Готові списки джерел за темами / Density of irrigation

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Density of irrigation"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Density of irrigation"

Schutte, Brian J., Nina Klypin, and Manoj K. Shukla. "Influence of Irrigation Timing on Disturbance-Induced Reductions in Soil Seedbank Density." Weed Science 64, no. 4 (December 2016): 613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-15-00191.1.

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Studies suggest that disturbance-induced reductions in soil seedbank density are diminished by periods of water scarcity after soil disturbance; however, this hypothesis has yet to be tested. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the effects of increasing time between soil disturbance and flood irrigation on disturbance-induced reductions in soil seedbank density, and (2) to identify specific soil moisture levels that cause seedbank reductions under flood irrigation. Weed species in this study were junglerice, Palmer amaranth, and yellow foxtail. For Objective 1, artificial seedbanks with known numbers of seeds were disturbed 10, 3, or 0 d prior to flood irrigations under field conditions. For Objective 2, seeds were buried in soil mesocosms that were hydrated to specific soil water potentials (flooded, 0 kPa, −30 kPa, −60 kPa, and −180 kPa) and placed in laboratory conditions favorable for germination. For both objectives, seeds were recovered to determine the percentages of buried seeds that survived the disturbance or moisture treatments. Results for the field study indicated that soil disturbances reduced seedbank persistence of Palmer amaranth but did not affect seedbank persistence of junglerice and yellow foxtail. Disturbance-induced reductions in seedbank density were greatest when soil was disturbed 0 and 3 d prior to flood irrigations. For the laboratory study, results showed that waterlogged soil was not required for seedbank losses because rates of seedbank persistence were greater in saturated soils (0 kPa and flooded) compared to the lower moisture levels. These studies indicate that delays in irrigation can reduce the seedbank reduction potentials of soil disturbance events. Further, irrigation timing effects on disturbed soil seedbanks are likely to occur in all irrigation systems, including those that reduce the amount of water applied compared to flood irrigation.

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Arbizu-Milagro, Julia, Francisco J. Castillo-Ruiz, Alberto Tascón, and Jose M. Peña. "How Could Precision Irrigation Based on Daily Trunk Growth Improve Super High-Density Olive Orchard Irrigation Efficiency?" Agronomy 12, no. 4 (March 22, 2022): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040756.

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Water deficit, especially during summer, is currently one of the most important stress factors that influence olive oil production in olive orchards. A precision irrigation strategy, based on daily trunk growth, was assessed and compared with one continuous deficit, one full irrigation, and two different regulated deficit irrigation strategies. All of them were tested in a super high-density olive orchard located in northeast Spain, in which oil production, main oil production components, applied irrigation water, and water productivity were assessed. For this purpose, the crop was monitored from budding to harvesting, mainly during the summer months in which the Precision strategy only applied water after two days of negative daily trunk growth. Maximum monthly water savings for the Precision strategy reached 91.8%, compared with full irrigation, while major annual mean water savings reached 50% for the continuous deficit strategy and 31.2% for the Precision strategy, which also reduced irrigation events by up to 19.7%, compared with the full irrigation strategy. Oil production and oil production components varied depending on the irrigation strategies providing the Control, one of the regulated deficit irrigations, and Precision higher values than the other strategies; oil yield results differ, nonetheless. The Precision strategy showed an overall better performance. Despite this, it did not achieve the highest water saving, it achieved higher water productivity.

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BROWN, D. M. "CORN YIELD RESPONSE TO IRRIGATION, PLANT POPULATION AND NITROGEN IN A COOL, HUMID CLIMATE." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-063.

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Summer dry spells in some areas of southern Ontario during the last decade have increased interest in supplemental irrigation. Field studies were conducted in a 2500 heat unit area of southern Ontario on Orthic/Brunisolic Grey Brown Luvisol soils to determine the yield response of field corn (Zea mays L.) to irrigation in midsummer when combined with increased plant density and N rates. The yield responses, phenological records and soil moisture measurements are to be used in the calibration and validation of a corn yield estimation model, to be published in a subsequent paper. Two to four irrigations were applied each year using the line method when soil moisture pressure potential reached −40 to −60 kPa at 22.5 cm depth. Development stages were unaffected by irrigation. Yield increases from irrigation were directly proportional to water applied in midsummer and the intensity of dry weather. Yields increased with plant density in 4 of the 5 yr and were usually consistent over irrigation levels. Additional nitrogen above the recommended rate increased yields in 1982 and 1983, decreased yields in 1981, and resulted in no differences the other two years. In years of positive response to extra nitrogen, there was usually a greater response with irrigation and the responses were greatest at high plant density and for the longer season hybrids. Harvest indices decreased as irrigation amount increased and were exceptionally high in 1983.Key words: Corn, Zea mays L., line-source irrigation, plant population, nitrogen, harvest index

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Kałużewicz, Alina, Jolanta Lisiecka, Monika Gąsecka, Włodzimierz Krzesiński, Tomasz Spiżewski, Anna Zaworska, and Barbara Frąszczak. "The effects of plant density and irrigation on phenolic content in cauliflower." Horticultural Science 44, No. 4 (November 13, 2017): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/60/2016-hortsci.

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This study was conducted to study the influence of plant density and irrigation on the content of phenolic compounds, i.e., phenolic acids and flavonols in cv. ‘Sevilla’ cauliflower curds. Levels of phenolic acids and flavonols were in the range of 3.0–6.2 mg and 25.4–87.8 mg/100 g of dry weight, respectively, depending on plant density and irrigation. Of the phenolic acids, caffeic acid was detected in the highest amount, followed by p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, gallic acid, and ferulic acid. Of the two flavonols detected, the levels of quercetin were higher than those of kaempferol. The content of the detected phenolic acids (with the exception of ferulic acid) and both flavonols increased with increasing plant density. Furthermore, the concentration of phenolic compounds (with the exception of ferulic acid) was significantly higher under irrigation.

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Qi, Xue Bin, Zong Dong Huang, Dong Mei Qiao, Ping Li, Zhi Juan Zhao, Tao Fan, Hai Qing Wu, et al. "Effect of New Irrigation Technology on the Physiology and Water Use Efficiency of Potato by Reclaimed Water Irrigation." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3035–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3035.

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Agriculture is a big consumer of fresh water in competition with other sectors of the society. The agricultural sector continues to have a negative impact on the ecological status of the environment. The worlds interest in high quality food is increasing. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of subsurface drip irrigation on physiological responses, yield and water use efficiency, Soil nitrogen, Root weight density of potato in the semi-humid region of middle China using subsurface drip irrigation. The experiment used second-stage treated wastewater with and without addition of chloride, and both subsurface drip and furrow irrigations were investigated. Results indicated that the alternate partial root-zone irrigation is a practicable water-saving strategy for potato. The drip with chlorinated and non-chlorinated water improved water use efficiency by 21.48% and 39.1%, respectively, and 44.1% in the furrow irrigation. Partial root zone drying irrigation stimulates potato root growth and enhances root density. The content of the heavy metal in the potato tubers is no more than the National Food Requirements, and it is consistent with National Food Hygiene Stands.

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Rathore, J. P., Pawan K. Nagar, Amit Kumar, Anil Sharma, Kalpana Choudhary, and Manish Kumar Meena. "DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM IS BEST IRRIGATION SYSTEM UNDER HIGH DENSITY ORCHARDS." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 04, no. 06 (December 1, 2019): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2019.v04i06.031.

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Mundy, G. N., K. J. Nexhip, N. R. Austin, and M. D. Collins. "The influence of cutting and grazing on phosphorus and nitrogen in irrigation runoff from perennial pasture." Soil Research 41, no. 4 (2003): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02087.

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Runoff from flood-irrigated perennial pastures generally contains higher phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) concentrations than the irrigation water applied to the pastures. We examined the sources of P and N that could contribute to these elevated nutrient concentrations in runoff.The first experiment compared P and N losses in runoff from pasture cut to different residual pasture masses. Flow-weighted P and N concentrations and loads were about 100% higher from pasture cut to 47�mm above ground than from pasture standing at 155 mm. These results indicated that severely defoliated pasture may be a significant source of nutrients when flood irrigated.In the second experiment, pastures were defoliated at a single grazing with different stocking intensities and the flow-weighted P and N concentrations in runoff were determined during 4 successive flood irrigation events. Nitrogen and P concentrations in runoff after the first irrigation following defoliation were higher at the highest stocking intensity. However, the effect of the grazing on nutrient concentrations in runoff declined in subsequent irrigation events. A regression model fitted to the P data indicated that there was a significant linear increase in P concentrations with stocking density and a significant non-linear decline in concentrations with successive irrigations. A similar relationship for TKN concentrations in runoff at each stocking density over the 4 irrigation events was not found. An inconsistency of the TKN concentrations of the supply water between irrigation events possibly helped to mask a similar relationship between N concentrations in runoff and stocking density over the 4 irrigation events. We postulate that both animal excreta and the pasture itself can contribute to elevated nutrient concentrations in flood-irrigation runoff.

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Aydin Veliyeva, Mahira. "INFLUENCE OF PLANT DENSITY ON PRODUCTIVINESS AND CORRELATION BETWEEN PRODUCTIVITY ELEMENTS." NATURE AND SCIENCE 03, no. 04 (October 27, 2020): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/04/14-25.

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The article is devoted to the introduction of the “Studying of the effect of external conditions and components of agro-technical cultivation components on falling degree of vegetative organs of cotton plant” which was started in 2011, where the plant density is also described. The experiment was carried out in the plots with 100m length, 4- rowed fields by 4 repeats and 12 options. The size of each of the rows was 240 m2, total experimental plot equaled 240 x 12 x 4=11520m2. By that purpose observation over plant densities had been conducted in the experiments which were based on introduction of microelements at two periods, on background of fertilizers N100 P100 K50, two plant densities and three deeply varying irrigation regimes. The factors affecting on decline at 6020x1; 60x20x2 plant density, dependence between plant density and mass of a ball, plant density and productiveness are determined. Key words:plant density, water-nutrition, irrigation regime, hard, optimal, high regime of irrigation, nutrition area, fruit organs, falling, correlation.

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Culpepper, A. Stanley, Timothy L. Grey, and Theodore M. Webster. "Vegetable Response to Herbicides Applied to Low-Density Polyethylene Mulch Prior to Transplant." Weed Technology 23, no. 3 (September 2009): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-08-135.1.

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Few herbicides are available for weed control in vegetable production systems using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic mulch. With the elimination of methyl bromide for pest management and subsequent use of various alternative fumigants, the need for herbicides in vegetable production systems has increased. An experiment was conducted to evaluate tolerance of transplant summer squash and tomato to carfentrazone, flumioxazin, glyphosate, halosulfuron, or paraquat applied to the mulch prior to transplanting. After applying herbicides overtop of the mulch but prior to vegetable transplant, the mulch was either irrigated with 1.0 cm of water or not irrigated. Carfentrazone did not affect either crop regardless of irrigation. Irrigation readily removed glyphosate and paraquat from the mulch, as there was no adverse crop injury in these treatments. In the absence of irrigation, glyphosate and paraquat reduced squash diameter and tomato heights 18 to 34% at 3 wk after transplanting (WAT). Squash and tomato fruit numbers and fruit biomass (yield) were reduced 17 to 37%, and 25 to 33%, respectively. Halosulfuron reduced squash diameter and yield 71 to 74% and tomato heights and yields 16 to 37% when mulch was not irrigated prior to transplanting. After irrigating, halosulfuron had no affect on tomato, but reduced squash growth and yield 40 to 44%. Flumioxazin killed both crops when the mulch was not irrigated; and reduced squash yield 56% when irrigated. With irrigation, flumioxazin did not impact tomato fruit number, but did reduce tomato weight by 25%. These studies demonstrate the safety of carfentrazone, applied on mulch prior to transplanting either squash or tomato, regardless of irrigation, and also demonstrate the safety of glyphosate and paraquat if irrigated prior to transplanting. Conversely, flumioxazin should not be applied over mulch before transplanting either crop, regardless of irrigation. Halosulfuron application over mulch should be avoided before transplanting squash, regardless of irrigation, but can be applied prior to transplanting tomato if irrigated.

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Jiang, Xiaohu, and Long He. "Investigation of Effective Irrigation Strategies for High-Density Apple Orchards in Pennsylvania." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040732.

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Irrigation helps grow agricultural crops in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. Proper irrigation could improve both crop productivity and produce quality. For high density apple orchards, water relations are even more important. Most irrigation in tree fruit orchards is applied based on grower’s experience or simple observations, which may lead to over- or under-irrigation. To investigate an effective irrigation strategy in high-density apple orchard, three irrigation methods were tested including soil moisture-based, evapotranspiration (ET)-based and conventional methods. In soil moisture-based irrigation, soil water content and soil water potential sensors were measured side by side. In ET-based irrigation, daily ET (ETc) and accumulated water deficit were calculated. Conventional method was based on the experience of the operator. The experiment was conducted from early June through middle of October (one growing season). Lastly, water consumption, fruit yield and fruit quality were analyzed for these irrigation strategies. Results indicated that the soil moisture-based irrigation used least water, with 10.8% and 4.8% less than ET-based and conventional methods, respectively. The yield from the rows with the soil moisture-based irrigation was slightly higher than the other two, while the fruit quality was similar. The outcome from this study proved the effectiveness of using soil moisture sensors for irrigation scheduling and could be an important step for future automatic irrigation system.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Density of irrigation"

Harris, P. M. "Tempering the effects of water stress in sugar beet and potato crops." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385139.

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Polius, J. J. N. "Micronutrient nutrition of maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by fertilizers, hybrids, irrigation and plant population density." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63809.

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Alhabeeb, Abdulrahman S. I. "Effects of irrigation and plant density on growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia Faba L.)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267430.

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Mburu, Mary W. K. "The effects of irrigation, fertilizer nitrogen and planting density on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) yield under different weather conditions." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320120.

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Abebe, Yibekal Alemayehu. "Managing the soil water balance of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to improve water productivity." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25257.

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A series of field, rainshelter, growth cabinet and modelling studies were conducted to investigate hot pepper response to different irrigation regimes and row spacings; to generate crop-specific model parameters; and to calibrate and validate the Soil Water Balance (SWB) model. Soil, climate and management data of five hot pepper growing regions of Ethiopia were identified to develop irrigation calendars and estimate water requirements of hot pepper under different growing conditions. High irrigation regimes increased fresh and dry fruit yield, fruit number, harvest index and top dry matter production. Yield loss could be prevented by irrigating at 20-25% depletion of plant available water, confirming the sensitivity of the crop to mild soil water stress. High plant density markedly increased fresh and dry fruit yield, water-use efficiency and dry matter production. Average fruit mass, succulence and specific leaf area were neither affected by row spacing nor by irrigation regimes. There were marked differences among the cultivars in fruit yields despite comparable top dry mass production. Average dry fruit mass, fruit number per plant and succulence were significantly affected by cultivar differences. The absence of interaction effects among cultivar and irrigation regimes, cultivars and row spacing, and irrigation regimes and row spacing for most parameters suggest that appropriate irrigation regimes and row spacing that maximize productivity of hot pepper can be devised across cultivars. To facilitate irrigation scheduling, a simple canopy cover based procedure was used to determine FAO-type crop factors and growth periods for different growth stages of five hot pepper cultivars. Growth analysis was done to calculate crop-specific model parameters for the SWB model and the model was successfully calibrated and validated for five hot pepper cultivars under different irrigation regimes or row spacings. FAO basal crop coefficients (Kcb) and crop-specific model parameters for new hot pepper cultivars can now be estimated from the database, using canopy characteristics, day degrees to maturity and dry matter production. Growth cabinet studies were used to determine cardinal temperatures, namely the base, optimum and cut-off temperatures for various developmental stages. Hot pepper cultivars were observed to require different cardinal temperatures for various developmental stages. Data on thermal time requirement for flowering and maturity between plants in growth cabinet and open field experiments matched closely. Simulated water requirements for hot pepper cultivar Mareko Fana production ranged between 517 mm at Melkassa and 775 mm at Alemaya. The simulated irrigation interval ranged between 9 days at Alemaya and 6 days at Bako, and the average irrigation amount per irrigation ranged between 27.9 mm at Bako and 35.0 mm at Zeway.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Plant Production and Soil Science
unrestricted

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Belguerri, Hemza. "Contribution à l'etude de l'effet de l'irrigation et la fertilisation azotée et potassique sur les performances productives et qualitatives de l'olivier super-intensif." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385736.

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En aquest treball s'ha estudiat la importància de tots els factors esmentats anteriorment sobre el comportament productiu i qualitatiu de l'olivera superintensiva al nord-est d'Espanya. El primer capítol està dedicat a l'avaluació de l'efecte de l'aplicació de dues estratègies de reg que són el reg completo i el reg deficitari controlat . Les dues estratègies s'han combinat amb l'aplicació de nitrogen i potassi amb dues dosis cadascun. A més de l'efecte d'aquests dos factors es va estudiar l'efecte de l'orientació de plantació mitjançant la comparació dels paràmetres productius i vegetatius entre les dues cares. En el segon capítol es va estimar el balanç de nitrogen per tal de calcular les entrades i sortides de N relacionades amb la resposta dels arbres i la disponibilitat de nitrogen en el sòl. El tercer capítol és una reavaluació dels nivells de nitrogen en les fulles de l'olivera superintensiva per millorar el rendiment i la qualitat de l'oli.
En este trabajo se ha estudiado la importancia de todos los factores mencionados anteriormente sobre el comportamiento productivo y cualitativo del olivo superintensivo en el noreste de España. El primer capítulo está dedicado a la evaluación del efecto de la aplicación de dos estrategias de riego que son el riego completo y riego deficitario controlado. Ambas estrategias se han combinado con la aplicación de nitrógeno y potasio con dos dosis cada uno. Además del efecto de estos dos factores se estudió el efecto de la orientación de plantación mediante la comparación de los parámetros productivos y vegetativos entre las dos caras del seto. En el segundo capítulo se estimó el balance de nitrógeno con el fin de calcular las entradas y salidas de N relacionadas con la respuesta de los árboles y la disponibilidad de nitrógeno en el suelo. El tercer capítulo es una reevaluación de los niveles de nitrógeno en las hojas del olivo superintensivo para mejorar el rendimiento y la calidad del aceite.
In this work, the importance of irrigation, fertilization and orientation of planting on productive and qualitative performance was studied in an olive orchard conducted under super-high-density conditions in the northeast area of Spain. The first chapter was devoted to the evaluation of the effect of two irrigation strategies which are a full irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation. Both strategies have been combined with the application of nitrogen and potassium with two doses for each one. In addition to the effect of these factors, the effect of planting orientation was studied by comparing the productive and vegetative parameters between both sides of the hedgerow. In the second chapter, the nitrogen balance was estimated to calculate the inputs and outputs of N related to the response of trees and the availability of soil nitrogen. Finally, the third chapter is considered as a reappraisal of nitrogen levels in leaf of super-high-density olive orchard to improve yield and oil quality.

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Lira, José Flaviano Barbosa de. "Produção de arroz vermelho manejado organicamente sob irrigação localizada e densidade de plantio." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2015. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/431.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T13:31:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseFBL_DISSERT.pdf: 724427 bytes, checksum: 3f95af98a8e1bce47de6a150408e6016 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27
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The study was conducted at the Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Norte, in Ipanguaçu-RN, to determine the technical feasibility of planting and behavior of red rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield components under drip irrigation, organic management and different planting densities. The treatments consisted of the number of plants per hole (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9) which were tested in a randomized block design with five replications. The variables analyzed were: number of tillers per hill, plant height, number of panicles per plot, average panicle mass, numbers of filled and of empty grains, percentage of empty grains, mass of one hundred grains and yield. Conclusions appoint the technical feasibility of the red rice crop and indicate the density of one plant per hill as the most appropriate for the site, the planting configuration employed, drip irrigation and organic management of red rice
O trabalho foi desenvolvido nas dependências do Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Norte em Ipanguaçú-RN, para determinar a viabilidade técnica do plantio e o comportamento de componentes de produção de Arroz Vermelho (Oryza sativa L.) sob irrigação localizada, manejo orgânico e diferentes densidades de plantio. Os tratamentos constaram do número de plantas por cova (1, 3, 5, 7 e 9) que foram testados em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições. As variáveis estudadas foram: número de perfilhos por touceira, altura de plantas, número de panículas por parcela, massa média de panículas, números de grãos cheios e de grãos vazios, percentagem de grãos vazios, massa de cem grãos e produtividade. Concluiu-se pela viabilidade técnica da cultura do arroz vermelho e pela indicação da densidade de uma planta por cova como a mais adequada para o local, configuração de plantio utilizada, irrigação localizada e manejo orgânico do arroz vermelho

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Trentin, Roberto. "PARÂMETROS E PROBABILIDADES DE IRRIGAÇÃO PARA A CULTURA DA SOJA NA REGIÃO CENTRAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL POR ANÁLISE NUMÉRICA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3608.

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The objective of this study was to determine the probable duration of the developmental phases of the cycle for the soybean at different sowing dates, the average values of water depth and number of irrigations needed and also its relationship with El Niño Oscillation South (ENSO), considering the capacity of water storage available (CAD) of the main soils of Central region of Rio Grande do Sul. This study was conducted by means of mathematical models of development of soybean and data published in the literature meteorological, climatological station collected in Santa Maria, RS (latitude: 29°43'23 "S, longitude: 53° 43'15" W and altitude: 95 m), from October 1968 to July 2012, totaling 44 years of daily observations. The simulation of crop development was carried out for different sowing dates every ten days, considering three maturity groups (GM): 5.9-6.8 6.9-7.3 and 7.8-8.0. To simulate irrigation, the 13 soils of the region covered in this study into five groups that have similar characteristics of water storage capacity available (CAD) and infiltration capacity. The daily water balance determined the variation of water availability and timing of irrigation. The timing of irrigation was determined when the soil reached a minimum fraction of available water to be maintained. For this, we used four handlings representing the condition when the water withdrawn from the soil fraction reached 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of the CAD. Data analysis consisted of analysis of variance test for comparison of means and analysis of the probability distribution for the variables: duration of subperiods and development cycle of soybeans, water depth, number of irrigation and water depth associated to ENSO. The average duration of subperiods and soybean development cycle varies according to the date of sowing. The duration of the development cycle of the soybean crop is higher in the early sowing dates (October) decreasing until the last sowing dates (December). Early sowing dates require more water depth than the latest sowing dates. It was found that higher water depth necessary to soybean is associated with neutral years, while the lowest water depth is related to El Niño events.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os valores prováveis de duração dos subperíodos do ciclo para a cultura da soja semeada em diferentes datas, os valores Médios de lâmina de irrigação e do número de irrigações necessários e também sua relação com o fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS), considerando-se a capacidade de armazenamento de água disponível (CAD) dos principais solos da região Central do Rio Grande do Sul. Este estudo foi realizado por meio de modelos matemáticos de desenvolvimento da cultura da soja publicados na literatura e dados meteorológicos, coletados na estação climatológica principal de Santa Maria, RS (latitude: 29°43 23‖ S, longitude: 53°43 15‖ W e altitude: 95 m), desde outubro de 1968 até julho de 2012, totalizando 44 anos de observações diárias. A simulação do desenvolvimento da cultura foi realizada para diferentes datas de semeadura, aproximadamente a cada dez dias, de acordo com os três grupos de maturação (GM) avaliados: 5.9 6.8 (Ciclo precoce/semiprecoce,), 6.9 7.3 (Ciclo médio,) e 7.8 8.0 (Ciclo semitardio/tardio). Para simular a irrigação, os 13 solos da região de abrangência do estudo, foram agrupados em cinco grupos que apresentam características semelhantes de capacidade de armazenamento de água disponível (CAD) e capacidade de infiltração. O balanço hídrico sequencial diário determinou a variação da água disponível e o momento da irrigação. O momento da irrigação foi determinado quando os solos alcançavam a fração mínima de água disponível a ser mantida. Para isso, foram utilizados quatro manejos que representaram a condição de quando a água retirada do solo alcançava a fração 20%, 30%, 40% e 50% da CAD. A análise dos dados consistiu de análise de variância, teste de comparação de médias e análise de distribuição de probabilidade para as variáveis: duração dos subperíodos e do ciclo de desenvolvimento da cultura da soja, lâmina de irrigação, número de irrigações a lâmina de irrigação associada o fenômeno ENOS. A duração média dos subperíodos e do ciclo de desenvolvimento da soja é variável conforme a data de semeadura. A duração do ciclo de desenvolvimento da cultura da soja é maior nas primeiras datas de semeadura (outubro) decrescendo até as últimas datas de semeadura (dezembro). As primeiras datas de semeadura necessitam de maior lâmina de irrigação do que as últimas datas de semeadura. Constatou-se que maior lâmina de irrigação necessária à cultura da soja está associada a anos neutros, enquanto que a menor lâmina de irrigação está relacionada a eventos de El Niño.

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Манастирний, Максим Миколайович. "Процес гранулоутворення у псевдозрідженому шарі при застосуванні механічного диспергатора". Master's thesis, Київ, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/23171.

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Магістерська дисертація на тему: «Процес гранулоутворення у псевдозрідженому шарі при застосуванні механічного диспергатора» / НТУУ «КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського»; Керівник Я.М. Корнієнко. – К., 2018. –с. Виконавець – М.М. Манастирний. Об’єкт дослідження: процес утворення органо-мінерально-гумінових добрив з пошаровою структурою, при зневоднені гетерогенних рідких систем із застосуванням механічного диспергатора. Предмет дослідження: кінетика процесу гранулоутворення, диспергування гетерогенних рідких систем механічним диспергатором різних конструкцій. Метою роботи є встановлення закономірностей процесу утворення органо-мінерально-гумінових добрив із заданими властивостями та розроблення ефективного обладнання. Розвинуто фізичну модель руху рідини в механічному диспергаторі конічного типу з урахуванням сил поверхневого натягу при зневодненні гетерогенних систем. Встановлено закономірність впливу конструкції диспергатора на розподілення щільності зрошення в робочому об'ємі диспергування. Експериментально визначено залежність розміру крапель від конструкції та технологічних параметрів механічного диспергатора. Експериментально визначено конфігурацію температурного поля в зоні диспергування при застосуванні механічного диспергатора конічного типу. Сформульовано базові принципи конструкції камери гранулятора із застосуванням системи введення рідкої фази через механічні диспергатори. Розроблено конструкцію конічного двокамерного механічного диспергатора.
Master's thesis on the topic: «The process of granulation in a fluidized bed with the use of mechanical disperator» / National Technical University of Ukraine Igor Sikorsky “Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”;Scientific advisorY. Korniyenko.– K., 2018. – . p. The performer – M. Manastyrnyi. The object of the research: the process of formatting an organic-mineral-humic fertilizers with a layered structure with dehydration of heterogeneous liquid systems with the use of mechanical disperator. The subject of the research: kinetics of the granulation process, dispergation of heterogeneous liquid systems by a mechanical disperser of various constructions. The aim of the work is to establish the regularities of an organic-mineral-humic fertilizers formation process with the given properties and development of efficient equipment. The physical model of fluid motion in mechanical cone-type disperator with taking into account the surface tension forces in process of heterogeneous systems dehydration is developed. The regularity of disperator's design influence on distribution of an irrigation density in the working volume of the dispergation is established. The dependence of the droplets size from the mechanical disperator's design and technological parameters is experimentally determined. The temperature field configuration in the dispergation zone with the use of mechanical conical-type disperator is experimentally determined. The basic principles of the granulator's chamber design with the use of liquid phase injection system through mechanical dispersants are formulated. The design of a conical two-chamber mechanical dispersant is developed.
Магистерская диссертация на тему: «Процесс гранулообразования в псевдоожиженном слое при применении механического диспергатора» / НТУУ «КПИ им. Игоря Сикорского»; Руководитель Я.Н. Корниенко. – К., 2018. – с.Исполнитель – М.Н. Манастырный. Объект исследования: процесс образования органо-минерально-гуминовых удобрений с послойной структурой, при обезвоженные гетерогенных жидких систем с применением механического диспергатора. Предмет исследования: кинетика процесса гранулообразования, диспергирования гетерогенных жидких систем механическими диспергаторами различных конструкций. Целью работы является установление закономерностей процесса образования органо-минерально-гуминовых удобрений с заданными свойствами и разработка эффективного оборудования. Развито физическую модель движения жидкости в механическом диспергаторе конического типа с учетом сил поверхностного натяжения при обезвоживании гетерогенных систем. Установлена закономерность влияния конструкции диспергатора на распределения плотности орошения в рабочем объеме диспергирования. Экспериментально определена зависимость размера капель от конструкции и технологических параметров механического диспергатора. Экспериментально определено конфигурацию температурного поля в зоне диспергирования при применении механического диспергатора конического типа. Сформулированы базовые принципы конструкции камеры гранулятора с применением системы ввода жидкой фазы через механические диспергаторы. Разработана конструкция конического двухкамерного механического диспергатора.

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Mabotja, Thakgala Confidence. "Effects of irrigation interval and planting density on biomass yield and chemical composition of nightshade (solanum retroflexum) in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2895.

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Thesis (M. Sc. Agric.(Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019
Nightshade (Solanum retroflexum Dun.) is among the most important indigenous leafy vegetables in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa, due to its high values of beta-carotene, vitamin E, folic acid, ascorbic acid, calcium, iron and protein. Vhembe District occurs in the tropical regions of Limpopo Province and the production of vegetables is dependent upon the availability of irrigation water. An Integrated Drip Irrigation System (IDIS) and a 3S planter were developed to save water by planting several plants/hole of drip irrigation system. The subsystems in IDIS allow for the production of different crops with different water requirements, whereas the 3S planter can be used for planting from one to nine plants/hole of drip irrigation system. Also, the subsystems could be used in assessing irrigation interval for crops under various planting densities. The interaction of irrigation interval and planting density of S. retroflexum had not been documented. The objective of this study, therefore, was to determine the interactive effects of irrigation interval and planting density on biomass yield and chemical nutrient elements (summer harvest only) of S. retroflexum under field conditions. The irrigation interval and planting density/hole were arranged in a split-plot experimental design, with eight replications. The main plot was irrigation interval and the subplot was the planting densities. Harvesting was done twice for both summer and winter experiments. The first harvest (H1) was done at 6 weeks after transplanting, with the second harvest (H2) being done at six weeks after the first harvest. Fresh shoots were oven-dried at 60°C for 72 h for the determination of dry matter. Mature leaves were powdered and analysed for mineral content (Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) using the ICPE-9000. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS software. In the summer experiment, the interaction was significant (P ≤ 0.05) for dry shoot mass at H1 and H2. However, the contribution of xv the interaction in the total treatment variation (TTV) of the variable was negligent and therefore, only single factors were reported. Irrigation interval and planting density had highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) effects on plant variables during H1 and H2 in summer and winter. However, irrigation interval effects for dry shoot mass were not significant for summer H2. Interaction effects were significant for Ca, P, K, Mg, Mn and Cu in leaf tissues during summer H1, but were not significant for Na, Fe and Zn. Also, irrigation interval was significant for Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu during summer H1, whereas planting density had no significant effects for all chemical nutrients except for Ca, P and K during summer H1. Dry shoot mass of S. retroflexum increased linearly with increasing irrigation interval and planting density. Results suggested that most nutrient elements increased with deficit irrigation water and higher planting density, whilst P decreased under high planting density. The study showed that there is a high potential for saving water through longer irrigation intervals and produce good high yields at a higher planting density. In conclusion, the use of IDIS and 3S planter to promote growth and accumulation of essential nutrient elements on S. retroflexum demonstrated that longer irrigation interval and higher plant density per drip irrigation hole could be suitable for cultivation of this indigenous vegetable. The recommendation of this study is that higher planting density and longer irrigation intervals are key determinants of higher biomass yield and water saving strategies for large-scale production of the crop. Further, the mineral composition of the crop was under the influence of higher planting density and irrigation intervals.

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Книги з теми "Density of irrigation"

Berg, Bjørg. The influence of stand density and litter quality on litter decomposition rates in manipulated Scots pine forests: The effect of fertilization and irrigation. Uppsala: Institutionen för ekologi och miljövård, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 1991.

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Ludy, Robin L. Irrigation and plant density effects on head rot and yield of broccoli. 1990.

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Cappaert, Marlys R. Irrigation water and plant density effects on the epidemiology of aerial stem rot of potatoes. 1987.

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Clark, Jeffery J., and David Abbott. Classic Period Hohokam. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.18.

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This chapter discusses the Hohokam Classic Period (ca. 1200–1450 ce) in southern Arizona. Two perspectives are presented for observed archaeological patterns. One perspective is from the Phoenix Basin center, a densely populated region on a trajectory of overexploitation and decline throughout much of the interval, despite the construction of massive irrigation works and architectural buildings that left impressive ruins. The other perspective is from the outlying valleys to the north and east of Phoenix that had much lower population densities. Here intense interaction between local majorities, and small, but socially resilient, Kayenta immigrants from northeast Arizona led to the development of an inclusive Salado ideology that transcended the identities of both groups. This ideology ultimately penetrated the Phoenix Basin when the latter was on the verge of collapse. This collapse was so complete that few pre-contact archaeological sites have been identified in the Hohokam region after 1450 ce.

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Частини книг з теми "Density of irrigation"

Singh, Balwant, Shefali Mishra, Deepak Singh Bisht, and Rohit Joshi. "Growing Rice with Less Water: Improving Productivity by Decreasing Water Demand." In Rice Improvement, 147–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_5.

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AbstractRice is a staple food for more than half of the global population. With the increasing population, the yield of rice must correspondingly increase to fulfill the requirement. Rice is cultivated worldwide in four different types of ecosystems, which are limited by the availability of irrigation water. However, water-limiting conditions negatively affect rice production; therefore, to enhance productivity under changing climatic conditions, improved cultivation practices and drought-tolerant cultivars/varieties are required. There are two basic approaches to cultivation: (1) plant based and (2) soil and irrigation based, which can be targeted for improving rice production. Crop plants primarily follow three mechanisms: drought escape, avoidance, and tolerance. Based on these mechanisms, different strategies are followed, which include cultivar selection based on yield stability under drought. Similarly, soil- and irrigation-based strategies consist of decreasing non-beneficial water depletions and water outflows, aerobic rice development, alternate wetting and drying, saturated soil culture, system of rice intensification, and sprinkler irrigation. Further strategies involve developing drought-tolerant cultivars through marker-assisted selection/pyramiding, genomic selection, QTL mapping, and other breeding and cultivation practices such as early planting to follow escape strategies and decreasing stand density to minimize competition with weeds. Similarly, the identification of drought-responsive genes and their manipulation will provide a technological solution to overcome drought stress. However, it was the Green Revolution that increased crop production. To maintain the balance, there is a need for another revolution to cope with the increasing demand.

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Huisman, O. C., and D. W. Grimes. "Cultural Practices: The Effect of Plant Density and Irrigation Regimes on Verticillium Wilt of Cotton." In Vascular Wilt Diseases of Plants, 537–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73166-2_42.

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Ali, Jauhar, Mahender Anumalla, Varunseelan Murugaiyan, and Zhikang Li. "Green Super Rice (GSR) Traits: Breeding and Genetics for Multiple Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice." In Rice Improvement, 59–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66530-2_3.

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AbstractThe frequent fluctuations in global climate variability (GCV), decreases in farmland and irrigation water, soil degradation and erosion, and increasing fertilizer costs are the significant factors in declining rice productivity, mainly in Asia and Africa. Under GCV scenarios, it is a challenging task to meet the rice food demand of the growing population. Identifying green traits (tolerance of biotic and abiotic stresses, nutrient-use efficiency, and nutritional grain quality) and stacking them in high-yielding elite genetic backgrounds is one promising approach to increase rice productivity. To this end, the Green Super Rice (GSR) breeding strategy helps to pool multi-stress-tolerance traits by stringent selection processes and to develop superior GSR cultivars within a short span of 4–5 years. In the crossing and selection process of GSR breeding, selective introgression lines (SILs) derived from sets of early backcross BC1F2 bulk populations through both target traits and non-target traits were selected. Genotyping of SILs with high-density SNP markers leads to the identification of a large number of SNP markers linked with the target green traits. The identified SILs with superior trait combinations were used for designed QTL pyramiding to combine different target green traits. The GSR breeding strategy also focused on nutrient- and water-use efficiency besides environment-friendly green features primarily to increase grain yield and income returns for resource-poor farmers. In this chapter, we have highlighted the GSR breeding strategy and QTL introgression of green traits in rice. This breeding strategy has successfully dissected many complex traits and also released several multi-stress-tolerant varieties with high grain yield and productivity in the target regions of Asia and Africa.

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Griesh, M. H., and G. M. Yakout. "Effect of plant population density and nitrogen fertilization on yield and yield components of some white and yellow maize hybrids under drip irrigation system in sandy soil." In Plant Nutrition, 810–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_394.

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"Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America." In Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America, edited by David A. Close, Kenneth P. Currens, Aaron Jackson, Andrew J. Wildbill, Josh Hansen, Preston Bronson, and Kimmo Aronsuu. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874134.ch14.

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Abstract.—Between 1999 and 2007, more than 2,600 adult Pacific lampreys Entosphenus tridentatus (formerly Lampetra tridentata) were reintroduced to the Umatilla River, where they had been extirpated by poisoning, from nearby locations in the Columbia River consistent with the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources guidelines. Reintroduced adult Pacific lampreys were able to find suitable spawning habitat, construct nests, and deposit viable eggs (81–93% mean egg viability per nest). Their larvae were able to feed and grow. Median lengths for age 0+, 1+, and 2+ larvae were 19, 63, and 109 mm, respectively. Mean density of larvae in survey plots increased over time from 0.08 to 6.56 larvae/m2. Geographical distribution of larvae in the river increased downstream, but larvae failed to become established in the lower Umatilla River where water flows were regulated for irrigation. Annual abundances of trapped, recently metamorphosed, out-migrating larvae increased during the study from nearly zero to 180,000, but not in all years, which suggests that many might not be surviving migration to the Columbia River, possibly because of irrigation withdrawals. Abundances of trapped, returning adult lamprey also increased from 2003 to 2006, which corresponded with the period when adult lampreys that were the progeny of reintroduced lampreys were expected to return, but long-term monitoring is necessary to confirm that increases were the result of the reintroduction. Our results also demonstrated that even if presumptive causes of extirpation were known and removed before reintroduction, success is not guaranteed. Reintroduction not only assists in redistributing animals to parts of their historical range, but in conjunction with monitoring, it may be essential to identify additional limiting factors that were unknown at reintroduction.

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Crouch, Dora P. "Planning Water Quality: Potable and Subpotable Water at Selinus and Priene." In Water Management in Ancient Greek Cities. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072808.003.0022.

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Today when the rigors of an arid climate (Arabia) or other constraints on water resources press the limits of water supply, hydraulic engineers have to reconsider the nineteenth century answer of one quality of water for all uses. In places where population density far exceeds the supply of potable water—Hong Kong—or where the scanty spring water is not enough to support the massive tourist industry—Bermuda—(Deb, 1987, 222) there is no choice but to use subpotable or nonpotable water whenever feasible. Absolute scarcity of drinking-quality water is the strongest reason for water managers today to consider alternate procedures, but in some situations the quality not quantity of water is the issue. Heavy metals, long-lasting pesticides, or other carcinogens may require separation of the purest supply for drinking and cooking from the less pure supply for other uses, lest the water itself cause disease during a lifetime of use. Since potable water amounts to a small fraction of use in a modern city—6 percent or less (J. Thapa, personal communication)—alternative delivery systems for that small amount may be feasible, with the main systems delivering subpotable water for bathing, cleaning, watering lawns, and so on, and nonpotable water for industry or irrigation. It is easier to contemplate in theory these logical divisions than to make actual plans for altering the delivery system in metropolitan water districts. Political and economic realities restrict change in built-up areas unless the danger is severe, but in some new suburbs in Florida dual pipelines are laid for potable water inside the house and subpotable outside. Drinking bottled water is becoming more common. Many municipal water systems now supply partially purified (nonpotable) water to industry for cooling or other processes. Still, these new ideas have not been widely implemented to date. It is unexpected, then, to find that the ancient Greeks had just such a triple system of water supply and reuse. Each Greek city had both public fountains and springs supplying flowing water of the best quality, and private cisterns in houses and public buildings to supply still water of good quality, plus a drain system that led used water outside the city.

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"cent in children, but the length of residence in the Ord River area was an important determinant, with those who had lived in the area fewer than three years having a lower incidence (26 per cent) than those who had lived in the area for more than three years (64 per cent) (Liehne et al. 1976c). Thus these early results demonstrated that the mosquito density and bird numbers had increased since the establishment of the Ord River irrigation project, particularly around the diversion dam and Lake Kununurra, that the major mosquito vector of MVE virus was the predominant species Culex annulirostris, and that MVE virus was actively circulating in the area. However, the serological results must be treated with caution as the HI test cannot differentiate clearly between MVE and Kunjin viruses, and therefore a number of seroconversions may have been due to infection with the latter. Nevertheless, the results suggested that MVE virus may have become enzootic in the Ord River irrigation area. A single case of Australian encephalitis occurred in Kununurra in 1974; this was the last case of the 1974 epidemic that affected all Australian mainland states (Table 8.1). The first cases to be reported in the Northern Territory also occurred during the 1974 epidemic. 8.3.2 Studies carried out between 1977 and 1995 The early studies between 1972 and 1976 laid the foundation for the more detailed investigations of MVE virus ecology in north-western Australia that have been undertaken over the past twenty years. These investigations became increasingly important as cases of Australian encephalitis became more frequent, particularly with respect to surveillance methodology to enable early warnings to be given of impending epidemic activity and to understand the spread and possible persistence of the virus. In addition, the apparently ideal conditions for arboviral ecology in the Ord River irrigation area have made it essential to monitor for possible incursant mosquito vector species and viruses that could potentially become established in the region. Improved methods for mosquito collection, virus isolation, and antibody detection have been introduced over the past twenty years, which have allowed a more accurate picture to emerge of the ecology of MVE virus and a more effective surveillance system to be established to provide an early warning of increased virus activity. Human cases of Australian encephalitis, surveillance for virus activity, virus isolations, factors affecting mosquito populations, and virus spread and persistence are discussed below. Human encephalitis cases Increasing numbers of Australian encephalitis cases have occurred in Western Australia and the Northern Territory since 1977 (Mackenzie and Broom 1995; Mackenzie et al. 1993a; Smith et al. 1993). Indeed the majority of cases reported in Australia since 1977, thirty of." In Water Resources, 130. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203027851-23.

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"in Kununurra; indeed, occasional seroconversions have been recorded in every month of the year. Elsewhere in the Kimberley region, seroconversions occur in most years towards the end of the wet season at all sites monitored, but the overall frequency tends to be less than that observed in Kununurra, except when flooding is extensive and widespread. Until about 1990, most seroconversions in sentinel chickens in the Pilbara region were due to infections with Kunjin virus, but over the next three years seroconversions to MVE virus showed a significant increase in incidence, suggesting that virus movement from the Kimberley region may be occurring more often. Since 1993, however, Kunjin virus activity has once again become more prevalent in the Pilbara area. Mosquito collections Continuing studies in 1976 and 1977 in the Ord River area using bait traps showed that while Culex annulirostris continued to dominate the mosquito fauna of the area, other species such as Coquillettidia xanthogaster, Mansonia uniformis and Anopheles bancroftii increased in number following stabilization of the margins of Lake Kununurra and the prolific growth of aquatic plant species (Wright 1981). Studies in the West Kimberley area in 1977 in the Derby area also found that Culex annulirostris was the dominant mosquito species (Wright et al. 1981). A major advance in mosquito trapping in the north of Western Australia was the introduction of the EVS-CO light trap in 1978, which replaced the use of bait traps after 1979. This resulted in a ninefold increase in the number of mosquitoes being collected, and a significant increase in the species diversity, although Culex annulirostris remained the dominant species (Stanley 1979). Annual mosquito collections have continued to be undertaken in the Ord River area and at other sites in the Kimberley region since 1978, particularly at the end of the wet season although also at other times if unusual environmental conditions such as cyclones or early wet season flooding have occurred. With the stabilization of Lakes Argyle and Kununurra and of the area under irrigation, the results obtained have provided a clearer association between environmental conditions, mosquito numbers and virus activity (see below). Although the mosquito density, and thus the number collected, is always relatively high in the Ord River area, heavy wet season rainfall and flooding result in a significant increase in the mosquito density. In other areas of the Kimberley, a similar pattern has emerged but the increase in the mosquito density is often more marked than in the Ord River area, and the proportion of different mosquito species tends to vary considerably. Nevertheless, regardless of the study area, Culex annulirostris dominates after widespread heavy rainfall and flooding, but if the rainfall is more localized, other floodplain breeding species such as Aedes normanensis may dominate initially (e.g. Broom et al. 1992)." In Water Resources, 132. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203027851-25.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Density of irrigation"

Zancanaro, E., A. Gertsis, G. Vellidis, F. Marinello, and F. Morari. "Developing crop canopy model for irrigation of high-density olive groves by using UAV imagery." In 12th European Conference on Precision Agriculture. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-888-9_52.

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Cruz, R. I. F., J. A. Costa, J. T. Lobo, L. C. S. Amancio, L. D. Santana, and F. T. Câmara. "INFLUENCE OF THE IRRIGATION AND POPULATION DENSITY ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF GREEN CAUPI BEAN." In III Inovagri International Meeting. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil: INOVAGRI/INCT-EI, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12702/iii.inovagri.2015-a362.

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Sharma, Vasudha, Jeppe Kjaersgaard, Fabian Fernandez, and Joshua Stamper. "Effects of irrigation rate and plant density on maize water use efficiency and grain yield." In 6th Decennial National Irrigation Symposium, 6-8, December 2021, San Diego, California. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/irrig.2020-039.

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Pavlenko, Aleksandr N., Anton S. Surtaev, Irina P. Starodubtseva, Oleg A. Volodin, Andrei N. Chernyavskiy, Alexei N. Tsoi, and Aleksandr S. Pyatkov. "Decay of the Falling Wavy Liquids Films at Nonstationary Heat Release." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22174.

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This paper deals with investigation results on boiling up and crisis phenomena for nonstationary heat release in falling liquid films. According to the experimental results, in the studied range of irrigation degree alteration (Rein = 50–1300), parameters, characterizing decay of the falling liquid film with stepped heat release (distribution of time of boiling incipience along the liquid film, velocities of movable boundaries in the boiling-up and drying fronts), depend complexly on the Reynolds number, wave characteristics and heat flux density. Experiments were carried out with the use liquid nitrogen. Step-wise heat release was supplied on the vertical plane constantan foil of the 25-mkm thickness and 40-mm length. When loading impulses of high intensity, film decay is determined by dynamic characteristics of propagation of the self-maintained fronts of evaporation and the complex shape of structures, formed during its development. The effect of heat flux density on the time of boiling-up expectation and structures of evaporation fronts is shown for different Reynolds numbers. The experimental data obtained on the average propagation velocity of the self-maintained front of evaporation are compared with the simulation model results.

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S.U., Susha Lekshmi, and D. N. Singh. "Keynote Speech: Significance of Soil Moisture Content and its Measurement Techniques." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.keynote4.

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Soil moisture is an inevitable part of the soil and has a significant influence on the engineering, agronomic, geological, ecological, biological, and hydrological behavior of the soil mass. A small change in the soil moisture content alters the behavior or mechanical properties of the soil mass, viz., consistency, compatibility, cracking, swelling, shrinkage, and density. The soil moisture content can be considered as a multi-disciplinary parameter as it has been used as a critical parameter in civil, agricultural, and environmental engineering disciplines. In geotechnical engineering, construction of embankments, pavements, earthen dam, retaining walls, foundations, evaluation of contaminant transport within the unsaturated zone, and slope stability determination, spatial and temporal soil moisture content variation has vital importance. Furthermore, it has a significant role to play as far as plant growth, organization of the natural ecosystems, and biodiversity are concerned. In the agriculture sector, adequate and timely moisture for irrigation, depending upon the soil-moisture-plant environment, is essential for crop production.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Density of irrigation"

Freitas, Carlos Otávio, Felipe de F. Silva, and Mateus C. R. Neves. A Stochastic Frontier Approach Applied to Farms to Selected Andean Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003660.

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In this paper, we estimate a stochastic production function for Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru to investigate whether road infrastructure affects farm technical inefficiency. We use agricultural censuses of Colombia and Bolivia in 2013 and 2014, respectively; national agricultural surveys in 2017 of both Ecuador and Peru; and data on the road network and travel time to the nearest town with 50,000 inhabitants or more. Our main findings are that irrigation increases the value of production and road network decreases farm technical inefficiency, that is, road density (travel time) increases (decreases) farm technical efficiency.

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Hovav, Ran, Peggy Ozias-Akins, and Scott A. Jackson. The genetics of pod-filling in peanut under water-limiting conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597923.bard.

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Pod-filling, an important yield-determining stage is strongly influenced by water stress. This is particularly true for peanut (Arachishypogaea), wherein pods are developed underground and are directly affected by the water condition. Pod-filling in peanut has a significant genetic component as well, since genotypes are considerably varied in their pod-fill (PF) and seed-fill (SF) potential. The goals of this research were to: Examine the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Detect global changes in mRNA and metabolites levels that accompany PF and SF. Explore the response of the duplicate peanut pod transcriptome to drought stress. Study how entire duplicated PF regulatory processes are networked within a polyploid organism. Discover locus-specific SNP markers and map pod quality traits under different environments. The research included genotypes and segregating populations from Israel and US that are varied in PF, SF and their tolerance to water deficit. Initially, an extensive field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Significant irrigation and genotypic effect was observed for the two main PF related traits, "seed ratio" and "dead-end ratio", demonstrating that reduction in irrigation directly influences the developing pods as a result of low water potential. Although the Irrigation × Genotype interaction was not statistically significant, one genotype (line 53) was found to be more sensitive to low irrigation treatments. Two RNAseq studies were simultaneously conducted in IL and the USA to characterize expression changes that accompany shell ("source") and seed ("sink") biogenesis in peanut. Both studies showed that SF and PF processes are very dynamic and undergo very rapid change in the accumulation of RNA, nutrients, and oil. Some genotypes differ in transcript accumulation rates, which can explain their difference in SF and PF potential; like cvHanoch that was found to be more enriched than line 53 in processes involving the generation of metabolites and energy at the beginning of seed development. Interestingly, an opposite situation was found in pericarp development, wherein rapid cell wall maturation processes were up-regulated in line 53. Although no significant effect was found for the irrigation level on seed transcriptome in general, and particularly on subgenomic assignment (that was found almost comparable to a 1:1 for A- and B- subgenomes), more specific homoeologous expression changes associated with particular biosynthesis pathways were found. For example, some significant A- and B- biases were observed in particular parts of the oil related gene expression network and several candidate genes with potential influence on oil content and SF were further examined. Substation achievement of the current program was the development and application of new SNP detection and mapping methods for peanut. Two major efforts on this direction were performed. In IL, a GBS approach was developed to map pod quality traits on Hanoch X 53 F2/F3 generations. Although the GBS approach was found to be less effective for our genetic system, it still succeeded to find significant mapping locations for several traits like testa color (linkage A10), number of seeds/pods (A5) and pod wart resistance (B7). In the USA, a SNP array was developed and applied for peanut, which is based on whole genome re-sequencing of 20 genotypes. This chip was used to map pod quality related traits in a Tifrunner x NC3033 RIL population. It was phenotyped for three years, including a new x-ray method to phenotype seed-fill and seed density. The total map size was 1229.7 cM with 1320 markers assigned. Based on this linkage map, 21 QTLs were identified for the traits 16/64 weight, kernel percentage, seed and pod weight, double pod and pod area. Collectively, this research serves as the first fundamental effort in peanut for understanding the PF and SF components, as a whole, and as influenced by the irrigation level. Results of the proposed study will also generate information and materials that will benefit peanut breeding by facilitating selection for reduced linkage drag during introgression of disease resistance traits into elite cultivars. BARD Report - Project4540 Page 2 of 10

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Gur, Amit, Edward Buckler, Joseph Burger, Yaakov Tadmor, and Iftach Klapp. Characterization of genetic variation and yield heterosis in Cucumis melo. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600047.bard.

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Project objectives: 1) Characterization of variation for yield heterosis in melon using Half-Diallele (HDA) design. 2) Development and implementation of image-based yield phenotyping in melon. 3) Characterization of genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional variation across 25 founder lines and selected hybrids. The epigentic part of this objective was modified during the course of the project: instead of characterization of chromatin structure in a single melon line through genome-wide mapping of nucleosomes using MNase-seq approach, we took advantage of rapid advancements in single-molecule sequencing and shifted the focus to Nanoporelong-read sequencing of all 25 founder lines. This analysis provides invaluable information on genome-wide structural variation across our diversity 4) Integrated analyses and development of prediction models Agricultural heterosis relates to hybrids that outperform their inbred parents for yield. First generation (F1) hybrids are produced in many crop species and it is estimated that heterosis increases yield by 15-30% globally. Melon (Cucumismelo) is an economically important species of The Cucurbitaceae family and is among the most important fleshy fruits for fresh consumption Worldwide. The major goal of this project was to explore the patterns and magnitude of yield heterosis in melon and link it to whole genome sequence variation. A core subset of 25 diverse lines was selected from the Newe-Yaar melon diversity panel for whole-genome re-sequencing (WGS) and test-crosses, to produce structured half-diallele design of 300 F1 hybrids (MelHDA25). Yield variation was measured in replicated yield trials at the whole-plant and at the rootstock levels (through a common-scion grafted experiments), across the F1s and parental lines. As part of this project we also developed an algorithmic pipeline for detection and yield estimation of melons from aerial-images, towards future implementation of such high throughput, cost-effective method for remote yield evaluation in open-field melons. We found extensive, highly heritable root-derived yield variation across the diallele population that was characterized by prominent best-parent heterosis (BPH), where hybrids rootstocks outperformed their parents by 38% and 56 % under optimal irrigation and drought- stress, respectively. Through integration of the genotypic data (~4,000,000 SNPs) and yield analyses we show that root-derived hybrids yield is independent of parental genetic distance. However, we mapped novel root-derived yield QTLs through genome-wide association (GWA) analysis and a multi-QTLs model explained more than 45% of the hybrids yield variation, providing a potential route for marker-assisted hybrid rootstock breeding. Four selected hybrid rootstocks are further studied under multiple scion varieties and their validated positive effect on yield performance is now leading to ongoing evaluation of their commercial potential. On the genomic level, this project resulted in 3 layers of data: 1) whole-genome short-read Illumina sequencing (30X) of the 25 founder lines provided us with 25 genome alignments and high-density melon HapMap that is already shown to be an effective resource for QTL annotation and candidate gene analysis in melon. 2) fast advancements in long-read single-molecule sequencing allowed us to shift focus towards this technology and generate ~50X Nanoporesequencing of the 25 founders which in combination with the short-read data now enable de novo assembly of the 25 genomes that will soon lead to construction of the first melon pan-genome. 3) Transcriptomic (3' RNA-Seq) analysis of several selected hybrids and their parents provide preliminary information on differentially expressed genes that can be further used to explain the root-derived yield variation. Taken together, this project expanded our view on yield heterosis in melon with novel specific insights on root-derived yield heterosis. To our knowledge, thus far this is the largest systematic genetic analysis of rootstock effects on yield heterosis in cucurbits or any other crop plant, and our results are now translated into potential breeding applications. The genomic resources that were developed as part of this project are putting melon in the forefront of genomic research and will continue to be useful tool for the cucurbits community in years to come.

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