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1
Han, Songfang, Ge Chen, Diego Nehab, and Pedro V. Sander. "In-Depth Buffers." Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 1, no. 1 (July 25, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3203194.
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Li, Cunlu, Dezun Dong, Shazhou Yang, Xiangke Liao, Guangyu Sun, and Yongheng Liu. "CIB-HIER." ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3468062.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hierarchical organization is widely used in high-radix routers to enable efficient scaling to higher switch port count. A general-purpose hierarchical router must be symmetrically designed with the same input buffer depth, resulting in a large amount of unused input buffers due to the different link lengths. Sharing input buffers between different input ports can improve buffer utilization, but the implementation overhead also increases with the number of shared ports. Previous work allowed input buffers to be shared among all router ports, which maximizes the buffer utilization but also introduces higher implementation complexity. Moreover, such design can impair performance when faced with long packets, due to the head-of-line blocking in intermediate buffers. In this work, we explain that sharing unused buffers between a subset of router ports is a more efficient design. Based on this observation, we propose Centralized Input Buffer Design in Hierarchical High-radix Routers (CIB-HIER), a novel centralized input buffer design for hierarchical high-radix routers. CIB-HIER integrates multiple input ports onto a single tile and organizes all unused input buffers in the tile as a centralized input buffer. CIB-HIER only allows the centralized input buffer to be shared between ports on the same tile, without introducing additional intermediate virtual channels or global scheduling circuits. Going beyond the basic design of CIB-HIER, the centralized input buffer can be used to relieve the head-of-line blocking caused by shallow intermediate buffers, by stashing long packets in the centralized input buffer. Experimental results show that CIB-HIER is highly effective and can significantly increase the throughput of high-radix routers.
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Décoret, Xavier. "N-Buffers for efficient depth map query." Computer Graphics Forum 24, no. 3 (September 2005): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2005.00864.x.
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Tadamura, Katsumi, Xueying Qin, Guofang Jiao, and Eihachiro Nakamae. "Rendering optimal solar shadows with plural sunlight depth buffers." Visual Computer 17, no. 2 (March 2001): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00013400.
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Ortiz, José I., Eugenio Pellicer, and Keith R. Molenaar. "Determining Contingencies in the Management of Construction Projects." Project Management Journal 50, no. 2 (February 11, 2019): 226–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756972819827389.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research describes the managerial approaches that contractors follow to determine different types of contingencies in construction project management. Two large Spanish general contractors were selected for an in-depth analysis. Interviews and surveys were conducted with six additional companies to explore the external validity of the findings. Managers constrain time and cost buffers through project objectives, applying heuristics to determine inventory buffers. The management of capacity buffers is entrusted to subcontractors. The contractors take advantage of scope and quality buffers to meet project objectives but rarely share these buffers with the owner, unless the owner is an internal client.
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Miller, J. J., T. Curtis, D. S. Chanasyk, S. Reedyk, and W. D. Willms. "Effectiveness of soil in vegetated buffers to retain nutrients and sediment transported by concentrated runoff through deep gullies." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 96, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2015-0038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Little research has evaluated naturally vegetated buffers to retain pollutants in soil from concentrated runoff through deep (2–14 m) gullies. Soil enrichment in the flow path of 11 naturally vegetated gullies in southern Alberta, Canada, was used as a long-term signature of filtering during concentrated flow. Soil was sampled at three depth intervals (0–2.5, 2.5–5, and 5–10 cm) along two 50-m transects inside and outside the flow path of the vegetated gullies in each of 3 yr (2011–2013). The influence of soil type, flow path (inside vs. outside), distance into vegetated flow path, depth, and their interactions on enrichment of nutrients (NH4–N, NO3–N, soil test P (STP), total P) and particle size fractions (clay, silt, and sand) was determined. Significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater enrichment of nutrients and specific particle size fractions inside than outside the flow path of the vegetated gully suggested that greater deposition occurred inside the concentrated flow path. In contrast, there was little evidence for enrichment of nutrients and sediment at the front or inlet of the buffer (except STP), or for infiltration of more soluble nutrients into the subsoil. Soil enrichment in buffers may reveal long-term filtering processes that may not be shown with short-term runoff experiments.
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Chandler, Joseph W., Heather E. Preisendanz, Tamie L. Veith, Kyle R. Elkin, Herschel A. Elliott, John E. Watson, and Peter J. A. Kleinman. "Role of Concentrated Flow Pathways on the Movement of Pesticides through Agricultural Fields and Riparian Buffer Zones." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 3 (2021): 975–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14221.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
HighlightsLand management and hydrologic connectivity cause concentrated flow pathways (CFPs) to serve various functions.Pesticide concentrations diminished along flow pathways from row-cropped fields through functional riparian zones.CFPs facilitated pesticide transport into pasture/hay fields from upgradient corn fields.Subsurface transport was likely a more important transport pathway relative to surface runoff for imidacloprid.Abstract. Riparian buffers, which are an important component of watershed management strategies, can effectively mitigate nutrients and pesticides in agricultural runoff. However, concentrated flow pathways (CFPs) can undermine the performance of buffers by allowing contaminant-laden runoff to bypass the mitigation potential offered by the buffer soils and vegetation. To determine the extent to which CFPs increase pesticide transport from agricultural fields to nearby streams, soil samples (0-2 cm depth) were collected along both CFPs and overland flow (OLF) pathways from the field to the stream for nine fields in a Long-Term Agroecosystem Research (LTAR) site in the ridge and valley physiographic region of Pennsylvania. Soil samples were analyzed for atrazine, metolachlor, and imidacloprid, with two dominant patterns emerging. In corn fields, pesticide concentrations were higher in OLF than CFP samples, suggesting that pesticides were mitigated during transport through each corn field. In contrast, hay and pasture fields, which had not been treated with any of the three pesticides of interest, had lower pesticide concentrations in the OLF samples than the CFP samples. Because the CFPs from these fields originated in upgradient unsampled corn fields, these results suggest that the CFPs were a conduit for pesticides applied in the corn fields and were simply flowing through the hay and pasture fields. Similarly, CFPs in riparian buffers and grass pathways located between the row-cropped fields and the stream tended to have lower concentrations than the upland field (OLF-F) but higher concentrations than the buffer OLF, suggesting a potential for increasing overland flow effectiveness in riparian zones by interrupting CFPs leading to the stream. This study highlights the importance of the land management factors and hydrologic connectivity that cause CFPs to serve different functions (mitigation or enhancement) as runoff is conveyed from agricultural fields to a riparian buffer, and ultimately to an adjacent stream. Further, the results highlight the need for design and maintenance solutions addressing the erosion and sediment control issues that commonly undermine agricultural buffer effectiveness. Keywords: Buffers, Concentrated flow, Contaminant fate and transport, Hydrology, Land management, Pesticides, Overland flow, Water quality.
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Hazlett, P., K. Broad, A. Gordon, P. Sibley, J. Buttle, and D. Larmer. "The importance of catchment slope to soil water N and C concentrations in riparian zones: implications for riparian buffer width." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 1 (January 2008): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-146.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Buffer zones are an important component of forest-management strategies and are thought to reduce the impact of nutrients released after harvesting on water quality. Conceptually, steep slopes have shorter water residence times than shallow slopes, have a reduced capacity to moderate water quality, and therefore, require wider buffers. Carbon and N concentrations in riparian zone shallow soil water at 30 cm depth and lake water were measured on shallow and steep slopes at the Esker Lakes Research Area in northeastern Ontario to determine if nutrient concentrations were correlated to catchment terrain attributes. Field measured slope, slope class obtained from a triangular irregular network model, and upslope contributing area and topographic index calculated from a digital elevation model were calculated for each sampling location. Modeled terrain properties, including those currently used during forest-management planning, were not significantly correlated with soil water N and C concentrations, whereas only dissolved organic carbon levels were significantly greater on field measured steep slopes. Forest species composition and soil N levels were positively correlated with soil water N concentrations. These results from the undisturbed boreal ecosystem highlight the potential limitation of using only catchment slope as a tool for prescribing riparian buffers during harvesting when considering terrestrial nutrient export.
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Ward, P. R., S. F. Micin, and F. X. Dunin. "Using soil, climate, and agronomy to predict soil water use by lucerne compared with soil water use by annual crops or pastures." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 3 (2006): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04132.
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The incorporation of perennials in general, and lucerne in particular, into farming systems of southern Australia has been proposed as a possible means to slow or stop the spread of dryland salinity. In order to be effective, lucerne roots must remove substantially more water from the soil than roots produced by annual crops and pastures. The term ‘buffer’ is used here to denote the extra water storage created by lucerne in addition to that normally created by an annual crop or pasture. In trials across southern Australia, lucerne has proved variable in its ability to create a buffer. In this research, we established 3 new trials, and collated results from current and published trials across Australia, to determine the effect of various edaphic (soil pH, texture, depth, and density for A and B horizons), climatic (average and actual seasonal rainfall), and agronomic (lucerne age, plant density, dry matter production, and rooting depth) factors on buffer size created by lucerne. Data from 26 trials were analysed, representing 84 site × year comparisons. The mean lucerne buffer for all comparisons was 91 mm, and increased with lucerne age. Buffers were generally greater for heavier-textured soils, but standard deviations of the means were large. Within a broad soil type, regression equations were developed to predict buffer size from climatic, edaphic, and agronomic factors, with r2 values ranging between 0.96 and 0.84, and standard errors ranging between 40 and 44 mm. For all soil types, average summer rainfall (but not actual summer rainfall) was a significant component of the regression, suggesting that management of the lucerne stand, in terms of maintaining leaf area during summer, may have an important role in buffer development.
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Alhothali, Marwa M., Rob A. M. Exterkate, Maxim D. Lagerweij, A. J. P. van Strijp, Mark J. Buijs, and Cor van Loveren. "The Effect of Various Fluoride Products on Dentine Lesions during pH-Cycling." Caries Research 56, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000521453.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study compared the effect of topically applied fluoride products on dentine lesions in an in vitro experiment. Demineralized bovine dentine specimens were treated once with either SDF solution (35,400 ppm F), NaF varnish (22,600 ppm F), TiF<sub>4</sub> solution (9,200 ppm F), SnF<sub>2</sub> gel (1,000 ppm F), no treatment (control), or preserved as baseline lesions. After the application and subsequent removal of the fluoride products, the specimens were subjected to pH-cycling. Calcium loss and uptake in the de- and remineralization buffers were assessed daily. Fluoride release into the buffers was analyzed on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 13. After the pH-cycling period, mineral distribution throughout the lesion depth was analyzed using transversal microradiography (TMR). X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) examined the deposition of silver, titanium, and tin after application of SDF, TiF<sub>4</sub>, and SnF<sub>2</sub>, respectively. Overall, calcium loss and uptake analysis in the de- and remineralization buffers revealed that the SDF product was the most effective in inhibiting lesion progression, followed by the TiF<sub>4</sub>, NaF, and SnF<sub>2</sub> products. Fluoride analysis disclosed a steep reduction of the amount of fluoride released into de- and remineralization buffers with time. The fluoride effects on de- and remineralization continued beyond the days that fluoride was released into the buffers. TMR analysis showed significant remineralization in the outer zone of the dentine lesions for all fluoride products, with SDF giving hypermineralization in this zone. In the inner zone, lesions developed in all fluoride groups, with the smallest in the SDF group. EDS showed silver and titanium deposition in depth up to 85 μm and 8 μm, respectively, while no tin deposition was observed. The silver in the dentine lesions did not contribute significantly to the density of the TMR profiles in the SDF group. In conclusion, all topical fluoride products protected the dentine lesions against lesion progression, but at different degrees. SDF showed a superior effect in protection against further demineralization and enhancement of remineralization. This was probably attributed to its fluoride concentration that was the highest among the fluoride products.
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Zhang, Guo Sheng, and Jian Cha Li. "Distribution of inorganic phosphorus in profiles and particle fractions of Anthrosols across an established riparian buffer and adjacent cropped area at the Dian lake (China)." Solid Earth 7, no. 1 (February 19, 2016): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-7-301-2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Riparian buffers can trap sediment and nutrients sourced from upper cropland, minimizing the eutrophication risk of water quality. This study aimed to investigate the distributions of soil inorganic phosphorus (Pi) forms among profile and particle-size fractions in an established riparian buffer and adjacent cropped area at the Dian lake, southwestern China. The Ca-bound fraction (62 %) was the major proportion of the Pi in the riparian soils. After 3 years' restoration, buffer rehabilitation from cropped area had a limited impact on total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, but has contributed to a change in Pi forms. In the 0–20 cm soil layer, levels of the Olsen-P, non-occluded, Ca-bound, and total Pi were lower in the buffer than the cropped area; however, the Pi distribution between the cropped area and the buffer did not differ significantly as depth increased. The clay fraction corresponded to 57 % of TP and seemed to be both a sink for highly recalcitrant Pi and a source for labile Pi. The lower concentration of Pi forms in the silt and sand particle fraction in the surface soil was observed in the buffer area, which indicated that the Pi distribution in coarse particle fraction had sensitively responded to land use changes.
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Delgado, J. A., L. González-Garrido, and T. Martínez. "How deep must we dig? Sampling depth effects on root biomass assessments in Mediterranean riparian buffers." Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 146, no. 2 (June 2012): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2011.651506.
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Liu, Xiaobo, Kun Li, and Huizhi Ren. "A Hybrid Algorithm for the Permutation Flowshop Scheduling Problem without Intermediate Buffers." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/548363.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper deals with the permutation flowshop scheduling problem without intermediate buffers and presents a hybrid algorithm based on the scatter search and the variable neighborhood search. In the hybrid algorithm, the solutions with good quality and diversity are maintained by a reference set of scatter search, and the search at each generation starts from a solution generated from the reference set so as to improve the search diversity while guaranteeing the quality of the initial solution. In addition, a variable neighbourhood based on the notion of job-block is developed, and the neighbourhood size can adaptively change according to the construction of the job-block. Such a dynamic strategy can help to obtain a balance between search depth and diversity. Extensive experiments on benchmark problems are carried out and the results show that the proposed hybrid algorithm is powerful and competitive with the other powerful algorithms in the literature.
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Orozco-López, Enrique, and Rafael Muñoz-Carpena. "Comparative Non-Darcian Modeling of Subsurface Preferential Flow Experimental Observations in a Riparian Buffer." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 6 (2021): 1867–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14559.
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HighlightsHigh ecohydrological activity drives macropore prevalence in riparian buffers.An abundance of macropore flow (MF) was confirmed in a field riparian buffer in Kenya.Source-response (SR) and multilayer kinematic diffusive wave (MKDW) MF models are compared.A novel MKDW modeling framework efficiently identifies and predicts preferential flow in riparian buffers.Abstract. The significant ecohydrological activity typical of riparian buffers makes them potential hotspots of macropores, i.e., structured preferential flow pathways, through the soil vadose zone. The prevalence of these preferential pathways can allow transported contaminants to bypass the soil matrix and quickly reach a seasonal shallow water table and the adjacent surface waterbody. This quick transport can ultimately limit the role of riparian buffers for runoff pollution control. Currently, there are no management tools that incorporate macropore flow (MF) when assessing riparian buffer performance. The objective of this study was to experimentally quantify and mathematically simulate macropore flow and arrival time in a riparian buffer under field conditions. Three infiltration experiments were conducted with a grid of 20 time-domain transmission (TDT) dielectric soil moisture sensors along a field riparian buffer transect in Kenya to quantify the presence of macropore flow and to test two non-Darcian soil MF models, including the source-responsive (SR) model and the modified kinematic-dispersive wave (MKDW) model developed in this study, by adding a user-defined multilayer convection scheme and a new hysteresis function between water flux and content. The abundance of MF in the riparian buffer was corroborated experimentally. Modeling results showed that the MKDW model was an efficient (average NSE of 0.937 and 0.721 for calibration and testing, respectively), flexible, and robust method to identify and represent non-linear and non-sequential MF signals at any soil depth and antecedent conditions. The SR model was computationally inexpensive and provided good calibration results (NSE = 0.867) but required piecemeal recalibration of the travel time and maximum water content at each layer and yielded lower performance in testing. The Akaike (AIC) and Bayesian (BIC) information criteria showed that MKDW outperformed SR when accounting for the trade-off between model complexity and efficiency. The results support further research focused on independent characterization of model parameters at the field scale, and the inclusion of MKDW in holistic riparian buffer management and decision-support tools such as VFSmod. Keywords: Kinematic-dispersive wave, Macropore flow, Numerical modeling, Preferential flow, Riparian vadose zone.
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Baradet, T., J. W. Weisel, and L. D. Peachey. "A study of fibrin clot structure under various ionic conditions using stereoscopic IVEM images." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100085277.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fibrin clots are formed by the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin monomers which assemble to produce two-stranded protofibrils that aggregate to form fibers. These fibers may also aggregate laterally with other fibers to form larger fiber bundles. Investigations of fibrin clot structures under various ionic conditions using SEM showed dramatic differences in fiber morphology and clot structure. Fibrin clots formed under various ionic conditions were investigated by the examination of stereoscopic IVEM images. This technique provides greater depth discrimination and higher resolution images of clot ultrastructure. Details of fiber association and branching are of particular interest.Purified human fibrinogen was prepared at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml in 0.4M, 0.2M, and 0.05M buffers (0.05M Tris-HCI, pH 7.4, with 2mM CaCl2). Fibrinogen solutions were mixed with thrombin to a final concentration of 0.3U/ml and aiiquots placed onto Formvar and carbon coated grids. After clotting for 1 hr. at room temperature, clots were fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M Na-cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2, for 5 min. Grids were kept constantly moist to avoid collapse or syneresis.
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Casiraghi, Antonella, Giorgio Centin, Francesca Selmin, Claudia Picozzi, Paola Minghetti, and Davide Zanon. "Critical Aspects in the Preparation of Extemporaneous Flecainide Acetate Oral Solution for Paediatrics." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111963.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The availability of liquid oral preparations compounded by pharmacists is essential to meet paediatric needs which remain unanswered by the pharmaceutical industry. Unfortunately, compendial monographs are often not available and, in many cases, pre-formulation studies (e.g., compatibility with other excipients and solubility evaluations) are not performed in-depth, leading, in some rare cases, to the inadvertent administration of a toxic dose. In this study, the preparation of an oral liquid formulation for paediatric use, containing flecainide acetate at different strengths, was considered, taking into account the possible effects of conventionally used excipients. First, the optimal vehicle was selected based on a solubility study, evidencing some unexpected formations of precipitates. As a matter of fact, the buffers commonly used for oral solutions significantly reduced flecainide solubility, and the concomitant presence of citrate buffer and methylparaben even caused the formation of non-resuspendable crystals. Then, chemical, physical, and microbiological stability were assessed. Solutions at strengths of 10 and 20 mg/mL flecainide acetate were stable up to 8 weeks when compounded by using a 40% sucrose solution as a vehicle. Microbiological data showed that the use of methylparaben was not necessary over this time period.
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Swier, Stanley R., Alan Rollins, and Bryan Carney. "Comparison of Two Nematode Formulations for Black Turfgrass Ataenius Control, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.371.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This trial was conducted at Wentworth-By-The-Sea Country Club, New Castle, NH. All treatments were applied to a fairway on 15 Jul on 7 X 7 ft plots, 5 replicates per treatment, using an RCB design with 1 -ft buffers between plots. Treatments were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type CO2 boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads, fitted with a 50-mesh strainer and an 8004 fan-type nozzle. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/1000 ft2 delivered at 40 psi. The entire trial was irrigated with 1/2 inch of water immediately after application. Weather conditions at time of application were as follows: air temp, 72°F; sky, cloudy; wind, strong breeze. Soil conditions were as follows: surface temp, 70°F; at 1-inch depth, 71°F; at 2-inch depth, 71°F; texture, sandy loam; sand, 67%; silt, 27%; clay, 6%, soil pH, 6.0; dry matter, 74%; moisture, 26%; organic matter, 12%; thatch depth, 1/4 inch. The trial was rated on 5 Aug. A Ryan 12” sod cutter was used to cut a strip to a depth of 3/4 inch. A 1 ft2 piece of sod was pealed back, and live grubs were counted.
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Xiao, Guang Zhi, Jing Zhang, Xin Ping Li, and Heng Quan. "Preparation and Application of the Soda Substitute for Medium Temperature Reactive Dyestuffs." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2695.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Inorganic alkalis and pH stabilizers are employed to building a soda substitute MZ-M for dye fixing of medium temperature reactive dyestuffs. The influences of alkalis, buffers, alkalinity controller, additives and the ratio between them on its dye fixing properties are studied. Furthermore, the practicability of MZ-M for dye fixing of medium temperature reactive dyestuffs is appraised. The studies show that the dye depth K/S of samples treated with MZ-M is not less than the samples dye fixed with sodium carbonate, the color fastnesses are more than grade 4 and the dosage of MZ-M is only 8-10% of that of Na2CO3.
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Rago, P. B., and J. E. Ayers. "Mosaic Crystal Model for Dynamical X-Ray Diffraction from Step-Graded InxGa1-xAs and InxAl1-xAs/GaAs (001) Metamorphic Buffers and Device Structures." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 26, no. 03 (June 27, 2017): 1740019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156417400195.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper we apply a mosaic crystal model for dynamical x-ray diffraction to step-graded metamorphic semiconductor device structures containing dislocations. This model represents an extension of the previously-reported phase-invariant model, which is broadly applicable and serves as the basis for the x-ray characterization of metamorphic structures, allowing determination of the depth profiles of strain, composition, and dislocation density. The new model has more general applicability and is more appropriate for step-graded metamorphic device structures, which are of particular interest for high electron mobility transistors and light emitting diodes. Here we present the computational details of the mosaic crystal model and demonstrate its application to step-graded InxGa1-xAs/GaAs (001) and InxAl1-xAs/GaAs (001) metamorphic buffers and device structures.
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Mu, Mengyuan, Martin G. De Kauwe, Anna M. Ukkola, Andy J. Pitman, Weidong Guo, Sanaa Hobeichi, and Peter R. Briggs. "Exploring how groundwater buffers the influence of heatwaves on vegetation function during multi-year droughts." Earth System Dynamics 12, no. 3 (September 13, 2021): 919–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-919-2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The co-occurrence of droughts and heatwaves can have significant impacts on many socioeconomic and environmental systems. Groundwater has the potential to moderate the impact of droughts and heatwaves by moistening the soil and enabling vegetation to maintain higher evaporation, thereby cooling the canopy. We use the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) land surface model, coupled to a groundwater scheme, to examine how groundwater influences ecosystems under conditions of co-occurring droughts and heatwaves. We focus specifically on south-east Australia for the period 2000–2019, when two significant droughts and multiple extreme heatwave events occurred. We found groundwater plays an important role in helping vegetation maintain transpiration, particularly in the first 1–2 years of a multi-year drought. Groundwater impedes gravity-driven drainage and moistens the root zone via capillary rise. These mechanisms reduced forest canopy temperatures by up to 5 ∘C during individual heatwaves, particularly where the water table depth is shallow. The role of groundwater diminishes as the drought lengthens beyond 2 years and soil water reserves are depleted. Further, the lack of deep roots or stomatal closure caused by high vapour pressure deficit or high temperatures can reduce the additional transpiration induced by groundwater. The capacity of groundwater to moderate both water and heat stress on ecosystems during simultaneous droughts and heatwaves is not represented in most global climate models, suggesting that model projections may overestimate the risk of these events in the future.
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Swier, Stanley R., Alan Rollins, and Bryan Carney. "Efficacy of Four B.T., Japonica BUI BUI, Formulations on Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.371a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This trial was conducted at Amherst Country Club, Amherst, NH. The lawn was mowed at 1.5 inches and irrigated daily (0.1 inch). All treatments were applied on 19 Aug to 7 X 11 ft plots with 1-ft buffers, replicated 5 times in an RCB design. Liquid formulations were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type CO2 boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads fitted with a 50-mesh strainer and an 8004 fan-type nozzle. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/1000 ft2 delivered at 40 psi. Granular formulations were evenly dispersed using large plastic salt shakers. The surface of the turf was free of moisture (dew) at time of application. The plots were irrigated post-treatment with 0.4 in of water. Grubs were primarily 2nd instar. Weather conditions at time of application were as follows. Air, temp; 78°F; sky, clear; wind, moderate breeze. Soil conditions were as follows: surface temp, 80°F; at 1-inch depth, 76°F; at 2-inch depth, 75°F; soil pH, 5.6; texture, silt loam; sand, 50%; silt, 43%; clay, 7%; dry matter, 81%; moisture, 19%; organic matter, 5%. The trial was rated on 20 Sep using a Ryan 18-inch sod cutter to cut the plots to a depth of 3/4 inch. A 3 ft2 piece of sod was moved and live grubs counted.
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Swier, Stanley R., Alan Rollins, and Bryan Carney. "Control of Black Cutworm on a Bentgrass Nursery, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This trial was conducted at Amherst Country Club, Amherst, NH. All treatments were applied on 27 Sept to a bentgrass nursery. The treatments were laid out in an RCB design with 1 ft buffers between plots. All liquid formulations were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type CO2 boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads, fitted with a 50-mesh strainer and an 8004 fan-type nozzle. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/ 1000ft2 delivered at 40psi. Granular formulations were evenly dispersed using large plastic salt shakers. All granulars were irrigated with 1/2 inch of water. No liquid formulations were irrigated. BCW larvae were predominantly 4th instar. Weather conditions were as follows: air temp, 50°F; sky, cloudy; wind, calm. Soil conditions were as follows: surface temp, 55°F; at 1-inch depth, 53°F; at 2-inch depth, 53°F; texture, loam; sand, 60%; silt, 20%; clay, 20%; soil pH, 5.7; dry matter, 80%; moisture, 20%; organic matter, 4%. The trial was rated on 4 Oct by applying to each plot a mixture of Joy dish soap and water to force live larvae to the surface for counting.
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Shida, Kazuki, Shotaro Takeuchi, Yasuhiko Imai, Shigeru Kimura, Andreas Schulze, Matty Caymax, and Akira Sakai. "Tomographic Mapping Analysis in the Depth Direction of High-Ge-Content SiGe Layers with Compositionally Graded Buffers Using Nanobeam X-ray Diffraction." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 15 (April 10, 2017): 13726–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b01309.
Повний текст джерела
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Hosseini-Nezhad, Sara, Saba Safdar, and Lan Anh Nguyen Luu. "Longing for Independence, Yet Depending on Family Support: A Qualitative Analysis of Psychosocial Adaptation of Iranian International Students in Hungary." International Journal of Higher Education 8, no. 4 (July 25, 2019): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v8n4p164.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
International students experience psychosocial changes in response to their new environment, and their psychosocial adaptation is facilitated or hindered by various factors. This study aimed to examine the intercultural experiences of Iranian international students in Hungary. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 Iranian students in Budapest, Hungary, and a thematic analysis employed to discern and interpret themes within the data. The thematic analysis identified three overarching themes: (1) Sojourn’s Experience as Self-Growth, (2) Uncertainty in Intercultural Interactions, and (3) Striving for Autonomous-Related Self. The data reported that Iranian students experienced more happiness in Hungary than sadness, and their motivation to live independently in Hungary while depending on family support acted as buffers against any negative psychological feelings. The findings of this study underline the significance of independence and family support as the influencing factors for psychosocial adaptation of Iranian students.
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Swier, Stanley R., Alan Rollins, and Bryan Carney. "Comparison of Three Rates of a Growth Regulator on Black Cutworm, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.353a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Two trials were conducted at Amherst Country Club, Amherst, NH. In the first trial treatments were applied on 6 Sep to a bentgrass nursery and rated 13 Sep. In the second, treatments were applied 12 Sep and rate 19 Sep. The treatments were applied in an RCB design, 4 replicates per treatment, with 1 -ft buffers between plots. All treatments were applied with a 2-wheel bicycle-type CO2 boom sprayer, using four 8004 nozzles with 50-mesh screens. The volume of water and insecticide mix per plot was 2 gal/1000ft2 delivered at 40 psi. BCW larvae were predominantly 3rd-4th instar in the 1st trial and 1 st-2nd instar in the 2nd trial. Weather conditions were as follows: on 6 Sep, air temp, 81°F; sky, clear; wind, calm. Soil conditions were as follows: surface temp, 83°F; temp at 1-inch depth, 74°F; soil pH, 5.7; dry matter, 80%; moisture, 20%; organic matter, 4%; soil texture, loam; sand, 60%; silt, 20%; clay, 20%. On 12 Sep, air temp was 74°F; soil temp at surface was 71°F; at 1-inch depth, 69°F. The trials were rated for live larvae by soaking each plot with Joy dish soap and water to force larvae to the surface.
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Troldborg, Mads, Zisis Gagkas, Andy Vinten, Allan Lilly, and Miriam Glendell. "Probabilistic modelling of the inherent field-level pesticide pollution risk in a small drinking water catchment using spatial Bayesian belief networks." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 5 (March 9, 2022): 1261–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1261-2022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Pesticides are contaminants of priority concern that continue to present a significant risk to drinking water quality. While pollution mitigation in catchment systems is considered a cost-effective alternative to costly drinking water treatment, the effectiveness of pollution mitigation measures is uncertain and needs to be able to consider local biophysical, agronomic, and social aspects. We developed a probabilistic decision support tool (DST) based on spatial Bayesian belief networks (BBNs) that simulates inherent pesticide leaching risk to ground- and surface water quality to inform field-level pesticide mitigation strategies in a small (3.1 km2) drinking water catchment with limited observational data. The DST accounts for the spatial heterogeneity in soil properties, topographic connectivity, and agronomic practices; the temporal variability of climatic and hydrological processes; and uncertainties related to pesticide properties and the effectiveness of management interventions. The rate of pesticide loss via overland flow and leaching to groundwater and the resulting risk of exceeding a regulatory threshold for drinking water was simulated for five active ingredients. Risk factors included climate and hydrology (e.g. temperature, rainfall, evapotranspiration, and overland and subsurface flow), soil properties (e.g. texture, organic matter content, and hydrological properties), topography (e.g. slope and distance to surface water/depth to groundwater), land cover and agronomic practices, and pesticide properties and usage. The effectiveness of mitigation measures such as the delayed timing of pesticide application; a 10 %, 25 %, or 50 % reduction in the application rate; field buffers; and the presence/absence of soil pan on risk reduction were evaluated. Sensitivity analysis identified the month of application, the land use, the presence of buffers, the field slope, and the distance as the most important risk factors, alongside several additional influential variables. The pesticide pollution risk from surface water runoff showed clear spatial variability across the study catchment, whereas the groundwater leaching risk was uniformly low, with the exception of prosulfocarb. Combined interventions of a 50 % reduced pesticide application rate, management of the plough pan, delayed application timing, and field buffer installation notably reduced the probability of a high risk of overland runoff and groundwater leaching, with individual measures having a smaller impact. The graphical nature of BBNs facilitated interactive model development and evaluation with stakeholders to build model credibility, while the ability to integrate diverse data sources allowed a dynamic field-scale assessment of “critical source areas” of pesticide pollution in time and space in a data-scarce catchment, with explicit representation of uncertainties.
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Ortiz, Jorge, and David Andrews. "A Streaming High-Throughput Linear Sorter System with Contention Buffering." International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing 2011 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/963539.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Popular sorting algorithms do not translate well into hardware implementations. Instead, hardware-based solutions like sorting networks, systolic sorters, and linear sorters exploit parallelism to increase sorting efficiency. Linear sorters, built from identical nodes with simple control, have less area and latency than sorting networks, but they are limited in their throughput. We present a system composed of multiple linear sorters acting in parallel to increase overall throughput. Interleaving is used to increase bandwidth and allow sorting of multiple values per clock cycle, and the amount of interleaving and depth of the linear sorters can be adapted to suit specific applications. Contention for available linear sorters in the system is solved through the use of buffers that accumulate conflicting requests, dispatching them in bulk to reduce latency penalties. Implementation of this system into a field programmable gate array (FPGA) results in a speedup of 68 compared to a MicroBlaze processor running quicksort.
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Nigh, Gordon D., and Bobby A. Love. "Predicting crown class in three western conifer species." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 592–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-220.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Assessing the crown class (dominant, codominant, intermediate, suppressed) of a tree is a subjective procedure. Most definitions of crown class are based on the relative height of a tree and (or) the amount of light that is incident on the tree crown. With this research, we devised a classification scheme, based on easily measured tree variables, to assign a crown class to trees. Our data consisted of tree measurements, including crown class, from four stem-mapped 0.05-ha sample plots with buffers. The light model tRAYci was used to assess the light incident on each tree crown. These data gave us field-based and light-based assessments of crown class. The classification and regression tree technique with diameter at breast height (DBH), height, relative DBH, relative height, height to the crown base, and crown depth as variables was used to classify the trees. Accuracy rates of 91% and 82% were achieved for the field-based and light-based assessments of crown class, respectively.
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Rowland, S., and B. Cartwright. "Insecticide Evaluation for Corn Earworm Control on Sweet Corn, 1992." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.124a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract ‘Classic Touch’ sweet corn was seeded on 31 Mar at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C, Lane, OK. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plots were four rows wide, on 91 cm centers, by 6.7 m long with plants spaced 10-15 cm apart within rows. Two unplanted rows between plots served as spray buffers. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Thirty primary ears from the inner 4.9 m of each plot were selected for insect damage evaluation. Treatments were applied on 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17 and 19 Jun with a tractor-mounted PTO-driven air pressure sprayer calibrated at 95.8 liters per acre, three TX-10 nozzles per row were configured with one nozzle on each side of the row directed inward at the level of the silks and one nozzle above the tassels. Ears were harvested on 22 Jun and evaluated for CEW damage by measuring the depth of penetration from the tip of the ear. Ears were categorized according to USDA standards as undamaged, marketable (no damage beyond 38 mm from tip or 12.7 cm of ear undamaged after trimming) or unmarketable (damage beyond 38 mm from tip or ears less than 12.7 cm after trimming). An average penetration depth from the tip was also calculated.
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Muller-Borer, Barbara J., Hua Yang, Sayed A. M. Marzouk, John J. Lemasters, and Wayne E. Cascio. "pHi and pHo at different depths in perfused myocardium measured by confocal fluorescence microscopy." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 275, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): H1937—H1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.6.h1937.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Confocal microscopy and the H+-sensitive fluorophore carboxyseminaphthorhodafluor-1 (SNARF-1) were used to measure either intracellular pH (pHi) or extracellular pH (pHo) in isolated, arterially perfused rabbit papillary muscles. Single-excitation, dual-emission fluorescent images of the endocardial surface and underlying myocardium to a depth of 300 μm were simultaneously recorded from perfused cylindrical muscles suspended in a controlled atmosphere oriented oblique to the focal plane. Contraction was inhibited by the addition of butanedione monoxime. In separate muscles, pHo was measured during continuous perfusion of SNARF-1 free acid. pHi measurements were made after the muscle was loaded with SNARF-1/AM and the extracellular space was cleared of residual fluorophore. Initial experiments demonstrated the uniformity of ratiometric measurements as a function of pH, image depth, and fluorophore concentration, thereby establishing the potential feasibility of this method for quantitative intramural pH measurements. In subsequent experiments, the method was validated in isolated, arterially perfused rabbit papillary muscle during normal arterial perfusion and as pHi and pHo were altered by applying CO2 externally, exchanging HEPES and bicarbonate buffers, and changing pHi with NH4Cl washout. We conclude that in situ confocal fluorescent microscopy can measure pHi and pHo changes at the endocardial surface and deeper endocardial layers in arterially perfused ventricular myocardium. This method has the potential to study pHi regulation in perfused myocardium at boundaries where diffusion of gases, metabolites, and peptides are expected to modify processes that regulate pHi.
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Brietzke, Maria, and Krista Perreira. "Stress and Coping: Latino Youth Coming of Age in a New Latino Destination." Journal of Adolescent Research 32, no. 4 (March 31, 2016): 407–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743558416637915.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Previous research has linked stress to adverse mental health outcomes among Latino adolescents living in the United States. The mechanism through which this process operates continues to be explored, especially in regions of the country where Latin American immigrants and their children have only recently begun to migrate. Our study aimed to contextualize the processes of stress and coping among Latino adolescents growing up in an emerging Latino destination in the United States—North Carolina. All adolescents in our study were either the first- or second-generation children of immigrants from Latin American countries, including Colombia, El Salvador, Honduras, and Mexico. We used a longitudinal qualitative design, conducting in-depth interviews with 12 parent-adolescent dyads during each adolescent’s first year of high school (2006-2007) and approximately 4 years later (2009-2010). We identified four stress-coping trajectories that varied on the following dimensions: primary sources of stress, buffers countering these stressors, coping approaches, and the effects of these processes on adolescents’ striving for socioeconomic mobility. Our findings underscore the interplay between family, school, and community environments within an emerging Latino destination.
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Briedis, Karlis Martins, Abdelaziz Djelouah, Mark Meyer, Ian McGonigal, Markus Gross, and Christopher Schroers. "Neural frame interpolation for rendered content." ACM Transactions on Graphics 40, no. 6 (December 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3478513.3480553.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The demand for creating rendered content continues to drastically grow. As it often is extremely computationally expensive and thus costly to render high-quality computer-generated images, there is a high incentive to reduce this computational burden. Recent advances in learning-based frame interpolation methods have shown exciting progress but still have not achieved the production-level quality which would be required to render fewer pixels and achieve savings in rendering times and costs. Therefore, in this paper we propose a method specifically targeted to achieve high-quality frame interpolation for rendered content. In this setting, we assume that we have full input for every n -th frame in addition to auxiliary feature buffers that are cheap to evaluate (e.g. depth, normals, albedo) for every frame. We propose solutions for leveraging such auxiliary features to obtain better motion estimates, more accurate occlusion handling, and to correctly reconstruct non-linear motion between keyframes. With this, our method is able to significantly push the state-of-the-art in frame interpolation for rendered content and we are able to obtain production-level quality results.
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Muñoz-Carpena, Rafael, Claire Lauvernet, and Nadia Carluer. "Shallow water table effects on water, sediment, and pesticide transport in vegetative filter strips – Part 1: nonuniform infiltration and soil water redistribution." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 1 (January 5, 2018): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-53-2018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Vegetation buffers like vegetative filter strips (VFSs) are often used to protect water bodies from surface runoff pollution from disturbed areas. Their typical placement in floodplains often results in the presence of a seasonal shallow water table (WT) that can decrease soil infiltration and increase surface pollutant transport during a rainfall-runoff event. Simple and robust components of hydrological models are needed to analyze the impacts of WT in the landscape. To simulate VFS infiltration under realistic rainfall conditions with WT, we propose a generic infiltration solution (Shallow Water table INfiltration algorithm: SWINGO) based on a combination of approaches by Salvucci and Entekhabi (1995) and Chu (1997) with new integral formulae to calculate singular times (time of ponding, shift time, and time to soil profile saturation). The algorithm was tested successfully on five distinct soils, both against Richards's numerical solution and experimental data in terms of infiltration and soil moisture redistribution predictions, and applied to study the combined effects of varying WT depth, soil type, and rainfall intensity and duration. The results show the robustness of the algorithm and its ability to handle various soil hydraulic functions and initial nonponding conditions under unsteady rainfall. The effect of a WT on infiltration under ponded conditions was found to be effectively decoupled from surface infiltration and excess runoff processes for depths larger than 1.2 to 2 m, being shallower for fine soils and shorter events. For nonponded initial conditions, the influence of WT depth also varies with rainfall intensity. Also, we observed that soils with a marked air entry (bubbling pressure) exhibit a distinct behavior with WT near the surface. The good performance, robustness, and flexibility of SWINGO supports its broader use to study WT effects on surface runoff, infiltration, flooding, transport, ecological, and land use processes. SWINGO is coupled with an existing VFS model in the companion paper (Lauvernet and Muñoz-Carpena, 2018), where the potential effects of seasonal or permanent WTs on VFS sediment and pesticide trapping are studied.
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Rowland, S., and B. Cartwright. "Corn Earworm Control on Sweet Corn, 1992." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.124.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract ‘Maple Sweet’ cv. sweet corn was seeded on 15 May at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C, Lane, OK. Plots 5.8 m long by 4 rows wide were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Rows were spaced 91 cm apart and plants were spaced 10-15 cm apart within rows. Two unplanted rows between plots and 1.5 m within rows served as spray buffers. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied with a tractor mounted PTO-driven air pressure sprayer calibrated at 95.8 liters per acre. Six insecticide applications were made on a 3 x per week regime on the following dates: 9, 13, 15, 17, 20 and 22 Jul. Three TX-10 spray nozzles per row were suspended from the boom with one nozzle on each side of the row directed inward at the level of the silks and one nozzle above the row. Thirty primary ears from each plot were harvested on 24 Jul and evaluated for CEW damage. Each ear was categorized according to USDA standards as undamaged, marketable or unmarketable. Marketability was determined by measuring the depth of CEW penetration from the tip of the ear. Ears with no damage beyond 38 mm from the tip or at least 12.7 cm in length after trimming all damage from them were considered marketable. Ears were considered unmarketable if damage extended beyond 38 mm from the tip or if total undamaged length was less than 12.7 cm after trimming. Average penetration depth was also calculated.
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Zamperini, Camila A., and Ana K. Bedran-Russo. "Remineralization Potential of Mints Containing Bioactive Agents in Artificially Induced Root Caries." Caries Research 52, no. 4 (2018): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000485982.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study investigated the remineralization effect of experimental mint formulations containing bioactive agents (xylitol; green tea extract, GT; and amorphous calcium phosphate, ACP) in the progression of artificially induced root caries. Root caries lesions were induced by demineralization solution (pH 4.6; 96 h; 37°C). The lesions were treated with mint A, mint B, mint C, xylitol, GT, ACP, or remineralization solution (RS; negative control). Specimens were pH-cycled through treatments (5×/day; 3 min) and 6 cycles of acidic (pH 5.0; 30 min) and neutral (pH 7.0; 10 min) buffers for 8 days. Bacterial collagenase (Clostridium histolyticum) was used overnight to simulate proteolytic challenge. Caries depth and porosity as well as mineral density were estimated using fluorescence microscopy (n = 15) and microcomputed tomography (n = 6). Analysis of variance (ANOVA, α = 0.05) showed no statistically significant difference in caries depth among all groups (p = 0.172). The highest fluorescence intensity decrease was observed for GT followed by mint C, with no significant difference between them (p = 0.868). There were significant differences among GT and mints A, B, and C when compared to RS (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences in fluorescence intensity were observed among ACP, xylitol, and RS (p > 0.05). The mineral density of the lesions in GT, mints A, B, and C, and ACP was statistically similar (p > 0.05) and significantly higher than that in RS (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between xylitol and RS (p = 0.728). The experimental mints showed remineralization action on artificial root caries, and GT was found to be the main active ingredient in the investigated formulations.
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Zink, Klaus-Gerhard, André L. S. Furtado, Peter Casper, and Lorenz Schwark. "Organic matter composition in the sediment of three Brazilian coastal lagoons: district of Macaé, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 76, no. 1 (March 2004): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652004000100004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Freshwater lagoons comprise important coastal ecosystems and natural buffers between urbanized land areas and open ocean in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Studies of sediment and water chemistry, zooplankton and bacterial communities to assess the extent of anthropogenic disturbance are available. Here we contribute with an organic-geochemical approach supplemented by some microbiological aspects to complete the characterization of these lagoonal ecosystems. Bulk organic matter and extractable lipids (aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and fatty acids, sterols) were investigated from two locations per lagoon: at the seaward site and landward ends - and at two depth intervals (0-3 and 3-6 cm) per site. Urbanized Imboacica Lagoon received increased anthropogenic input over the most recent years represented by the topmost 3 cm of sediment, whereas deeper sediment layers are less affected by human influence. Eutrophication or nutrient availability favored enhanced algal/cyanobacterial growth. In remote Cabiúnas and Comprida Lagoons pristine conditions are preserved. Organic matter from vascular plants dominates (chain length of free lipids up to C36), which is exceptionally well preserved by acidic lagoonal waters. Differentiation between landward and seaward sites in these two lagoons is less well established due to much smaller surface/volume to catchment ratios. No anthropogenic influences are yet detectable in sediments of Cabiúnas and Comprida Lagoons.
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Ågren, A. M., W. Lidberg, M. Strömgren, J. Ogilvie, and P. A. Arp. "Evaluating digital terrain indices for soil wetness mapping – a Swedish case study." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2014): 4103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-4103-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Driving with forestry machines on wet soils within and near stream and lake buffers can cause soil disturbances, i.e. rutting and compaction. This – in turn – can lead to increased surface flow, thereby facilitating the leaking of unwanted substances into downstream environments. Wet soils in mires, near streams and lakes have particularly low bearing capacity and are more susceptible to rutting. It is important to model and map the extent of these areas and associated wetness variations. This can be done with adequate reliability using high resolution digital elevation model (DEM). In this article, we report on several digital terrain indices to predict soil wetness by wet-area locations. We varied the resolution of these indices to test what scale produces the best possible wet-areas mapping conformance. We found that topographic wetness index (TWI) and the newly developed cartographic depth-to-water index (DTW) were the best soil wetness predictors. While the TWI derivations were sensitive to scale, the DTW derivations were not and were therefore numerically fairly robust. Since the DTW derivations vary by the area threshold used for setting stream flow initiation we found that the optimal threshold values varied by landform, e.g., 1–2 ha for till-derived landforms vs. 8 –16 ha for a coarse-textured alluvial floodplain.
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Riccardi, Claudia, Domenica Musumeci, Chiara Platella, Rosa Gaglione, Angela Arciello, and Daniela Montesarchio. "Tuning the Polymorphism of the Anti-VEGF G-rich V7t1 Aptamer by Covalent Dimeric Constructs." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21061963.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the optimization process of nucleic acid aptamers, increased affinity and/or activity are generally searched by exploring structural analogues of the lead compound. In many cases, promising results have been obtained by dimerization of the starting aptamer. Here we studied a focused set of covalent dimers of the G-quadruplex (G4) forming anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) V7t1 aptamer with the aim of identifying derivatives with improved properties. In the design of these covalent dimers, connecting linkers of different chemical nature, maintaining the same polarity along the strand or inverting it, have been introduced. These dimeric aptamers have been investigated using several biophysical techniques to disclose the conformational behavior, molecularity and thermal stability of the structures formed in different buffers. This in-depth biophysical characterization revealed the formation of stable G4 structures, however in some cases accompanied by alternative tridimensional arrangements. When tested for their VEGF165 binding and antiproliferative activity in comparison with V7t1, these covalent dimers showed slightly lower binding ability to the target protein but similar if not slightly higher antiproliferative activity on human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. These results provide useful information for the design of improved dimeric aptamers based on further optimization of the linker joining the two consecutive V7t1 sequences.
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Anderson, John E., Lijian Tan, and Don Wang. "Time-reversal checkpointing methods for RTM and FWI." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): S93—S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0114.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Time-domain seismic simulation can form the basis of reverse time depth migration and full-waveform inversion. These applications need to temporally crosscorrelate a forward simulation state with an adjoint simulation state and therefore need to be able to access each time step of a forward simulation in time-reverse order. This requires saving all forward states for all times (which can require more memory than is typically available on a computer system for many problems of interest), or the ability to checkpoint information and rapidly recompute forward simulation states as needed. Prior work has suggested how to do the latter by optimally choosing which forward simulation time steps to checkpoint, thereby enabling the most efficient reuse of memory buffers and minimizing recomputation. The optimal trade-off between memory usage and recomputation can be further improved under the assumption that the information needed to do temporal crosscorrelation is smaller than the information required to restart a simulation from a given time step. This assumption is true for many geophysical problems of interest. The modification can yield a reduction in the memory requirement and recomputation time. The tested examples applied to isotropic elastic reverse time migration and anisotropic viscoelastic full-waveform inversion.
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Ågren, A. M., W. Lidberg, M. Strömgren, J. Ogilvie, and P. A. Arp. "Evaluating digital terrain indices for soil wetness mapping – a Swedish case study." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 9 (September 12, 2014): 3623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3623-2014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Trafficking wet soils within and near stream and lake buffers can cause soil disturbances, i.e. rutting and compaction. This – in turn – can lead to increased surface flow, thereby facilitating the leaking of unwanted substances into downstream environments. Wet soils in mires, near streams and lakes have particularly low bearing capacity and are therefore more susceptible to rutting. It is therefore important to model and map the extent of these areas and associated wetness variations. This can now be done with adequate reliability using a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM). In this article, we report on several digital terrain indices to predict soil wetness by wet-area locations. We varied the resolution of these indices to test what scale produces the best possible wet-areas mapping conformance. We found that topographic wetness index (TWI) and the newly developed cartographic depth-to-water index (DTW) were the best soil wetness predictors. While the TWI derivations were sensitive to scale, the DTW derivations were not and were therefore numerically robust. Since the DTW derivations vary by the area threshold for setting stream flow initiation, we found that the optimal threshold values for permanently wet areas varied by landform within the Krycklan watershed, e.g. 1–2 ha for till-derived landforms versus 8–16 ha for a coarse-textured alluvial floodplain.
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Tsabaris, Christos, Effrosini G. Androulakaki, Dionisis L. Patiris, Fotis Maragos, Georgios Eleftheriou, Filothei K. Pappa, Stylianos Alexakis, Michael Kokkoris, and Roza Vlastou. "GeoMAREA: A Gamma‐ray spectrometer for in‐situ marine environmental applications." HNPS Proceedings 27 (April 17, 2020): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.3012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A new medium resolution (based on a 2″x2″CeBr3 crystal) gamma-ray spectrometer named “GeoMAREA” was developed and applied for measuring radioactivity in aquatic environments. The system is capable for qualitative and quantitative measurement of radionuclides in aquatic environments with maximum depth of deployment up to 600 m. A special software is developed to fulfill different demands of the end-users in order to: a) provide real time data using the cable mode, b) perform communication tasks with a data center transferring (near) real time data, c) provide time series in sequential buffers for continuous monitoring in a stand-alone mode and d) provide profile data and subsequently maps using mobile vehicles (underway mode). The spectrometer was calibrated first using point sources for energy, energy resolution and efficiency. The system offers activity concentrations of all detected gamma-ray emitters in Bq/m3 using the marine efficiency calibration, which is reproduced via the MCNPX code [1]. Two experimental points were used for validation of the theoretical estimation obtained by two reference sources (137Cs and 40K) diluted in a water-filled tank. Currently, GeoMAREA is deployed in a closed aquatic system where groundwater discharges (Anavalos, Kiveri, Greece). A first estimation of the intrinsic background of the crystal at the emission energy area of 40K is estimated. Additionally, an inter-comparison exercise with the low resolution system KATERINA II [2], is also described.
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Struyf, E., W. Opdekamp, H. Backx, S. Jacobs, D. J. Conley, and P. Meire. "Vegetation and proximity to the river control amorphous silica storage in a riparian wetland (Biebrza National Park, Poland)." Biogeosciences 6, no. 4 (April 23, 2009): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-623-2009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Wetlands can modify and control nutrient fluxes between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, yet little is known of their potential as biological buffers and sinks in the biogeochemical silica cycle. We investigated the storage of amorphous silica (ASi) in a central-European riparian wetland. The variation in storage of ASi in the soil of an undisturbed wetland was significantly controlled by two factors: dominance of sedges and grasses and distance to the river (combined (R2=78%). Highest ASi storage was found near the river and in sites with a dominance of grasses and sedges, plants which are well known to accumulate ASi. The management practice of mowing reduced the amount of variation attributed to both factors (R2=51%). Although ASi concentrations in soils were low (between 0.1 and 1% of soil dry weight), ASi controlled the availability of dissolved silica (DSi) in the porewater, and thus potentially the exchange of DSi with the nearby river system through both diffusive and advective fluxes. A depth gradient in ASi concentrations, with lower ASi in the deeper layers, indicates dissolution. Our results show that storage and recycling of ASi in wetland ecosystems can differ significantly on small spatial scales. Human management interferes with the natural control mechanisms. Our study demonstrates that wetlands have the potential to modify the fluxes of both DSi and ASi along the land-ocean continuum and supports the hypothesis that wetlands are important ecosystems in the biogeochemical cycling of silica.
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Struyf, E., W. Opdekamp, H. Backx, S. Jacobs, D. J. Conley, and P. Meire. "Vegetation and proximity to the river control amorphous silica storage in a riparian wetland (Biebrza National Park, Poland)." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 1 (January 15, 2009): 895–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-895-2009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Wetlands can modify and control nutrient fluxes between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, yet little is known of their potential as biological buffers and sinks in the biogeochemical silica cycle. We investigated the storage of amorphous silica (ASi) in a central-European riparian wetland. The variation in storage of ASi in the soil of an undisturbed wetland was significantly controlled by two factors: dominance of sedges and grasses and distance to the river (combined R2=78%). Highest ASi storage was found near the river and in sites with a dominance of grasses and sedges, plants which are well known to accumulate ASi. The management practice of mowing reduced the amount of variation attributed to both factors (R2=51%). Although ASi concentrations in soils were low (between 0.1 and 1% of soil dry weight), ASi controlled the availability of dissolved silica (DSi) in the porewater, and thus potentially the exchange of DSi with the nearby river system through both diffusive and advective fluxes. A depth gradient in ASi concentrations, with lower ASi in the deeper layers, indicates dissolution. Our results show that storage and recycling of ASi in wetland ecosystems can differ significantly on small spatial scales. Human management interferes with the natural control mechanisms. Our study demonstrates that wetlands have the potential to modify the fluxes of both DSi and ASi along the land-ocean continuum and supports the hypothesis that wetlands are important ecosystems in the biogeochemical cycling of silica.
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Freedman, B., V. Zelazny, D. Beaudette, T. Fleming, G. Johnson, S. Flemming, J. S. Gerrow, G. Forbes, and S. Woodley. "Biodiversity implications of changes in the quantity of dead organic matter in managed forests." Environmental Reviews 4, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 238–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a96-013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dead organic matter is an important structural and functional element in natural forests, but its quantity, quality, and spatial distribution are greatly modified by intensive harvesting and management through forestry. From the perspective of conflicts with biodiversity, the most important changes are associated with reductions in the abundance of snags, cavity trees, and coarse-woody debris, all of which are well known as critical habitat elements for a wide range of indigenous species. Changes in the depth and quality of the forest floor of managed stands are also important for some species and guilds of wildlife. Resolution of this conflict between forestry and biodiversity will require the design and implementation of management systems that accommodate the critical habitat qualities associated with dead organic matter, particularly with large-dimension deadwood and cavities. This goal may be most effectively achieved by an integrated strategy that involves (i) basing forest-management planning on shifting-mosaic habitat models of stand harvesting and replacement, designed to ensure a continuous availability of sufficient areas of stands old enough to sustain habitat features associated with dead organic matter, along with (ii) the provision of protected areas of mature and older growth forest, associated with riparian buffers, deer yards, and nonharvested ecological reserves and other kinds of protected areas. The protected areas are necessary to accommodate those elements of biodiversity that cannot tolerate the conditions of managed stands.Key words: biodiversity, managed forests, plantations, old-growth forests, coarse-woody debris, cavity trees, snags.
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Van Heugten, Kate, and Elizabeth Wilson. "Witnessing intimate partner violence: Review of the literature on coping in young persons." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 20, no. 3 (July 17, 2017): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol20iss3id342.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since the mid 1980s, there has been increasing concern about the impact that witnessing intimate partner violence (also commonly known as domestic violence or spouse abuse) has on children and young persons. In an article published in Social Work Review in 1994, Pamela Millen reviewed the international literature on children who witness such abuse and reported on strategies for intervening to ameliorate the negative consequences. This article updates her literature review, attending in particular to strengths-based and ecological perspectives that have emerged over the ensuing 15 years.Social work research and literature on dealing with trauma has come to increasingly emphasise resilience (the capacity to bounce back from adversity), protective factors (buffers against the effects of trauma) and coping (managing difficulties). This focus on resilience is also encouraging a closer look at the perspectives of survivors, including survivors of childhood abuse. In-depth qualitative research has been undertaken with children and young people in order to gain a better understanding of their perspectives and coping strategies for dealing with the challenges of living with intimate partner violence, including their use of resources in the environment. Meanwhile, quantitative research has looked at relationships between a wider array of variables, raising questions about previous simple ‘cause and effect’ conclusions about the impact of intimate partner violence on children and young people. Research and literature that specifically address issues for young persons as differentiated from children remains scant.
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Vail, Kenneth E., David E. Reed, Elizabeth A. Goncy, Talea Cornelius, and Donald Edmondson. "Anxiety Buffer Disruption: Self-Evaluation, Death Anxiety, and Stressor Appraisals Among Low and High Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Samples." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 39, no. 5 (May 2020): 353–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2020.39.5.353.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective: Research driven by terror management theory suggests sociocultural anxiety-buffer systems typically protect against existential anxiety, whereas anxiety buffer disruption theory suggests traumatic experiences may disrupt that process. Method: Following posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptom screening (n = 4097), individuals with low (n = 149) and high (n = 120) PTS engaged in either negative or positive self-evaluations, then reported death anxiety and appraised life's stressors as negative/threatening or positive/challenging. Results: When low PTS participants contemplated their worst (vs. best) selves, they experienced moderately heightened death anxiety yet appraised life's stressors as more positive/challenging than harmful/threatening, reflecting effective existential anxiety buffers. However, high PTS participants reported high death anxiety in both the best-self and worst-self conditions—indicating anxiety buffer disruption—and the worst-self (vs. best self) prompt increased their appraisal of life's stresses as a harmful threat and decreased appraisal as positive/challenging opportunities for growth and well-being. Discussion: Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.
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Carrera, Germán, Amparo Gil, Javier Segura, and Bernat Soria. "Software for simulating calcium-triggered exocytotic processes." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 292, no. 2 (February 2007): C749—C755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00082.2006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We describe a software package for the simulation of exocytotic events from readily releasable pools of secretory vesicles in neuroendocrine cells and presynaptic terminals. The visual package Ca3D_Exolab simulates the entry of Ca2+ through the calcium channels, the kinetic reactions of calcium with buffers, the diffusion of calcium and mobile buffers, and the kinetic reactions of calcium with the secretory vesicles. The location of both channels and secretory vesicles can be set by using a graphical interface. Calcium and buffer concentrations at different depths from the cellular membrane and capacitance time courses are obtained as outputs. The software package also provides a descriptive statistical data analysis of the different output data.
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Lott, Anthony F., Roy Smither, and David R. Vaughan. "Antibiotic Identification by High Voltage Electrophoresis Bioautography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 5 (September 1, 1985): 1018–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.5.1018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The high voltage electrophoresis bioautography method is applicable to meat, milk, and animal feeds. Meat is freeze-dried, powdered, and extracted with acetonitrile-water (9 + 1), and the extract is concentrated by evaporation at room temperature. Milk is examined directly or following acetonitrile-water extraction. Feed is extracted with acetonitrile- water. Samples or extracts are applied to preliminary assay plates of antibiotic medium No. 1 at pH 6 and 8, seeded with Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341), M. luteus DHSR (ATCC 9341A), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), or B. cereus K250 TR (NCIB 11183), and nutrient agar at pH 7 seeded with B. subtilis BGA. Inactivation of penicillinase indicates beta-Iactam antibiotics. Addition of trimethoprim increases sensitivity to sulfonamides. After 18-24 h incubation at 30°C, plates yielding clear inhibition zones guide selection of conditions for subsequent electrophoresis bioautography. Extracts are applied (5-100 |xL) to 10 mm diameter wells on electrophoresis plates 60 cm long and 40 cm wide, with a gel depth of 1.6 mm. The support medium is 1% agar and 1 % agarose in Tris/succinic acid buffers pH 6 and pH 8. A potential of 1500 V is applied for 1.5 h at 15°C. Following electrophoresis, the migrated antibiotics are visualized by over-layering with antibiotic medium No. 1, pH 6 or 8, seeded with M. luteus or B. cereus spore suspension; plates are incubated for 18-24 h at 30°C. Identification is based on results of preliminary screening together with electrophoretic migration distances and inhibition zone appearances compared with standards
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Yang, Jiayan, and Lawrence J. Pratt. "On the Effective Capacity of the Dense-Water Reservoir for the Nordic Seas Overflow: Some Effects of Topography and Wind Stress." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 418–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-087.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The overflow of the dense water mass across the Greenland–Scotland Ridge (GSR) from the Nordic Seas drives the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The Nordic Seas is a large basin with an enormous reservoir capacity. The volume of the dense water above the GSR sill depth in the Nordic Seas, according to previous estimates, is sufficient to supply decades of overflow transport. This large capacity buffers overflow’s responses to atmospheric variations and prevents an abrupt shutdown of the AMOC. In this study, the authors use a numerical and an analytical model to show that the effective reservoir capacity of the Nordic Seas is actually much smaller than what was estimated previously. Basin-scale oceanic circulation is nearly geostrophic and its streamlines are basically the same as the isobaths. The vast majority of the dense water is stored inside closed geostrophic contours in the deep basin and thus is not freely available to the overflow. The positive wind stress curl in the Nordic Seas forces a convergence of the dense water toward the deep basin and makes the interior water even more removed from the overflow-feeding boundary current. Eddies generated by the baroclinic instability help transport the interior water mass to the boundary current. But in absence of a robust renewal of deep water, the boundary current weakens rapidly and the eddy-generating mechanism becomes less effective. This study indicates that the Nordic Seas has a relatively small capacity as a dense water reservoir and thus the overflow transport is sensitive to climate changes.
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Tangen, Brian A., and Mark T. Wiltermuth. "Prairie Pothole Region Wetlands and Subsurface Drainage Systems: Key Factors for Determining Drainage Setback Distances." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 9, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/092017-jfwm-076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Use of agricultural subsurface drainage systems in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America continues to increase, prompting concerns over potential negative effects to the Region's vital wetlands. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service protects a large number of wetlands through conservation easements that often utilize standard lateral setback distances to provide buffers between wetlands and drainage systems. Because of a lack of information pertaining to the efficacy of these setback distances for protecting wetlands, information is required to support the decision making for placement of subsurface drainage systems adjacent to wetlands. We used qualitative graphical analyses and data comparisons to identify characteristics of subsurface drainage systems and wetland catchments that could be considered when assessing setback distances. We also compared setback distances with catchment slope lengths to determine if they typically exclude drainage systems from the catchment. We demonstrated that depth of a subsurface drainage system is a key factor for determining drainage setback distances. Drainage systems located closer to the surface (shallow) typically could be associated with shorter lateral setback distances compared with deeper systems. Subsurface drainage systems would be allowed within a wetland's catchment for 44–59% of catchments associated with wetland conservation easements in North Dakota. More specifically, results suggest that drainage setback distances generally would exclude drainage systems from catchments of the smaller wetlands that typically have shorter slopes in the adjacent upland contributing area. For larger wetlands, however, considerable areas of the catchment would be vulnerable to drainage that may affect wetland hydrology. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service easements are associated with > 2,000 km2 of wetlands in North Dakota, demonstrating great potential to protect these systems from drainage depending on policies for installing subsurface drainage systems on these lands. The length of slope of individual catchments and depth of subsurface drainage systems could be considered when prescribing drainage setback distances and assessing potential effects to wetland hydrology. Moreover, because of uncertainties associated with the efficacy of standard drainage setback distances, exclusion of subsurface drainage systems from wetland catchments would be ideal when the goal is to protect wetlands.