmatic may turn out to be grammatical after all.
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Shulman, Ryan, Adrian Wilson, and Delia Peppercorn. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.008003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
♦ ACL tear: abnormal fibres, tibial translation, PCL/patella tendon buckling, bone bruising♦ Meniscal tear: signal change to free edge♦ Bone bruising:• Reticular—not continuous subarticular bone• Geographic—extends to subarticular bone♦ Posterolateral corner:• Oblique slices through fibular head• Consists of lateral collateral ligament, popliteus, popliteofibular ligament, and arcuate complex.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized the investigation and treatment of the painful knee. It is non-invasive and avoids patient exposure to ionizing radiation. MRI has the advantage of establishing diagnoses in a painful knee without the morbidity of surgical intervention. It is now widely available and has moved from a simple diagnostic adjunct into a key planning tool. It offers improved management of theatre resources and it allows for more accurate planning of postoperative rehabilitation.The role of MRI in management of the injured knee is determined by its cost-effectiveness and its ability to augment the diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination. Accuracy of clinical examination by specialist orthopaedic surgeons is comparable to MRI when interpreted by specialist radiologists (Table 8.3.1). Increasingly, MRI has been shown to be cost neutral. Whilst costs are high, diagnostic information reduces the need for unnecessary surgery.
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Mashhoon, Bahram. Linearized Nonlocal Gravity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803805.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The only known exact solution of the field equation of nonlocal gravity (NLG) is the trivial solution involving Minkowski spacetime that indicates the absence of a gravitational field. Therefore, this chapter is devoted to a thorough examination of NLG in the linear approximation beyond Minkowski spacetime. Moreover, the solutions of the linearized field equation of NLG are discussed in detail. We adopt the view that the kernel of the theory must be determined from observation. In the Newtonian regime of NLG, we recover the phenomenological Tohline-Kuhn approach to modified gravity. A simple generalization of the Kuhn kernel leads to a three-parameter modified Newtonian force law that is always attractive. Gravitational lensing is discussed. It is shown that nonlocal gravity (NLG), with a characteristic galactic lengthscale of order 1 kpc, simulates dark matter in the linear regime while preserving causality.
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Fabricio, Guariglia, and Rogier Emeric. Part III Prosecutorial Policy and Practice, 15 The Selection of Situations and Cases by the OTP of the ICC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198705161.003.0015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Selecting situations and cases is one of the key challenges of prosecutorial practice at the ICC and in domestic jurisdictions. This chapter places ICC policies in perspective. It examines prosecutorial strategy and criteria developed by the OTP to determine the choice of situations and cases. It discusses the process and outcome of preliminary examinations, the relevance of triggering mechanisms, and the criteria guiding the selection of cases (independence, impartiality, objectivity, and non-discrimination), including the relevance and treatment of gravity and prosecutorial inaction. It replies to criticisms which have been raised in legal and academic commentary with respect to the selection policy of the Office. It stresses that selection of cases is an evidence-driven process. It argues that the best way to counter unfounded attacks is to scrupulously apply the ICC Statute and to be transparent in its decision-making process.
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Woodford, Henry J., and James George. Examining the nervous system of an older patient. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198701590.003.0111.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ageing is associated with changes in the nervous system, especially the accumulation of neurodegenerative and white matter lesions within the brain. Abnormalities are commonly found when examining older people and some of these are associated with functional impairment and a higher risk of death. In order to reliably interpret examination findings it is important to assess cognition, hearing, vision, and speech first. Clarity of instruction is key. Interpretation of findings must take into account common age-related changes. For example, genuine increased tone should be distinguished from paratonia. Power testing should look for asymmetry within the individual, rather than compare to the strength of the examiner. Parkinsonism should be looked for and gait should be observed. Neurological assessment can incorporate a range of cortical abilities and tests of autonomic function, but the extent of these assessments is likely to be determined by the clinical situation and time available.
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Pinto, Rhodes. Nous, Motion, and Teleology in Anaxagoras. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805762.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper advances a new interpretation of the manner in which Anaxagoras regards nous as producing motion and, in so doing, explains Anaxagoras’ emphasis on nous’s purity and offers a major reassessment of the explanatory value of nous. Based on a fresh examination of the evidence, I argue that Anaxagoras holds that considerable difference between things is itself productive of motion. On account of nous’s purity there is always a difference between nous and the mixture (comprising everything else) such as to produce motion, with the specific sort of motion being determined by nous’s intent (based on its judgement) or affect. Taking into account what nous brings about, including the cosmic vortex that orders the world and the preservation of living things (by being present in them as their soul), Anaxagoras can be recognized as having offered the framework for a wide-reaching teleology with his conception of nous.
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Grob, Charles S. Hallucinogens: Spiritual and Therapeutic Use, Overuse, and Complications. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A fascinating class of psychoactive substances possessing a long and mysterious history of human use are the classic hallucinogens. Forming a vital component of prehistorical and aboriginal culture and belief systems, hallucinogens were ultimately condemned and repressed by evolving civilizations, only to the “rediscovered” in the 20th century. Of compelling interest to anthropologists, ethnobotanists, pharmacologists, medical scientists, and mental health clinicians, their use was diverted to the general culture, particularly among youth during the politically tumultuous 1960s: it was determined to be the cause of a period of cultural upheaval associated with a perceived public health crisis. After decades of quiescence, however, the careful examination of hallucinogens under rigorous and approved research conditions has resumed. This chapter will explore the historical background, neuropharmacology, cultural use, risks of adverse events/addiction, recent renaissance of controlled research, and models for optimal use and implications for the future.
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Hakelberg, Lukas. The Hypocritical Hegemon. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501748011.001.0001.
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This book takes a close look at how US domestic politics affects and determines the course of global tax policy. Through an examination of recent international efforts to crack down on offshore tax havens and the role the United States has played, the book uncovers how a seemingly innocuous technical addition to US law has had enormous impact around the world, particularly for individuals and corporations aiming to avoid and evade taxation. Through bullying and using its overwhelming political power, the book states, the United States has imposed rules on the rest of the world while exempting domestic banks for the same reporting requirements. It can do so because no other government wields control over such huge financial and consumer markets. This power imbalance is at the heart of the book.
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Koskenniemi, Martti. What Should International Legal History Become? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198768586.003.0019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter argues that the scope of history of international law ought to be expanded beyond its received sense. If the interest lies in ‘power’, then it is not a surprise why international lawyers might worry about the state of their field. For history to grasp this worry, it should illuminate the process through which some things come to be understood as belonging to ‘international law’ while others are relegated to ‘domestic’ or ‘private’ law, to ‘political economy’ or indeed to ‘international politics’. A study of international law’s relations to international power would need to include an examination of the way such categories, professional fields, and intellectual distinctions are made and remade so as to determine what may seem possible to achieve and what is beyond professional argument and contestation.
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Paul, Richard, Pavlos Myrianthefs, George Baltopoulos, and Shaun McMaster. Blood gas analysis: acid–base, fluid, and electrolyte disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Acid-base homeostasis is vital for the maintenance of normal tissue and organ function, as both acidosis and alkalosis can have harmful and potentially life-threatening effects. Arterial blood gas analysis, combined with routine clinical history and examination, can provide useful information for the management of the critically ill cardiac patient. Most acid-base derangements are reversed by treatment of the underlying disease process, rather than simple correction of the abnormal pH, and prognosis is determined by the nature of the underlying disease, rather than the extent of pH value deviation. Within this chapter, a six-step approach is presented for prompt and accurate acid-base interpretation. Water and electrolyte disorders are common in the intensive cardiac care unit, particularly in patients with cardiac failure. Prompt recognition and treatment is required to prevent cardiovascular and neurological compromise. Therapeutic strategies range from simple electrolyte substitution and fluid management to extracorporeal filtration of excess fluid and electrolytes. These are discussed within this chapter.
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Paul, Richard, and Paul Grant. Blood gas analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0018_update_001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Acid-base homeostasis is vital for the maintenance of normal tissue and organ function, as both acidosis and alkalosis can have harmful and potentially life-threatening effects. Arterial blood gas analysis, combined with routine clinical history and examination, can provide useful information for the management of the critically ill cardiac patient. Most acid-base derangements are reversed by treatment of the underlying disease process, rather than simple correction of the abnormal pH, and prognosis is determined by the nature of the underlying disease, rather than the extent of pH value deviation. Within this chapter, a six-step approach is presented for prompt and accurate acid-base interpretation. Water and electrolyte disorders are common in the intensive cardiac care unit, particularly in patients with cardiac failure. Prompt recognition and treatment is required to prevent cardiovascular and neurological compromise. Therapeutic strategies range from simple electrolyte substitution and fluid management to extracorporeal filtration of excess fluid and electrolytes. These are discussed within this chapter.
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Gutierrez, Genaro J., and Divya Chirumamilla. Cervical Spinal Stenosis. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cervical spinal stenosis is the narrowing of the spinal canal. Degenerative cervical spinal stenosis can occur as a result of disc degeneration, osteophyte formation, and hypertrophy of spinal canal ligaments. Diagnosis is primarily made with clinical history and examination in order to assess for classic myelopathic signs (motor weakness, hyperreflexia, and other specific tests). Radiologic imaging is used to validation the diagnosis and to determine the extent of stenosis. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most useful and noninvasive modality. Cervical spinal stenosis without myelopathy can be managed nonsurgically with strengthening, physical therapy, traction, orthosis, and pain management (cervical epidural steroid injections and selective nerve root blocks). Cervical spondylolisthesis has received insufficient attention in comparison to spondylolisthesis of the lumbar spine. It is primarily considered a surgical condition, yet few publications have been dedicated to the topic.
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Kainth, Daraspreet Singh, Karanpal Singh Dhaliwal, and David W. Polly. Sacroiliac Joint Fusion: Percutaneous and Open. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain is the source of back pain in up to 25% of patients presenting with back pain. There is significant individual variation in the anatomy of the sacrum and the lumbosacral junction. SIJ pain is diagnosed with the history and physical examination. SIJ injection of a local anesthetic along with steroids is often used to confirm the diagnosis. Nonoperative treatment includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, physical therapy, joint manipulation therapies, and SIJ injections. SIJ pain can also be successfully treated with radiofrequency ablation in some patients. Surgical treatment includes the open anterior sacroiliac joint fusion technique and minimally invasive techniques. The benefits of minimally invasive SIJ fusion versus open surgery include less blood loss, decreased surgical time, and shorter hospital stay. Further studies are needed to determine the long-term durability of the minimally invasive surgical techniques.
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Liebsch, Burkhard, ed. Radikalität und Zukunft des Krieges. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748910909.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The monograph Drei Wurzeln des Krieges. Und warum nur eine nicht ins Verderben führt by Bernhard Taureck was published in 2019. It is one of the few current philosophical contributions on the theory of war that is not limited to the question of the moral justification of war (such as Michael Walzer’s work). Instead, the book contains not only various references to the war discourses of antiquity and their multiple references to actuality, but also a detailed examination of the question of how radically war determines our history, present and future. In this book, interdisciplinary statements on Taureck’s concisely summarised approach make critical reference to this question in the common interest of finding ways out of this situation. With contributions by Lothar Brock, Hans-Georg Ehrhart, Martin Kahl, Wolfgang Knöbl, Barbara Kuchler, Ishay Landa, Burkhard Liebsch, Herfried Münkler, Max Mutschler, Norman Paech, Christopher Pollmann, Bernhard H. F. Taureck and Pascal Weitmann.
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Baloh, Robert W. Bárány’s Test Battery and the First Description of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600129.003.0011.
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Robert Bárány developed an extensive battery of clinical tests of the vestibular system, most of which he outlined in his 1907 book on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular system. The basic concepts of his examination were to use the oculomotor responses (nystagmus) and postural responses (balance and past-pointing) to determine the functional status of the inner ear. Most of his work on the vestibular system was published in Vienna prior to his move to Uppsala, Sweden, after World War I. In Uppsala, he described several surgical techniques, including an operation to produce a fistula in the wall of the horizontal semicircular canal to improve hearing in patients with otosclerosis. Probably the most important article he wrote while in Uppsala was a paper published in 1921 describing a young woman with positional vertigo and nystagmus. This was the first detailed description of nystagmus associated with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
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Embree, Ainslie T. Frontiers into Borders. Edited by Mark Juergensmeyer. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190121068.001.0001.
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The contemporary status of the eight South Asian nations were determined by creation of the British Indian empire and by the process of decolonization. This book by the late Ainslie T. Embree is an insightful exploration of how the boundaries of these states were created between 1757 and 1857. During these one hundred years, political and military developments in the Indian subcontinent made a significant impact upon the definition of borders as they (almost) exist today. The narrative begins after Aurangzeb’s death, when vast areas of the Mughal Empire were taken over by regional powers, following which the East India Company swiftly expanded its territory, thus altering the boundaries of the region. Embree explores the meaning of ‘boundaries’ and ‘frontiers’. While the British stressed on ‘natural frontiers’, those shaped by natural landscape, there was also the French sense of ‘natural borders’, which represented state borders reflecting social composition. Artfully written, with a careful examination of archival materials from England and India, this book reveals the colonial and local interests at work while modern states were carved into being.
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Alkaim, Ali Al-Akhdar. Effects of vehicle type on highway traffic flow: Effects of vehicle type on speed, delay and capacity characteristics of highway traffic flow in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia determined by an examination of traffic data. Bradford, 1987.
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Price, Susanna, Brian F. Keogh, and Lorna Swan. Congenital heart disease in adults. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0060.
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The number of patients with congenital heart disease surviving to adulthood is increasing, with many requiring ongoing medical attention. Although recommendations are that these patients should be cared for in specialist centres, the clinical state of the acutely unwell patient may preclude transfer prior to the instigation of lifesaving treatment. Although the principles of resuscitation in this patient population differ little from those with acquired heart disease, the acutely unwell adult congenital heart disease patient presents a challenge, with potential pitfalls in examination, assessment/monitoring, and intervention. Keys to avoiding errors include: knowledge of the primary pathophysiology, any interventions that have been undertaken, residual lesions present (static or dynamic), and the normal physiological status for that patient-to determine the precise cause for the acute deterioration and to appreciate the effects (detrimental or otherwise) that any supportive and/or therapeutic interventions might have. Expert advice should be sought at the earliest opportunity.
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Price, Susanna, Brian F. Keogh, and Lorna Swan. Congenital heart disease in adults. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0060_update_001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The number of patients with congenital heart disease surviving to adulthood is increasing, with many requiring ongoing medical attention. Although recommendations are that these patients should be cared for in specialist centres, the clinical state of the acutely unwell patient may preclude transfer prior to the instigation of lifesaving treatment. Although the principles of resuscitation in this patient population differ little from those with acquired heart disease, the acutely unwell adult congenital heart disease patient presents a challenge, with potential pitfalls in examination, assessment/monitoring, and intervention. Keys to avoiding errors include: knowledge of the primary pathophysiology, any interventions that have been undertaken, residual lesions present (static or dynamic), and the normal physiological status for that patient-to determine the precise cause for the acute deterioration and to appreciate the effects (detrimental or otherwise) that any supportive and/or therapeutic interventions might have. Expert advice should be sought at the earliest opportunity.
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Fifield, Peter. Modernism and Physical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825425.001.0001.
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T. S. Eliot memorably said that separation of the man who suffers from the mind that creates is the root of good poetry. This book argues that this is wrong. Beginning from Virginia Woolf’s ‘On Being Ill’, it demonstrates that modernism is, on the contrary, invested in physical illness as a subject, method, and stylizing force. Experience of physical ailments, from the fleeting to the fatal, the familiar to the unusual, structures the writing of the modernists, both as sufferers and onlookers. Illness reorients the relation to and appearance of the world, making it appear newly strange; it determines the character of human interactions, and models of behaviour. As a topic illness requires new ways of writing and thinking, altered ideas of the subject, and a re-examination of the roles of invalids and carers. This book reads the work five authors, who are also known for their illness, hypochondria, or medical work: D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, Dorothy Richardson, and Winifred Holtby. It overturns the assumption that illness is a simple obstacle to creativity and instead argues that it is a subject of careful thought and cultural significance.
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Łaski, Kazimierz. Lectures in Macroeconomics. Edited by Jerzy Osiatyński and Jan Toporowski. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842118.001.0001.
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These lectures in macroeconomics explain the theory and policy implications of macroeconomics in a systematic and logically consistent way. Central to this analysis is the principle of aggregate demand as formulated by the Polish economist Michał Kalecki, who is best known as the originator, along with Keynes, of the Keynesian Revolution in macroeconomics. The lectures cover the main components of aggregate demand, showing the key importance of firms’ investment for total output, employment, and economic growth in both closed and open economies. The main influences on investment are explained and how, through the circular flow of income and expenditure, investment generates profits in the economy. However, investment is unstable and the government therefore has a central role in stabilizing such an economy at high rates of employment. Along with investment, the labor market and wages then determine the distribution of income. This leads on to an examination of the role of money and finance in the contemporary capitalist economy. The analysis is illustrated with statistics and a survey of the evolution of capitalist economies since World War II, along with critical observations on the neoclassical approach to economics.
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Contois, Emily, and Anastasia Day. The History of Food and Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0001.
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Economic, political, and social changes prompted the evolution of our current food system. Studying the historical context of these changes helps us to better understand and devise nutrition policy and programs today. This chapter begins with the roots of the modern U.S. food system at the dawn of the 20th century, isolating four key aspects that have shaped nutrition and public health: food production, processing, and consumption, along with state nutritional policy. To begin, government subsidies, in tandem with shifts in farming demographics and business models, have significantly determined what food is available to consumers at what prices. Next, an examination of food processing complicates this story, exploring the growing number of intermediaries between farmers and consumers over the 20th century. In addition, federal dietary advice and resources have sought to guide what and how people eat. At the same time, the consumer culture has influenced eaters through cookbooks, home economics, advertising, and a host of food media, from magazines and radio to blogs and social media. The Example in Practice addresses the history of the National School Lunch Program, combining the themes of production, processing, consumption, and policy in a single case study. This chapter provides readers with key landmarks and a basic historical context to understand the origins of and potential futures for today’s food, nutrition, and public health policy problems.
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Laruelle, Marlene. Is Russia Fascist? Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754135.001.0001.
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In Is Russia Fascist? This book argues that the charge of “fascism” has become a strategic narrative of the current world order. Vladimir Putin's regime has increasingly been accused of embracing fascism, supposedly evidenced by Russia's annexation of Crimea, its historical revisionism, attacks on liberal democratic values, and its support for far-right movements in Europe. But at the same time Russia has branded itself as the world's preeminent antifascist power because of its sacrifices during the Second World War while it has also emphasized how opponents to the Soviet Union in Central and Eastern Europe collaborated with Nazi Germany. This book closely analyzes accusations of fascism toward Russia, soberly assessing both their origins and their accuracy. By labeling ideological opponents as fascist, regardless of their actual values or actions, geopolitical rivals are able to frame their own vision of the world and claim the moral high ground. Through a detailed examination of the Russian domestic scene and the Kremlin's foreign policy rationales, the book disentangles the foundation for, meaning, and validity of accusations of fascism in and around Russia. It shows that the efforts to label opponents as fascist is ultimately an attempt to determine the role of Russia in Europe's future.
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Ierodiakonou, Katerina, Paul Kalligas, and Vassilis Karasmanis, eds. Aristotle's Physics Alpha. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830993.001.0001.
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This volume of the ‘Symposium Aristotelicum’ constitutes a running commentary of the first book of Aristotle’s Physics, a central treatise of the Aristotelian corpus that aims at knowledge of the principles of physical change; it establishes that there are such principles and determines what they are and how many. After a general introduction, the ten chapters of the volume, written by distinguished scholars of ancient philosophy, comment on the entirety of the Aristotelian text and deal in detail with the philosophical issues raised in it. Aristotle is here in dialogue with the divergent doctrines of earlier philosophers, namely with the Eleatics’ monism, with Anaxagoras’ theory of mixture, and finally with the Platonist dyadism that posits the two principles of Form and the Great and Small. He employs the critical examination of his predecessors’ views in order to present and formulate his own theory of the principles of natural things, which are fundamental for the entire Aristotelian study of the natural world: form, privation and the substratum that underlies them. Moreover, Aristotle provides us with his own solution to the problem about coming to be and passing away, by distinguishing between coming to be in actuality and in potentiality. The exhaustive analysis of the Aristotelian doctrines as well as the critical discussion of the prevailing current views on their interpretation make this volume an obligatory reference work for Aristotle studies.
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Harrington, Clodagh, and Alex Waddan. Obama v. Trump. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474447003.001.0001.
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This monograph examines how Trump’s election as President signals a rollback of the Obama years. In 2008, in what seemed a seminal moment for the country’s politics, the United States elected an African American as President. Yet, eight years later, in the form of Donald Trump, the nation put in office a man who was the very antithesis of his predecessor. The book determines what can legitimately be regarded as the legacy of the Obama presidency and investigates how far the Trump administration has reversed it. The analysis is embedded in a historical context, based on examination and scrutiny of how, and how successfully, presidents in the modern era have overturned the work of their predecessor when they have attempted to do so. The authors focus on meaningful priority shifts, policy changes and the imprint of presidential leadership, providing a framework for assessing Obama’s legacy, which in turn affords context to a discussion of the Trump administration’s capacity to fulfil its promise to reverse the direction taken by the Obama White House. Looking beyond the noise and hyperbole, the book examines how robust the Obama legacy has proved to be in the face of Trump’s challenge. Clodagh Harrington is Associate Professor of American Politics at De Montfort University. Alex Waddan is Associate Professor in American Politics at the University of Leicester.
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Schumaker, Kathryn. Troublemakers. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479875139.001.0001.
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This book examines the development of elementary and secondary students’ constitutional rights between 1964 and 1984 and its relationship to efforts to secure racial justice at school during the desegregation era. The first three chapters cover case studies that provide the local context for students’ rights litigation that originated in Mississippi; Denver, Colorado; and Columbus, Ohio. Each case study focuses on a particular area of students’ rights, such as free speech, equal protection, and due process, and provides an examination of how student protestrelated to civil rights and Chicano Movement activism contributed to litigation. The final two chapters provide a national view of the effects that these cases had on students’ rights law more generally, including the rights related to bilingual education, equal educational opportunities, and access to education for students with disabilities. The book also explores students’ rights in relation to school discipline, including the areas of corporal punishment, privacy, and suspensions and expulsions. The book argues that, as the courts developed the principles that determine when and why students gain rights protections, they did so in ways that undermined the initial goals of the black and Chicano student activists who set these lawsuits into motion.This book therefore offers a critical approach to these developments in American constitutional law and concludes by pointing to the ways in which the law contributes to persistent racial inequities in education.
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Hancock, Landon E. Ethnic Identities and Boundaries: Anthropological, Psychological, and Sociological Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.171.
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Ethnicity and identity are largely about boundaries; in fact, there is no way to determine one’s identity—ethnic or otherwise—without reference to some sort of boundary. In approaching the study of ethnicity and identity, sociology, anthropology, and to a lesser extent political science and international relations tend to focus on the group level and define ethnicity and ethnic identity as group phenomena. Psychology, by contrast, focuses on the individual level. These two disciplinary areas represent the opposite ends of a conceptual focus in examining both ethnicity as a group phenomenon and identity as an individual phenomenon, with a “middle ground” outlined by symbolic interactionism focusing on the processes of formation and reformation through the interaction of individuals and groups. The thread that runs through each of these ordinarily disparate disciplines is that, when examining ethnicity or identity, there is a common factor of dialectic between the sameness of the self or in-group and differentiation with the other or out-group. Moreover, an examination of the manner in which the generation of identity at one level has an explicit connection to the germination of identity at other levels of analysis shows that they combine together in a process of identification and categorization, with explicit links between the self and other at each level of analysis.
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Sidhu, Kulraj S., Mfonobong Essiet, and Maxime Cannesson. Cardiac and vascular physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0001.
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This chapter discusses key components of cardiovascular physiology applicable to clinical practice in the field of anaesthesiology. From theory development to ground-breaking innovations, the history of cardiac and vascular anatomy, as well as physiology, is presented. Utilizing knowledge of structure and function, parameters created have allowed adequate patient clinical assessment and guided interventions. A review of concepts reveals the impact of multiple physiological variables on a patient’s haemodynamic state and the need for more accurate and efficient measurements. In particular, it is noted that a more reliable index of ventricular contractility is the end-systolic elastance rather than the ejection fraction. Constant direct preload assessment has not yet been achieved but continues to be determined through surrogate variables, and continuous cardiac output monitoring for oxygen delivery, although advancing, has limitations. Considering the effect of compound factors perioperatively, especially heart failure, modifies the goals and interventions of anaesthetists to achieve improved outcomes. Therefore, medical management prior to surgery and complete assessment through history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests are a priority. This chapter also details the expectations following volume expansion to augment haemodynamics during surgery, the concept of functional haemodynamic monitoring, and limitations to the parameters applied in assessing fluid responsiveness. Challenging the accuracy of conventional indices to predict volume status led to the use of goal-directed therapy, reducing morbidity and minimizing length of hospital stay. The mainstay of this chapter is to reinforce the relevance of advances in haemodynamic monitoring and homeostasis optimization by anaesthetists during surgery, using fundamental concepts of cardiovascular physiology.
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Golder, Sona N., Ignacio Lago, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil, and Thomas Gschwend. Multi-Level Electoral Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791539.001.0001.
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National-level elections receive more attention from scholars and the media than elections at other levels, even though in many European countries the importance of both regional and European levels of government has grown in recent years. The growing importance of multiple electoral arenas suggests that scholars should be cautious about examining single levels in isolation. Taking the multi-level structure of electoral politics seriously requires a re-examination of how the incentives created by electoral institutions affect the behaviour of voters and party elites. The standard approach to analysing multi-level elections is the second-order election model, in which national elections are considered to be first-order elections while other elections are second order. However, this model does not provide micro mechanisms that determine how elections in one arena affect those in another, or explain variations in individual voting behaviour. The objective of this book is to explain how party and voter behaviour in a given election is affected by the existence of multiple electoral arenas. This book uses original qualitative and quantitative data to examine European, national, and subnational elections in France, Germany, and Spain from 2011 to 2015. Party mobilization efforts across multiple electoral arenas are examined, as well as decisions by individual voters with respect to turnout, strategic voting, and accountability. This book provides the first systematic analysis of multi-level electoral politics at three different levels across multiple countries.