Дисертації з теми "Degré d'oxydation du phosphore"
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Cavaillé, Anthony. "Complexes de fer à bas degré d'oxydation pour l'activation du diazote atmosphérique, extension aux liaisons C-H et au phosphore blanc." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30338.
Повний текст джерелаMolecular nitrogen activation and functionalization are one of the most challenging topic in modern chemistry. The industrial formation of ammonia by the Haber-Bosch process, essential for current agriculture, is the starting point of this field. Indeed, the strong energetic need of this transformation has motivated academic research to find catalyst that can work in milder conditions as observed with nitrogenase enzymes. The principal goal of this Ph.D. work was the synthesis and the study of low oxidation states iron complexes bearing triphosphine ligand for the catalytic formation of ammonia and silylamines. This experimental work was supported by theoretical calculation using DFT in order to rationalize and understand the different results. The first part of this manuscript presents the metallic precursors synthesis and the first reduction attempts using Grignard reagents. During this part, the formation of an interesting Fe0 bis-dinitrogen complex was observed. Its efficient synthesis and reactivity was studied in a second part. This complex is one of the few homogeneous iron catalysts able to perform the formation of ammonia and one of the most active for N(TMS)3 formation. Furthermore, this Fe0 center is able to dehydrogenate an alkane part of its ligand and activate another small molecule of interest, white phosphorus. This new reaction leads to the firs example of the formation of an end-deck iron cyclo-P4 complex and is the subject of the third part. Finally, several iron complexes bearing dinitrogen and hydride ligand were studied in relevance with the nitrogenase enzyme. This part was an opportunity for a change toward a PCP-type ligand. The carbenic form of this ligand was reachable by double C-H activation at an intermediate Fe0 center
Gossiaux, Alexandre. "Comportement au feu de mousses polyuréthanes rigides : Approches systématiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021CLIL0021.
Повний текст джерелаA common awareness of environmental factors and more particularly of global warming makes it urgent to better control energy consumption. One solution is to reduce energy loss in building using new and efficient thermal insulation materials such as polymeric foams. Polyurethane (PUR) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams are very effective and competitive materials due to their low cost. However, these materials are extremely flammable due to their organic nature. Researchers and manufacturers add molecules called flame retardants (FRs) to their composition in order to prevent the outbreak of a fire or reduce the intensity of combustion when a fire breaks out. The objective of this PhD work is to study by systematic approaches the fire behavior of PUR and PIR foams. The aim is to propose a scientific approach allowing a quicker and more efficient development of new formulations. This systematic study was also coupled with a multi-scale study of the fire behavior of the foams, as a laboratory-scale fire test was developed (M-SBI), which allowed a quick and efficient examination of the formulations. The FRs studied in this work are phosphorus organic FRs which are currently promoted to replace some halogenated FRs which could be dangerous for the environment and health. The mechanisms of degradation of virgin and flame retarded foams were elucidated using various analytical tools. Thus, in the case of phosphorus FRs, we were able to demonstrate that their mode of action varied according to the phosphorus oxidation degree as well as according to their point of decomposition. Moreover, the efficiency of the FRs also varies according to the foam used (PUR or PIR). All these results can thus advantageously be exploited to propose future efficient flame retardants for specific systems to reduce the combustion intensity of the foams
Sözen, Aktas Pelin. "Complexes organométalliques à haut degré d'oxydation du molybdène et du tungstène comme catalyseur d'oxydation." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1894/.
Повний текст джерелаThe chemistry of molybdenum and tungsten cyclopentadienyl complexes in higher oxidation states with oxo, imido and sulfide ligands has increased in significance. Interest in Cp* oxo molybdenum and tungsten complexes is particularly motivated by their potential in oxidation catalysis. Most advances in the chemistry of molybdenum and tungsten systems involve investigations on oxidation processes. An important need in this area is to find a better and simpler procedure for the synthesis of dinuclear Cp* oxo molybdenum and tungsten complexes. Improved high-yield synthetic routes to the well-known starting compounds [Cp*2M2O5] (M=Mo, W) are described in the thesis. Subsequently, the reactivity of the WVI complex with sulphur donor ligands is presented. This comprises the investigation of the interaction between [Cp*2W2O5] and mercaptocarboxylic acids, especially 3-mercaptopropionic acid, which resulted in the isolation and structural characterization of compound [Cp*WO2(SCH2CH2COOH)]. This is the first reported structure of WVI surrounded by a CpO2(SR) ligand set. Comparison with the results of the corresponding reaction of [Cp*2Mo2O5], which leads to facile metal reduction, shows a greater tendency of the Mo compound to be reduced. For the W complex, on the other hand, a reversible reaction gives rise to a simple Cp*WVI ligand exchange product. The corresponding reaction for thioglycolic acid resulted in an adduct having the same stoichiometry at low substrate/W ratio, but containing a 5-membered cycle in an asymmetric [Cp*WO(OH)(SCH2COO)] structure. However, the deepening of the solution color when using greater substrate/W ratios indicates the intervention of metal reduction to yield several by-products as shown by NMR. Cp*Mo oxo complexes have proven to be efficient catalyst precursors for the epoxidation of olefins and the thesis also focused on the catalytic activity of [Cp*2Mo2O5] with TBHP (in decane) as oxidant in the MeCN/Toluene system. High activities were observed under mild conditions with catalyst loadings as low as %1 and with high chemoselectivities for the epoxidation of cyclooctene. The rate law for the catalyzed process has been derived and the difference with respect to the previously determined rate law for the same process with H2O2 as oxidant is discussed. The activation parameters for the catalytic process have also been derived by the Eyring analysis from variable-temperature kinetic data. A puzzling difference in relative reactivity of the Mo and W systems (W >> Mo when using H2O2, W << Mo when using TBHP), however, remains without a satisfactory rationalization. A detailed investigations of the speciation behavior of the tungsten compound, [Cp*2W2O5], through combined 1H NMR and electrical conductivity studies in a variety of coordinating and dissociating solvents (acetone, DMSO, MeOH, MeCN, H2O) is presented in the thesis. The combined 1H NMR investigations are in complete agreement with the results of the electrical conductivity studies, in the sense that the dominant or exclusive species in all organic solvents is undissociated. These experimental studies demonstrate that at least two species are formed in polar solvents and are corroborated by a computational study
Junker, Michel. "Etude et optimisation des propriétés optiques et morphologiques d'un luminophore du type La1-x-yCexTbyPO4." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00843196.
Повний текст джерелаEl, Kazzi Aimée. "Catalyseurs d'oxydation et carbènes hétérocycliques organophosphorés." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/391/.
Повний текст джерелаIn the first part of this study is presented the synthesis of a novel family of phosphorylated catalysts for oxidation that are performing and selective. We develop the synthesis of N-phosphonio imines that allow catalytic epoxidation of olefins. A detailed study shows how the reactivity of the imine function can easily be modulated by variation of the nature of the substituent which helps adapting the catalyst to the type of substrate to oxidize. In the second part, a novel synthesis of precursors of vinylidenephosphoranes carbenes, that is short and simple, is proposed. This synthesis could be applied with different kind of substituent which permits the easy modulation of the properties of this new family of vinylidenephosphorane carbenes. The first results show that these carbenes have a pronounced ambiphilic character with an especially high nucleophilicity as estimated by theoretical study. Tests in coordination chemistry are also presented and the first Au(I) complexe is isolated and characterized by X-ray diffraction study
El, Kazzi A. "Catalyseurs d'oxydation et carbènes hétérocycliques organophosphorés." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00390705.
Повний текст джерелаCamp, Clément. "Conception et réactivité de complexes mono- et polymétalliques d'éléments f en bas degré d'oxydation." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949379.
Повний текст джерелаDerule, Hervé. "Influence du degré d'oxydation du métal sur la sélectivité des catalyseurs de synthèse Fischer-tropsch." Poitiers, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989POIT2268.
Повний текст джерелаGoure, Eric. "Réactions de transfert d'amines fonctionnalisées catalysées par des systèmes binucléaires de fer non hémiques : intermédiaires à haut degré d'oxydation." Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10115.
Повний текст джерелаWith the aim of understanding mechanisms of metal-catalyzed amine transfer reactions, we have synthesized a diiron complex with an internal aromatic substrate. In presence of amine donor as ArINTs, this complex performs the quantitative intramolecular aromatic amination of a benzyl group of the ligand and this amination produces both mono and bis(tosylamine) derivatives. The amination mechanism fully characterized. We have been provide indirect evidences for both a FeIIIFeIV(=NTs) and a FeIVFeIV(=NTs)(NHTs) intermediate using isotope labelling experiments coupled with ESI-MS analysis and HPLC quantification of reaction products. The second part of this work deals with a non heme mixed valence diiron complex with an aniline ligand. The reversible deprotonation of the aniline group leads to the formation of the corresponding anilinate complex and induces a valence inversion of the metal ions
Atinault, Elodie. "Etude de l'oxydation radiolytique de l'uranium de degré d'oxydation +IV par radiolyses pulsée et stationnaire induites par divers rayonnements : hélions, électrons accélérés et gamma." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT2121.
Повний текст джерелаIn each step of the nuclear fuel cycle, the understanding of effects of ionizing radiations (alpha, beta, gamma) on some matters of which one of elements is uranium (U), has an important physical chemistry role. This work aims to understand the effect of these ionizing radiations on UIV and in particular, on its radiolytic oxidation. This one is inserted in an acidified aqueous solution (HCl) so as to stabilize this very unstable oxidation degree in the presence of O2 and by fixing the ionic strength (NaCl) for an easier comparison of the results. Firstly, the radiolytic oxidation of UIV had been observed during α and γ stationary radiolysis which informs on the overall balance of this reaction by measuring the radiolytic yields of disappearance for UIV and appearance for UVI under different atmospheres. Secondly, a picosecond pulse probe setup connected with the electron accelerator ELYSE had been developed in order to understand the mechanism of the oxidation initiated by low L. E. T particles of which the fastness is due to the high concentration of scavengers. The formation radiolytic yield of the hydroxyl radical HO• had been estimated. From this study, the oxidation mechanism of UIV had been deduced, confirmed then by some simulations. Thirdly, a transient spectroscopy setup linked with a hellion pulse beam had been established for the future adaptation and use on the cyclotron “ARRONAX”. The aim of this work is to prepare the arrival of this cyclotron in order to facilitate its installation and then, begin quickly the study of alpha pulse radiolysis
Lachaise, Isabelle. "Additions radicalaires amorcées par le manganèse au degré d'oxydation trois formes in situ par voie électrochimique : mécanisme et application à la synthèse de composés cycliques." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112220.
Повний текст джерелаBordage, Amélie. "Propriétés spectroscopiques et structure électronique du vanadium dans des matériaux complexes : implications géologiques et technologiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459909.
Повний текст джерелаRatti, Christian. "Synthèse et étude physico-chimique de porphyrines du titane, de l'étain et du fer : complexes de bas degré d'oxydation, à liaisons métal-carbone et métal-chalcogène." Dijon, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988DIJOS038.
Повний текст джерелаBaranov, Alexeï. "Apport de la spectroscopie Mössbauer à l'étude des phénomènes électroniques et structuraux au sein de réseaux oxygénés renfermant un élément de transition à un degré d'oxydation élevé." Bordeaux 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR13449.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is devoted to the study of electronic phenomena, structural and magnetic transitions through Mössbauer Spectroscopy using 57Fe as local probe (1 to 2% at. ). Three different matrixes have been selected: (i) the nickelates TNiO3 with the perovskite structure (T=rare-earth, Y, Tl), (ii) the copper 3+ oxides: LaCuO3 with the perovskite structure, SrLaCuO4 and La2Li0. 50Cu0. 50O4 with the K2NiF4-type structure, (iii) the oxide CaMn7O12 with a structure derived from the perovskite (CaMn )(Mn Mn4+)O12 where a Jahn-Teller cation (Mn3+) can occupy the A site. Mössbauer spectroscopy has allowed to underline the following electronic and structural phenomena: (i) for the TNiO3 matrixesthe insulationmetal transition, the disproportionation, the magnetic ordering involving two Ni3+ electronic configurations; (ii) for the Cu3+ Oxides: the charge transfert Cu3+ O Cu2+ OL; (iii) in the case of CaMn7O12 matrix two phenomena: a second order structural transition (rhomboedral cubic) (387T455 K), a second order magnetic transition close to 90 K
Cavaille, Laetitia. "Production de Polyhydroxybutyrates à partir d'acides gras volatils en culture ouverte : influence du degré de limitation en phosphore sur les réponses cinétiques et les sélections microbiennes." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAT0049/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is an attractive alternative for plastics produced from fossil resources. The technical constraints imposed by pure cultures (purified substrate, sterilization ...) involve a high production cost of PHA production, and the production of these bioplastics is hardly competitive. The use of non-axenic cultures would avoid the constraints of pure cultures but requires a selection step of PHA producers. From a microbial inoculum (activated sludge) and AGV (butyric and acetic acid), a strategy for limiting the growth by phosphorus to accumulate PHB was established. From fed-batch and continuous culture, we studied the selection of PHA producers and the production of PHA based on operating parameters (dilution rate) and environmental (degree of phosphorus limitation). The scientific objective was to improve knowledge on the role of phosphorus limitation according to the operating conditions of the process, first about the nature of selected strains, and then about the cellular growth and PHB accumulation. For this, an approach involving identification of microorganisms by pyrosequencing method, a kinetic characterization of selected microorganisms, a process analysis and development of a kinetic modeling were performed. The ultimate goal of the work was the optimization of PHB production processes in non-axenic culture: productivity, yield, final PHB concentration but also reliability and robustness, to define an optimal production strategy of PHA. The performance achieved during the fed-batch cultures are among the best in the literature (70% PHA) in mixed cultures without enrichment step of PHA producers. The results showed the role of phosphorus limitation on the PHB production. Thus, it has been demonstrated the importance of degree of phosphorus limitation to maintain cell growth allowing enrichment in PHA producers explaining the high content of PHA obtained. From microbial selections in chemostat culture, the analysis of macro-kinetic parameters revealed conversion kinetics of the carbon substrate in PHB, catalytic biomass and CO2, dependent on the degree of phosphorus limitation and growth rate. The limits on the degree of plasticity of the intracellular phosphorus (ranging from 3.8% to 0.045%) were identified as a function of the specific growth rate. This intracellular phosphorus content (depending on the growth rate and degree of phosphorus limitation), is the parameter governing carbon conversion. Furthermore, this role of the intracellular phosphorus was observed for all populations selected under phosphorus limitation in this study, demonstrating a universal behavior of these populations face to phosphorus limitation. In parallel, dynamic studies in batch reactor from these selected populations were used to characterize the kinetic parameters of the strains, showing a maximum PHB production rate of 0.6 and 1.2 Cmol/Cmol.h with acetic acid and butyric respectively. These hypotheses made from experimental observations allowed the establishment of a new kinetic model based on the role of intracellular phosphorus on carbon conversion. The comparison of this model with experimental results has strengthened and improved the understanding of the mechanisms of intracellular phosphorus dilution and storage PHB. This model was also used to explore a wide range of environmental conditions and predict microbial behavior of PHA producers and non-producing organisms according to the operating conditions in continuous or batch reactor. From the results observed and the established kinetic model, the performance of PHA production processes of different configurations was discussed: chemostat single or two-stage, fed-batch, chemostat plus batch... The productivities, intracellular PHB content, performances of selection and the reliability of the process are compared
Martins, Da Silva Fernando Henrique. "Etude structurale, distribution cationique et état d'oxydation dans des nanoparticules magnétiques de ferrite du type coeur-coquille." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066102/document.
Повний текст джерелаStructural properties of core-shell ferrite nanoparticles MFe2O4 (M = Mn and Co) and Mn-Zn ferrite nanoparticles are here investigated. The nanoparticles are synthesized by hydrothermal co-precipitation and are dispersed in acid medium thanks to an empirical surface treatment by ferric nitrate, which prevents the chemical dissociation by a thin maghemite layer incorporated at the surface of the nano-grains. Chemical titrations allow us to calculate volume fractions of core and shell, as well as the surface-layer thickness. Structural changes induced by the surface treatment are followed as a function of treatment duration in MnFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 nanocrystals. Whereas structural changes in Mn-Zn ferrite nanoparticles are investigated as a function of zinc content. X-ray and Neutron diffractions are used to determine the structural parameters, in particular cationic distribution in the spinel ferrite sites. Precise structural information with high degree of reliability is obtained by Rietveld refinements. To investigate the local structure of these materials, X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy measurements are performed, allowing determining interatomic distances, mean oxidation state and inversion degree. Morphology, crystallinity and size of mixed-ferrite nanoparticles are investigated by TEM/HRTEM and electron diffraction. In Mn-Zn ferrite nanoparticles, the presence of Mn3+ in octahedral environment is responsible for anisotropic distortions, known as Jahn-Teller effect. The inversion degree obtained in this work diverges from the bulk values due to the reduction to nanoscale and to the increase of the surface/volume ratio, associated to the synthesis process
Darracq, Stéphane. "Contribution à l'étude des corrélations entre stœchiométrie, structure, liaison chimique et propriétés physico-chimiques de perovskites oxygénées renfermant un élément 3d à un degré d'oxydation inusuel (Cu(III), Cu(IV), Fe(IV))." Bordeaux 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR10564.
Повний текст джерелаTête, Johann. "Oxydation catalytique du propane en acide acrylique, optimisation des performances en mode pulsé et cinétique de réoxydation." Compiègne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003COMP1485.
Повний текст джерелаThe propane oxidation into acrylic acid is studied on MoVTeNbO catalyst. The application target is a circulating fluid bed reactor (CFB). In this aim, a innovating set up is developed order to simulate the kinetic part of the spatial decoupling. Thus a fixed bed is altemately scanned by oxidant mixture and then by a reducing mix. Ln spite of a qantified effect of relaxation, this temporal decoupling is exaggerated order to authorize different operating conditions between reoxidation and reduction. Moreover several oxidant (or reducing) pulses are successively injected. By this means, it is possible to follow the performances versus the oxidation state of catalyst. The performances are optimised thanks to several studies on the parameters such as the relative pressure of oxygen, the temperature of reoxydation,. . . But a precise oxidation state winch enables optimal catalytic performances is defined. Before this irreversible degradation of the activity of the catalyst is observed. Beyond this, the formation of MoO3 is supposed and conducts to irreversible transformation of the catalyst and its properties. In this optimal state, another irreversible degradation could be observed : a decrease of the selectivity when reduction during one cycle is to high. The omnipresence of tins potential degradation explains the poor performances aunced a lot of papers on the same MoVTeNbO catalyst. Moreover and spite of few publications on the subject, an activation under oxidant atmosphere is proved and is in fact the most important recommended outlook. Finally a kinetic model is proposed for the reoxydation. It shows two different catalytic sites, the first is selective and the second favours combustion
Jung, Duk-Young. "Stabilisation et caractérisation de l'iridium(VI) au sein d'oxydes de structure perovskite : corrélations entre degré d'oxydation, force de la liaison chimique et propriétés des oxydes d'iridium (A,A')MIrn+O6-δ (n = III, IV, V et VI)". Bordeaux 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR10552.
Повний текст джерелаSakout, Mohammed. "Contribution de la spectrométrie X à l'étude des degrés d'oxydation du vanadium et du chrome dans les oxydes mixtes de structure spinelle." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUES002.
Повний текст джерелаDarracq, Stéphane. "Contribution à l'étude des corrélations entre stoechiométrie, structure, liaison chimique et propriétes physico-chimiques de perovskites oxygénées renfermant un élément 3d a un degrè d'oxydation inusuel (Cu(III), Cu(IV), Fe(IV))." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136172.
Повний текст джерелаVillain, Olivier. "Contribution à l'étude de l'environnement structural du chrome dans les verres." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00406764.
Повний текст джерелаAbel, Jonathan. "Corrélations compositions chimiques- structures d'oxydes mixtes (Ce/Zr) à base de Pr4+/Pr3+ et propriétés de réductibilité." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661383.
Повний текст джерелаAnguita, Paola. "Impact des biocarburants sur le système d’oxydation catalytique des véhicules diesel." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1181.
Повний текст джерелаThe more restrictive regulations to reduce pollutants emissions, especially CO2, promote the use of biofuels. However, biodiesel contains inorganic elements (Na, K, Ca and P) that reduce the durability of the after-treatment catalysts. This work aims to evaluate the performance of Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOCs, PtPd/CeZrO2/La-Al2O3 reference catalyst). The characterization results have shown that the above-mentioned impurities affect the physico-chemical, redox, surface and catalytic properties. Although the catalyst crystalline structure of reference catalyst did not change after impurities incorporation, the specific surface area decreased. The redox ability was also decreased when Na, K and Ca impurities are present due to their low electronegativity, which increased the oxygen interaction. This high interaction seems to be responsible of the enhanced C3H6 reaction rate. NO-TPD results evidenced that the high basicity of Na, K and Ca impurities resulted in an increase of NO adsorption strength. Accordingly, DRIFT results showed the presence of NO intermediates adsorption associated to the electrostatic field created by these cations, hindering NO oxidation. CO adsorption was also promoted, enhancing CO reaction rate. The formation of cerium phosphate was also observed, which could stabilize the Ce3+ oxidation state (checked by XPS), decreasing NO oxidation due to the blockage of catalytic sites. Nevertheless, CO and C3H6 co-oxidations were enhanced by avoiding self-poisoning. After catalyst hydrothermal aging, the effect of impurities was masked by the sintering of Pt/Pd active sites, which decreases the DOC catalytic performances
Gouré, Eric. "Réactions de transfert d'amines fonctionnalisées catalysées par des systèmes binucléaires de fer non hémiques : intermédiaires à haut degré d'oxydation." Phd thesis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00342006.
Повний текст джерелаLa deuxième partie de ce manuscrit est dédiée à un complexe binucléaire à fer à valence mixte possédant une branche aniline. En présence de base, ce complexe subit une déprotonation du ligand aniline induisant une inversion de valence des ions métalliques et un changement de couleur de la solution visible à l'œil nu. Cette réaction réversible est le premier cas d'inversion de valence induit par une réaction acido-basique. Ce complexe possède la capacité de détecter des amines en solution organique et en phase solide.