Дисертації з теми "Dépôt solide de NaCl"
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Curnis, Agathe. "Évolution métallurgique et corrosion à haute température de matériaux à gradient de composition élaborés par procédé Laser Metal Deposition - powder." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCK018.
Повний текст джерелаCompositionally graded materials offer numerous advantages, including the ability to locally adjust the material composition to adapt it to service conditions while minimizing the risks of incompatibilities between materials. This thesis work focused on the development of a compositionally graded material system using the Laser Metal Deposition-powder process, starting from a low-alloy steel substrate to alloy 625. As this multi-material system is expected to exhibit good high-temperature corrosion resistance, its behavior in an air atmosphere at 800°C and 650°C, with and without a NaCl solid deposit, was studied.Characterization of the as-built compositionally gradient system revealed various microstructures and phases depending on the regions of the gradient. Metallurgical evolutions were highlighted during aging at 800°C, particularly in alloy 625 with the precipitation of the δ phase.The oxidation resistance of the system was studied in an air atmosphere at 800°C for up to 2 500 h. Parabolic kinetics related to the formation of a protective Cr2O3 layer were highlighted. The presence of a NaCl deposit catastrophically accelerated the degradation of alloy 625. In this case, the corrosion scale was thick, highly cracked or spalled and mainly composed of NiO, Cr2O3, and (Ni,Cr,Fe)3O4. The metal region at the interface with the oxide layer was severely damaged, especially by the formation of an interconnected voids network allowing the rapid diffusion of chlorinated species in the active oxidation mechanism occurring under these conditions. In comparison, at 650°C, material degradation with a NaCl deposit was significantly slowed, with a thinner corrosion scale, and a less damaged substrate. Differences in behavior between the two temperatures can be understood through differences in microstructural characteristics and the volatility of metal chlorides."
Ammar, Rachid. "Etude des réactions atmosphériques photoinduites à l'interface air/solide : application au dépôt urbain." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00866315.
Повний текст джерелаAmmar, Rachid. "Etude des réactions atmosphériques photoinduites à l’interface air/solide : application au dépôt urbain." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10028/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe atmosphere contains a wide variety of solid and liquid particles, named Aerosol. These particles can affect the radiatif balance, air quality in urban environment and can change the composition of the atmosphere. The atmospheric gas phase can react with the vegetation and the buildings containing the urban grime. This work is focused on the investigations of the heterogeneous chemistry between atmospheric gas phase and the urban grime. The aim of the present work is to study the effect of the irradiation on the heterogeneous kinetic of NO2 on pur organic films (pyrene, fluoranthene, phenanthrene) and on organic/inorganic films (pyrene/KNO3, pyrene/Fe2O3, pyrene/KNO3/Fe2O3) as a first attempt to simulate the complexity of the urban grime. A coated flow tube reactor coupled with a NOx analyzer is used to study this kinetic. This work demonstrates the effect of solar radiation on the heterogeneous reaction between gasphase NO2 and the urban grime. The uptake coefficient calculated is a function of the initial NO2 concentration, the relative humidity and the irradiation intensity. We identified after this reaction the formation of nitrous acid and nitric oxide, nitrite ions and 1‐nitropyrene.The nitrous acid is an important compound which dissociates to form the hydroxyl radical and can promote the ozone formation. The results discussed herein suggest that PAHcontaining urban grime on windows and buildings may be a key player in urban air pollution
Berthaud, Maxime. "Étude du comportement de l'alliage de titane Ti6242S à haute température sous atmosphères complexes : applications aéronautiques." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK035/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe use of titanium alloys in many applications (transport, energy, chemistry,...) allows significant weight savings in relation to the good mechanical properties/density ratio of these materials. Since titanium alloys are employed at high temperatures (T>500°C), their behavior in such conditions has to be studied in severe conditions in order to understand degradation mechanisms. Moreover, some specific conditions can be met during application, like thermal cycling, water vapour or presence of salts. These parameters are known to influence oxidation behavior of titanium alloys.In this thesis work, oxidation behavior of an aeronautics titanium alloy (Ti6242S) has been studied in air and moist air at 560°C. The effect of solid salt deposits (NaCl and/or Na2SO4) on the oxidation behavior of Ti6242S alloy has also been taken into account. Ti6242S samples were oxidized at 560°C for oxidation times up to 19 000 hours with or without solid salt deposits. NaCl deposit resulted in an important deterioration of Ti6242S alloy behavior at this temperature. Oxygen dissolution in the metal was no longer observed compared to ageing in air, but internal oxidation of the alloy could be evidenced, and cracks were observed deeply into the metallic substrate after oxidation. The corrosion resistance decrease in such conditions was attributed to the presence of chlorine and formation of volatile metallic chlorides due to the presence of NaCl. A degradation mechanism based on active oxidation of Ti6242S alloy exposed to NaCl salt was proposed. The second salt deposit tested consisted in a mixed NaCl/Na2SO4 salt deposit. The harmful effect of this salt deposit on the oxidation behavior of Ti6242S alloy was lower than that of a simple NaCl deposit.Mechanical properties of Ti6242S alloy exposed to solid salt deposits at 560°C were then studied. A simple oxidation in air for 100 hours without salt deposit resulted in an important loss of ductility of the tested samples due to the presence of oxygen solid solution into the metal. The same oxidation time caused an even more important loss of ductility for the samples covered by NaCl deposits. In this case, sample failure occurred at the end of the elastic deformation domain. Elastic modulus and yield strength were also strongly decreased. Mixed NaCl/Na2SO4 deposit exhibited a lower impact on the mechanical properties of the oxidized Ti6242S sample, in accordance with the lower reactivity of Ti6242S alloy with this type of salt deposit. Mechanisms explaining Ti6242S alloy mechanical behavior in such conditions were explained in this thesis work
Mastouri, Wejdene. "Caractérisation croisée de la double couche électrique se développant à l'interface solide/liquide (304L/NaCl) pour différents états de surface." Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT2305/document.
Повний текст джерелаWhen a metal is immersed in an electrolyte, a charge distribution is created at the interface and a potential is set up across the two phases. The separation between charges give rise to what are known as electric double layers (EDL). Compared to the usual solid/liquid interfaces investigated in the literature, this study is dedicated to the EDL at the stainless steel 304L / passive film / NaCl (0.01M) interface by combining electrochemical, electrical and physical methods. First, a methodology has been set up to characterise the EDL by the electrochemical methods: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Both the effective capacity and the surface charge density were evaluated. Then, several parameters were investigated such as the electrolyte concentration, the applied potential and the influence on the EDL of the surface preparation. The results showed that the double layer capacitance depends mainly on the concentration of the electrolyte and on the applied potential. The roughness seems to have a poor influence on the measured capacitance. Various physico-chemical analysis were performed in order to characterise the passive films formed at the surface: no significant difference could have been evidence between the surfaces before and after immersion. Finally, the volume charge density was also determined by the liquid flow electrification measurement. Whatever the characterization techniques used (EIS, CV or flow electrification), the same trend was observed with regard to the influence of the concentration on the characteristics of the EDL
Hallot, Maxime. "Micro-batteries tout solide en technologie Li-ion sur substrats Silicium planaires et tridimensionnels pour objets connectés." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I115.
Повний текст джерелаMiniaturized sensors for Internet of Things (IoT) application is in expansion since the last 10 years. All solid-state lithium-ion battery is a promising candidate. Nevertheless, in spite of high technological readiness level, planar micro-batteries suffer from a lack of energy density meaning that it is necessary to develop new architectures to fullfill the performances requirements. 3D structures is needed for such application and this work is focused on the synthesis of positives electrodes with high storage capacity and high operating voltage by Atomic layer deposition (ALD). In the frame of this work,we will rely structurals and electrochemicals properties by differents characterisations techniques for batteries materials
Assaf, Bassam. "Etude du dépôt de micro particules par thermophorèse pour un écoulement laminaire entre deux plaques planes parallèles." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10007.
Повний текст джерелаThis work is an experimental and theoretical contribution to the study of the deposits of microparticles by thermophoresis for a laminar flow between two parallel flat plates. After a theoretical approach of the phenomenon, we study in experiments the deposit of microparticles of sodium chloride generated by pulverization in air circulates between two flat plates separated by 0,005 m. The thermal gradient between the two plates is 26000 K. M-1. The air flow rate is chooses so that the flow is laminar. We propose three models (two analytical models and a numerical model) to estimate the thermophoretic efficiency of the particles deposit. With our operating conditions, the experimental efficiency is low, the values are compatible with the values estimated by the numerical model which represents better the thermohydraulics of the gas phase in the deposit zone
Dhalluin, Florian. "Nanofils de Silicium : Dépôt chimique en phase vapeur assisté par catalyseurs métalliques et prémices d'intégration." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10066.
Повний текст джерелаMicroelectronics has its back to the wall. One of the possible ways to pursue its development is the “bottomup” approach, whose philosophy can be enounced as follows : “grow the device you want where you want”. The unidimensionnal structures, and more precisely the semiconductor nanowires, belong to this topic. In the present manuscript, we study the growth of silicon nanowires by metallic particles assisted chemical vapor deposition. First of all, we study the growth of silicon nanowires with gold as catalyst and silane as precursor gas, via the vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism (VLS). We are more particularly interested in the impact of the growth parameters (reactant gas partial pressure, temperature, deposition time, catalyst size) on the nanowires morphology and their growth kinetics. The addition of HCl to the reactant mixture is investigated. In a second time, we focus on the growth of branched nanostructures. First, an experimental approach coupled with a thermodynamic one, has enabled us to determine the necessary condition to the growth of the nanobranches (and nanowires) of small diameters (i. E. < 10 nm), by VLS. Then we present the growth of these branched structures obtained at temperature going down to 100 °C below the macroscopic eutectic of the Au-Si system. Since gold is an undesirable material for many microelectronics applications, due to the fact it induces deep level traps in silicon, we have investigated the growth of Si NWs using CMOS compatible catalysts: metallic silicide particles (platinum, nickel and palladium silicides). In this case, the Si NWs grow via the vapor-solid-solid growth mechanism. Finally, we give some examples of technological integration, with the growth of localized Si NWs fields, and the realization of Si NWs based MOSFET-like devices, which have been electrically caracterized
Dhalluin, Florian. "Nanofils de Silicium : Dépôt chimique en phase vapeur assisté par catalyseurs métalliques et prémices d'intégration." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00495316.
Повний текст джерелаQuertite, Khalid. "Silicene growth on insulating ultra-thin film of NaCl." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS467.
Повний текст джерелаSilicene, the silicon-based analog of graphene which has a two-dimensional (2D) structure. It is expected to have attractive electronic properties such as massless Dirac fermions and high electron mobility. The existence of silicene has been shown recently on noble metal substrates such as Ag and Au. The results present strong interactions between the silicene adlayer and the metallic substrate which destroy the intrinsic electronic properties of silicene. In order to solve this problem, we propose in this work to explore other potential substrates that have weaker interactions with silicene. We studied the growth of a 2D silicon layer on insulating NaCl thin film. Indeed, Alkali metal halides such as NaCl offer a great solution as an alternative surface because they behave as a dielectric layer, allowing characterization of silicene material. We studied the structural and electronic properties of 2D silicon layer grown on a NaCl film deposited over Ag(110) substrate. A combined experimental investigation was performed with a large number of techniques which are used in surface science such as: low energy electron diffraction (LEED), auger electron spectroscopy (AES), scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS), extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). The adsorption of silicon atoms on NaCl films reveals the existence of a 2D silicon sheet adlayer with a highly ordered honeycomb-like structure. The silicon ad-layer has weak interactions with the substrate and it mimics the structure of silicene. Finally, preliminary experiments on the growth of silicene on dissociated NaCl films are presented. The effect of electron irradiation on the NaCl film and initial ARPES measurement on the silicone intercalated-Na atoms system are presented
Klein, Jean-Marie. "Optimisation d'une cellule élementaire de SOFC pour un fonctionnement en reformage interne progressif sans dépôt de carbone." Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0161.
Повний текст джерелаLn recent years, fuel cell technology has attracted considerable attention from several fields of scientific research. Fuel cells are highly efficient in terms of energy conversion. They emit little noise, and are non¬polluting. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) development is particularly import~nt for stationary applications due to their high operating temperature (800-1000°C). Natural gas appears to be a fuel of great interest for SOFC systems. The principal component of natural gas is methane, which can be converted into hydrogen by Direct Internai Reforming (DIR) within the SOFC anode. Unfortunately, internai steam reforming in SOFC leads to inhomogeneous temperature distributions according to the endothermicity of this reaction and the exothermicity of the electrochemical processes. This results in thennal induced stresses and may lead to mechanical failure of the cermet anode. To avoid this problem, Graduai Internai Reforming (GIR) can be used. GIR is based on local coupling between steam reforming and hydrogen oxidation. The steam required for the reforming reaction is obtained by the hydrogen oxidation. However, with GIR, Boudouard and cracking reactions can involve a risk of carbon formation. To cope with carbon formation a new cell configuration is studied. This configuration combines a catalyst layer (0. 1 %Ir-CeOz) with a classical anode, allowing GIR without coking. This study proposes simulations, using the CFD software package developed by CFD Research Corporation, of the behavior of a planar SOFC using GIR. A thermodynamic study based on the partial pressure distributions in the cell is carried out to investigate the occurrence of carbon forn1ation. Based on these simulation results a planar SOFC has been developed and experimental tests have been done. Polarization curves were established for many ratios CHJHzO. The various behaviors of the cell were analysed by impedance spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Finally the cell was tested for 120 hours under pure methane. As expected, the current density was higher with CHJH20 mixtures than with hydrogen and was finally found to increase with the CH4/HzO ratio. A stable operation of the cell was finally observed during 120 hours, which tends to prove the viability of the GIR without coking in this new cell configuration
Chen, Bowei. "Détection du facteur d'encrassement par onde de coda ultrasonore lors de la contamination et le nettoyage d'un substrat solide." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019VALE0016.
Повний текст джерелаFouling of equipment occurs in many industrial sectors. For example, contamination of surfaces in contact with foodstuff, caused by fouling, causes considerable economic losses and increases public health risks. The cleaning of the fouled surface is generally carried out using highly polluting chemicals. Therefore, it is important to develop devices to monitor the formation / removal of fouling on these surfaces (without disrupting production) in order to reduce the microbiological risks and environmental/economic impacts associated with the cleaning processes. In this work, the detection of fouling factor using a noninvasive ultrasonic method, called "coda wave interferometry", abbreviated in English (CWI), was investigated. This technique has been tested for various types of applications (wax cleaning, biofilm formation detection and protein deposit cleaning). The results obtained are very promising and show that the CWI is able to detect even a slight change in the fouling factor. In particular, the evolution of the decorrelation coefficient for each application shows good agreement with the actual fouling factor. Overall, this work has provided evidence that the CWI method is applicable to the monitoring of fouling factor of solid surfaces
Mantoux, Arnaud. "Synthèse par dépôt de couches atomiques et caractérisations de couches minces d'oxyde de vanadium applications aux accumulateurs au lithium." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066206.
Повний текст джерелаSimone, Antonia. "Caractérisation microstructurale et électrique de couches céramiques obtenues par le dépôt électrophorétique (EPD) : Application à la zircone cubique." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00813386.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Berre Maël. "Dépôt de matière et formation de motifs sur une surface solide : Méthodes microfluidiques, Contrôle par forces capillaires et Génération de vésicules géantes." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00388698.
Повний текст джерелаDans la première partie du manuscrit, nous présentons une méthode originale, la micro-aspiration, permettant de réaliser des assemblages réversibles de canaux microfluidiques sur un substrat et servir à guider les liquides. Nous avons étudié les propriétés de ces systèmes avec des modèles physiques simples et appliqué ces phénomènes à la micromanipulation de liquides, le dépôt de protéines à diverses concentrations sur un substrat, la fabrication de motifs de polymères, nanoparticules, gels, etc.
Dans la seconde partie, nous avons exploré des nouvelles méthodes de dépôt de films de phospholipides multicouches sur des substrats solides et les avons appliqués à la fabrication de vésicules unilamellaires géantes de taille contrôlée. Tout d'abord, l'adaptation de techniques conventionnelles (micro-contact printing, moulage, etc.) a permis d'obtenir des motifs de phospholipides de taille micrométrique. Les dépôts ont ensuite été réalisés par retrait d'un ménisque en situation d'évaporation (assemblage capillaire). Nous avons identifié deux régimes de dépôt en fonction de l'importance relative des forces visqueuses et de l'évaporation, permettant un contrôle de l'épaisseur du film jusqu'à 200 nm à la bicouche près. L'émergence d'instabilités de mouillage ou le guidage sur micro-structures ont permis en outre de réaliser des motifs variés. En utilisant des substrats comme électrodes, ces différents niveaux d'organisation ont permis d'obtenir par électroformation des vésicules unilamellaires géantes de taille contrôlée. L'ensemble de ces travaux ouvre de nouvelles voies à la réalisation de surfaces et de motifs micrométriques d'intérêt biologique.
Chapuis, Sylvie. "Mécanismes d'intéraction entre un jet gazeux chargé de particules et une surface solide, en vue de dépôt de couches minces sur verre chaud." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL061N.
Повний текст джерелаLin, Husheng. "Le transport solide en collecteur unitaire d'assainissement et sa modélisation." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00520688.
Повний текст джерелаRampon, Régine. "Elaboration et optimisation d'électrolytes pour piles à combustible de type SOFC." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA2017.
Повний текст джерелаThe high operating temperature of the SOFC decreases the life time of the cells. The reduction of the SOFC operating temperature causes several problems such as ohmic drop through the electrolyte. To overcome these cell performance losses, the electrolyte resistivity can be decreased by lowering the thickness of the electrolyte. The chosen process is the plasma jet projection of ceramics suspensions. A good understanding of the process is necessary in order to control the coatings microstructure. First the interactions between the suspension characteristics, the injection and the projection process have been studied. Dispersed and stable suspensions have been obtained in three different solvents: distilled water, methanol and ethanol/methylethylketone azeotrope. Solvent nature determines the surface tension and viscosity is controlled through additive amounts. Atomization has been studied as a function of the suspension formulations. Suspension with water generates monomodal drop size distribution when its viscosity is high or the atomization gas flow rate is low. Suspensions with alcohol generate wide drop size distribution. This work gave trends about suspension behaviour toward atomization and allowed us to make hypothesis about drop trajectory in the plasma. Finally study of the coating microstructure showed that using water as solvent and working with low atomization gas flow rate generate the less porous microstructure. Influence of operating parameters such as plasma characteristics, cinematic and projection distance has been evaluated. Particle temperatures and speeds were measured with accuraspray and used as a tool to select the best operating parameters in order to obtain less porous coatings. It was really difficult to obtain dense coatings so in situ thermal treatment was studied and preliminary tests are presented. Coatings were produced and then treated by passing the plasma in front of the coating. Coating surfaces are obtained really dense but are cracked. Finally first electrochemical results are presented
Pisani, Francesca. "Etude expérimentale de la propagation et du dépôt d'énergie d'électrons rapides dans une cible solide ou comprimée par choc laser: application à l'allumeur rapide." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2000. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001022.
Повний текст джерелаBernay, Cécile. "Faisabilité de la pile à combustible à oxyde solide à température intermédiaire pour l'application véhicule : dépôt de couches atomiques d'électrolyte : modélisation et tests de cellules." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066557.
Повний текст джерелаFiguet, Dewis. "Relations entre structures, comportements à la corrosion et propriétés tribologiques des revêtements de NiW." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS026.
Повний текст джерелаOur research work is a continuation of projects undertaken over the past few years at LaSIE on the development of NiW electrodeposited alloys with the aim of understanding the relationships between metallurgical parameters and functional properties. Electroplating makes possible to obtain NiW alloys with a composition varying from 0 to 20 at. % consisting of a solid Ni (W) solution. The incorporation of W leads to a notable refinement of the grain size but several metallurgical parameters are also modified. Two deposition techniques are used in order to obtain alloys with similar tungsten content and thus to be able to discuss metallurgical parameters comparable to surface properties: wear and corrosion resistance in a saline environment. Metallurgical analyses of NiW alloys on steel substrate show metallurgical states similar to coatings from previous studies deposited on nickel substrate. Nevertheless, the PVD coatings have shown a lower contamination in light elements. Tribology and micro-scratch tests were able to demonstrate a correlation between wear and metallurgical parameters. A high tungsten content (15 at. %) leads to the lowest wear volume and fewer abrasion. Thus, the wear mechanism is not similar to coatings of pure Ni. The latter is much related to the grain size. PVD coatings nevertheless show cracking, which could affect adhesion. Regarding corrosion tests in a saline environment, the degradation of coated steels is strongly linked to the presence of emerging defects. Oxide formation has been detected on Ni and NiW coatings suggesting anodic contributions on the coatings. The increase in the W content leads to a densification of the deposit probably linked to metallurgical parameters and in particular the reduction in grain size. Thus, the addition of tungsten brings about the transition from localized corrosion closed to the defects to uniform corrosion of the coating. Therefore, NiW 15 at. % coating is a very good candidate for the hard chrome alternative due to its good corrosion resistance and wear resistance properties
Porthault, Helene. "Étude de nouvelles voies de dépôt du matériau d'électrode positive LiCoO2 pour la réalisation de micro-accumulateurs 3D à haute capacité surfacique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00658071.
Повний текст джерелаBassiloua, Victor. "Comportement thermodynamique du système eau-2,5 lutidine : applications aux phénomènes d'adsorption et de mouillage aux interfaces solide-liquide et liquide-vapeur." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20077.
Повний текст джерелаZheng, Xian Zhong. "Étude expérimentale des conditions d'envasement des estuaires et des chenaux de navigation : modification des caractéristiques des vases en fonction des actions hydrodynamiques." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112319.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is to develop an experimental study on muds physicochemical and rheological properties as well in laboratory as in nature, on the laws of compaction and on the behaviour of fine cohesive sediments under the action of currents. The physiochemical properties of muds (Granulometry, Minéralogie, settling velocity. . . ) is much variable. Acording to the origine of the sediments. The study of mud rheologic properties in laboratory shows the influence of different parameters (concentration of dry sediment, percentage of sand, salinity, time of rest, content of organic matter. . . ) on yield value and viscosity. In situ surveys made with the probes SR-10 and SD-105 provide the fundamental elements in order to improve the knowledge of navigable depths in a choked up muddy channel. After a complete study on compaction of the Boulonnais chalk (influence of the starting height, of the starting concentration, of the salinity and of the permanence of a water bed above the mud), we realized an experience in a canal on backsetting of the mud suspension. In the scale of concentrations between 228g/L and 668 g/L, there are two domains of transport. In the domain of plastics muds, a general relation between solid discharge and tractive force is defined and reads : Qs=M (To-Tc) 3/2
Porthault, Hélène. "Étude de nouvelles voies de dépôt du matériau d'électrode positive LiCoO2 pour la réalisation de micro-accumulateurs 3D à haute capacité surfacique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112185/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe miniaturization of electronic systems is today a main topic of research and requires an important evolution of energy sources. All solid state micro-batteries are a perfectly adapted solution for this need. However, their specific capacity is limited to 50-200 µAh.cm-2 due to the difficulty to use films of active materials thickness over than 5 µm. One of the answers to enhance micro-batteries specific capacity is to deposit materials on textured substrate. Nevertheless, classical vacuum deposition techniques are not adapted to deposit conformal thin films on such surfaces because of shadow effects. The aim of this PhD-work was to develop new synthesis routes to realize 3D all solid state micro-batteries. Two chemical synthesis routes were studied: the sol-gel method and the electrodeposition under hydrothermal conditions. The sol-gel synthesis was not efficient to realize conformal and dense films. However, this technique was very effective to obtain rhombohedra LiCoO2 powders with high specific surface, without grinding step, at moderate temperature (600-700°C). The electrodeposition under hydrothermal conditions was very promising, both for its high deposition rate (up to 300 nm.mn-1) and its low synthesis temperature (from 125°C) without any annealing. The synthesized films exhibited excellent electrochemical performances in liquid electrolyte and a conformity higher than 97 % on textured substrates
Benamira, Messaoud. "Conducteurs mixtes nanostructurés pour les piles à combustible à oxyde solide (SOFC) : élaboration et performances de nouvelles architectures." Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004896.
Повний текст джерелаBailly, Nicolas. "Mise au point d'une cellule de SOFC haute performance alimentée en méthane pur sans dépôt de carbone." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825651.
Повний текст джерелаAbed, Ichem. "Fabrication de motifs métalliques et semi-conducteurs co." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00157846.
Повний текст джерелаêtre utilisés soit comme coeur d'un dispositif, soit comme élément d'adressage d'un autre
nano-objet. Cette thèse explore deux voies de fabrication de nanofils.
La première concerne un procédé d'écriture directe de motifs d'or de dimension
nanométrique, par transfert d'atomes depuis une pointe STM vers la surface. Des lignes d'or
de largeur 15 nm, d'épaisseur 3 nm et de longueur 300 nm ont pu être tracées sur une surface
de silicium.
La seconde voie concerne un procédé de fabrication de nanofils de silicium (SiNWs)
par décomposition thermique du silane (SiH4) sur une surface recouverte d'agrégats d'or, par
la technique VLS (Vapor Liquid Solid). Deux moyens de chauffage ont été utilisés pour
forcer la croissance horizontale des fils à partir d'une électrode prédéposée sur une surface
isolante. Dans un premier temps, la surface a été chauffée sous l'impact d'un faisceau laser
continu focalisé, pour induire localement un fort gradient thermique latéral sur une zone de
diamètre 3 μm. Dans un second temps, la croissance des nanofils de Si a été forcée à partir de
lignes de tungstène sub-microniques chauffées par effet Joule, par passage d'un courant de
forte densité.
Les mécanismes de croissance sont discutés.
Benrabbah, Rafik. "Développement de procédés plasma pour l'élaboration et la caractérisation du silicium photovoltaïque : dépôt de couches minces épitaxiées de silicium par PECVD : mesure de la pureté du silicium à l'état solide ( 20°C) et liquide (1414°C) par LIBS." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066110/document.
Повний текст джерелаToday, the main limiting factor of PV is the high price of electricity production by the PV modules. To cope with this difficulty, current researches focus on several ways and alternatives solutions: reducing energy costs including reducing the cost of the raw material, which consists in reducing the thickness of silicon wafers or in the development of cells in thin silicon layers. The latter process is intended to overcome the sawing step of silicon ingots which is necessary for the realization of photovoltaic wafer. It is this very approach that led us to develop a method to prepare thin films by using plasma and heating the substrate. Moreover, whatever the method chosen to achieve the required crystallinity and purity for solar grade, it is necessary to have a multi-elements analytical technique to control the evolution of purity. In our laboratory, we have developed LIBS which can meet these expectations, i-e very low detection limits while allowing online tracking of silicon in solid or liquid state
Fontaine, Julien. "Elaboration, caractérisation et tribologie de couches minces DLC (diamond-like carbon) pour la lubrification des mécanismes spatiaux." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2000. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1850_jfontaine.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаLubrication of onboard space mechanisms is a key technological issue, considering the functional and operational requirements. This study aims to broaden the performances of solid lubricants already used in spacecraft, like MoS2. Current solid lubricants exhibit a short lifetime and a high sensitivity to environment, and they may pollute surrounding equipment due to wear debris formation. Among the thin coatings which arouse strong interests in various scopes (microelectronics, optics, biomedical. . . ), Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) coatings present a very large spectra of structures and compositions, that can be tuned by process type and parameters. We focused our research on the optimization of a range of DLC coatings that would be likely to meet the requirements of at least one. Thus, in collaboration with the HEF group, we have deposited and adjusted the composition and structure of a functionally graded layer based on titanium, carbon and hydrogen (Ti/TiC(H)/a-C:H) by an hybrid PVD/PECVD deposition chamber. These coatings were obtained on lab samples as well as on real mechanisms, like bail bearings. We have shown that low and noiseless friction under high vacuum were related to the hydrogen content in the top-layer, which should be more than 45 at. %. The adhesion of the coatings on their substrates depends on the titanium-based graded layer. Experiments performed on laboratory tribometers and test machines at CNES facilities (Toulouse) confirmed that the optimized functionally graded layers could be selected for further qualification, both in terms of low and stable friction and of wear resistance. Concomitantly to this technological study, we concentrated on the phenomena that lead to low friction values under vacuum, that were also obtained on DLC coatings deposited on silicon by IBM Watson Research Center (USA). A better understanding of the hydrogen role on stabilized friction could be achieved, either as an element included in the coating or as a gas surrounding the contact. We have also shown the effect of surface chemistry on the kinetics of transient friction preceding the stabilized regime. The concept of "Chemical Hardness" was applied and discussed from experimental results. This work, supported by "Région Rhônes-Alpes", was achieved under the supervision of the Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes, from Ecole Centrale de Lyon, and the Laboratoire de Mécanique des Contacts, from INSA-Lyon. This both laboratories are members of the Institut Européen de Tribologie
Awamat, Samer. "Adaptation d'un réacteur plasma basse pression de dépôt pour la synthèse d'oxydes soumis à de hautes températures : application aux piles à combustibles type SOFC et aux barrières thermiques." Paris 6, 2008. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005254.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this study is the development of processes for the creation of oxide films to be used in devices which are designed to function at high temperature. Such synthetic oxides are well-suited toward applications in solid oxide fuel cells and thermal barriers. Non-equilibrium plasma generated in a reactor with a supersonic convergent nozzle was used for the deposition of the oxide films. A nitrated chemical precursor was introduced to the plasma reactor in aerosol form via an adapted injector system. This new aerosol injection system coupled with the plasma enabled the development of oxide layer types which are reputed to be technically difficult to obtain. Study of the fluid dynamics of the gas-particle system was done in two ways. First, a numerical simulation developed using the software FLUENT indicated that the velocity of the plasma exiting a convergent nozzle in the system may be as much as 700m/s. Second, laser-Doppler anemometry experiments showed the importance of the role of the convergent nozzle for gas/particle acceleration. Emission spectroscopic measurements showed the important effect of the convergent nozzle on the concentration of reactive species in the plasma and its contribution to the dissociation of water observed by the presence of OH radical and H bands. Software was developed permitting the study of the evolution of the molar fraction of reactive species along the reactor as a function of the plasma power and the diameter of the convergent nozzle. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of the synthetic oxide deposits. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to quantify the influence of different parameters on the conversion yield. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy was used to measure the purity of the deposits and their corresponding crystal structures
Piton, Guillaume. "Sediment transport control by check dams and open check dams in Alpine torrents." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU041/document.
Повний текст джерелаCheck dams and open check dams are key structures in torrent hazard protection. Their managers must mitigate flood hazards, but now must also minimize the environmental impacts of these protection structures. This requires to improve the knowledge on the effects of check dams and open check dams on the sediment transport, and this thesis forms a contribution towards this end.The section on the current state of research reviews i) the diverse effects of check dams on sediment production and transfer; ii) descriptions of the hydraulics and sedimentation processes occurring in open check dams; and iii) woody debris production and trapping processes. This state of the art is completed with proposition of new bedload transport estimation methods, specifically developed for paved streams experiencing external supply or armour breaking.Experimental results are then provided. Firstly, flume experiments highlight the emergence of a more regular bedload transport when check dams are built in alluvial reaches. In a second stage, experiments were performed on a generic Froude scale model of an open check dam basin in order to capture the features of laterally-unconstrained, highly mobile flows. A new flow measurement and inverse-reconstruction procedure has been developed. A preliminary analysis of the results describes flows that tend toward a critical regime and the occurrence of feedback mechanisms between geomorphology and hydraulics during massive bedload deposition
Fondard, Jérémie. "Elaboration et test d’une pile à combustible IT-SOFC à support métallique poreux par l’intermédiaire de techniques de dépôt en voie sèche : projection thermique et pulvérisation cathodique magnétron." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BELF0254/document.
Повний текст джерелаEnergy production by a clean and environmental processes is a real challenge. Fuel cell technology is good candidate to answer this objective. The major problem of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell is their high operating temperature (around 1000°C) for a massive industrialisation. Decreasing these temperature at 700°C allows a reduction of cost manufacturing and increase the lifetime, in this case the new challenge is to avoid the performances losses.During this phD work, dry surface treatment processes are employed for produce the fuel cell core. The thickness reduction of each part limit the performances decreasing generate by the modification of the temperature. The materials used is a Ni-Yttria stabilised zirconia cermet (Ni-YSZ) for the anode, YSZ with or without gadolinnia doped ceria (GDC) for electrolyte and rare earth nickelate for the cathode component. All material are a usual employed in the SOFC technology. All coating are synthesized and characterised separately. After a third generation of fuel cell is realized on ITM porous metal support produced by PLANSEE. The anode has been deposit by atmospheric plasma spray, the electrolyte and cathode have been synthesised by reactive magnetron sputtering
Lekhal, Kaddour. "Le procédé HVPE pour la croissance de nanofils semiconducteurs III-V." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844400.
Повний текст джерелаRiaz, Adeel. "Conception, optimisation et caractérisation avancée de nouvelles microstructures d'électrodes pour piles à oxydes solides." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALI006.
Повний текст джерелаSolid oxide cells (SOCs) are electrochemical energy conversion devices which can work in either fuel cell mode to convert fuel into electrical power or vice versa when working in electrolysis mode. SOCs are ceramic-based devices with a dense solid oxide electrolyte, able to conduct negative oxygen ions, sandwiched between two electrodes. This thesis focuses on the oxygen electrode optimization and advanced characterization using thin films deposited by Pulsed Injection-Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (PI-MOCVD). La2NiO4+δ (L2NO4) is an oxide with a Ruddlesden-Popper phase layered structure consisting of alternated rock salt and perovskite layers. It is a promising oxygen electrode material for intermediate (500- 700 °C) and low temperature (< 500 °C) operation due to its high oxygen surface exchange and diffusion coefficients, and thermal expansion coefficients close to the commonly used electrolytes. This study is aimed at tailoring and optimizing the nanostructure of L2NO4 thin films for high performance reversible solid oxide cells (rSOCs) and micro-solid oxide cells (μ-SOCs). Kinetic studies have been performed by Electrical Relaxation Conductivity (ECR) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Advanced characterization tools such as in situ Raman spectroscopy have been utilized to understand the phase transitions of L2NO4 and quantify the kinetic mass transport properties by Isotopic Exchange Raman Spectroscopy (IERS). Other advanced tools such as in situ X-ray diffraction and in situ spectroscopy ellipsometry have been used to study the structural and optical properties of L2NO4 when varying the oxygen content. Finally, full cell measurements and stability tests in SOFC and SOEC modes have been carried out on anode-supported and electrolyte-supported cells
Casimirius, Stéphane. "Croissance localisée de nanotubes de carbone aux échelles micrométrique et nanométrique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136052.
Повний текст джерелаKimouche, Amina. "Vers de nouveaux matériaux hybrides basés sur le graphène épitaxié : contrôle de la formation de défauts et leur rôle dans l’intercalation." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENY027/document.
Повний текст джерелаEpitaxial graphene grown on metal substrates is a promising platform for developing new hybrid systems, in which interface effects can be exploited to engineer novel properties. The insertion of foreign species between graphene and its substrate, referred to as “intercalation”, was shown very powerful in this respect. With the help of surface science tools, we have studied three graphene/metal systems, two of which are intercalated hybrid systems, and the other is a candidate for such a system: (i) graphene/Ir(111) intercalated with an ultrathin oxide, (ii) graphene/Ir(111) intercalated with cobalt (sub) atomic layers, and (iii) graphene on Re(0001). We found that some defects, especially wrinkles (linear delaminations of graphene from its substrate) and other curve graphene regions, play a crucial, yet unanticipated role in the intercalation process. We also found that the intercalation proceeds in a markedly different fashion under ultra-high vacuum and under atmospheric pressure. In the first system, oxygen-containing species were found to intercalate via the open end of wrinkles, to diffuse along then, and to form oxide nanoribbons along wrinkles accordingly. These ribbons modify the charge density of graphene, which also translates into substantial changes in the inelastic (Raman) optical response of graphene. In the second system, the efficiency of intercalation proved to be dependent on the graphene-metal interaction, which varies between differently oriented graphene domains on Ir(111). In this systems the entry sites for intercalated species could be identified, thanks to in operando observation of the process, as curved regions in graphene. Finally, graphene growth in a third system, graphene on Re(0001), was addressed in order to enable the future development of graphene/Re superconducting hybrids. In this system, we proposed two growth routes, one being a surface-confined process, on bulk single-crystal Re(0001), and the other being a temperature-induced segregation of carbon dissolved at high temperature in thin Re(0001) films on sapphire
Castanié, Sandra. "Matériaux vitreux auto-cicatrisants pour applications hautes températures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10059.
Повний текст джерелаGlassy materials are good candidates for high temperature applications, such as sealant for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) or protective coatings. To overcome cracking of the glass when subjected to thermal cycles, self-healing has been shown to be a promising solution. The self-healing property is defined as the capacity of a material to recover its mechanical integrity and initial properties after destructive actions of external environment or under internal stresses. An autonomous self-healing of cracks can be achieved using a healing agent (active particles) incorporated into the glass matrix. When a crack occurs, the active particles will oxidize by contact with the atmosphere at high temperature to form fluid oxides capable to fill the crack and to form a new glass after reaction with the glass matrix. Our aim intended to understand the self-healing mechanism in the temperature range of 500-800°C, using particles leading to the formation of the V2O5 and B2O3 oxides. Influence of environmental parameters and chemical composition of the system on the self-healing capability has been investigated using high temperature environmental microscopy (HT-ESEM).In order to access to aeronautical applications, we studied the capacity of more refractory composites to produce crack healing at higher temperature (>1000°C). The elaboration of such self-healing materials as thin layers would enable their application as protective coating. The last part of our work aimed at studying the deposition of glass and active particles by pulsed laser deposition
Marinha, Daniel. "Nouvelles électrodes à architecture contrôlée pour piles à combustible à oxydes solides fonctionnant à température intermédiaire." Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPG0110.
Повний текст джерелаThe goal of this thesis regards the preparation, microstructural and electrochemical characterization of tailored cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells in planar configuration. The objective is to decrease the cathode overpotential by facilitating the access of oxygen to larger surface areas, thus increasing the active cathode volume. In this sence, the microstructural optimization of a La0. 6Sr0. 4Co0. 2Fe0. 8O3-8 (LSCF) cathode, deposited onto gadolinia-doped ceria (CGO) electrolytes has been investigated. For film deposition, we have chosen to work with electrostatic spray deposition technique (ESD) which allows the preparation of original microstructures with potential interest for SOFC technologies. The performance of the LSCF films was characterized in detail by means of impedance spectroscopy measurements, as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure
Creazzo, Fabrizio. "Oxygen evolution reaction at cobalt oxides/water interfaces : heterogeneous electrocatalysis by DFT-MD simulations & metadynamics Ab initio molecular dynamics study of an aqueous NaCl solution under an electric field Ionic diffusion and proton transfer in aqueous solutions of alkali metal salts Ionic Diffusion and Proton Transfer in Aqueous Solutions under an Electric Field: State-of-The-Art Ionic diffusion and proton transfer of MgCl2 and CaCl2 aqueous solutions: an ab initio study under electric field DFT-MD of the (110)-Co 3 O 4 cobalt oxide semiconductor in contact with liquid water, preliminary chemical and physical insights into the electrochemical environment Enhanced conductivity of water at the electrified air–water interface: a DFT-MD characterization Ions tune interfacial water structure and modulate hydrophobic interactions at silica surfaces." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASE012.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, DFT-MD simulations, coupled with state-of-the-art metadynamics techniques, are applied to gain a global understanding of Co3O4 and CoO(OH) cobalt oxide aqueous interfaces in catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hence possibly help in the design of novel catalysts basedon non-precious materials, a current key field of research in science and technology, especially of importance for the hydrogen economy, for green technology in a period of time with an ever more growing demand in green-energy. In this thesis, we step-by-step reveal the OER mechanisms on spinel Co3O4 andCoO(OH) cobalt aqueous electrocatalysts carefully and rationally via novelmetadynamics techniques.Up to now, the literature has never taken into account the atomistic modifications on the electrode structure as well as on the interfacial water into their modeling of OER processes. Such lack of knowledge clearly represents a significant hurdle toward the development of improved catalysts, which couldbe overcome by employing methods able to track the catalytic features of theOER at the atomistic scale. For the first time, we show how important itis to take into consideration the presence of the liquid water environment inthe structural characterization of catalyst surfaces, i.e. for (110)-Co3O4 and(0001)-CoO(OH) in this work. A detailed characterization of chemical andphysical properties of the aqueous interfaces is provided (i.e. structure, dynamics, spectroscopy, electric field), for the (110)-Co3O4 and (0001)-CoO(OH)aqueous surfaces.A study of the OER is presented not only by looking at the catalysts, butalso by addressing the role of the water environment in the catalytic process,not done before in literature. Accordingly, both gas-phase and liquid-phaseOER are here investigated at the (110)-Co3O4 and (0001)-CoO(OH) adoptinga novel enhanced sampling metadynamics approach able to address a widerange of chemical reaction mechanisms and to fully include the role of thesolvent degrees of freedom, allowing to unveil reaction networks of remarkablecomplexity. The energetics, kinetics and thermodynamics behind the OER aretherefore found at these cobalt oxide surfaces
Dai, Letian. "Silicon nanowire solar cells with μc-Si˸H absorbers for tandem radial junction devices". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS303.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we have fabricated silicon nanowire (SiNW) radial junction solar cells with hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H) as the absorber via low-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). To control the density of NW on the substrates, we have used commercially available tin dioxide (SnO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) with an average diameter of 55 nm as the precursor of Sn catalyst for the growth of SiNWs. The distribution of SnO₂ NPs on the substrate has been controlled by centrifugation and the dilution of the SnO₂ colloid, combined with the functionalization of the substrate. Subsequently, SnO₂ is reduced to metallic Sn after the H₂ plasma treatment, followed by the plasma-assisted vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth of SiNWs upon which the P, I and N layers constituting the radial junction solar cells are deposited. We have achieved a high yield growth of SiNWs up to 70% with a very wide range of NW density, from 10⁶ to 10⁹ /cm². As an additional approach of controlling the density of SiNWs we have used evaporated Sn as the precursor of Sn catalyst. We have studied the effect of the thickness of evaporated Sn, the effect of duration of H₂ plasma treatment and the effect of H₂ gas flow rate in the plasma, on the density of SiNWs.In-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) was used for monitoring the growth of SiNWs and the deposition of the layers of μc-Si:H on SiNWs. Combining in-situ SE and SEM results, a relationship between the intensity of SE signal and the length and the density of SiNWs during the growth was demonstrated, which allows to estimate the density and the length of SiNWs during the growth. We have carried out a systematic study of materials (intrinsic, p-type,n-type µc-Si:H and µcSiOx:H doped layers) and solar cells obtained in two plasma reactors named “PLASFIL” and “ARCAM”. The thicknesses of coating on the flat substrate and on the SiNWs have been determined with a linear relation which helps to design a conformal coating on SiNWs for each layer with an optimal thickness. The parameters of the SiNWs and the materials, affecting the performance of radial junction solar cells, have been systematically studied, the main ones being the length and the density of SiNWs, the thickness of intrinsic layer of μc-Si:H on SiNWs, the use of the hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon oxide (μc-SiOx:H) and the back reflector Ag. Finally, with the optimized silicon nanowire radial junction solar cells using the μc-Si:H as the absorber we have achieved an energy conversion efficiency of 4.13 % with Voc = 0.41 V, Jsc = 14.4 mA/cm² and FF = 69.7%. This performance is more than 40 % better than the previous published record efficiency of 2.9 %
Marliere, Christian. "Structure, propriétés électriques et travail de sortie de couches doubles indium / or." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 1985. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00716179.
Повний текст джерелаBai, Hongjuan. "Bio-colloidal transfer in saturated and unsaturated porous media : influence of the physical heterogeneity of the porous medium and cell properties on bacteria transport and deposition mechanisms." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2336/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe investigation of the transport and retention of bacteria in porous media has a great practical importance in environmental applications, such as protection of the surface and groundwater supplies from contamination, risk assessment from microorganisms in groundwater, and soil bioremediation. The aim of this study is to gain a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms that control bacteria transport and deposition in saturated and unsaturated porous media. Laboratory tracer and bacteria transport experiments at Darcy scale were performed in three porous media with distinct pore size distribution in order to investigate and quantify water and bacteria transport process under steady state flow conditions. A conservative solute was used as water tracer to characterize water flow pathways through porous media. A gram negative, motile Escherichia coli, a gram negative, non-motile Klebsiella sp. and a gram positive, non-motile R. rhodochrous were selected for the transport experiments. Characterization of cell properties (such as cell size and shape, zeta potential, motility and hydrophobicity) was performed for each strain. Numerical simulations with HYDRUS-1D code were performed to characterize water flow and to estimate bacteria transport and deposition parameters. The later were explored to identify bacteria flow patterns and physicochemical or physical mechanisms involved in bacteria deposition. To provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved on bacteria transport and deposition, pore scale experiments were carried out by using microfluidic devices, designed for this purpose. The information obtained from laboratory experiments and numerical modeling was improved by theoretical calculation of different interactions between bacteria and porous media at air/water/solid interfaces. DLVO and non-DLVO interactions such as hydrophobic, steric, capillary and hydrodynamic forces involved in bacteria deposition were considered to describe bacteria-interface interactions in order to identify their relative impact on physicochemical and physical deposition of bacteria. Results obtained through both laboratory experiments and numerical simulationsoutlined non-uniform flow pathways, which were dependent on both grain/pore size as well as pore size distribution of the porous media. For a given porous medium, water flow patterns became more non-uniform and dispersive with decreasing water saturation due to the presence of air phase, which lead to an increase of the tortuosity of the flow pathways under unsaturated conditions. Bacteria transport pathways were different from the tracer transport, due to size exclusion of bacteria from smaller pore spaces and bacteria motility. Bacteria deposition was greatly influenced by pore network geometry, cell properties and water saturation degree. Both physical straining and physicochemical attachment should be taken into account to well describe bacteria deposition, but their importance on bacteria deposition is closely linked to porous media and cell properties. The results obtained in this work highlighted the simultaneous role of cell properties, pore size distribution and hydrodynamics of the porous media on bacteria transport and deposition mechanisms. The calculation of DLVO and non-DLVO interactions showed that bacteria deposition in saturated and unsaturated porous media was influenced by both kinds of interactions
Laduye, Guillaume. "CVD du carbure de silicium à partir du système SiHxCl4-x/CyHz/H2 : étude expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0116/document.
Повний текст джерелаSilicon carbide (SiC) is material of choice for the matrix of Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC).CH3SiCl3/H2 mixtures are currently used as gas precursor for the synthesis of the CVI-SiC matrices.The present work considers the dual-source approach with two separate carbon and silicon precursorsmolecules.In the case of SiHCl3/C3H8/H2 mixture, systematic studies of total flow rate, temperature, total pressureand C/Si ratio of initial gaseous phase are realized. Kinetics obtained with growth rate measurements and solid composition are compared with results from CH3SiCl3/H2 mixture. On the basis of the apparent reaction orders and activation energies, experimental kinetic laws are derived. Through IRTF analysis of the gas phase, the partial pressures of the different stable products are correlated with deposition kinetic and solid composition. Results obtained in gas-phase kinetic simulation show a good correlation with the experimental results and a mechanism of homogeneous decomposition is proposed. A better understanding of the role of the principal species in homogenous and heterogeneous phase is obtained through the study of six other gas systems and the roles of some effective precursors are discussed. Finally, infiltration results of porous material models with different precursor systems reveal significant improvements as homogeneity of kinetic deposit.Hence, favourable conditions to silicon carbide infiltration can be obtained by adapting the reactivity of the gas phase, with the choice of initial precursors and homogeneous chemistry associated. Asystematic study of the process evidences promising working windows for the infiltration of pure SiCin porous performs
Bassil, Siréna. "Procédé propre de production de chaleur et d'électricité à partir d'un biogaz produit à l'échelle domestique : exemples de matériaux catalytiques de reformage du méthane." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10055.
Повний текст джерелаThe catalytic reforming of methane into hydrogen, for direct operation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) on methane, was studied on anode materials such as NiO/CeO2, NiO-Y2O3-ZrO2 and La0.8Sr0.2TiO3+δ. The first group of catalysts was synthesized by two methods: the impregnation technique both in aqueous and organic media (commercial and laboratory made CeO2 and Y2O3-ZrO2), and also using sol-gel process. Lanthanumtitanium oxide host structure doped with strontium was prepared both by co-precipitation and sol-gel process. The method of preparation has an important effect on the physico-chemical properties of the synthesized catalysts and affects consequently both their catalytic performances in methane reforming and their resistance to poisoning by carbon deposition. In order to limit carbon formation on the catalytic surface and to increase the lifetime of catalysts during the catalytic reforming of methane, ceria supported nickel based-catalysts were doped with magnesium oxide (forming MgO-NiO solid solution) as well as with lanthanum oxide (La2O3-NiO). The obtained results show that the effect of promotion of NiO active phase by MgO and La2O3 decreases carbon deposition but also the catalytic performances. Physico-chemical properties and catalytic performances of NiO-Y2O3-ZrO2 (Ni-YSZ) prepared by the sol-gel process were compared with those of commercial (Aldrich and Jülich) materials having the same composition. The experimental results showed that materials synthesized by the sol gel method are more active in methane steam reforming than commercial catalysts while sol gel and commercial samples show similar performances in methane dry reforming. Amounts of graphitic carbon, although being higher for sol gel samples compared to commercial ones, remain low (< 2%). This carbon deposit provokes only a slight decrease of catalytic performances of sol gel prepared materials in methane dry reforming, probably by decreasing the number of active sites
Castanié, Sandra. "Matériaux vitreux auto-cicatrisants pour applications hautes températures." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10059/document.
Повний текст джерелаGlassy materials are good candidates for high temperature applications, such as sealant for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) or protective coatings. To overcome cracking of the glass when subjected to thermal cycles, self-healing has been shown to be a promising solution. The self-healing property is defined as the capacity of a material to recover its mechanical integrity and initial properties after destructive actions of external environment or under internal stresses. An autonomous self-healing of cracks can be achieved using a healing agent (active particles) incorporated into the glass matrix. When a crack occurs, the active particles will oxidize by contact with the atmosphere at high temperature to form fluid oxides capable to fill the crack and to form a new glass after reaction with the glass matrix. Our aim intended to understand the self-healing mechanism in the temperature range of 500-800°C, using particles leading to the formation of the V2O5 and B2O3 oxides. Influence of environmental parameters and chemical composition of the system on the self-healing capability has been investigated using high temperature environmental microscopy (HT-ESEM).In order to access to aeronautical applications, we studied the capacity of more refractory composites to produce crack healing at higher temperature (>1000°C). The elaboration of such self-healing materials as thin layers would enable their application as protective coating. The last part of our work aimed at studying the deposition of glass and active particles by pulsed laser deposition
Storelli, Martineau Alexandre. "Étude de l’interface lithium métal/polymère pour l’optimisation des batteries lithium métal tout solide." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25051.
Повний текст джерелаThe increased use of electricity witnessed during the past few decades emphasizes the urgency of developing efficient and performing energy storing devices. Present on the market since the beginning of the 1990s, Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have reached the theoretical limit inherent to their components. Research efforts currently aim at developing all-solid batteries composed of a negative lithium electrode. This type of electrode uses only lithium in its pure metallic state and it has the capacity to attain higher energy densities than those attributable to the lithium-ion batteries. Despite the potential of this promising technology, there is an obstacle that must be overcome in order to ensure its viability: the formation of dendrites and mossy lithium on the surface of the lithium metal negative electrode causes the batteries to short-circuit and reduces their life expectancy. Several solutions have been proposed in the literature in order to either eliminate or mitigate the issues of dendritic growth and mossy lithium. However, published studies do not specifically address the correlation between the state of the surface of the lithium metal and its electrochemical performance when used as the negative electrode (anode). This research project therefore focused on evaluating the impact of the state of the surface the lithium metal negative electrode on its electrochemical performance, such as its lifetime, polarization, and impedance. The lithium sheets and the lithium metal/polymer electrolyte interface were characterized in order to better understand the problematic processes related to the use of the lithium metal in batteries. In addition to studying the sheets in their native form, a protective gold deposit was applied by physical vapor deposition (PVD) on the lithium sheets to determine whether the deposit improved the electrochemical performance of the cells. The physical characterization was performed by using tunnelling atomic force microscopy (Peakforce-TUNA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Each lithium x sheet used was then characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). These chemical characterizations allowed to determine the surface and bulk chemical compositions of the lithium sheets. Finally, in order to understand the impact of the lithium metal/polymer electrolyte interface on the viability of complete cells, galvanostatic cycling, similar to true operating conditions of a battery, was performed. Cross-sections of these batteries were assessed post-mortem by SEM in order to analyze the impact of the cycling density on the internal state of the cells. It has been determined that the morphology of the lithium foils and the lithium metal/polymer electrolyte interface impacted the lifespan and the polarization of the studied cells. An electrochemical surface preparation method was therefore designed by cycling the lithium electrodes at a low current density (0.130 mA.cm-2), thus improving the life of the symmetrical cells composed of lithium metal electrodes.