Дисертації з теми "Détection de polluants"
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Bigourd, Damien. "Etude et détection de polluants atmosphériques dans le domaine THz." Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00120948.
Повний текст джерелаpartie du spectre électromagnétique est encore peu exploitée et a souvent été qualifiée de "gap spectral" en raison des nombreuses difficultés à émettre ce rayonnement à des puissances exploitables. Deux spectromètres dans la gamme THz ont été développés et exploités. Le premier, basé sur la spectroscopie résolue en temps, utilise des impulsions THz et permet d'obtenir un spectre de quelques GHz à 1,2 THz en quelques minutes avec une résolution de l'ordre du GHz. Le second est un spectromètre continu basé sur le photomélange avec
une extension spectrale de 3 THz et une pureté spectrale de 5 MHz. Après des descriptions analytiques et des caractérisations expérimentales des dispositifs, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'étude, à la surveillance et à la détection des polluants atmosphériques dans l'infrarouge lointain en exploitant les deux instruments pour l'analyse de la fumée de cigarette qui représente un excellent exemple de milieu hostile. Cette étude révèle la présence d'acide cyanhydrique (HCN), de monoxyde de carbone (CO), et de formaldéhyde (H2CO). Les concentrations de ces espèces ont été déduites des formes de raies puis confirmées et comparées à des
mesures par méthodes chimiques. La partie fondamentale de ce travail est d'étudier la réponse d'un gaz suite à une excitation subpicoseconde : les signaux de précession libre dans le sulfure de carbonyle (OCS) qui consiste en une série d'impulsions transitoires. Un modèle théorique permet d'interpréter classiquement ces impulsions réémises. La décroissance quasi exponentielle des impulsions transitoires est liée à la largeur de raie des transitions de rotation et les informations d'anharmonicité sont observées sur les formes de ces
impulsions qui sont principalement dues à la propagation, à la dispersion et à la distorsion centrifuge.
Bigourd, Damien. "Etude et détection de polluants atmosphérique dans le domaine THz." Littoral, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DUNK0152.
Повний текст джерелаTerahertz or Far Infrared radiation extends from 100 GHz to 10 THz. This frequency range was considered to be a “spectral gap” due to the considerable technological difficulties in producing a tunable source with reasonable emission powers. Two THz spectrometers have been developed and exploited. The first uses THz pulses and is based on Time Domain Spectroscopy. It is capable of providing a spectrum which extends from few GHz to 1,2 THz within few minutes and has a spectral resolution in the order of few GHz. The second instrument generates continous wave THz photomixing and can reach up to 3 THz with a spectral purity of 5 MHz. After presenting the analytical descriptions and experimentally characterizations of the instruments, we focus on the monitoring and detection of atmospheric pollutants, illustrated by the analysis of cigarette smoke which represents an example of hostile medium. This study reveals the presences of the hydrogen cyanide (HCN), carbon monoxideee (CO) and formaldehyde (H2CO) and allows their concentrations to be measured. This analysis is verified by comparison with standard chemichal methods. The fundamental part of this work is the study of the gas response after a subpicosecond excitation : the free induction decay of carbonyl sulphide that consists of a series of uniformly spaced subpicosecond commensurate transients. A theoretical model is used to understand the classical phenomena. The quasi exponential decrease of the reemitted pulses is linked to the spectral with of the rotational transition while the anharmonicity influences the pulse shape due to the propagation, dispersion and centrifugal distorsion
Ayari, Mohamed Yassine. "Détection électromagnétique d'éléments polluants au dessus de la surface maritime." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2011.
Повний текст джерелаThis document presents the work completed within the theis of Mohamed Yassine Ayari between october 2002 and novembre 2005. The work was carried out in the laboratory E3I2-EA 3876 of ENSIETA in Brest. The project of the thesis has the objective to supply methodological means on making it possible to detect the pollutants on the surface of the sea (oil, residues petrochemical…) by electromagnetic methods (radar). One of the additional difficulties to the problem arising relates to the adopted configuration, it acts of the bistatic configuration where the transmitter and the receiver are separate (contrary to the case often used : backscattering configurtion). Until now, few studies were interested in electromagnetic detection of pollutants on sea surface and less in the scattering problems by rough surfaces in bistatic configuration. The majority of the current detection methods are based either on the technique of satellite photos or on radar imagery (SAR…). The latter are not easily exploitable and do not give a precise idea as for the nature of pollutant. Indeed, SAR images give similar effects for a covered surface with pollutants and another sheltered wind surface. During this work we have studied the effect of the pollutant on physical and geometrical sea surface characteristics and correlated this study with the electromagnetic scattering models in order to have a precise idea on the effect of the pollutant on the electromagnetic surface scattering for different configurations and various transmitter and the receiver polarizations
Bittel, Marine. "Détection de polluants chimiques par biocapteurs bactériens couplés à la spectroscopie Raman." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4113/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the field of toxicological bioassays, the current biosensors are mostly monoparametric and limited in terms of sensitivity and specificity. A more complete toxicity analysis thus calls for combinations to cross-check the results. In this context, the latest progress in Raman spectroscopy opens new research perspectives on a fast method of observing metabolic responses against toxic agents. Indeed, Raman spectra constitute molecular fingerprints of the observed biological samples, offering a global multiparametric view of their physiology. Based on the premise that the molecular variations triggered by a substance on a microorganism affect its spectral fingerprint, this thesis explores the Raman spectroscopy potential of identifying spectral signatures of targeted toxic effects. That said, proper physiological spectral fingerprints analysis requires complex chemometric methods. In the first part of this work, a particular attention has been given to the elaboration of a statistical strategy to highlight the effects of arsenic on the E. coli bacteria. To confirm the specific aspects of the generated spectral signatures, the study has then been extended to the observation of four microorganisms exposed to different kinds of toxic substances (antibiotic, metal, pesticides, phenol compounds). Spectral analyses lead to the identification of the most impacted macromolecules, allowing evidencing of specific toxic effects. Finally, in partnership with the company Tronico Vigicell (CIFRE partner of the thesis) this approach has also been tested on environmental water samples, making this work an integral part of the search for better environmental pollution monitoring solutions
Griffete, Nebewia. "Cristaux photoniques et polymères à empreintes moléculaires pour la détection optique de polluants." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077105.
Повний текст джерелаVery recent years have shown great improvements in the field of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), biomimetic Systems able to selectively recognize a target molecule. Another emerging domain in full expansion is the development of photonic crystals based on highly organized colloïdal particle networks, with the possibility to immobilize them within polymer films: the selective etching of the particles provides 3D-ordered interconnected macroporous structure, called inverse opals. In this PhD, we have combined these two promising concepts (molecular imprinting and photonic crystals in order to elaborate an original self-reporting sensing film exhibiting high sensitivity and selectivity. We have adopted the Langmuir-Blodgett method to form colloïdal silica crystals as templates in combination with the molecular-imprinting technique to prepare highly ordered 3D macroporous hydrogel films (of polymethacrylic acid). The resulting porous material contains both specific molecular recognition nanocavities for bisphenol A and a periodic variation of the dielectric constant which generates a readable optical signal directly (self-reporting) upon binding' the target analyte without the need for labeling. We focused particularly on the optimisation of the optical response of the photonic crystals towards external stimuli (such as pH changes or variation of the BPA concentration) by introducing active defect layer within the materials. Two kinds of defect layers were studied: (i) planar defects made of the same material as the host crystal but varying by the particle size; (ii) planar defects made of a chemically different material, consisting in ferric oxide nanoparticles covered by a molecularly imprinted polymer overlayer (NP@MIP)
Gandar, Aude. "Échantillonnage et détection des filtres solaires, nouveaux polluants des eaux du littoral méditerranéen." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Perpignan, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PERP0008.
Повний текст джерелаUV filters are part of the emerging contaminants causing a risk to aquatic environments. Quantification of those molecules usually uses chromatographic technics. A method based on spectroelectrochemistry was developed, it is based on the combined use of an electrochemical experiment, chronoamperometry, and UV spectrophotometry. Some UV filters’ spectrum are modified following oxidation. The developed method enable the recording of UV spectra before and after potential application, set at +1,8 V vs Ag during 30 min. Deconvolution using both spectra is then performed to simultaneously identify and quantify four UV filters. This method was developed for the analysis of avobenzone, octinoxate, octocrylene and oxybenzone. In addition to the analytical method, a passive sampling experiment was performed in Mediterranean waters. Among the studied UV filters, bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine, ethylhexyl triazone, octocrylene and diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate were measured at concentration in the µg/L range. A risk assessment on Mediterranean and tropical species showed a medium to high risk for many species
Charrier, Thomas. "Développement d'un biocapteur bactérien bioluminescent multicanal pour la détection de polluants dans l'environnement." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT2142.
Повний текст джерелаWater pollution is a major concern for european authorities. Water pollutants analyze is carried out currently by significant but expensive physicochemical techniques. The needs of simple and low polluting alternative methods, being able to amplify the frequency of measurements at lower cost, are growing. Objective of this thesis was to develop and validate a multichannel biosensor for on line water metal pollution measurement by bioluminescent bacteria (BLB): Lumisens3 (L3). In this purpose, work was divided in four stages: construction, characterization and immobilization of sensitive BLB, on line metal detection optimization, L3 engineering and finally its validation for on line metal detection in WWTP effluent. L3 biosensor represents a new approach of multiple on line water analyzes, simple and complementary to the traditional methods
Zehani, Nedjla. "Étude et développement de biocapteurs électrochimiques pour la détection de polluants en milieu aqueux." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10156.
Повний текст джерелаA biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an analyte, that combines a biological component so-called a receptor (e.g. enzyme, antibody, DNA, microorganism) to a physical transducer (e.g. electrochemical, optical or thermal). In last decade, biosensors are quite promising tools since they are rapid, selective and cost effective, with an increasing interest for their application in various fields (e.g environment, food, health). In this work, we developed different biosensors based on immobilized enzymes onto microelectrodes in view of electrochemical detection. First, we demonstrated the potentialities of conductometric and impedimeteric biosensors based on lipase from Candida Rugosa for direct and rapid detection of organophosphate pesticides. In order to enhance the analytical performances of the developed devices, we tried to optimize enzyme immobilization as well as several operational parameters. We also elaborated an impedimetric biosensor for a sensitive determination of phospholipase A2 activity. Finally, a tyrosinase biosensor was developed for ultra-sensitive detection of Bisphenol A, based on the unique proprieties of boron doped diamond electrodes and taking advantage the use of multi walled carbon naotubes to improve the stability and detection limit of biosensor. We also demonstrated the applicability of both biosensors based on lipase and tyrosinase for the detection of organophosphate pesticides and bisphenol A in river water
Jasmin, Jean-Philippe. "Élaboration de capteurs nanostructurés pour la détection de polluants métalliques à l'état de traces." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLE010/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis work focuses on screen-printed electrodes functionalization by electrografting of diazonium salts in order to be used as metallic micropollutants sensors. Two kind of functionalization were treated; the functionalization by organic groups selective of metal ions owing selective sensors and, the nanostructuration with gold nanoparticles to increase the analytical performances of the sensors. The first part of the work deals with the functionalization of screen-printed electrodes with macrocyclic ligands, chosen from a bibliographic study, for their respective affinities for Cu (II), Pb (II) and UO2 (VI). Covalent grafting of this macrocycles on screen-printed electrodes leads to potentially selective sensors. The analytical performances of these sensors as well as the influence of many interference species on the detection were studied.A second part handles with methods for the nanostructuration of screen-printed electrodes by covalent immobilization of naked or functionalized gold nanoparticles. Two types of gold nanoparticles, with different characteristics have been studied. The nature, the size and the surface state of the gold nanoparticles were found to be key parameters that influence on the nanostructuration of screen-printed electrodes and consequently on their electrochemical properties. The last part of this work concerns the development of a detection protocol for metallic micropollutants with the nanostructured and functionalized screen-printed. The analytical performances have been studied and compared with systems without nanoparticles in order to highlight the contribution of the gold nanoparticles on the performance of the electrodes
Guo, Zhenzhong. "Développement de biocapteurs électrochimiques pour la détection de polluants environnementaux et pour la sécurité alimentaire." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10044/document.
Повний текст джерелаNowadays, electrochemical biosensors are rapid, reliable, cost-effective and label-free tools for in field monitoring of environmental pollutants, for assessing the food safety criterion and for detection of the territory military residues. We developed biological receptors based affinity biosensors for electrochemical detection of estradiol in environment samples and odorant molecules in pork meat adulteration. The sensitive, selective, rapid, simple, repetitive, stable and effective biosensors were produced. In addition, another strategy entrapment based on integrated nano-material was used to produce a biomimetic sensor for explosives detection, which has shown good valuable in environmental protection and homeland security. In the end, certain significant prospective are discussed
Gueuné, Hervé. "Développement de bioessais à l'aide de bactéries génétiquement modifiées pour la détection de polluants environnementaux." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2070.
Повний текст джерелаThe European decision n°2455/2001/EC published in 2001 a list of 33 priority substances to be detected in water. We addressed the problem of the detection with innovative biological methods for two substances, the tributyltin (TBT) a biocide broadly used in antifouling paint and now banned for many countries and the herbicide atrazine. The bacterium E. Coli TBT3, which was made by random mutagenesis, is sensitive to organotins but its induction mechanism remained unknown. A comprehensive molecular study of this bacterium led to a plausible mechanism of TBT response, thanks to the localization of a promoter and a new transcriptional regulator YgaV involved in the induction of bioluminescence. An innovative device was made to distinguish prohibited paints containing TBT from those without TBT. A simple alternative bioassay is now proposed to the conventional analyses. In a second step, a new bacterium, whose bioluminescence was activated by atrazine, was also developed by using the biodegradation system of atrazine from an environmental bacterium Pseudomonas sp. ADP. This new bioluminescent bacteria will allow a simple and rapid way to detect atrazine both in water and in soil
Matei, Ghimbeu Camelia. "Elaboration et caractérisation de couches mince d'oxydes métalliques pour la détection de gaz polluants atmosphériques." Thesis, Metz, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007METZ050S/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe demand of simple, small, low cost and performing gas sensors for the detection of pollutant gases is of great interest taking into consideration the health and environmental problems. For this purpose we decided to develop thin films of metal oxide semiconductors which present a good affinity to many pollutant gases, but, which, however present a problem of cross-sensitivity and, additionally, which must work at elevated temperatures. These thin films (SnO2, Cu-doped SnO2, WO3, In2O3, Sn-doped In2O3 and ZnO) have been deposited on Pt- partially coated alumina using a novel innovative technique, i.e., Electrostatic Spray Deposition allowing easy deposition parameter (temperature, flow rate, time etc.) variation. Homogeneous, nano-structured films with desired porous morphology have been obtained as revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy techniques. The microstructure studied using Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis, X-ray Diffraction respectively Raman spectroscopy methods showed that we have successfully obtained the desired crystallinity and a good purity of the films for gas sensor use. The sensing performance of the films to different oxidizing and reducing pollutant gases (H2S, SO2 and NO2) has been yet evaluated. From all the studied films, the 1% Cu-doped SnO2 ones proves to be the most sensitive for the detection of H2S at low operating temperatures and furthermore present no cross-sensitivity for the two other gases. WO3 films presents the highest sensitivity to NO2 at 150°C compared with all the other composition films, but unfortunately the NO2 response interferes with the H2S response. To avoid this ambiguity, we can use ZnO films, which present a very high sensitivity to NO2 compared to SO2 and H2S response. Additionally, all the films were almost insensitive to SO2. On the base of these results we can propose the conception of a competitive miniaturized sensor array dedicated to detect and to quantify a H2S/NO2 mixture
Matei, Ghimbeu Camelia. "Elaboration et caractérisation de couches mince d'oxydes métalliques pour la détection de gaz polluants atmosphériques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Metz, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007METZ050S.
Повний текст джерелаThe demand of simple, small, low cost and performing gas sensors for the detection of pollutant gases is of great interest taking into consideration the health and environmental problems. For this purpose we decided to develop thin films of metal oxide semiconductors which present a good affinity to many pollutant gases, but, which, however present a problem of cross-sensitivity and, additionally, which must work at elevated temperatures. These thin films (SnO2, Cu-doped SnO2, WO3, In2O3, Sn-doped In2O3 and ZnO) have been deposited on Pt- partially coated alumina using a novel innovative technique, i.e., Electrostatic Spray Deposition allowing easy deposition parameter (temperature, flow rate, time etc.) variation. Homogeneous, nano-structured films with desired porous morphology have been obtained as revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy techniques. The microstructure studied using Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis, X-ray Diffraction respectively Raman spectroscopy methods showed that we have successfully obtained the desired crystallinity and a good purity of the films for gas sensor use. The sensing performance of the films to different oxidizing and reducing pollutant gases (H2S, SO2 and NO2) has been yet evaluated. From all the studied films, the 1% Cu-doped SnO2 ones proves to be the most sensitive for the detection of H2S at low operating temperatures and furthermore present no cross-sensitivity for the two other gases. WO3 films presents the highest sensitivity to NO2 at 150°C compared with all the other composition films, but unfortunately the NO2 response interferes with the H2S response. To avoid this ambiguity, we can use ZnO films, which present a very high sensitivity to NO2 compared to SO2 and H2S response. Additionally, all the films were almost insensitive to SO2. On the base of these results we can propose the conception of a competitive miniaturized sensor array dedicated to detect and to quantify a H2S/NO2 mixture
Lapeine, David. "Etude et optimisation de nouveaux types de capteurs pour la détection de polluants en milieu aquatique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT256/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we introduce the study and implementation of micro-sensors for natural risk management systems. The specification focused on the possibilities to develop a pollutant sensor capable of detecting the presence of hydrocarbons in the lagoon environments of southern Montpellier.These sensors should be designed in a "low cost" gait, resistant to environmental constraints and able to communicate in real time. The first chapter is based on a bibliographical study of the different methods of measurement that can be used for the detection of pollutants and potential materials for making the sensor. The most suitable measurement technology to answer the first two points of the specification is based on the implementation of acoustic transducers made from PZT with a technological process using the screen-printing technique. After justifying our choice of screen-printing deposition technique, we have detailed in the second chapter the technological process: first with the achievement of PZT ink, then with the masks design, and finally with the steps deposition and functionalization of transducers on alumina substrate and without substrate. From these first achievements, we have submitted the means and characterization tools needed to evaluate the different steps of the technological process set up with a focus on the quality of the PZT material and its piezoelectric properties. It is first about morphological (SEM images, profilometer) and structural (XRD, EDX) studies, and then about the measurement of piezoelectric and dielectric values (piezometer, spectral and impedance analyses). In the third chapter we discussed the sensor, with the production of prototypes based on screen-printed transducers developed in Chapter 2. The sensors were tested and calibrated with solutions of ethanol and toluene. For this, the screen-printed sensors were tested in experimental benches to validate the measurement technique of the acoustic waves time of flight. In view of the miniaturization and the integration of the system, we have set an electronic control board with a dedicated module. Finally in order to improve the measurements, we have shown that we could consider crossing/correlating several parameters. Thus, we have developed a screen-printed sensor for the measurement of the electrical conductivity in aquatic environment. From the first experimental results we validated the principle of the method. In the fourth and final chapter of this manuscript, we presented the first studies and achievements on the LTCC technology. By repeating the process parameters used during deposition on alumina substrate, we realized and characterized transducers placed on on a LTCC ceramic sheet. The first morphological and piezoelectric characterizations are encouraging, and the first acoustic tests have shown that the generations of acoustic waves, and a use for the production of sensors of pollutants were possible with this technology. Finally we have been able to achieve a first 3D structure incorporating an analysis cavity. Here again, results are very encouraging, although "adjustments" are needed to improve the technology. Also this 3D realization opens up many opportunities for the team to develop new sensors
Faye, Cheikh Benoit. "Détection des polluants métalliques particulaires dans les liquides par la spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10099/document.
Повний текст джерелаWater pollution is a major concern, as noted by the European Community. This problem is accentuated with metallic particles and the emergence of nanostructured products such as Nano-Objects, their Aggregates and their Agglomerates (NOAA). These are the special types of pollutants owing their physicochemical properties. The monitoring and control of these pollutants in water require the development of measurement instruments which are capable to anwer this environmental problem. In this context, the technique of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been developed at INERIS. It not only allows the chemical identification of these particles pollutants present in liquids, but also the determination of their concentrations in situ and in real time. This thesis has optimized the analysis of suspensions by LIBS with two sampling modes. The first mode focused on coupling LIBS with a liquid jet in which the detection limits of titanium dioxide were estimated at 0.5 mg/L. In the second mode, the suspensions were aerosolized with a nebulizer and analyzed by LIBS. The results obtained by comparing these two sampling modes show that the liquid jet may be advantageous for the analysis of suspensions. However, the aerosol mode has a practical interest if it has an aerosolization efficiency of over 50%. Finally, this work demonstrates the applicability of LIBS as a potential tool for in situ particle analysis of suspensions such as monitoring and control of wastewater
MAI, Anh Tuan. "Développement de biocapteurs électrochimiques à base de tyrosinase pour la détection de polluants organiques en phase aqueuse." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007508.
Повний текст джерелаMai, Anh Tuan. "Développement des biocapteurs électrochimiques à base de tyrosinase pour la détection des polluants organiques en phase aqueuse." Lyon 1, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/04/73/40/PDF/tel-00007508.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDelmarre, David. "Incorporation de porphyrines dans les matrices sol-gel : études spectroscopiques et application à la détection de polluants." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DENS0024.
Повний текст джерелаDesmet, Cloé. "Systèmes de détection multiparamétrique de marqueurs biologiques ou de polluants, appliqués au diagnostic et au contrôle environnemental." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10149/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe work reported in this thesis focuses on the development of new multiplex analytical devices on biochip or electrode microarray format, dedicated to diagnosis and environmental monitoring. The objective of the first research axis is diagnosis, thanks to the detection in patients’ serum of a panel of antibodies, biomarkers of a pathological state. For that purpose, two immunotests have been developed, enabling the multiparametric detection of specific antibodies by automated and high-throughput analysis of serum samples. This approach is based on the antibodies capture by antigens probes immobilized in a matrix of spots on a membrane surface composing the wells bottom of a micro-titer plate. Enzyme-labeled antibodies have been used, providing a colorimetric detection. This device enabled the achievement of the analysis of 96 samples in less than three hours and has been applied to different applications. The first one consists of allergy diagnosis, and the second focuses on cancer diagnosis. The second part of this work is applied to environmental monitoring, through water analysis. Different types of pollutants have been defined as targets: pesticides, toxins and explosives. In order to integrate them in a matrix of probes, different conjugates have been synthesized with these haptens. After screening and optimization of the conjugates through their reactivity and cross-reactivity with the specific antibodies, the developed device demonstrated his analytical performances in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. Finally, for the European Project BONAS, a last sensor based on water analysis has also been developed. This electrochemical microarray aims to detect explosives precursors, used in improvised explosive devices, for the localization of hidden bomb factory. The chip was designed as a screen-printed electrode network, which was modified by different metals electrodeposition
Baudet, Emeline. "Micro-capteurs optiques fonctionnant dans l'infrarouge pour la détection de polluants émergents en eaux souterraines et marines." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S041/document.
Повний текст джерелаDevelopment of mid-IR optical sensors is a challenge of great importance for detection of biochemical molecules. Mid-infrared range (4000-400 cm-1) contains the absorptions related to the vibrations of organic molecules. The aim of this work is the elaboration of sensors more selective, sensitive and compact. The work reported in this thesis concerns the development of optical waveguides based on chalcogenide glasses. The evanescent field is used for the detection of pollutant molecules diffusing to the surface of optical waveguide. One of the main step of this research is the synthesis of infrared material. Chalcogenide glasses are appropriate for sensing applications. Indeed, they are used for their wide transparency in the infrared range (2 – 15 µm for selenide glasses) and their high refractive index (between 2 and 3). Elaboration of optical waveguide requires fabrication of chalcogenide thin films by RF magnetron sputtering. In order to control the development of infrared micro-sensor, an experimental design was established to study the influence of sputtering parameters on thin films characteristics. Design of the optical waveguide was defined and etched by RIE-ICP (reactive ion etching-inductively coupled plasma). Measurement of optical losses and injection in mid-infrared (7,8 µm) were realized. This is the first optical waveguides working as far in the mid-infrared. The last step concerns the functionalization of surface waveguides in order to increase their selectivity. First tests were realized on ZnSe ATR prism with a hydrophobic polymer. Thus, detection of pollutant molecules absorbing at 13,8 µm, with very low concentrations (25 ppb), in hydrocarbons solutions (BTX) or in complex water (water purification plant and groundwater) was performed
Fuchs, Sophie. "Conception et réalisation de méthodes de détection de polluants gazeux atmosphériques à l'aide d'un nez électronique portable." Thesis, Metz, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008METZ046S/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe malodorous atmospheric pollution results essentially from four gases SO2, H2S, No2 and NH3. To reduce at best these fatal effects on the health and the environment, it is necessary to control continuously the gas emanations closer to the source, That requires adevice enable to detect these polluant gases, easy to use, with reduced size and weight. In this way, we have realized a portable electronic nose, to detect of the four target gases already mentioned. The sensitive part of this prototype is composed of a matrix of six semi conducting metal oxide sensors, offering a good cross sensivity. The electronic nose mimics the human nose, he has to learn to recognize an odour. This learning phase is realised in the laboratoy by introducing in the sensor cell gas mixtures with controlled composition, The sensor response varies with the nature of the gas (reducing or oxidizing) and their own gas sensitivity. The use of analysis and data methods proves that our electronic nose can well discriminate a complex gas mixture and quantify it. Then, we have placed the electronic nose in a real situation, by studying the odour coming from a duck experimental farm. The obtained results showed that this prototype could well detect the variations of the odour level in accordance with the influent parameters. So, we have realized the laboratory and the real site validation of our electronic nose. But the metal oxide sensors present an inconvenient : they have to keep continuously their working temperature (~ 350°C). To prevent this strong energy consumption, we have developed polymer sensors which work at room temperature. The characterization in laboratory showed that they are sensitive to studied target gases. Their responses to H2S have a good stability in short and middle term, allowing to integrate them into the matrix after complete development
Fuchs, Sophie. "Conception et réalisation de méthodes de détection de polluants gazeux atmosphériques à l'aide d'un nez électronique portable." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Metz, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008METZ046S.
Повний текст джерелаThe malodorous atmospheric pollution results essentially from four gases SO2, H2S, No2 and NH3. To reduce at best these fatal effects on the health and the environment, it is necessary to control continuously the gas emanations closer to the source, That requires adevice enable to detect these polluant gases, easy to use, with reduced size and weight. In this way, we have realized a portable electronic nose, to detect of the four target gases already mentioned. The sensitive part of this prototype is composed of a matrix of six semi conducting metal oxide sensors, offering a good cross sensivity. The electronic nose mimics the human nose, he has to learn to recognize an odour. This learning phase is realised in the laboratoy by introducing in the sensor cell gas mixtures with controlled composition, The sensor response varies with the nature of the gas (reducing or oxidizing) and their own gas sensitivity. The use of analysis and data methods proves that our electronic nose can well discriminate a complex gas mixture and quantify it. Then, we have placed the electronic nose in a real situation, by studying the odour coming from a duck experimental farm. The obtained results showed that this prototype could well detect the variations of the odour level in accordance with the influent parameters. So, we have realized the laboratory and the real site validation of our electronic nose. But the metal oxide sensors present an inconvenient : they have to keep continuously their working temperature (~ 350°C). To prevent this strong energy consumption, we have developed polymer sensors which work at room temperature. The characterization in laboratory showed that they are sensitive to studied target gases. Their responses to H2S have a good stability in short and middle term, allowing to integrate them into the matrix after complete development
Fernandes, de Medeiros Indira Aritana. "Nanostructuration de ferrites de cobalt CoxFe3-xO4 : Effets sur la catalyse et la détection de gaz polluants." Thesis, Toulon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUL0007/document.
Повний текст джерелаDifferent synthesis methods such as hydrothermal, solvothermal and thermal decomposition were developed to control nanoparticles shape and composition. The influence of synthesis parameters such as the nature of surfactants, the solvents, temperature and time of synthesis were also investigated. The powders were characterized by X-ray Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled with Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy. The catalytic and detection properties were evaluated in presence of CO and NO2 in synthetic air. CoxFe3-xO4 (x = 1, 1.5 ) nanooctahedra with 15-20 nm were produced by hydrothermal synthesis using different surfactants (CTAB, SDS and PVP). Nanocubes of CoFe2O4 were successfully obtained by solvothermal synthesis using oleylamine as surfactant. Nanooctahedra of CoxFe3-xO4 with x = 1.5 have higher activity for the CO conversion than those with x=1, and the conversion starts at lower temperature for the nanocubes. The nanocubes show lower sensitivity for the detection of NO2 than the nanooctahedra which indicates that the {111} faces are more reactive than the {100} ones in cobalt ferrites nanoparticles
Fernandes, de Medeiros Indira Aritana. "Nanostructuration de ferrites de cobalt CoxFe3-xO4 : Effets sur la catalyse et la détection de gaz polluants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUL0007.
Повний текст джерелаDifferent synthesis methods such as hydrothermal, solvothermal and thermal decomposition were developed to control nanoparticles shape and composition. The influence of synthesis parameters such as the nature of surfactants, the solvents, temperature and time of synthesis were also investigated. The powders were characterized by X-ray Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled with Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy. The catalytic and detection properties were evaluated in presence of CO and NO2 in synthetic air. CoxFe3-xO4 (x = 1, 1.5 ) nanooctahedra with 15-20 nm were produced by hydrothermal synthesis using different surfactants (CTAB, SDS and PVP). Nanocubes of CoFe2O4 were successfully obtained by solvothermal synthesis using oleylamine as surfactant. Nanooctahedra of CoxFe3-xO4 with x = 1.5 have higher activity for the CO conversion than those with x=1, and the conversion starts at lower temperature for the nanocubes. The nanocubes show lower sensitivity for the detection of NO2 than the nanooctahedra which indicates that the {111} faces are more reactive than the {100} ones in cobalt ferrites nanoparticles
Truong, Thanh-Toan. "Capteurs chimiques à transduction optique de polluants atmosphériques à base de matériaux nanoporeux : applications au benzène et au toluène." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112072.
Повний текст джерелаLow cost sensors of volatile organic compounds are needed for the detection of atmospheric pollutants. In the present work, our efforts are focused on monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) and particularly on benzene, whose atmospheric concentration has been legislated because of its high toxicity. We chose to elaborate chemical sensors using nanoporous materials as sensitive layers for the trapping of MAHs, and optical techniques for their detection. Two strategies have been developed. The first one is based on the use of hybrid organic-inorganic xerogels, whose pore sizes have been tailored to irreversibly trap benzene and toluene. The concentrations of these compounds can therefore be deduced from their absorbance in the UV domain. The efficiency of the sensor is optimum for pollutant concentrations lower than 100 ppbs because of the slow pollutant diffusion within the narrow pores. Because of the slow response, the sensor can only be applied for the measurements of averaged values of the pollutant concentration. The second strategy has aimed at improving both sensitivity and response time of the sensor. In this case, mesoporous thin films of inorganic polymers were doped with a fluorescent probe, dibenzoylmethanatobore difluoride (DBMBF2). DBMBF2 was shown to form a ground state complex with benzene which does not fluoresce. The metrology of benzene is then based on the loss of the fluorescence intensity. This method however suffers from the interference of oxygen which contributes to the quenching of the DBMBF2 fluorescence. Nevertheless, the DBMBF2-benzene ground state complex
El, Yamani Hayat. "Mesure de la toxicité de polluants par biocapteur. Réalisation d'une électrode à butyrylcholinestérase. Automatisation de la détection de pesticides." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066089.
Повний текст джерелаCavalheiro, Joana. "Développement de techniques de séparation et de détection pour l’analyse des polluants organiques et organométalliques dans des échantillons environnementaux." Thesis, Pau, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PAUU3019/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe ambitious Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60) set up a list of 33 priority substances, with Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for each substance, and their concentration in aquatic environments should not go beyond the EQS. Additionally, it requires specific analytical method performances: the limit of quantification must be at least as low as 30 % of the EQS and the uncertainty of the method at the EQS level must be inferior to 50 %, for k=2. Therefore, the current analytical challenge is to measure low concentrations of these pollutants in sometimes difficult matrices. This can be achieved by improving the extraction technique used to obtain a more concentrated and cleaner sample extract. In this context, 3 analytical methods were developed to determine musk, alkylphenols and organometallic compounds in environmental matrices. Recent extraction and pre-concentration techniques were applied and later the occurrence of these compounds in the local WWTPs and in the receiving water bodies where they are discharged was evaluated. Additionally, updated French background concentrations were established for organometallic compounds
Ondet, Jérôme. "Adaptation d'une torche à plasma à couplage inductif à la détection de polluants dans les effluents des centrales thermiques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF2A002.
Повний текст джерелаYamani, Hayat el. "Mesure de la toxicité de polluants par biocapteur. Réalisation d'une électrode à butyrylcholinestérase. Automatisation de la détection de pesticides." Paris, ENMP, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066089.
Повний текст джерелаIdoughi, Ramzi. "Caractérisation de polluants atmosphériques à haute résolution spatiale par télédétection optique." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESAE0013/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe air pollution is a very important issue for industrialized society, both in terms of health (respiratory diseases, allergies,. . . ) and in terms of climate change (global warming and greenhouse gas emissions). Anthropogenic sources, especially industrial, emit into the atmosphere gases and aerosols, which play an important role in atmospheric exchanges. However emissions remain poorly estimated as most of existing space sensors have a limited spectral range as well as a too low spatial resolution. The use of the new hyperspectral airborne image sensors in the infrared range opens the way to new development to improve the plume characterization. In our work, we developed a new method for detecting and characterizing gas plumes. It is based on an accurate non linear formalism of cloud gas radiative impact. This method was validated using synthetic scenes of industrial area, and airborne acquisitions obtained by a hyperspectral thermal infrared sensor
Bessi, Halima. "Transformation morphologique des cellules SHE et communication intercellulaire des V79 appliquées à la détection de cancérogènes non génotoxiques." Metz, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1993/Bessi.Halima.SMZ9312.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis work concerned the study of the performance of three in vitro assays to detect genotoxic and epigenetic carcinogenic potentialities of environmental contaminants : the inductionof point mutation on Salmonella typhimurium his- ; the inhibition of intercellular communication on V79 cells ; the morphological transformation on syrian hamster embryo cells (SHE). Two chlorinated pesticides, chlordane and chlorothalonil, carcinogenic in vivo but no mutagenic, were tested as well as hazardous leachates of solid waste and percolates from landfill to evaluate the performances of these bioassays in detecting carcinogens. The results demonstrate the highest sensitivity of the morphological transformation assay to detect genotoxic and epigenetic potentialities of environmental contaminants
Affi, Mahmoud. "Optimisation des écoulements et des transferts de matière dans unmini-système de détection en continu de polluants par des bactéries bioluminescentes." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2053.
Повний текст джерелаTThe management and the quality of the water represent a real problem in Europe. The analysis of pollutants in particular heavy metals is essentially made by sensitive but expensive physico-chemical methods. Other alternative methods of analysis such as the biosensors were developed for their simplicity and their moderate cost. The studies presented in this study take place within the framework of the development of biosensors for the measurement of pollutants in the environment. This thesis is particularly devoted on the development of a bacterial biosensor Lumisens III. The measurement system of this last one consists of a card containing various immobilized bioluminescent bacteria to allow the on-line and simultaneous measurement of several water’s pollutants. This card was presented as being a black box delivering a signal of bioluminescence dependent on several environmental and microbial parameters, the process of which is very complex and even at present weakly explained. The thesis aims to a better understanding of the phenomenon of bioluminescence inside the biosensor. The studies were divided in foour parts : - The optimization of the geometry of the current multiwell card to increase the performances of the biosensor. -The study of transfers within the agarose membrane containing immobilized bacteria (modelisation of the diffusion of the substrate, the pollutant and oxygen). - The study of the bacterial growth in the immobilisation matrix as well as its modelling. - An attempt of modelisation of the bioluminescence in heterogeneous medium. The originality of this study consist on the coupling of the numerical methods and the biological phenomena. These numerical methods helped us to understand better the detection process of the biosensor. Furthermore, at the moment and in our best knowledge, no study was realized in an open bacterial system with a flux of substances. This study could also find an extension in various types of enzymatic biosensors or immunological biosensors
Bouaifel, Fatiha. "Détection d’interactions moléculaires par LSPR et utilisation de surfaces semi-conductrices pour la dégradation photocatalytique de polluants organiques sous irradiation visible." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10114/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, two applications of nanomaterials are presented: the first concerns the use of the LSPR for the detection of molecular interactions and the second is devoted to the use of TiO2 and ZnO semi-conductive surfaces for photocatalysis in view of environmental remediation. The first part concerns the fabrication and characterization of plasmonic interfaces of ITO/Au NSs/ITO. These surfaces showed optical signals for thin as well as for thick ITO films. These interfaces allowed short and long-range LSPR sensing. The “click” chemistry was used to covalently link an alkynyl-functionalized CBPQT4+ unit to an azide-terminated LSPR interface. Tetrathiafulvalene was used as a model guest molecule to demonstrate the possibility to follow the complexation/decomplexation events by monitoring the change in the LSPR signal. The second part is devoted to photocatalysis. It is focused on the investigation of the effect of two different treatments of TiO2 and ZnO on their photocatalytic efficiency under visible light irradiation. We have first prepared and characterized quartz slides coated with a thin layer of TiO2 with different thicknesses with and without gold nanostructures under the thin layer of TiO2. The photocatalytic performance of these interfaces is not exceptional for the degradation of rhodamine B under visible light irradiation but these interfaces have the advantage of being very stable. The last part of the thesis consists on the preparation of ZnO and iodine-doped ZnO substrates by a hydrothermal chemical deposition, and evaluation of their photocatalytic performance. The substitution of oxygen ions by iodine ions introduces donor levels in the bandgap of ZnO, which are sufficiently shallow at room temperature. The activation of a sub-band gap transition in iodine-doped ZnO nanostructured substrates explains the better performance of these substrates for the photodegradation of rhodamine B under visible light irradiation. These results are very promising in view of various photocatalytic applications of the ZnO-based substrates
Lopes, Moriyama Andre Luis. "Elaboration de poudres de CoFe2O4 nanostructurées et hiérarchisées ˸ : influence de la morphologie sur la détection et l'oxydation catalytique de gaz polluants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0023.
Повний текст джерелаThis work deals with the synthesis and characterization of new materials, more sensitive and more selective, for the detection of pollutants gases. The electric or catalytic response of a sensing material depend on many factors like the grain size, the exposed crystallographic facets, the nature and valence of cations, the presence of oxygen vacancies. The aim of this thesis is the synthesis and characterization on one oxide with different shape in order to study their influence on the detection and catalytic properties of the sensing material. Cobalt ferrite, CoFe2O4 was synthesized by hydrothermal and solvothermal routes. The powders were characterized by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), X rays diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The testes gases were nitrogen dioxide NO2 and carbon monoxide CO.Nano-octahedron,as small as 20 nm, were obtained by a hydrothermal route, after optimization of temperature, reaction time, and PH of the solutions. The use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant leads to high purity powders. The grain shape is controlled by the precipitating agent and OH- ions in the reaction medium. Measurements of the electric response of the sensing material show that the grains shape definitively influences the sensitivity as well as the time response of the sensing material. Under oxidative gas (NO2), nanooctahedra of CoFe2O4 have a significantly higher sensibility than grains of same mean size, but without particular shape, as well as much shorter response and recovery times. This higher reactivity is linked to the {111} crystallographic facets, which exhibit octahedral sites. Nanooctahedra of CoFe2O4 showed also good catalytic activity toward the oxidation of CO. Reaction speeds (by specific area unit) are higher for nanooctahedra than for grains with no particular shape.A spherical hierarchical structure of nanooctahedra was obtained by adsorption of the grains at the surface of carbon spheres 200 nm in diameter, followed by their calcination at 350°C
Michel, Karine. "Capteur optique à fibre infrarouge dédié à la détection et à l'analyse de la pollution de l'eau." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10112.
Повний текст джерелаDavid, Arthur. "Détection des perturbateurs endocriniens dans les milieux aquatiques littoraux par l'étude des sédiments, moules et préleveurs passifs : apport de l'outil analytique et des modèles cellulaires." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON13505.
Повний текст джерелаMany organic pollutants issued from different sources are present into freshwater and coastal waters. Since these lipophilic contaminants are present at trace levels in water, accumulator compartments such as sediments, passive samplers (semipermeable membrane devices) and mussels can be used to assess their concentration in aquatic systems. It is known that some organic pollutants can disrupt the endocrine system of humans and biota by binding the estrogen receptor (ER). Detection of endocrine disruptors (ED) can thus be performed using in vitro bioassays which expressed the ER. These bioassays give informations on the global activity of environmental samples while chemical analysis can be be used in order to identify chemicals responsable of the observed activity. The objective of the thesis was to determine the feasibility and the relevance of using bioessays on various types of environmental extracts (mussels, sediments, passive samplers) to report the level of organic contamination of diverse Mediterranean aquatic systems (river, coastal lagoon, submarine outfall). The Lez River and its coastal environment were selected as case study to estimate the impact of the sewage treatment process (STP) discharge in the particular context of the small Mediterranean rivers. The results of the bioessays and the chemical analysis clearly showed the impact of the wastewater discharge. High concentrations of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons and alkylphenols were measured into sediments that were sampled downstream the STP outlet and into coastal lagoons. The study of the distribution of ED between mussels, sediment and passive samplers in the coastal lagoons clearly showed the role of sediment in the contamination of the water column. Finally, combination of bioassays and chemical analysis were satisafactory to assess the environmental contamination by EDs
Mastouri, Afef. "Développement de capteurs électrochimiques basés sur des transferts d'espèces à travers les micro-interfaces liquide-liquide pour la détection de polluants toxiques." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EVRY0031.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis aims to develop electrochemical sensors based on ion assisted transfer reactions at liquid | liquid interfaces. The electrochemical device used is based on the formation of a micro-interface between water and 1,2-dichloroethane (water | DCE), obtained by a micropore drilled by a laser in a polyimide film. This micro-interface has been designed to obtain reproducible and meaningful measurements. Because water pollution by heavy metals is considered as one of the most important environmental problems, our studies focused particularly on assisted transfers of Pb (II) and Cd (II), alone or in mixture, by the 8-Hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ), and Ba (II)) by the 18-crown-6 ether (18C6). Cyclic voltammetry was used for understanding the mechanisms of transfer, and for determining the stoichiometry of the formed complexes. Complementary measurements by mass spectrometry and UV-visible spectrophotometry have confirmed these stoichiometries. All measures clearly show that the proposed experimental device is well suited for quantifying the electrochemically species, even if they are not electroactive.In prospects of industrial applications, we have demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the implementation of the proposed device for online analysis. This process appears very promising because of its simplicity and its low cost, and with the possibility of reusing the organic solution for many measurements. Finally, in order to increase the sensitivity of the device, we also tested micropore arrays instead of a single micropore. We have clearly shown the interest in achieving lower concentrations values hence more representative of the environment. All studies in this thesis show how the used experimental device is promising and well performing
Abdelghani, Adnane. "Étude physico-chimique de capteurs à fibre optique à onde évanescente et à plasmon de surface pour la détection de polluants gazeus." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECDL0018.
Повний текст джерелаMatton, Sophie. "Génération de rayonnement terahertz par photomélange et développement d'une détection homodyne : application à la caractérisation de polluants atmosphériques et de milieux diélectriques." Littoral, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DUNK0144.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis work was to exploit frequency conversion by photomixing provifing a widely tunable source to make a terahertz spectrometer with improved spectral resolution than those obtained by pulsed methods. After the analytic description of the terahertz generation process by photomixing, the experimental characterization of the photomixers with planar and vertical configurations, used in this study, allowed the developed model to be checked. It was etablished that the vertical photomixer display better efficiency and thermal dissipation, however a smaller bandwidth compared with the planar photomixer. The characteristics of the terahertz spectrometer have been determined from a study of the hydrogen sulfide molecule. The spectrometer has a spectral purity of 5 MHz (FWHM) and a sensitivity of a few 10‾4 cm‾1 around 1 THz. Its spectral coverage spans from 100 GHz (3 mm) to 3 THz (100 [micro]m) and its ease are the major advantaged. This permitted the intensity and the colisionnal broadening of several rotational transitions of the base level of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) to be measured. Finally, photomixing also offers the possibility to perform coherent detection of terahertz radioation. The time independant signal generated depends upon both amplitude and phase of the terahertz field detected. The absorption and the dispersion of dielectric medium was measured, as well as the anormal dispersion near the rotational transition of OCS
Nguyen, Thi Thuy Khue. "Détection de polluants dans l'eau potable. Développement d'un immunocapteur sur la base d'un transistor organique à effet de champ à grille électrolytique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC187/document.
Повний текст джерелаToday, with the increase of population, the consumption of drugs and of chemicals in agriculture has dramatically increased. It becomes a worrisome issue because a large amount of these molecules, excreted to the environment, are not well eliminated by water-treatment plants (when they exist) and are therefore released without control into the ecosystem. In too large quantities, these drugs are poisons for living organisms, including humans. Classical analytical methods for the measurement of these chemicals already exist (classical separative methods such as gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, possibly coupled with mass spectrometry, etc). However, even if extremely precise and reliable, these techniques are difficult to apply for on-site monitoring and are usually costly. For this reason, my thesis focuses on novel analytical approaches to detect small organic molecules such as these pollutants. In a first part of my work, I developped an original immunosensor based on a competitive complexation and on an electrochemical (amperometric) transduction, for detection of diclofenac, which is a non – steroidal anti – inflammatory drug generally employed to protect patients from inflammation and relieve pain. The working electrode was electrografted with two functional diazonium salts, one as molecular probe (a diclofenac derivative coupled with an arylamine) and the other as redox probe (a quinone) also coupled with an arylamine, able to transduce the hapten-antibody association into a change in electroactivity. The transduction was designed to deliver a current increase upon detection of diclofenac (“signal-on” detection). The detection limit is ca. 20 fM in tap water, which is competitive compared to other label-free immunosensors. In the following part of my thesis, I kept the same original transduction approach (competitive immunoassay) but applied to an Electrolyte-Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistor (EGOFET) based on poly(N-alkyldiketopyrrolo-pyrrole dithienylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene) as organic semiconductor whose gate electrode was functionalized by electrografting a functional diazonium salt capable to bind an antibody specific to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), an herbicide well-known to be a soil and water pollutant. Molecular docking computations were performed to design the functional diazonium salt to rationalize the antibody capture on the gate surface. In the last part of my work, I propose an approach which takes profit not only of the capacitive coupling of the EGOFET but also on its sensitivity to electrostatic charges accumulated on the gate surface. To illustrate this in the field of sensors, I used a short peptide (Gly-Gly-His), known to selectively bind copper ions Cu2+. The peptide was immobilized by direct electrooxidation of the primary amine of the first glycine moiety. I demonstrated that GGH-modified EGOFETs can transduce Cu2+ complexation through significant changes of their output and transfer characteristics, in particular their threshold voltage (VTh)
Biapo, Fankep Dorianne Urelle. "Nanostructuration et fonctionnalisation de microleviers pour la détection d’agents organophosphorés." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF044.
Повний текст джерелаThe detection of organophosphorous compounds remains one of the major issues to be addressed in order to prevent chemical threats. For that purpose, the need of sensitive and selective sensor is of great importance. In this study, we decided to use microcantilevers whose principle is based on the modification of their resonance frequency due to molecule adsorption onto their surface. The idea of this project is to combine the nanostructuration and functionalization to improve cantilevers performances. Thus, the microcantilevers surface was nanostructured using solvothermal method with TiO2 nanorods to increase their adsorption capacity and then, cantilevers sensibility. Those nanostructured cantilevers was then functionalized by molecules able to specifically bind OPs molecules to improve sensors selectivity. The nanostructuration and functionalization were first optimized on silicon substrates before being transferred onto cantilevers. A parametric study was performed to evaluate the impact of synthesis conditions on the nanostructures morphology. The molecules loading on TiO2 nanorods was evaluated and the best nanostructure was reproduced on cantilevers to carry out detection tests of an OPs simulant. Specific investigation was also performed to understand the interaction mechanism between OPs and TiO2
Cenciarini-Borde, Claire. "Recherche de marqueurs de viabilité pour la détection moléculaire des bactéries dans l'eau." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20663.
Повний текст джерелаCurrent methods used for the bacterial diagnosis of water are mainly cultivation methods. Standardized and considered reliable for several decades, the relevance of the method is now challenged by the known of the existence of viable and non culturable bacteria(VBNC), as well as by emergency situations caused by the increasing demands of health authorities, particularly in the field of water quality. It become necessary to develop specific and fast methods, allowing to detect all viable bacteria, including VBNC, without detecting dead bacteria. Among numerous viability assessment methods described in literature, RNA detection have been evaluated for numerous bacterial species. However, each study evaluated only few transcripts as viability markers, and in each case different targets were evaluated in different experimental conditions, rending impossible to clearly conclude about any potential viability markers. No study about Pseudomonas aeruginosa in this way has preceded this thesis work. However, this bacteria is responsible of a major health hazard in hospitals. This thesis work aimed to clarify the research of RNA viability markers by scanning numerous transcripts in consistent experimental conditions, first in P. Aeruginosa, and to highlight the most reliable targets as potential viability markers. These selected targets were then tested in changed experimental conditions and in Escherichia coli for evaluating their reliability in various situations. Our strategy consisted to begin by the scan of 48 transcripts in P. Aeruginosa, corresponding to ribosomal RNA, core genes or stress response genes. These targets were chosen to ensure about their being in all aquatic bacterial species. After heat inactivation of freshly cultivated samples, we highlighted 4 labile transcripts (rplP, rplV, rplE and rpsD) and 4 persistent transcripts (16S ans 23S rRNA, groEL and rpmE) that could be associated for developing an efficient viability test. We observed low increasing of the stability of the "labile" transcripts in samples previously stressed 3 weeks in minimum survival conditions in mineral water before heat inactivation. Nevertheless, the general tendency remained unchanged. In E. Coli, experiments realized in strictly identical conditions showed that some of these highlighted transcripts behaved differently or oppositely compared to P. Aeruginosa. For example, groEL and rpmE that were described above as persistent became labile in freshly cultivated E. Coli. Moreover, in this species, a 3 week stress in minimum survival conditions before heat inactivation caused important modifying of the general tendency, notably concerning rplV that became highly persistent in this condition. Disinfection experiments with low or high chlorine concentration showed high stability differences between the tested transcripts, and different stability levels depending on the chlorine concentrations. All these results confirmed the hardness to find universal viability markers among RNA transcripts for bacteria, and showed the complexity of their disappearance after bacterial death, depending on numerous uncontrollable parameters in environmental sample diagnosis. To enable further research in this way, including seeking specific effective viability markers in different possible conditions, a microarray has been shaped for the screening of transcripts for 23 aquatic bacterial species. Moreover, the use of recently developed methods, using genomic DNA detection after samples pre-treatment by propidium monoazide gave encouraging results regarding the progress of the research for universal viability molecular markers
Strobel, Pascal. "Conception et réalisation d'un système multicapteurs portable intelligent en vue de la détection des gaz polluants N02, H2S et S02 en mélange de faible concentration." Metz, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2006/Strobel.Pascal.SMZ0641.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe intelligent gas sensor array systems (electronic nose) present an increasing development in many fields of applications. Concerning the campaign against the atmospheric pollution, the principally aim of our work is to realize and to validate a portable and autonomous electronic nose. After a state of the art on real time measurement of pollutant gases and the presentation of the principle of an electronic nose, a nomination of requirements for the engineering of a prototype is indicated. In order to fulfil the criteria of flexibility, cheapness, robustness and portability, we justify the choice of the six metal oxide gas sensors and the intelligent unit (microcontroller and Compact Flash memory) as well as the other components and their assembly. The realized prototype has been validated in laboratory for the detection of three pollutants gases: H2S, NO2 and SO2 in isolated state or in various mixtures with the small concentrations of industrial pollution near of emission sources. We have chosen multiple representative parameters of different phases and variations of the response of all the sensors. These parameters constitute a learning base and they are explored by a supervised classification method (Discriminant Factorial Analysis). We obtain a very good classification of the studied gas atmospheres as well as the concentrations of each atmospheric component. The obtained decision rules, which have been established in the memory of the prototype, allow the successfully identification of unknown gas composition samples
Beaudouin, Rémy. "Modélisation individu-centrée pour aider à la détection et à l'interprétation des effets des polluants chimiques sur la dynamique de population d'un poisson, la gambusie, en écosystème expérimental." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S141.
Повний текст джерелаThe experimental assessment of the chemicals effects on fish at the population level is the context of this study. The use of outdoor experimental ecosystems (cosm) has been proposed as a tool to study the effects of chemicals at the population level. The mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) is a convenient fish species for such studies. Nevertheless, studies conducted in cosm are limited to a few numbers of replicates. This, together with the high variability characterizing the population level, are limiting factors for detecting significant responses other than strong effects. An alternative could be the modelling of the probabilistic distributions of the variables of the control populations, in order to virtually increase the number of replicates. Experiments were conducted to determine the life history traits of the mosquitofish required to establish the parameters of the model. Then, an individual-based model of the population dynamics of the mosquitofish was build, calibrate and validate. Finally, from two case studies, the model was shown to improve the statistical power of the comparisons between the control and the chemical-exposed populations
Karpe, Patrick. "Contribution à l'amélioration des limites de détection des micro-polluants présents dans les eaux par utilisation d'une colonne pulsée d'extraction liquide-liquide : application aux dosages chromatographiques des pesticides organo-chlorés." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20247.
Повний текст джерелаPally, David. "Fonctionnalisation électrochimique de matériaux carbonés : application à la détection de micropolluants métalliques : nickel et plomb." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2089/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis work is focused on the elaboration of electrochemical sensors for Ni(II) and Pb(II) micropollutants detection, targeted by the Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/CE). Currently, water supervision is carried out by sampling and analytical equipments, however these methods are too long and too expensive, the very low concentration limits imposed by laws, needed to be reached using other kind of equipments such as electrochemical sensors. The sensitivity and selectivity of these sensors can be improved by the choice of the electrode materials and their surface functionalization. The aim of these sensors is to make possible the water quality analysis on site, continuously or semi-continuously. The selectivity was reached by grafting diazonium salts composed of benzamide oxime functions, complexing Ni(II). The electro-activity area and the oxidation mechanisms of this molecule were investigated. It is to be underlined that the electrochemical behavior of this molecule has never been studied in the litterature. The grafted electrodes were used for the electrochemical detection, and they turned out to be selective for Ni(II) detection in the presence of both Pb(II) and Cu(II). To improve the sensitivity of these sensors, the mobility of the complexing function is important. This study shows the possibility to graft aliphatic and aromatic amines via oxidation reactions in aqueous media. These electrodes revealed better analytical performances for the sensors grafted by aliphatic amines through the mobility of the carbon chains complexing metallic cations. Finally, the influence of the different allotropic kind of carbons, used as screen printing electrodes, were compared. These electrodes, functionalized with diazonium salts and used for the detection of the Pb (II) showed that some carbonaceous materials such as carbon nanotubes, improve the electro-catalytic properties of the sensors
Anton, Rukshala. "Etude et compréhension des mécanismes d’interaction de Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) par des couches polymères : application à la microdétection des polluants des environnements intérieurs." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CERG0644.
Повний текст джерелаConducting polymers can be used as active materials of sensing devices that find application in different areas, such as quality control of products in industries such as food and beverage, cosmetics and solvents, in the monitoring of air quality for environmental and safety purposes, and as an auxiliary tool in the diagnosis of diseases. In spite of this, as a general rule, the details of the prevailing interactions of the volatile compounds and the polymer are not well understood. For this reason, we have focused the work of this thesis on the characterization of the interactions between vapors of volatile organic compounds and thin films of conducting polymers. These films, that were the active components of the sensors, were prepared atop of different geometry of interdigitated electrodes via electropolymerization, where several preparation parameters (such as doping agents nature and concentrations, monomer nature, thermal annealing) were observed to assure an homogeneous growth of the polymeric film. Several characterizations such as electrochemical studies, AFM observations and UV-VIS-NIR spectra studies were used to obtain detailed information about the interaction mechanisms between VOC and conducting polymers. We have also measured the contact angle of water, formamide and diiodomethane deposited on the surface of the polymeric films to evaluate surface free energy (and its acid-base and dispersive components). The selectivity and sensitivity of the polymeric sensors when exposed to different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have shown to be dependent not only of the properties of the analyzed VOC but also on the nature of the counter-ion used to dope the polypyrrole film. As a final conclusion, we can say that as a result of this work it becomes possible to optimize the design of an arrangement of sensors such that both a better sensitivity and a better selectivity sensitivity to a given chemical environment can be achieved
Dagnelie, Romain. "Développement d'un capteur chimique de polluants atmosphériques à transduction optique et à la base de matériaux nanoporeux : application à la détection des composés carbonylés pour le contôle de la qualité de l'air." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112311.
Повний текст джерелаDuring the last decade, the increase of the awareness of the importance of indoor air quality and its potential impact on human health has stimulated an interest in formaldehyde, a carcinogen for humans. Because of its numerous emission sources (plywood, isolation foam, adhesive resins, cosmetic, etc…), CH2O is a ubiquitous indoor pollutant whose concentrations can vary from a few ppb to more than 100 ppb in homes. Over this domain of concentration, a few methods are commercially available, such as gas chromatography combined with a methanation process or the Hantzsch method involving the bubbling of the contaminated air in a liquid reactant. However, those sensors have a few drawbacks in terms either of simplicity of the sampling, heavy maintenance or high cost and high cost of consumables. Therefore, the development of a low-cost, fast and sensitive sensor which can detect a wide range of concentration of formaldehyde is an important and significant challenge. The present thesis work was achieved in the “Chemical Sensors” team of the Francis Perrin Laboratory (LFP), a unit of the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) associated with the National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS). Various strategies were developed to obtain very sensitive and selective sensors. With nanoporous SiO2 thin layers deposited on quartz substrate, acting as a sponge to trap the pollutants and whose pore size distribution can be tailored to filter the pollutants by their size, a first selectivity can be obtained. These nanoporous materials were synthesized with tetramethoxysilane precursors (TMOS) using the Sol-Gel process. With the use of 4-amino-3-pentene-2-one (Fluoral-P), which absorbs in the UV and which reacts selectively with formaldehyde, a product, the 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL) is obtained which absorbs and fluoresces over the visible region. By collecting the DDL fluorescence, it is possible to detect CH2O over a wide range of concentrations, from 400 ppt to 200 ppb. A home-made prototype was developed which comprises four units: the light source composed of a light emitting diode (LED, 410 nm) with its power supply, a flow cell unit equipped with a micro-pump, a detection unit equipped with a miniaturized spectrometer from Ocean Optics and a computer to drive the experiments. The prototype response was studied as functions of the formaldehyde concentration, under various conditions of flow rate, exposure duration, temperature (5-50 °C) and relative humidity (0-70 %) and the calibration curves were established. With a pulsed-mode detection implying 2 to 3 minutes of exposure of the sensor to the pollutant, 40 measurements can be collected with a single sensitive layer. As water vapor was found to be the major interference in the formaldehyde detection, we have explored three main routes to reduce or suppress the effect of humidity: i) the replacement of Fluoral-P by a more hydrophobic derivative, the 4-Amino-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one, ii) the potentiality of various hydrophobic porous xerogel monoliths and thin films to be water-repellent and iii) the addition of a drying unit. Few methylated (Methyltrimethoxysilane) and fluorinated (3,3,3-Trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane) alcoxide co-precursors were combined in various proportions with TMOS to give materials with different hydrophobicity properties. We have shown via contact angle measurements and thermo-gravimetric analyses that fluorinated xerogel monoliths and thin films display the most hydrophobic character since the water droplets does not diffuse into the matrix. However, their permeability to water vapor is totally different. To scale the permeability of porous material to water vapor, we proposed a new and original method based on the quantitative measurement of the lifetime of a probe molecule, Fluoral-P, trapped in the matrix and which is hydrolyzed in humidified atmosphere. With this method, we not only demonstrated that the fluorinated xerogels, repellent to liquid water, still display permeability to water vapour, but also could quantify the efficiency of those materials to slow down the water vapor diffusion. Finally, the addition of a drying CaCl2 unit to trap water vapor allows the use of the sensor over the entire domain of humidity up to 100 %. During this work, we have participated to two campaigns of measurements of formaldehyde. The first one taking place in the south suburb of Paris involved four laboratories and the measurement of outdoor pollutants, with formaldehyde content as low as 400 ppt to few ppb and high humidity (60 %). The second one, organized by the Institute of National Institute of Environment and Industrial Risks was dedicated to the inter-comparison of both commercial apparatus and methods under development in laboratories. Moreover, a collaboration has been established with the CEA-LETI of Grenoble for the fabrication of an industrial prototype, INDIGO, whose performances are under investigation
Gaidi, Mounir. "Films minces de SnO2 dopés au platine ou au palladium et utilisés pour la détection des gaz polluants : analyses in-situ des corrélations entre la réponse électrique et le comportement des agrégats métalliques." Grenoble INPG, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPG0095.
Повний текст джерелаWe have analyzed the role played in the sensing processes, by Pt and Pd metallic aggregates dispersed in SnO2 thin films used for the detection of various reducing gases such as CO, H2S or NOx. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) analysis has allowed us to follow in situ the evolution of the oxidation state of platinum aggregates. When they are incorporated in a very weak quantity, platinum particles change in a reversible manner, their oxidation state, according to the nature of the atmosphere. The oxidation state of particles depend strongly on their size (0,5 - 4,5 nm): under CO the smallest ones change from fully oxidized to a reduced state where Pt -O bondings have been removed and replaced by Pt-C. From the analysis of the electrical conductance evolution under controlled atmosphere, it has been possible to correlate the electrical reply under CO with the platinum reduction rate. An electronic interaction metal-SnO2 is shown to be at the origin of the conductance peak observed at low temperature. A comparative study of the electrical replies between SnO2 thin films doped with Pt or Pd, in the presence of CO, H2 and H2S, has allowed us to propose a model describing the mechanisms of the detection process involved in each case
Farouil, Léa. "Etudes théorique et expérimentale de semi-conducteurs organiques pour l'élaboration d'un biocapteur destiné à la détection de la pollution de l'eau." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30310/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is to develop an organic photodiode (OPD) designed to be integrated into a biosensor. It is part of the broader framework of studying and improving organic components involved into devices devoted to water pollution monitoring. The need for such portable, fast-response, low-cost microsystems is of great interest. The measurement is based on the fluorescence detection of micro-algae under toxic substances exposure. The excited algae, under a blue light emitting diode (LED), will emit a fluorescence signal whose intensity, modified because of pollutant exposure (Diuron), is detected by the OPD. Since the fluorescence signal is very weak, the ideal OPD must have a low dark current and a high sensitivity. To achieve this performance, a judicious choice of organic semiconductor materials (OSC) used for the OPD is required. In addition, it is interesting to investigate their physico-chemical properties by rationalizing the mechanisms involved in the active layer (photon absorption phenomena, charge transport mechanisms, and losses associated with charge recombinations). This thesis is based on two axes. The first one consists in a theoretical study of the charge exchanges at a nanoscale. This have been done by both optical characterizations and quantum chemistry calculations based on DFT and TD-DFT methods. Calculations were performed on a model system (P3HT) thus providing the basis for a very promising computational protocol for studying the properties of materials of interest, for instance PTB7. The second axis concerns the experimental study of the OPD based on PTB7:PC60BM. We have developed, characterized and optimized an OPD guarantying the detection of algal fluorescence without and with Diuron at about nanomolar concentrations