Дисертації з теми "Degree Discipline: Public Administration"
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Hoffman, Stephen L. "Time to Discipline? Estimating the Risks and Impact of Public-School Discipline." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27112686.
Повний текст джерелаMurray, Anthony G. "Strerss on Educators at a Discipline Alternative Education Program." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7106.
Повний текст джерелаDiStefano, Michelle L. "The Roots of the Discipline of Public Administration: A Narrative Analysis of Progressive Era Chicago." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1568892007693247.
Повний текст джерелаPhillips, Lori. "Influence of Student Discipline Referrals on School Climate in a K-12 Urban Public School District." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5401.
Повний текст джерелаBernard, Duguet Nicolas. "Les directeurs de prison : discipline et régulation dans l'administration." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAD009.
Повний текст джерелаDuring the 20thcentury, the professional identity of prison directors has undergone a rapid and radical evolution. This evolution was caused by questioning the role and the functioning of the penal prison in the development of liberalism. The period, beginning in the 1970's, inaugurates the mutation of the identity crises and its reformation. To be able to comprehend the logical development of this proces of adaptation, one most place it in theframework of governmentality. The « governmentality » in this case is seen in two of its dimensions as defined by Michel Foucault. Firstly, as a phase of the contempory period beginning at the French Revolution. Secondly, as a technique of authority : the biopolitics realized by a process of regulation. In this framework, a study of the evolution of the professional identity of prisons directors, in and by « governmentality », explains the mechanisms leading to the weakening of the disciplinary authority, and the increased power of regulation systems, both on administrative and penal levels. The prison directors become, in turns, either objects or actors of these two ways of governing
Mason, Wendy. "Intervention Strategies to Decrease Discipline Issues in an Urban pre-K-8 Public School." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1447.
Повний текст джерелаVarela, Genevee. "A needs assessment for a Ph.D. program in public administration for Texas State University /." View online, 2007. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/253/.
Повний текст джерелаSlingerland, Barbara M. "Discipline Patterns in a Public-School District with a History of Disproportionate Suspensions." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4329.
Повний текст джерелаChristy, Donna. "The Influence of School Discipline Approaches on Suspension Rates." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5995.
Повний текст джерелаYang, Hai Feng. "ASEM : what degree on institutionalization?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2120019.
Повний текст джерелаMathias, Wanda Lee. "The shaping of decision-making in governance in the New Zealand public healthcare services a thesis submitted to AUT University in partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Health Science, 2009 /." Click here to access this resource online, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/720.
Повний текст джерелаVermaaten, Diane. "Finishing on-time: A qualitative examination of contributors to timely undergraduate degree completion." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/458.
Повний текст джерелаReynolds, Sharon Marie. "Alternative school administrators : knowledge of and degree of support for alternative education tenets." Virtual Press, 2002. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1238744.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Educational Leadership
Luo, Wenyan. "Student conduct systems at public colleges and universities in China." Scholarly Commons, 2012. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/88.
Повний текст джерелаQuiroga, Juan Pablo. "Price control policies and state capacities. Discipline, transfer and informal networks of control, monitoring and punishment. The "Precios Cuidados" Program in Argentina and its acceptance by local retailers." Thesis, Georgetown University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10105447.
Повний текст джерелаThe so called price control policies have traditionally been understood in terms of concerns about (a) the role and size of the bureaucracy implied (Taussig, 1919, Grayson and Neeb, 1974; Clinard, 1969; Rockoff, 1984; Galbraith, 1941 and 1946); (b) the (potential) short term effectiveness and medium/long term ineffectiveness of controls (Rockoff, 1984, Grayson and Neeb, 1974; Bienen and Gersovitz, 1986, FIEL, 1990); (c) the tax evasion and creation of black markets (Clinard, 1969); (d) the eventual emerging violence following the dismantling of controls or subsidies on consumer goods (Bienen and Gersovitz, 1986; van Wijnberger, 1992); (e) the potential impact on the government coalition (Agéndor and Asilis, 1997); (f) the levels of delivery, fill rates or even any breaks in supply chains (Grayson and Neeb, 1974; Clinard, 1969); (g) the incentives/distortions in the distribution of resources, as a result of the alteration of the price system (Galbraith, 1941, 1946, 1951, 2001; Friedman, 1990; Colander, 1984; Dunn and Pressman, 2005); (h) the search for focused or selftargeted alternatives in order to optimize the use of limited resources and prevent freeriding (Adams, s / f; Alderman, 2002; Gutner, 2002); and (k) its historical development as a political response to rising prices (Schuettinger and Butler, 1978).
However, little has been studied its contribution to the development of state capacities as well as the role of entrepreneurship in the acceptance of price controls.
In this sense, this thesis analyzes the first year of the "Precios Cuidados" program in force in Argentina since January 2014, in order to address two interrelated questions: (a) To what extent the “Precios Cuidados” Program, as a particular and specific form of joint coordination between public and private sector, favored the development and expansion of state capacities? (b) If it is true, as it will be argued, that this new form of joint articulation between the public and private sector contributes to expand state capacities, why did the retail community agree to take part of a voluntary agreement to freeze prices and markups that in the end would help to increase the relative powers of the agencies by which they are controlled without effective guarantees of limits to its exercise? A public policy, in a word, that will give us the unique opportunity to analyze the link between state, market and society and its effect on market regulation and the improvement of state capacities.
Jarvis, Walter Patrick. "Moral accountability in the MBA : a Kantian response to a public problem." Electronic version, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/980.
Повний текст джерелаSuggs, Tiffany G. "A Study about the Exclusionary Discipline of African American Males in City and County K-12 Public School Divisions in Region II of Virginia." Thesis, Regent University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10607768.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this study was to determine if there was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of suspensions and expulsions between African American males and the combination of males of other ethnicities based upon school district settings of city and county in K-12 public school divisions in Region II of Virginia. The researcher analyzed archival data from approximately 65,000 males in Grades 2–10 enrolled in Virginia’s public schools in Region II. To analyze quantitative data, descriptive statistics, such as the mean and standard deviation scores, were used as well as frequency distributions and measures of central tendency. Two two-way analyses of variance were conducted to understand if there was an interaction between the two independent variables (student ethnicity and school district setting) and the dependent variables (number of suspensions and number of expulsions). The study results indicated that there were no recorded expulsions in the data file, as the values were all 0. There were suspensions, however, and the results indicated that there was a statistically significantly greater proportion of suspensions among African American males than the combination of males of other ethnicities. Additionally, there was insufficient evidence to determine if a difference exists between city and county schools in the percentage of suspensions, nor was there a significant ethnicity–division-type interaction. The findings from this study may have important implications for educators and local and state policymakers who may be considering ways to improve discipline practices in public schools.
Lucas, Joseph William. "The Deterrent Effect of Disciplinary Segregation on Prison Inmate Misconduct." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1648.
Повний текст джерелаCordery, Carolyn Joy. "Dimensions of accountability : voices from New Zealand primary health organisations : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Accounting /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/583.
Повний текст джерелаDajakaj, Natyra, and Judy Thai. "Discretion to Act : A case study of how the environment affects top managers' degree of discretion." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-14488.
Повний текст джерелаWhitcombe, J. E. "Policy, service delivery and institutional design : the case of New Zealand's social sector government agencies, 1984-2007 : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/589.
Повний текст джерелаRomero, Liana Carrasco. "Third-Degree Family Health History and Perception of Disease Risk." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/601.
Повний текст джерелаClissold, Carolyn M. "How discourses stifle the Primary Health Care Strategy's intent to reduce health inequalities : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Applied) in Nursing /." ResearchArchive@Victoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/185.
Повний текст джерелаRocha, Alberto Frederico Moraes da. "Case study of a Brazilian community association : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Public Policy at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand." Massey University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/974.
Повний текст джерелаEngström, Anna. "Political representation in EU multi-level governance : Is there a need for consent between the political elite and the public?" Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Political Science, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-485.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis deals with political representation in EU multi-level governance. The European Union and its political system is quite complex, due to its unusual and multi-level governance.
It has gained the reputation of capturing professionalism, and conforming to elite governance to a point where it is seen as an elite political game.
The thesis wish to examine the European political system, and ask the questions, how important is the degree of consent between the political elite and the public in the European Union? Does it necessarily have an effect on the system of political representation as such, and if is does, does it influence legitimacy? Or in other terms, is it necessary for a degree of consent between the political elite and the public for political representation and legitimacy?
The European Union has a tendancy to gain critique for its focus on professionalism and elitism, and I wish therefore to state that it is important to generate an evident relationship between political representation and legitimacy in EU multi-level governance. It is necessesary to create a functioning relationship between the political elite and the public, but it does not necessarily mean that it influence political representation and legitimacy. It is important to view the opportunities for political representation and legitimacy in a situation such as this. The degree of consent is not to create an impossibility for sufficient political representation and legitimacy in the European Union, is it?
Warren, Krystal Te Rina Fain. "Runanga: Manuka kawe ake: a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." Massey University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/955.
Повний текст джерелаBartlett, Tess. "The power of penal populism : public influences on penal and sentencing policy from 1999 to 2008 : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Criminology /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1086.
Повний текст джерелаBerlianto, Aprinto. "Tax competition and harmonization in Southeast Asia : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Public Policy at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/966.
Повний текст джерелаEppel, Elizabeth Anne. "The contribution of complexity theory to understanding and explaining policy processes : a study of tertiary education policy processes in New Zealand : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctof of Philosophy in Public Policy /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1202.
Повний текст джерелаMillard, A. D. "Are the people listening to Government's good advice : source credibility in Government attributed social marketing messages : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Commerce and Administration /." ResearchArchive @Victoria e-thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1288.
Повний текст джерелаCheng, Rui. "L'association des avocats de la République populaire de Chine : une approche comparative au regard du droit français." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30034/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn China, a lawyers' community is being formed. It begins to influence the "legal conscience" of the society. However, unlike their French colleagues, Chinese lawyers do not have yet enough sense of belonging to a common professional group. Their associations are not autonomous. Although the profession is much inspired by the experiences of "ethically more developed" countries, the fundamental principles of the profession are not yet rooted in Chinese lawyers’ collective concept. As a liberal profession, lawyers are experiencing an inherent need for autonomy. Otherwise, they cannot make their voice heard by the public, nor protect their professional rights. Similarly, lawyers' activities cannot be fairly supervised by a professional institution dependent on the public power. The autonomy of lawyers' association, whether in China or in France, should be considered as a guarantee for justice and all persons subject to trial. The autonomy is not an end in itself. It is the best way to ensure the independence of the lawyer. The essence of lawyers' autonomy is explained by its implementation in lawyers’ professional activities. From his foot Hercules. This comparative study aims to reveal, at least to some extent, the real landscape of Chinese justice, and to explore the distance between the People's Republic of China and a "rule of law" in its modern sense
Winter, N. A. "Change in juvenile justice policy : implications for rights and responsibilities : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Social Science at Lincoln University /." Diss., Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1286.
Повний текст джерелаGrace, Jennifer. "Rerouting the School to Prison Pipeline: A Phenomenological Study of the Educational Experiences of African American Males Who Have Been Expelled from Public Schools." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2016. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2151.
Повний текст джерелаFeinberg-Danieli, Goldie. "Regression results of the union impact on pay levels in New Zealand public service : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce and Administration /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/1069.
Повний текст джерелаReddy, Venkat G. "Discipline problems of state N.G.Os working at Warangal." Thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/4628.
Повний текст джерелаMaxwell, Steven Robert Mann Barbara A. "Associate degree programs of Public Administration in United States public community colleges and junior colleges." Diss., 2005. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11042005-102756.
Повний текст джерелаAdvisor: Barbara A. Mann (Professor Emeritus), Florida State University, College of Education, Dept. of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Jan. 26, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 108 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
LI, WAN-CHEN, and 李宛蓁. "The Study on the Development and Trend of Discipline of Public Administration and Affairs in Taiwan." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88687010727624378939.
Повний текст джерела國立臺南大學
行政管理學系碩士班
104
Recently, higher education in Taiwan face to globalization, marketization, and civil society. These issue have a great effect upon higher education in Taiwan. Whether traditional public administration education can keep up with the times and strengthen the trend of civil education of citizen quality will be an important issue for researcher. Hence, it is necessary to discuss the course, location and the direction of different school of public administration and affairs in Taiwan. Based on the above, the subject of research including that first, understanding the idea of the development of civil society and civil education, the approach of public administration and affairs, and the theory of creating public value. Second, understanding the different school general situation in public administration and affairs in Taiwan, also analysis and research the course of public administration and affairs in Taiwan. Third, the analysis of the cognition of respondents. We use document analysis and unstructured interview to analysis of the literature about the approach development of public administration and affairs. Furthermore, using P-approach, B-approach, and C-approach in the course approach of public administration and affairs. Besides, we analysis and conclude the cognition of respondents by unstructured interview to understand actual operation of different school of public administration and affairs in Taiwan, and then we make a conclusion and give some advices. The study concluded these finding, the approach of public administration and affairs toward C-approach gradually, however the proportion of choosing P-approach as one of main spindle course is more than eighty percentage, while choosing C-approach as one of main spindle course is only about fifty percentage. Hence, giving some advices to add some C-approach course to conform to the trend. As for the actual operation of the different school of public administration and affairs in Taiwan, still need to strengthen combining theory with practice closely.
Maharaj, Pamela. "Grievance and disciplinary procedures at the local government level." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8354.
Повний текст джерелаYao, Yee, and 姚宜. "The Study of Policy Information Commitment for Undergraduates Major in Public Administration Discipline—the Case of an University in Northern Taiwan." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jqp9kw.
Повний текст джерела世新大學
行政管理學研究所(含博、碩專班)
104
During the past decade, the wide spread usage of internet (web-based) technology has dramatically changed the relationship between governments and citizens, and as a result become the prime focus of educational researchers. Yet, none of the existing researches touch on the information seeking behaviors of students major in public administration and related fields despite that students nowadays tend to learn public policy via internet. Therefore, based on previous researcher’s work on information commitment, particularly Tsai(2005)’s framework, the author hopes to explore whether internet(web-based) self-efficacy positively predicts evaluative standards and searching strategy and what are the factors affecting searching strategy by administering survey aimed at PA undergraduate students in one university. The moderating effect of internet self-efficacy on these relationships was also examined. The main research results are as follows: 1.Most PA-related undergraduates have higher internet efficacy. 2.Advanced evaluative criteria for policy information of the respondents can positively predict their elaboration searching strategy in policy information. 3.The sub-dimension of internet self-efficacy of the respondents can positively predict their evaluative criteria and searching strategy. 4.Internet self-efficacy positively and significantly affects the relationship between advanced evaluative standards and elaboration searching strategy. 【Keywords】: public administration, web-based technology, internet self-efficacy, information commitment, evaluative standard, searching strategy
Gebbie, Kristine M. "Creation of a new health department in Washington State organizational and political forces : a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment ... for the degree of Doctor of Public Health (Health Policy) ... /." 1995. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/68798514.html.
Повний текст джерелаThani, Xolile Carol. "Methodological preparedness of doctoral candidates in public administration : an interpretive phenomenological approach." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25400.
Повний текст джерелаPublic Administration
D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)
Vicente, Ria S. "Evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness of the regional procurement service depots in the Philippines : a case of region 1 : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Public Policy at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/835.
Повний текст джерелаButler, Patricia A. "Medicaid HMO enrollees in the emergency room use of non-emergency care : a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment ... for the degree of Doctor of Public Health (Health Policy) ... /." 1996. http://books.google.com/books?id=PysoAAAAMAAJ.
Повний текст джерелаKerslake, Maria Talaitupu. "Maloafua : structural adjustment programmes : the case of Samoa : a thesis submitted to Massey University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Sociology Programme, School of Social and Cultural Studies, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Massey University, Albany Campus, Auckland." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1423.
Повний текст джерелаThaksaphon, Thamarangsi. "Alcohol policy process in Thailand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1380.
Повний текст джерелаIndreswari, Meidyah. "Corporate governance in the Indonesian state-owned enterprises : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1510.
Повний текст джерелаAndrew, Colwell. "Barriers to affordable housing for mental health service users : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Public Policy at Massey University, Albany Campus, New Zealand." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1153.
Повний текст джерелаBelle, Louis Jinot. "The role of principals in maintaining effective discipline among learners in selected Mauritian state secondary schools : an education management model." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/21900.
Повний текст джерелаEducational Leadership and Management
D. Ed. (Education Management)
Dittmer, David Mark. "The clockwork lahar : examining issues management in a New Zealand public service context : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Management in Communication Management at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/803.
Повний текст джерелаDlungwane, Angel Duduzile. "The nature and causes of violence among learners within one primary school in Umlazi Township, Durban." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2509.
Повний текст джерелаThe overall aim of this study was to examine the circumstances under which violence occured among learners at Phatheka Primary School, situated in the township of Umlazi, and in doing so explore the causes of violence among learners at this school. The study further aimed to explore the complicit role of the school as an agent in shaping the manner in which learners relate to violence and vis à vis shaping learner behaviour. The research was driven by three objectives: Firstly, to investigate the gendered, class and ethnic nature of perpetrators and victims of school violence. Secondly, to examine the intra-group interactions among peers and their positioning of each other in terms of violent behaviour. Lastly, to explore how the discipline regime of the school shaped the constructions of violent and peaceful behaviour among learners. The qualitative research approach was utilised to obtain detailed and rich data. Ten educators and ten learners were purposively chosen from one urban primary school in the Umlazi Township. The ten learners that were interviewed, were identified from teachers’ observations of conflict situations at the school, in the classroom and on the playground. The ten most senior educators formed the sample of educators for this study. Seniority was determined according to the number of years the educator had been teaching at this school. Four of the most senior male educators and six of the most senior female educators were selected. The data was collected through face-to-face interviews and focus group interviews. The composition of the group consisted of learners with different interests and cultures in order to stimulate debate. The questions asked in the focus group interviews were similar to the questions used in individual interviews to broaden the data by comparing the responses of respondents when they were on their own, to their responses in a group situation.. The data analysis process was organised according to the research questions and based on themes that emerged from the contents of the interviews. A list of themes was formed of each transcript. These themes were then grouped and organised according to similarities. The list of themes was compared to the data and codes were allocated. The data was then divided and organised into categories, relevant themes and sub-themes. The findings of this study revealed that violence at this school was mainly interpersonal. Physical violence at this school took the form of hitting, kicking, punching, slapping and other acts that caused physical pain or injury. This study found that many learners believed that certain types of muthi provided advantage to the user in conflicts and fights. Many boys at this school used vernacular expressions of stick fighting to reinforce their dominance over other boys, as metaphors of manhood that bolstered their position among peers. Physical confrontation often involved the use of sticks. Labelling also served as a trigger to ignite violence among learners. Learners labelled each other in terms of their physical appearance, their citizenship as well as their academic performance. There was strong evidence from learners’ interviews that they competed and labelled each other around issues of classroom practices and academic performance. This created tension among the learners which also led to physical confrontation and violence. Many boys subscribed to certain hegemonic notions of masculinity which created a mentality where the boys demanded respect and exercised power over girls. Boys often used violence or the threat of violence to claim and exercise this power. Romantic relationships with girls often caused boys at Phatheka to get into conflict situations in their attempts to avoid humiliation, to prove heterosexuality and to enjoy a particular status at the school. This study found that a large proportion of learners who reacted with violence when provoked, had learnt this behaviour through role models provided by parents, siblings, relatives and community members, either directly or indirectly, and that this was often reinforced at school by peers, bullies and figures of authority. Role models actively encouraged learners to defend themselves, or to solve problems, by means of force and aggression, which contributed significantly to shaping violent behaviour among learners. This notion among the learners at Phatheka Primary School that violence is the best way to resolve conflict, with or without weapons, meant that fighting became the norm at this school. Although school fights are common and every fight is different, this study found that some common causes do exist. It was also found that the school complicitly contributed to the violence among learners through school policies and the disciplinary practices of educators.
M