Дисертації з теми "Désambiguïsation par le dialogue"
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De, Lagane de Malezieux Guillaume. "Contributions à l’ingénierie multilingue et sémantique des exigences en système de systèmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALM061.
Повний текст джерелаContributions to the multilingual and semantic engineering of systems of systems requirementsOur research concerns the processing of large specifications in the field of systems of systems. A specification is a structured set of requirements. Current tools do not allow to detect cases of inconsistency, incompleteness, or even ambiguity or difficulty of comprehension, which pose many problems, and can even cause disasters during the realization and then the implementation. After having reviewed the state of the art on requirements processing systems (RPS), we propose an architecture implementing NLP techniques, interactive meaning elicitation, content extraction in one or more ontologies, and semantic computation. A cross-lingual representation (UNL graph) of each requirement is obtained thanks to a multiple factoring analysis followed by an interactive disambiguation (ID) step that improves on the technique prototyped in the LIDIA project [Blanchon & al. 1994]: automatic computation of a question tree, then user-initiated implementation, with a configurable strategy and more ergonomic interfaces (word clouds for lexical ambiguities, direct manipulation possibility for structural ambiguities). At this point, it is possible to create and store annotations that can be visualized in an self-explanatory format.A recurring and difficult problem is the implementation of solutions of this type (NLP + AI) as an addition to the already heavy systems for managing sets of requirements (under DOORS, RQS, or SBOCS). For this, we offer two environments. (1) UNSEL-INTER ensures the implementation of the resources and algorithms of UNSEL-DEVLING and UNSEL-DEVSEM, and of the disambiguation dialogue preliminary to the extraction, then of the possible interaction launched by UNSEL-SEM during the detection inconsistencies or incompleteness. (2) UNSEL-OPER is a front-end interacting with the content of a STEX, implementing linguistic-semantic processing by calls to UNSEL-INTER, storing the results (UNL graphs, extracted logical content, translations, SED form) in a database referring to STEX requirements, and notifying STEX of reformulations recommended by UNSEL-SEM. The complete UNSEL prototype could be validated on part of the SSS specification managed by SBOCS. The prospects are, in addition to scaling up and operationalizing in an industrial setting, the adaptation to other applications, such as high-quality interactive MT, the construction of meaning-guaranteed textual presentations, and answering targeted questions on voluminous documents such as annual company reports. This work has also led to the introduction of an innovative research direction, to be pursued in the future, namely the machine-aided discovery in a corpus of not yet described ambiguity types and the automatic proposal of ID rules
Hadj, salah Marwa. "Désambiguïsation lexicale de l'arabe pour et par la traduction automatique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAM089/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis concerns a study of Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD), which is a central task in natural language processing and that can improve applications such as machine translation or information extraction. Researches in word sense disambiguation predominantly concern the English language, because the majority of other languages lacks a standard lexical reference for the annotation of corpora, and also lacks sense annotated corpora for the evaluation, and more importantly for the construction of word sense disambiguation systems. In English, the lexical database wordnet is a long-standing de-facto standard used in most sense annotated corpora and in most WSD evaluation campaigns.Our contribution to this thesis focuses on several areas:first of all, we present a method for the automatic creation of sense annotated corpora for any language, by taking advantage of the large amount of wordnet sense annotated English corpora, and by using a machine translation system. This method is applied on Arabic and is evaluated, to our knowledge, on the only Arabic manually sense annotated corpus with wordnet: the Arabic OntoNotes 5.0, which we have semi-automatically enriched.Its evaluation is performed thanks to an implementation of two supervised word sense disambiguation systems that are trained on the corpora produced using our method. We hence propose a solid baseline for the evaluation of future Arabic word sense disambiguation systems, in addition to sense annotated Arabic corpora that we provide as a freely available resource.Secondly, we propose an in vivo evaluation of our Arabic word sense disambiguation system by measuring its contribution to the performance of the machine translation task
Djerbi, Zouhair. "L'ARTICULATION COÛT – VALEUR PAR LE DIALOGUE ABC – GRC." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00473187.
Повний текст джерелаŞaim, Mirela. "La traversée du discours moderne par le dialogue /." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70221.
Повний текст джерелаThe first part focuses on the general discourse elements of modern dialogue, such as narrativity, rhetorical devices, character definition and function, paratextual structures, etc.
The second part includes a series of text analyses that proposes a study of ideological tendencies of modern social discourse through the most representative dialogues of the age.
Finally, the third part concentrates on the literary value and the build-up of dialogue as an aesthetic structure towards the end of the XIXth century and at the turn of the XXth century.
MATROUF, ABDELKARIM. "Un systeme de dialogue oral oriente par la tache." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA112381.
Повний текст джерелаCarrara, Nicolas. "Reinforcement learning for dialogue systems optimization with user adaptation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I071/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe most powerful artificial intelligence systems are now based on learned statistical models. In order to build efficient models, these systems must collect a huge amount of data on their environment. Personal assistants, smart-homes, voice-servers and other dialogue applications are no exceptions to this statement. A specificity of those systems is that they are designed to interact with humans, and as a consequence, their training data has to be collected from interactions with these humans. As the number of interactions with a single person is often too scarce to train a proper model, the usual approach to maximise the amount of data consists in mixing data collected with different users into a single corpus. However, one limitation of this approach is that, by construction, the trained models are only efficient with an "average" human and do not include any sort of adaptation; this lack of adaptation makes the service unusable for some specific group of persons and leads to a restricted customers base and inclusiveness problems. This thesis proposes solutions to construct Dialogue Systems that are robust to this problem by combining Transfer Learning and Reinforcement Learning. It explores two main ideas: The first idea of this thesis consists in incorporating adaptation in the very first dialogues with a new user. To that extend, we use the knowledge gathered with previous users. But how to scale such systems with a growing database of user interactions? The first proposed approach involves clustering of Dialogue Systems (tailored for their respective user) based on their behaviours. We demonstrated through handcrafted and real user-models experiments how this method improves the dialogue quality for new and unknown users. The second approach extends the Deep Q-learning algorithm with a continuous transfer process.The second idea states that before using a dedicated Dialogue System, the first interactions with a user should be handled carefully by a safe Dialogue System common to all users. The underlying approach is divided in two steps. The first step consists in learning a safe strategy through Reinforcement Learning. To that extent, we introduced a budgeted Reinforcement Learning framework for continuous state space and the underlying extensions of classic Reinforcement Learning algorithms. In particular, the safe version of the Fitted-Q algorithm has been validated, in term of safety and efficiency, on a dialogue system tasks and an autonomous driving problem. The second step consists in using those safe strategies when facing new users; this method is an extension of the classic ε-greedy algorithm
Dubuisson, Duplessis Guillaume. "Modèle de comportement communicatif conventionnel pour un agent en interaction avec des humains : Approche par jeux de dialogue." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01017542.
Повний текст джерелаEydieux, Jérémy. "Gouverner les risques par le doute : une approche pragmatiste du dialogue technique." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT2021/document.
Повний текст джерелаSince the 1970s, large organisations' governance is subjected to external control, materialised by auditing relationships. This is the case of nuclear risks governance of nuclear operators, which in France is controlled by the technical dialogue related to safety demonstrations. This thesis aims at identifying how the technical dialogue can articulate anticipation and resilience strategies for risk management, which current literature cannot clarify. We propose a pragmatist approach, based on notions of belief and valuation. Our inquiry on the technical dialogue is based on documents collection, then on a narrative analysis of dialogue processes and of the demonstration and evaluation texts. To track resilience in them, we do a methodological detour by studying heavy handling, an activity organised in "strained resilience". We did an ethnographic study of this activity, and a situation analysis. In the technical dialogue, we found 8 kinds of works involved in the dialogue animation and documents production. We identify 7 factors of heavy handling's reliability. Comparing the two fields, we show that, in the technical dialogue, anticipation / resilience articulation can be made by keeping an absence or by introducing some elements related to work activities. Our results invite to think anticipation / resilience articulation as a convergence between doubts produced by actors of resilience and of anticipation, and to think auditing relationships as managerial devices elaborating subtle beliefs by producing new doubts
Amblard, Philippe. "Régulation de l'Internet : l'élaboration des règles de conduite par le dialogue internormatif /." Bruxelles : Bruylant, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400483184.
Повний текст джерелаBergeron, Mathieu. "Spécification, modélisation et analyse du dialogue entre agents par l'intermédiaire des engagements sociaux." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22756/22756.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBuchser, Alain. "Le dialogue homme-machine en conception assistée par ordinateur de circuits intégrés prédiffusés." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066603.
Повний текст джерелаBuchser, Alain. "Le Dialogue homme-machine en conception assistée par ordinateur de circuits intégrés prédiffusés." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37596472g.
Повний текст джерелаPark, ChanYoung. "La Bible illustrée par Marc Chagall (1887-1985) : un dialogue interculturel et son évolution." Thesis, Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040141/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis study examines all of the Bible illustrations made by Marc Chagall. Once he started to work on the Bible by etching, the biblical theme became the major subject of his art, and these etchings have been largely used as a model for his other works. We analyse this Bible and all of the other biblical illustrated books of Chagall to find out their characteristics and their meanings in his entire religious art. In fact, we can notice in Chagall’s journey from his birth to his Bible illustrations that this artist has continually been moving between his own Jewish tradition and the outside world. These comings and goings make in him a duality and it becomes dynamic in his creations. His etchings for the Bible show especially this feature. They take root in Jewish tradition but also show various marks of different cultures known by the artist. Nevertheless, we can’t find this characteristic again in any of his other biblical illustrated books, because in appropriating the outside world as his own, the duality disappears and unites. As he works on stained-glass windows in churches, he develops a philosophical view of the universal peace and love based on his interpretation of the biblical message. Then he seeks this universality through all his religious works and biblical illustrations until his last days
Bilange, Eric. "Modelisation du dialogue oral finalise personne-machine par une approche structurelle : theorie et realisation." Rennes 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991REN10146.
Повний текст джерелаN'Guessan, Kouadio Germain. "Féminisme africain-américain et féminisme africain : incidences et limites d'un dialogue par romans interposés." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR2004.
Повний текст джерелаThe work analyses Black women's oppression in the fiction of Zora Neale Hurston, Toni Morrisson, Alice Walker, Gloria Naylor, Paule Marshall and Buchi Emecheta, Flora Nwapa, Mariama Bâ, Bessie Head, Ama Ata Aidoo. It shows that in America, this oppression is related to racism, sexism and to class. In Africa, it stems from colonialism and neocolonialism, from tradition and religious conceptions, and also from the new world economic order. The analysis of these situations of oppression puts forward a "black feminism" which aims at constructing Black women's identity through their relations to traditional values : ancestral beliefs, motherhood as a means of social integration, etc. It thus establishes "black feminism" as a manifestation of the North/South dialogue. It is also a feminist interpretation of Panafricanism since it tries to bring together two peoples that have been separated yet share the same origin. However, the heterogeneity of women's situations creates utopias which are shaped according to the specificity of women's situations but fall under the general perpective of women's subordination and their struggle for its eradication
Park, ChanYoung Foucart Bruno. "La Bible illustrée par Marc Chagall (1887-1985) un dialogue interculturel et son évolution /." S. l. : S. n, 2008. http://www.theses.paris4.sorbonne.fr/thesepark.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAllemandou, Joseph. "SIMDIAL, un paradigme d'évaluation automatique de systèmes de dialogue homme-machine par simulation déterministe d'utilisateurs." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00620803.
Повний текст джерелаNadal, Cañellas Juan, and Grégoire Akindynos. "La réfutation par Grégoire Akindynos du Dialogue d'un orthodoxe avec un barlaamite, de Grégoire Palamas." Paris 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040016.
Повний текст джерелаGouardères, Guy. "Représentation et manipulation des connaissances dans le dialogue homme-machine en enseignement assisté par ordinateur." Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30083.
Повний текст джерелаGouardères, Guy. "Représentation et manipulation des connaissances dans le dialogue homme-machine en enseignement assisté par ordinateur." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37597977t.
Повний текст джерелаKhouzaimi, Hatim. "Turn-taking enhancement in spoken dialogue systems with reinforcement learning." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0213/document.
Повний текст джерелаIncremental dialogue systems are able to process the user’s speech as it is spoken (without waiting for the end of a sentence before starting to process it). This makes them able to take the floor whenever they decide to (the user can also speak whenever she wants, even if the system is still holding the floor). As a consequence, they are able to perform a richer set of turn-taking behaviours compared to traditional systems. Several contributions are described in this thesis with the aim of showing that dialogue systems’ turn-taking capabilities can be automatically improved from data. First, human-human dialogue is analysed and a new taxonomy of turn-taking phenomena in human conversation is established. Based on this work, the different phenomena are analysed and some of them are selected for replication in a human-machine context (the ones that are more likely to improve a dialogue system’s efficiency). Then, a new architecture for incremental dialogue systems is introduced with the aim of transforming a traditional dialogue system into an incremental one at a low cost (also separating the turn-taking manager from the dialogue manager). To be able to perform the first tests, a simulated environment has been designed and implemented. It is able to replicate user and ASR behaviour that are specific to incremental processing, unlike existing simulators. Combined together, these contributions led to the establishement of a rule-based incremental dialogue strategy that is shown to improve the dialogue efficiency in a task-oriented situation and in simulation. A new reinforcement learning strategy has also been proposed. It is able to autonomously learn optimal turn-taking behavious throughout the interactions. The simulated environment has been used for training and for a first evaluation, where the new data-driven strategy is shown to outperform both the non-incremental and rule-based incremental strategies. In order to validate these results in real dialogue conditions, a prototype through which the users can interact in order to control their smart home has been developed. At the beginning of each interaction, the turn-taking strategy is randomly chosen among the non-incremental, the rule-based incremental and the reinforcement learning strategy (learned in simulation). A corpus of 206 dialogues has been collected. The results show that the reinforcement learning strategy significantly improves the dialogue efficiency without hurting the user experience (slightly improving it, in fact)
Genestet, Charlotte. "Dialogue inter-règne entre Pseudomonas aeruginosa et les cellules de l'immunité innée. Rôle de la production de L-kynurénine par les bactéries." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENS026/document.
Повний текст джерелаPseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for persistent infections in cystic fibrosis patients, suggesting an ability to circumvent innate immune defenses. Many host cells produce kynurenine, which is known to control immune system homeostasis. Interestingly this bacterium uses the kynurenine pathway to catabolize tryptophan. In addition, preliminary results of our laboratory showed that during acute pulmonary infection in mice with a strain of P. aeruginosa which does not produce kynurenine, there is a loss of virulence (reduction of mice mortality and pulmonary bacterial burden). The aim of this study is to investigate the role of kynurenine metabolism in the interaction between P. aeruginosa and immune system cells, in particular neutrophils and macrophages. We showed that most strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis patients produce a high level of kynurenine. Moreover, a strong transcriptional activation of kynA (the first gene involved in the kynurenine pathway in P. aeruginosa) was observed upon contact with immune cells and particularly with neutrophils and macrophages. In addition, using coculture of human neutrophils with various mutant strains of P. aeruginosa producing variable levels of kynurenine, we demonstrated that kynurenine promotes bacterial survival. Increasing amounts of synthetic kynurenine inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the NADPH oxidase of activated neutrophils, as evaluated by chemiluminescence with luminol or isoluminol or superoxide dismutase-sensitive cytochrome c reduction assay. This inhibition is due neither to a phagocytosis defect nor to direct NADPH oxidase inhibition. Using in vitro ROS-producing systems, we showed that kynurenine scavenges hydrogen peroxide and, to a lesser extent, superoxide anions. Kynurenine's scavenging effect occurs mainly intracellularly after bacterial stimulation, probably in the phagosome. We also confirmed that neutrophils do not express the kynurenine receptor, the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Conversely, macrophages express this receptor and the kynurenine induces its expression after 48h of activation by P. aeruginosa or LPS (lipopolysaccharide). After activation, kynurenine impacts also macrophage polarization, analysed by flow cytomerty, by stabilizing immunosuppressive phenotype M2c. Finally, the first enzyme of the kynurenine pathway of P. aeruginosa was produced, purified and characterized. We demonstrated that KynA is an allosteric enzyme, with a K' of 10,8 mM of L-tryptophan, a Vm of 2862 nM/min and a Kcat of de 4,09 M of N-formylkynurenine/min/M of enzyme, indicating a possible regulation at the enzymatic level of the kynurenine pathway. Furthermore, the substrate analogue (L-1-methyl-tryptophan) inhibits slightly the pure enzyme, but has no effect on bacterial culture. In conclusion, the kynurenine pathway allows P. aeruginosa to circumvent the innate immune response. The kynurenine pathway of P. aeruginosa could be a new therapeutic target. Purified recombinant enzyme KynA is a new tool that could help to screen specific inhibitors
Chandramohan, Senthilkumar. "Revisiting user simulation in dialogue systems : do we still need them ? : will imitation play the role of simulation ?" Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00875229.
Повний текст джерелаGouédard, Catherine. "Espace et langage : conceptualisations et malentendus dans la conception d'un trajet par téléphone entre de jeunes aveugles." Paris 8, 2006. http://octaviana.fr/document/137814593#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Повний текст джерелаVerbal communication in route-finding is a way to study the relationship between space representation and language representation. We examine it through the interaction of twenty dyads made of blind young people, a guide and an explorer : one of them is familiar of the space and the other is not. They can communicate by cellulars. We analyse the dialogs at distance, in order to catch up the representation expressed in the dynamic of space and interaction. We identify critical competences between two very contrasted couples all over the route, and then we study in detail four critical episodes characterized by misunderstandings and their eventual solvings. Uncertainty, disagreement, and misunderstanding made respective conceptualizations of both partner accessible. The observed phenomena illustrate the complex gap existing between operatory invariants and language and how resources emerge to face problematic situations
Bensamoun, Alexandra. "Essai sur le dialogue entre le législateur et le juge en droit d'auteur." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA111010.
Повний текст джерелаFerreira, Emmanuel. "Apprentissage automatique en ligne pour un dialogue homme-machine situé." Thesis, Avignon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AVIG0206/document.
Повний текст джерелаA dialogue system should give the machine the ability to interactnaturally and efficiently with humans. In this thesis, we focus on theissue of the development of stochastic dialogue systems. Thus, we especiallyconsider the Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP)framework which yields state-of-the-art performance on goal-oriented dialoguemanagement tasks. This model enables the system to cope with thecommunication ambiguities due to noisy channel and also to optimize itsdialogue management strategy directly from data with Reinforcement Learning (RL)methods.Considering statistical approaches often requires the availability of alarge amount of training data to reach good performance. However, corpora of interest are seldom readily available and collectingsuch data is both time consuming and expensive. For instance, it mayrequire a working prototype to initiate preliminary experiments with thesupport of expert users or to consider other alternatives such as usersimulation techniques.Very few studies to date have considered learning a dialogue strategyfrom scratch by interacting with real users, yet this solution is ofgreat interest. Indeed, considering the learning process as part of thelife cycle of a system offers a principle framework to dynamically adaptthe system to new conditions in an online and seamless fashion.In this thesis, we endeavour to provide solutions to make possible thisdialogue system cold start (nearly from scratch) but also to improve its ability to adapt to new conditions in operation (domain extension, new user profile, etc.).First, we investigate the conditions under which initial expertknowledge (such as expert rules) can be used to accelerate the policyoptimization of a learning agent. Similarly, we study how polarized userappraisals gathered throughout the course of the interaction can beintegrated into a reinforcement learning-based dialogue manager. Morespecifically, we discuss how this information can be cast intosocially-inspired rewards to speed up the policy optimisation for bothefficient task completion and user adaptation in an online learning setting.The results obtained on a reference task demonstrate that a(quasi-)optimal policy can be learnt in just a few hundred dialogues,but also that the considered additional information is able tosignificantly accelerate the learning as well as improving the noise tolerance.Second, we focus on reducing the development cost of the spoken language understanding module. For this, we exploit recent word embedding models(projection of words in a continuous vector space representing syntacticand semantic properties) to generalize from a limited initial knowledgeabout the dialogue task to enable the machine to instantly understandthe user utterances. We also propose to dynamically enrich thisknowledge with both active learning techniques and state-of-the-artstatistical methods. Our experimental results show that state-of-the-artperformance can be obtained with a very limited amount of in-domain andin-context data. We also show that we are able to refine the proposedmodel by exploiting user returns about the system outputs as well as tooptimize our adaptive learning with an adversarial bandit algorithm tosuccessfully balance the trade-off between user effort and moduleperformance.Finally, we study how the physical embodiment of a dialogue system in a humanoid robot can help the interaction in a dedicated Human-Robotapplication where dialogue system learning and testing are carried outwith real users. Indeed, in this thesis we propose an extension of thepreviously considered decision-making techniques to be able to take intoaccount the robot's awareness of the users' belief (perspective taking)in a RL-based situated dialogue management optimisation procedure
Patry, Guillaume. "Contribution à la conception du dialogue homme-machine dans les applications graphiques interactives de conception technique : le système GIPSE." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2277.
Повний текст джерелаBillami, Mokhtar Boumedyen. "Désambiguïsation sémantique dans le cadre de la simplification lexicale : contributions à un système d'aide à la lecture pour des enfants dyslexiques et faibles lecteurs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0354.
Повний текст джерелаIn recent years, a large number of technologies have been created to help people who have difficulty when reading written texts. The proposed systems integrate speech technologies (reading aloud) or visual aids (setting and/or coloring of fonts or increasing the space between letters and lines). However, it is essential to also propose transformations on the texts’ content in order to have simpler and more frequent substitutes. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to develop a reading aid system that automatically provides a simplified version of a given text while keeping the same meaning of words.The presented work addresses the problem of semantic ambiguity (quite common in natural language processing) and aims to propose solutions for Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) by using unsupervised and knowledge-based approaches from lexico-semantic resources. First, we propose a state of the art of the WSD approaches and semantic similarity measures which are crucial for this process. Thereafter, we compare various algorithms of WSD in order to get the best of them. Finally, we present our contributions for creating a lexical resource for French that proposes disambiguated and graduated synonyms according to their level of difficulty to be read and understood. We show that our resource is useful and can be integrated in a lexical simplification of texts module
Asri, Layla El. "Learning the Parameters of Reinforcement Learning from Data for Adaptive Spoken Dialogue Systems." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0350/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis document proposes to learn the behaviour of the dialogue manager of a spoken dialogue system from a set of rated dialogues. This learning is performed through reinforcement learning. Our method does not require the definition of a representation of the state space nor a reward function. These two high-level parameters are learnt from the corpus of rated dialogues. It is shown that the spoken dialogue designer can optimise dialogue management by simply defining the dialogue logic and a criterion to maximise (e.g user satisfaction). The methodology suggested in this thesis first considers the dialogue parameters that are necessary to compute a representation of the state space relevant for the criterion to be maximized. For instance, if the chosen criterion is user satisfaction then it is important to account for parameters such as dialogue duration and the average speech recognition confidence score. The state space is represented as a sparse distributed memory. The Genetic Sparse Distributed Memory for Reinforcement Learning (GSDMRL) accommodates many dialogue parameters and selects the parameters which are the most important for learning through genetic evolution. The resulting state space and the policy learnt on it are easily interpretable by the system designer. Secondly, the rated dialogues are used to learn a reward function which teaches the system to optimise the criterion. Two algorithms, reward shaping and distance minimisation are proposed to learn the reward function. These two algorithms consider the criterion to be the return for the entire dialogue. These functions are discussed and compared on simulated dialogues and it is shown that the resulting functions enable faster learning than using the criterion directly as the final reward. A spoken dialogue system for appointment scheduling was designed during this thesis, based on previous systems, and a corpus of rated dialogues with this system were collected. This corpus illustrates the scaling capability of the state space representation and is a good example of an industrial spoken dialogue system upon which the methodology could be applied
Pinault, Florian. "Apprentissage par renforcement pour la généralisation des approches automatiques dans la conception des systèmes de dialogue oral." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00933937.
Повний текст джерелаEl, Shazly Yassin. "L'identification dans le commerce électronique : l'élaboration de régime juridique des noms de domaine par le dialogue internormatif." Lyon 3, 2009. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2009_out_francia_s.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBusinesses are launched more and more on the Web in order to target new clients. Unlike the classical market, Internet creates a planetary market where the barriers of time and space do not exist, and in which competition seems extremely persistent and rough. That is why there is no doubt that the need to be identified in this market is essential. No matter what the objective of the site is, whether it is professional or individual, political or personal, commercial or scientific, informative or just a place of expression, it must have a domain name. Through this identifier, clients would first be attracted, and then could be made loyal. Domain names are nevertheless subjected to a digital logic, composed of technical and contractual norms, and governed by private organisms. Although the legal regime of domain names still has to be determined, it is important that the withheld system be the object of a consensus between private and public actors, and that the choice is not only guided by legal logic but to also take into account the technical dimension. The objective must remain to succeed in developing open norms while promoting a transparent dialog between the different actors. The challenge is then to define principles and a legal framework that will allow the orientation of the use of domain names, or to at least prevent certain behavior that may be dangerous for holders of distinctive signs, all while preserving the capacities of economical growth and technical development of the system of domain names
Cottereau, Dominique. "Education à l'environnement et classe de mer : instauration du dialogue éco-logique par une pédagogie de l'écoformation." Tours, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOUR2030.
Повний текст джерелаEnvironmental education cannot but reflect on how the relationship is forged between a person and their environment. It is exactly this space "between" which this thesis seeks to explore. We shall examine how the social sciences and the natural sciences describe the conjunctions, interdependencies and alliances which shape this eco-logical-in-between where eco-logy is indeed a science of a given habitat. We shall see that this is not governed simply by what we think, but equally by our emotions and by our feelings, by our imagination and by the symbols which we use. Underpinning the construction of this "in-between" is the concept of eco-formation and we shall be applying it to educational field trips to the seaside which combine objective and subjective learning activities in the immediate seaside environment. It is an educational approach which gives pride of place to the imagination, to dreaming, to playing on the beach- this physically real but deeply symbolic "in between", and which gives the children studied in this research a new relationship with their environment. It is against this relationship, replete with intimate knowledge, expressed emotion and exchanged dialogue, that an environmental awareness (eco-naissance) can be created and a sought-after change in valves confirmed
Lakhdari, Omar. "Etude du dialogue microbiote intestinal-hôte par une approche métagénomique ciblant la voie de signalisation NF-κB". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066473.
Повний текст джерелаCondom, Jean-Marie. "Un système de dialogue multimodal pour la communication avec un robot manipuleur." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30155.
Повний текст джерелаGouédard, Catherine Vergnaud Gérard. "Espace et langage conceptualisations et malentendus dans la conception d'un trajet par téléphone entre de jeunes aveugles /." Saint-Denis : Université de Paris 8, 2009. http://www.bu.univ-paris8.fr/web/collections/theses/GouedardThese.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаLa version électronique ne comprend pas les annexes. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 391-419. Notes bibliogr.
ROGER, BERTRAND. "Un systeme de dialogue intelligent avec un interlocuteur a la decouverte du monde simule par un logiciel quelconque." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066202.
Повний текст джерелаRoger, Bertrand. "Un Système de dialogue intelligent avec un interlocuteur à la découverte du monde simulé par un logiciel quelconque." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609829g.
Повний текст джерелаLeurquin, Pablo. "Protection de l'innovation par le droit brésilien de la concurrence et dialogue avec le droit de l'union européenne." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D053.
Повний текст джерелаThe promotion of innovation is a value widely pursued by the most different countries, which implement various legal techniques to ensure the necessary incentives for companies that succeed in generating new products, services and technologies. In Brazil, intellectual property is considered one of the most suitable legal institutes to better preserve the interest of companies in continuing to innovate. However, the period following Brazil’s accession to the TRIPS Agreement revealed that it did not meet the expectations of consolidating the innovation development model in the country. This frustration is not a phenomenon restricted to Brazil, as one can perceive in evaluating other economies with inheritances of underdevelopment. In lieu of a broad technological diffusion, what was observed is the consolidation of a "knowledge cartel," with global influence. The "overprotection" of intellectual property rights is added to the narrative of a reduction in competitive intervention, resulting from the influence of the Chicago School. Thus, this thesis assumes that the context previously described is not in accordance with the constitutionally adopted ideology, making it necessary to promote a renewed action of the Brazilian Administrative Council of Economic Defense (CADE, in Portuguese). The research aimed to formulate a regulatory function of innovation by means of the Brazilian Competition Law mechanisms. The research had an interdisciplinary character, involving, especially, knowledge of Law and Economy. An analysis of cases judged by Brazilian and European competition authorities on the protection of innovation and intellectual property rights was carried out. The comparative analysis with the European experience showed that the contributions of the contemporary industrial economy can introduce more realistic economic analyzes, without losing sight of the legal security in the competitive intervention. Thus, it is understood that CADE has constitutional and legal powers to intervene, in a renewed way, in cases involving the high technology industry, prioritizing more inclusive economic structures and reducing high barriers to entry in the markets in question
A promoção da inovação é um valor amplamente perseguido pelos mais diferentes países, os quais se utilizam de diversas técnicas jurídicas para garantir os estímulos necessários às empresas que tenham sucesso em gerar novos produtos e serviços ou novas tecnologias. No Brasil, considera-se a propriedade intelectual como um dos institutos jurídicos mais aptos a preservar o interesse das empresas em continuar inovando. Entretanto, o período subsequente à adesão ao Acordo TRIPS revelou que este não cumpriu com as expectativas de consolidar o modelo de desenvolvimento via inovação no país. Essa frustração não é fenômeno restrito ao Brasil, conforme se percebe ao avaliar outras economias com heranças do subdesenvolvimento. No lugar da ampla difusão tecnológica, o que se verificou foi a consolidação de uma espécie de “cartel do conhecimento”, com influência global. Assim, a “superproteção” dos direitos de propriedade intelectual se soma à narrativa de redução de intervenção concorrencial, decorrente da influência da Escola de Chicago. A presente tese parte do pressuposto de que esse contexto descrito não está de acordo com a ideologia constitucionalmente adotada, fazendo-se necessário promover uma atuação renovada do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE). A pesquisa teve como objetivo formular uma função reguladora da inovação por meio da aplicação do Direito Brasileiro da Concorrência. Para tanto, a investigação teve caráter interdisciplinar, envolvendo, especialmente, conhecimentos do Direito e da Economia. Foi realizada uma análise de casos julgados pelas autoridades da concorrência brasileira e europeias, versando sobre a proteção da inovação e de direitos de propriedade intelectual. Em face disso, a análise comparativa com a experiência europeia permitiu constatar que os aportes da Economia Industrial contemporânea podem introduzir análises econômicas mais realistas, sem perder de vista a segurança jurídica na intervenção concorrencial. Assim, infere-se que o CADE apresenta competências constitucionais e legais para intervir, de maneira renovada, em casos que envolvam a indústria de alta tecnologia, priorizando estruturas econômicas mais inclusivas e reduzindo as elevadas barreiras a entrada
Barlier, Merwan. "Sur le rôle de l’être humain dans le dialogue humain/machine." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1I087/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe context of this thesis takes place in Reinforcement Learning for Spoken Dialogue Systems. This document proposes several ways to consider the role of the human interlocutor. After an overview of the limits of the traditional Agent/Environment framework, we first suggest to model human/machine dialogue as a Stochastic Game. Within this framework, the human being is seen as a rational agent, acting in order to optimize his preferences. We show that this framework allows to take into consideration co-adaptation phenomena and extend the applications of human/machine dialogue, e.g. negociation dialogues. In a second time, we address the issue of allowing the incorporation of human expertise in order to speed-up the learning phase of a reinforcement learning based spoken dialogue system. We provide an algorithm that takes advantage of those human advice and shows a great improvement over the performance of traditional reinforcement learning algorithms. Finally, we consider a third situation in which a system listens to a conversation between two human beings and talk when it estimates that its intervention could help to maximize the preferences of its user. We introduce a original reward function balancing the outcome of the conversation with the intrusiveness of the system. Our results obtained by simulation suggest that such an approach is suitable for computer-aided human-human dialogue. However, in order to implement this method, a model of the human/human conversation is required. We propose in a final contribution to learn this model with an algorithm based on multiplicity automata
Ferland, Yaïves. "Intégrer par le dialogue les données socio-économiques dans un système d'aide à la décision à référence spatiale, SADRS." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq25306.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPerraud, Marie. "Étude du dialogue moléculaire entre les partenaires de la symbiose ectomycorhizienne : implication d'une subtilase sécrétée par le champignon Hebeloma cylindrosporum." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10321.
Повний текст джерелаThe establishment of any symbiosis relies on a tightly regulated molecular dialogue between symbiotes. A reverse genetic approach was used to identify fungal genes playing a key role in the molecular dialogue between the partners of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. A non-mycorrhizal mutant of the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum has a single insertion of mutagenic T-DNA in the promoter of the subtilase HcSbt1. This mutant was unable to colonize Pinus pinaster roots, indicating that HcSbt1 plays a crucial role in the early molecular cross-talk between partners of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. During symbiotic interaction, HcSbt1 was repressed upon contact with the roots, even before the differentiation of any symbiotic structure. This repression was stable throughout the whole symbiotic process, suggesting that HcSbt1 could inhibit symbiotic structure differentiation. Subsequently, HcSbt1 repression would be a prerequisite for mycorrhiza differentiation. Western Blot analysis together with fungal secretome sequencing showed that HcSbt1 is extracellular. It could inhibit the symbiosis establishment by degrading / activating / inactivating extracellular proteins from plant and/or fungal origin. The comparison of wild-type and mutant secretomes showed that HcSbt1 could degrade small extracellular peptides. Based on this, we hypothesized that this subtilase could inhibit symbiosis establishment by degrading small extracellular peptides that would be effectors
Hafsaoui, Imen Amandine. "La confection de la constitution tunisienne dans un contexte "post-révolutionnaire", 2011-2014 : construction des nouvelles règles du jeu politique par les "élites" de l'assemblée nationale constituante." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0118.
Повний текст джерелаTunisia has been, for a long time, a research laboratory for Western sociologists in terms of the contribution of social sciences in a Maghreb country. However, these sociological studies are still focused on a very precise period which pointed out the existence of an authoritarian power and the abuses of the government. The Western debate then froze on the form of the regime and protests in Tunisia. It was not until January 13, 2011 that the issue of questioning arises unequivocally, during the speech at the palace of Carthage. President Ben Ali had reached the limits of his abusive authority with this ultimate outrage to Tunisian citizens. On January 14, 2011, the flight of the deposed President Ben Ali consumed the break with the old regime and created this phenomenon that is rightly or wrongly called transitology. For the first time in the country, elections were open to different socio-professional categories, from different political cultures, to all parties except the former RCD party of the regime, and to both women and men. This initiative has created such a craze, that the day of entry of elected MPs in the Palace of Bardo, it was necessary to determine who were these new tenants of the palace. This is how this research begins
Lepoutre, Naïke. "Le dialogue entre le juge administratif français et la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne par le mécanisme du renvoi préjudiciel." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL20019.
Повний текст джерелаThe difficulties to establish a dialogue between judges are well illustrated by french administrative judge’s attitude with respect to the Court of Justice of European Union and regarding the preliminary ruling proceedings. Indeed, french administrative judges have clearly considered that they could assert their autonomy through the use of the acte clair doctrine and the rule of precedent (stare decisis) to prevent the preleminary ruling. The excessive use of both procedural approaches has been the source of numerous problems, notably for the authority and effects of preliminary ruling decisions. For its part, the Court also took positions either radically opposite to that of the national judges, or that at least were not in favour of a putative dialogue. Indeed, the Court has clearly wished to assert its authority over the national judges by an extensive use of the competences European Treaties awarded to it. This context has fortunately started to resolve itself through a reciprocal acceptance of competences and prerogatives by the concerned authorities in the dialogue. This emerging dialogue must be reinforced and promoted via routine exchanges and novel techniques. Both jurisdictions will have to steer in harmony in this direction of the european legal pluralism
Zhang, Hui. "Manipulation des végétaux par les organismes endophytes : dialogue chimique et moléculaire entre les insectes manipulateurs de plantes et leurs plantes hôtes." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4003/document.
Повний текст джерелаBecause phytohormones lie at the very core of molecular mechanisms controlling the plant physiology and development, they have long been hypothesized to be involved in insect-induced plant manipulations. Insects are using phytohormones to manipulate their host plants for their own benefit, regulating nutrient provisioning and plant defenses. However, a mechanistic understanding of how phytohormones operate in plant reconfigurations by plant-manipulating insects, especially by gall-inducing and leaf-minging insects, is lacking. The objective of my Ph.D. was to provide an extensive characterization of how plant-manipulating insects modulate the plant global hormonal balance with a specific focus on the leaf-mining moth Phyllonorycter blancardella. We thus developed a time course characterization of plant transcriptomic and biochemical responses following attack by leaf-mining larvae. A comparative analysis between different biological systems allowed us to estimate similarities in strategies developed leaf-mining and gall-inducing insects, to identify the possible origin of phytohormones involved in the plant manipulation and to estimate the role of insect endosymbiotic bacteria in these interactions
Gonon, Benjamin. "Simulations quantiques non-adiabatiques d’un photo-interrupteur moléculaire vers un dialogue expérience-théorie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT186/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis adresses the study and control of the photo-reactivity of molecular switches, here the photo-isomerisation of spiropyrans. This theoretical work has been achieved in close collaboration with the experimental team PFL within the ICB in Dijon. Non-adiabatic quantum dynamics simulations were carried out so as to reproduce and rationalise the experimental results from time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. Such experiments have demonstrated ultra-fast photo-reactivity (~ 100 fs) following excitation by an ultra-short LASER pulse. It is interpreted as an internal conversion mechanism between the first singlet excited eletronic state and the ground state via a conical intersection. The theoretical study used the ring-opening reaction of benzopyran as a model. Developments were made regarding: (1) The exploration of the reaction mechanism and the computation of potential energy surfaces with perturbative, post-CASSCF quantum chemistry methods (XMCQDPT2). This investigation showed that results changed significantly compared to those reported in the literature with lower-level calculations. (2) The generation of a diabatic Hamiltonian based on ab initio XMCQDPT2 data. Owing to the significant anharmonicity in the ground electronic state, we designed a new effective approach, quite different from the previous studies. (3) The production of non-adiabatic quantum dynamics simulations using the MCTDH method. The results thus obtained are in excellent agreement with the experimental ones. Including explicitly the LASER pulse allowed us to reproduce and rationalise the action of pulse shaping on control observed in experiments. The present work thus made possible the succesful implementation of a theoretical/experimental collaboration
Palermiti, Rosalba. "Les anaphores dans le dialogue homme-machine en langue naturelle écrite : données recueillies par le Magicien d'Oz dans une situation de recherche documentaire." Université Pierre Mendès France (Grenoble ; 1990-2015), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE21032.
Повний текст джерелаThe anaphora traditionally handled in man-machine dialogues are pronominal anaphora. In this thesis, however, the aim is to study the entires set of anaphorical phenomena that can be found in man-machine dialogues. For this, we use a corpus collected using the so-called "wizard of oz" simulation technique. We explain the experimental protocol used and detail the application context : an information retrieval system for everyman's use in a library. We also survey different existing retrieval modes for bibliographical data bases. Next, having exploited the corpus on the retrieval level (query typology, search strategies,. . . ) and on the linguistic level (suraces structures), anaphora, reference and coherence,. . . ), we express our doubts about the usability of natural language in certain situations and we also state the hypothesis of the need for a new "phraseology" for man-machine communication. Concerning natural language processing (nlp, we explain the different types of knowledge necessary for dialogue management and anaphora resolution (dialogue modeling, task modeling, dialogue dynamics,. . . ), on the basis of different linguistic approaches of anaphorical phenomena and existing work in nlp. Within the framework of the nlp work done at criss (centre for research in informatics applied to the social sciences), we then derive some rules for identifying anaphoric units
Lévy, Tolédano Rachel. "Signalisation par le recepteur de l'insuline : mecanismes moleculaires de l'effet des mutations, liaison de la pi 3-kinase et dialogue avec le recepteur pdgf." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA11T009.
Повний текст джерелаChaouachi, Amor. "Modelisation d'images coherentes, en objets, dans une base de connaissances : application a l'enseignement assiste par ordinateur." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30114.
Повний текст джерелаMelki, Marie-Thérèse. "Dialogue entre cellules dendritiques et cellules tueuses naturelles lors de l'infection par le VIH-1 : rôle central de HMGB1 et influence sur la persistance virale." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077051.
Повний текст джерелаDendritic cells (DC)s are professional antigen presenting cells that initiate adaptive immune responses. DCs maturation is dependent on their crosstalk with natural killer cells (NK). Considering their essential role in the immune response against viral infections, we were interested in studying the consequences of an HIV-1 infection on this NK-DC crosstalk. On the first hand, the mechanisms underlying the reciprocal activation of both cells were studied and, on the second hand, the consequences of this crosstalk on viral dissemination ans on the establishment of viral reservoirs was investigated. We were able to describe a novel strategy used by HIV-1 to escape the immune response. The blocade of the polarizing role of HIV-infected DCs after the NK-DC crosstalk, associated to their resistance to the NK-mediated TRAIL-dependant lysis and to the increase of viral production in DCs in contact with NK cells are efficient mechanisms leading to viral persistence. The NK-DC crosstalk is essential to the induction and polarization of the adaptive immune response in the early phases of HIV infection. Thus, HIV uses this NK-DC crosstalk to induce non-functional DCs, having a potent anti-apoptotic signature and having a better capacity to produce HIV. These mechanisms contribute to HIV transmission to T cells and to the establishment of viral reservoirs
Panek, Johan. "Etude des interactions hôte-parasite dans le cadre d'infections par des microsporidies, un groupe de champignons parasites intracellulaires obligatoires." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22618/document.
Повний текст джерелаWithin the host-parasite interaction, the parasite need to cross the same barriers whatever the host considered. First, the parasite has to meet its host and to escape its defense systems. For this purpose, the parasites have developed, during coevolution, molecular strategies allowing them to hijack the host networks, leading to the set-up of a real molecular crosstalk. Microsporidia, which are obligate intracellular parasites, have probably developed very sophisticated strategies to hijack their host cell functions as they are strongly dependent to their hosts. The objective of this thesis was to pave the way to the deciphering of the molecular dialogue that takes place during the interaction between a microsporidia and its host, at two different integration levels. At the cellular level, the study of the proteome response of human fibroblast cells to the infection by Anncaliia algerae allowed us to suggest the existence of a lure strategy used by A. algerae to bypass the host response. At the tissue level, the study of the midgut proteome response of honeybees infected by Nosema ceranae revealed a disturbance of the intestinal homeostasis. These results lead us to the hypothesis of a negative impact of the infection on the midgut epithelium renewal rates. This assumption was confirmed by a monitoring of the multiplication rate of intestinal stem cells during a kinetics of infection and of the expression of genes implicated in the signaling pathways controlling this renewal. However, the underlying mechanisms allowing microsporidia to develop in hosts are not known and deserve to be explored