Дисертації з теми "Dégradations des chaussées"
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Manyo, Edem Yawo. "Modélisation avancée du contact pneu-chaussée pour l'étude des dégradations des chaussées en surface." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0034/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe recent appearance of new materials in road structures associated with surface layers thickness decreasing and the increasing of trucks loading and their passage frequency has led to new pathologies of degradation. In addition to the well-known rutting problems, top down cracking is now appearing as well as problems of decohesion at the interfaces. These new pathologies led to considerable expenditure on the entire network (around 15 billion euros per year), particularly in urbanized areas that are more prone to surface damage and do not make it possible to adequately estimate the lifetimes of the roadway, most often overestimated in current design methods. This doctoral work proposes a new approach of the tire-road contact allowing for better apprehend of the main and residual stresses in a bituminous pavement structure. Using a fast numerical tool based on a semi-analytical approach ("Semi-Analytical Methods" (SAM)), the precise geometry of the tire is integrated in order to obtain a real contact pressure distribution as well as surface shear on the pavement surface. Initially, an elastic tractive rolling contact model is implemented for simple theoretical cases and validated by analytical and numerical results from the literature.Then, this model is extended to take into account the elastoplastic behavior of the bodies in contact. This is compared to a numerical result based on the nite element method from the literature. The application for tire-pavement contact results, show a non-uniform distribution of stresses in the structure and mainly in the rst centimeters below the surface with much higher levels than can be predicted by current models that use a uniformly distributed load. The contact pressure is compared to the measurements made by a system called TekScan and the mechanical elds in sublayers are compared to those of Alizé-LCPC in the case of a simple structure. The surface shears are determined in the case of tractive rolling. An application is carried out on the modeling of surface pavement damage. Firstly, analyzes of the behavior of the surface pavement are carried out for a semi-innite semi-grit asphalt concrete layer supposed to be elastic, homogeneous under conditions of acceleration, braking and turning. For studies on top down cracking, principals deformations and directions are determined and analyzed. Then, the elastoplastic contact model is applied on a semi-innite asphalt agragate layer. Deformations and residuals stresses generated in the structure are determined for an analysis on the instability ruts. Once validated, these results will make it possible to more accurately estimate the residual life of pavements but also to understand and avoid surface or near surfacedegradation mechanisms
Homsi, Farah. "Endommagement des chaussées bitumeuses sous chargements multi-essieux." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ECDN0052.
Повний текст джерелаThe fatigue damage of a pavement under repeated trac loadings is a key issue for pavement design. At the material scale, the fatigue life of asphalt mixtures is computed in the laboratory. The standard fatigue test consists of the application of a continuous sinusoidal signal on the specimens and enables to write the fatigue life as a function of the strain level. Real loading signals measured at an experimental pavement are more complex. Additional parameters may therefore have an influence on the fatigue life. A method whose aim is a better computation of the fatigue life of asphalt pavements is presented. This method couples a structural approach and a material-based approach. The structural approach consists of a parametrical characterization of real loading signals measured at an experimental pavement in order to compute the independent parameters that describe a real loading signal. The independent parameters are the variables of an experimental plan of laboratory fatigue tests with complex loading signals. The results of the laboratory fatigue tests enabled the computation of a multi-linear fatigue model that writes the fatigue life as a function of the independent shape parameters characterizing the loading signal. Coupling this fatigue model with a pavement model enables the computation of the fatigue life of a pavement under different loading conditions and the comparison of the aggressiveness of dierent truck con
Youdjari, Djonkamla. "Développement d'un modèle de prédiction de l'uni des chaussées flexibles." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31592.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of the thesis is to develop a model of prediction of the flexible pavements roughness. This goal was achieved through a rigorous process that involved four steps. First, a review of knowledge was made. It appears from this study that the International Roughness Index (IRI) is the index that better represents the roughness phenomenon, but the prediction is still empirical. Second, the two main pavement degradations that could cause roughness problems during the useful life are the permanent deformation and frost heave. After analysis of the existing models the need of the prediction model was established. The desired prediction models should have in their mathematical structure the geotechnical parameters of soil, which are the origin of variability along a road. For frost heave, the Konrad model (1981 and 2005) was found to be appropriate. However, for permanent deformation there was no adequate model. Thus, a permanent deformation model was developed. Third, a mathematical model for the prediction of pavements roughness in terms of IRI was derived. It has been built on rigorous assumptions and includes the following parameters: permanent deformation ( ε p ), frost heave (S), transverse crack ( Ft ) and coefficient representing the effect of amplification or attenuation of wavelengths (K). Fourth, the derived model was calibrated and validated with data obtained on actual pavements. For calibration, data from the LTTP and MTQ databases and the geotechnical parameters resulting from the characterization tests of the samples, taken at every 5 m along 5 different sites in Quebec Province were used. The required calibration coefficients have been determined successfully. For the validation of the model, due to lack of geotechnical parameters at every 5 m along the identified sections to achieve this objective, the principle of the model use level has been developed. Three levels of the model use were developed and the model was validated at the third level with an acceptable level of success.
Paquis, Stéphane. "Reconnaissance des surfaces de chaussée par analyse de texture image." Saint-Etienne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STET4003.
Повний текст джерелаTexture image of surface of roadways can be defined as a set of luminous objects of different size and different form, posed on a more and less apparent bottom. These textures are characterized by a strong granularity and none periodicity. Then, any direct use of traditional technics is unsatisfactory, as shown by a comparative and critical study. The original method, presented in this memory, introduces a pyramidal decomposition based on a transformation process elaborated in order to improve a certain characteristic of the texture. The evolution between two successive resolutions of the pyramid is done with an inter-level co-occurrence matrix. Fine analysis of the data contained in this matrix allows us to construct a parameters vector used during the classification step. This tool is then validated on a large image database. This one consists in the acquisition of roadways with various scales and under various illuminations. Moreover, each image is compressed with different JPEG rates
Hamlat, Smail. "Étude de la résistance des revêtements routiers aux sollicitations tangentielles." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2045.
Повний текст джерелаHeavy traffic at intersections (especially in urban areas) poses a particularly difficult challenge to traffic engineers interested in durable and safe wearing courses. At such places, heavy traffic causes damage to the road surface by aggregates loss and horizontal displacement of the bituminous surfacing, due to application of high shear stresses by truck tyres. Currently, the question of the assessment of the durability of bituminous surfacings in zones with high shear stresses in the laboratory does not seem completely resolved. In this work, we propose an approach based on a new experimental apparatus to simulate the surface damage by loss of aggregates. Taking in account the local phenomenon, an important advantage of the new device is that it permits to maintain a constant vertical loading whatever the level of surface deterioration. The first stage of this work is concerned with the characterization of the mechanical contact. The friction and the distribution of pressure are given for different loading conditions. The experimental procedure has been optimized in vertical force control in order to ensure a contact with a high friction between the materials. We present the results performed with different binders and with different aggregate gradations. Before the appearance of surface damage, aggregates displacements are systematically observed on the surface of the sample before the first departure of aggregates. At last, we propose two parametric models; the first model gives a link between the resistance to the tangential force and the performance of binders measured from fracture tests. The second one gives a prediction from aggregate gradation
Khraibani, Hussein. "Modélisation statistique de données longitudinales sur un réseau routier entretenu." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ECDN0040.
Повний текст джерелаRoad transportation has a direct impact on a country's economy. Infrastructures, particularly pavements, deteriorate under the effect of traffic and climate. As a result, they most constantly undergo maintenance which often requires expensive works. The optimization of maintenance strategies and the scheduling of works necessarily pass by a study that makes use of deterioration evolution laws and accounts for the effect of maintenance on these laws. In this respect, numerous theoretical and experimental works ranging linear and nonlinear regressions to more sophisticated methods such as Markov chain have been conducted. The thesis presents a survey of models and methods and focuses on the analysis of survival data (MADS), an analysis which constituted the objective of important works at LCPC. In order to acount for the fact that current databases contain repeated measurements of each pavement section, the thesis proposes a different approach based on the use of nonlinear mixed-effects models (NLME). First, it carries out a comparison between the NLME and MADS models on different databases in terms of the goodness of fit and prediction capability. The comparison then allows to draw conclusions about the applicability of the two models
Zhao, Dan. "Evolution de l'adhérence des chaussées : Influence des matériaux, du vieillissement et du trafic, variations saisonnières." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00905871.
Повний текст джерелаBadiane, Mamadou. "Effet des charges sur les chaussées en période de restriction des charges-volet terrain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26934.
Повний текст джерелаIn strict climatic conditions such as in Quebec, the interaction between load and climate has a great influence on the performance of flexible pavement structures (Doré and Zubeck, 2009). During the spring thaw, when ice melts, the weakening of the pavement makes it vulnerable to solicitation by heavy traffic, speeding various phenomena of degradation, including fatigue damage and structural rutting (Farcette, 2010). In order to minimize the effects of heavy loads on a pavement weakened by the spring, road authorities often choose to limit axle loads or vehicle upon thawing. The purpose of this project is to develop a tool for load restrictions management in thaw period based on data gathered by the road weather stations. Two experimental sections built with the same material but with different thicknesses of asphalt concrete located at Laval University Experimental Road Site (SERUL) were used for this project. Each layer of the tested sections was instrumented with strain, stress, moisture, and temperature sensors. A falling weight deflectometer (FWD) was used to simulate heavy loads. The results obtained made it possible to understand the mechanisms of pavement weakening during the thaw. They also showed that the application of a load restriction period during the thaw allowed to have a gain on the life cycle, thus a load restriction period is justified and effective. Nevertheless, for better management of the road network, new criteria to better determine the load restriction period are proposed.
Castañeda, Pinzon Eduardo Alberto. "Contribution de méthodes non destructives à l'évaluation de l'effet de l'eau sur les enrobés bitumineux." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANT2074.
Повний текст джерелаMoisture and stripping (debonding of bitumen and aggregate) are a key element in the distress of bituminous mixtures in the tropical countries. Most of the laboratory testing procedures are destructive and require many specimens. This study aims at understanding the mechanical characteristics evolution for compacted bitumen-aggregate mixtures, using a non-destructive test. The classical study of stiffness evolution highlights the effect of the mineralogical nature of the aggregate skeleton and the bitumen content. The evolution of complex modulus appears to be relevant in evaluating moisture damage, showing the consistent results. It's modelling allows to determine a factor (D) related to moisture-induced damage
Décatoire, Rodrigue. "Optimisation des campagnes d'inspection dans le cadre de processus stochastiques de dégradation : Application aux structures en béton armé." Nantes, 2015. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=831818a0-80d5-4c3d-a74c-f5adae962f0d.
Повний текст джерелаThe development of modern societies has seen the construction of several structures and infrastructures built in reinforced concrete. The management of those structures, potentially large and subjected to important pathologies, aiming at ensuring and guaranteeing their safety and durability has become a true economical challenge. Looking for an optimal inspection, maintenance and repair plan according to safety constraints is one of the possible solutions to address this challenge. This work is bounded by a preventive maintenance context where the concrete degradations may lead to the corrosion of the reinforcements and not to structural failure. The corresponding degradation models are put in an uncertainty context where the spatial variability of the environmental exposure and the concrete properties are accounted for. Based on such predictions, an adaptive design of experiments helps to identify, at a given time, where the structure should be inspected in order to evaluate its degradation state which will indicate the need for maintenance or a repair action. A decision tree therefore allows to predict the probabilistic evolution of the structure state, including the effect of maintenance and repairs. This tree is then used in an optimisation process which aims at finding where and with which inspection technique the structure is to be inspected to minimise both the expectation of the exploitation costs and the associated uncertainties due to the measurement errors, accounting for the stakeholder’s constraints
Thiam, Papa Masseck. "Effets des futurs changements climatiques sur la performance à long terme des chaussées souples au Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30293/30293.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe long-term performance of the road network of the province of Quebec (Canada) is strongly influenced by the climate and the weather conditions. Amongst other factors, high levels of saturation in soils and pavement materials are believed to be an important cause of pavement deterioration. According to the climate change scenarios established by Ouranos (2010), the North and South of Quebec will undergo an average precipitation increase from -0.1% to 8.45% in a future horizon of 2010-2039. The purpose of this project is to quantify the effect of these expected precipitation increases on the mechanical behavior of road structures, materials and soils. Based on literature and on data collected on instrumented road sections, a relationship between precipitation increase and saturation level of pavement layers is proposed. The resilient modulus and permanent deformation behavior for various water contents and four different subgrade soils was determined using triaxial tests, which were validated using small-scale heavy vehicle simulator, in order to determine the existing relationship between mechanical properties and moisture contents. Using the precipitation increase scenarios and the preset models, a damage analysis is performed to quantify the decrease of pavements service life caused by climate change. It is found that climate change, and more precisely the increase of precipitation expected in the Province of Quebec, will have a significant impact on pavement performance and that adapted pavement structures and materials, such as improved drainage, increased structural capacity or materials with reduced sensitivity to water, are possible options to reduce the loss of pavement life associated with climate change.
Perez, Gonzalez Erdrick. "Development of an analysis tool to quantify the effect of superheavy load vehicles on pavements." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68410.
Повний текст джерелаThis work's main objective was to define an analysis method for evaluating the damage in pavements under the actions of vehicles with super heavy loads (SHL). The proposed indicator is a mathematical expression to calculate the permanent deformation rate as a function of the stress states described by an SHL vehicle's passage. This indicator allows both to define the maximum acceptable load on the pavement materials based on a serviceability criterion and quantify the damage and impact of the non-standard vehicle compared to conventional heavy traffic. The first part of the work (Chapters 1 and 2) defines how the assessment of the pavement's deterioration will be carried out. For this purpose, a damage quantification parameter has been selected based on the permanent deformation accumulated during an SHL vehicle's transit in granular layers and subgrade. The above is based on the information available in the literature. It is recognized that permanent deformation in the pavement structure is one of the most probable deteriorations due to the magnitude and form of distribution of stresses induced by SHL vehicles. The second part of the work (Chapters 3 to 5) has consisted of developing, calibrating and validating the proposed model, using laboratory tests, finite element model analysis, and accelerated load tests and field tests with SHL vehicles under real conditions. As a result of this phase, a procedure for calibrating the laboratory model and its application to field conditions has been obtained. This phase includes the definition of threshold values (maximum) for deterioration by permanent deformation under SHL conditions. In the last phase of the work (Chapters 6 and 7), a complete methodology has been proposed to apply the deformation rate model in SHL vehicles' cases, and it has been compared with the current methodologies.
Kaddah, Wissam. "Apports de nouveaux outils de traitement d'images et de programmation pour le relevé automatique de dégradations sur chaussées." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0102/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe road network is subject to degradations due to traffic and weather conditions. The detection of surface defects within pavement images is used to evaluate the road network and to schedule the necessary maintenance operations. The goal of this thesis is to develop unsupervised processing techniques for the analysis of 2D and 3D pavement images, which originate from imaging systems operating in the field of road engineering. We focus on the detection of road marking damage and the detection of cracks on the pavement. In the context of road marking, our objective is to realize an algorithm for detecting, recognizing, geo-locating and monitoring the wearing conditions of road marking using a panoramic imaging system. The performed image processing uses a color segmentation method to facilitate the extraction phase of the road marking zones. Then, an inverse perspective technique is applied to ease the identification of detected objects.The wearing conditions of road marking is established from the variations in the geometric (length, width, etc.) and colorimetric (white color level) characteristics of the objects identified in the image.In the context of road crack detection, our aspiration is the automatic segmentation of cracks within pavement images, assuming that they represent fine and dark features in the image. Among the many existing methods, our chosen approaches follow a classical scheme composed of three main phases, namely, a pre-processing phase to reduce the amount of information to be processed in the image, a processing phase to extract the points having a high likelihood of belonging to a crack on the road and a post-processing phase to estimate the severity and the damage level of the pavement. The performances of our proposed algorithms are evaluated on 2D and 3D real images, coming from 3 types of existing imaging devices for road engineering (VIAPIX®, LCMS and Aigle-RN)
Le, Xuan Quy. "Analysis and modelling of APT experiments based on optimized management of database of mechanical measurements." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ECDN0060.
Повний текст джерелаAccelerated pavement tests (APT) have been increasingly used in recent years to assess the behaviour of pavement structures and their lifetimes. This is mainly due to their ability to simulate the full-scale effect of traffic loads and climatic conditions on pavements, in ashort period of time, and to follow the behaviour of the pavements until the end of their service life. These tests make it possible to evaluate pavement design methods or the use of innovative pavement materials and structures. However, the measurements made during accelerated pavement tests are numerous and varied, and there is no common approach to assess the behaviour of the studied pavements. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a methodology to analyse the behaviour of pavements, in accelerated tests, from their initial conditions to their final level of deterioration. This approach is applied to an experiment carried out at Université GustaveEiffel, as part of the ANR SolDuGri project, which aimed to compare the performance of a traditional bituminous pavement structure withstructures reinforced by fiberglass grids. From these analyses, a probabilistic pavement design approach, aiming to extend the Frenchpavement design approach, in order to better take into account the variations of certain design parameters, to predict the service life ofpavements is proposed, and applied to the analysis of accelerated tests on pavements
Grégoire, Laurie-Anne. "Analyse de profils de chaussées : effet du gel saisonnier et de la dégradation du pergélisol." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27218.
Повний текст джерелаMethods adapted to road condition are needed to maintain and rehabilitate roads built on permafrost or in context of seasonal frost. Several issues can lead to increase repair and maintenance costs, decrease the pavement’s lifetime and increase problems related to the safety of road users. The project objective is to develop a profile analysis tool, which would help to locate thaw and frost sensitive zones, diagnose the causes of degradation and select proper mitigation strategies. The research project is divided into two parts. The first section is related to frost heaves on pavements in context of seasonal frost. Currently, there are diagnosis methods for detecting areas where frost susceptibility is present. These methods do not allow to determine whether the freezing problem is under or at the surface of the road; in other words if the problem is related to differential heave or uplift cracks. Moreover, the methods used are not adapted to municipal roads. According to the known problems of some sites, it was possible to develop a chart used to differentiate if the frost problem is in surface layers or deep in the road subgrade. Then, a 3D analysis was done to complement the chart. Using this technology, a new method will be developed to detect freezing problems through the transverse profiles. The second part focuses on the pavements built on permafrost. Current methods for detecting the degradation of permafrost under roads are unclear and need to be refined. Three test sites were studied on the Alaska Highway in Yukon. Depending on various analysis, such as analysis of longitudinal profiles, the spectral density and wavelength, trends analysis were found to characterize the instability of permafrost.
Duong, Ngoc Son. "Instrumentation de chaussées : la route intelligente qui s’auto-détecte ?" Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0033.
Повний текст джерелаRecently, the roads supporting a great number of heavy vehicles usually have a thick and little deformable structure. To evaluate the pavement performances, deflection measurement devices have been used. However, these measurements are not accurate and the degradation detection is not enough to detect the start of pavement damage.In order to obtain more accurate and continuous mechanical pavement measurements, highway sections were instrumented with specific sensors (temperature probes, strain gages, geophones). However, the measurements analysis under real traffic generates a great number of data and a variability of measurements. Therefore, this problem requires an original signal sorting process. The study of strain measurements allows analyzing real strain variations which take in account the daily and seasonal variations of environment parameters.Modelling calculations with different assumptions were carried out afterward in order to obtain the best prediction for the mechanical pavement behavior. The study of geophone measurements allows measuring pavement deflections which represent pavement bearing capacity. In addition, different geophones were used to characterize heavy vehicle silhouettes, vehicle speeds and their lateral positions. The thesis work meets the expected requirement of construction managers to monitor continuously their infrastructures under real traffic
Ktari, Rahma. "Mécanismes et modélisations de dégradation et décollement des interfaces de couches de chaussées." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0090/document.
Повний текст джерелаInterface between bituminous layers is an important parameter for the pavement computational design.New pathologies in pavement structure require today rational methods taking into account theinterfaces behavior. Due to these concerns, the current study is based on a damage cohesive zonemodel (CZM) in mixed mode of the rough interfaces. The model was initially proposed by Allix-Ladevèze. This thesis presents a comprehensive interface modeling including delay effect, based ondamage energy release rate. The process of the present study is presented in three chapters. The firstchapter present the stat of art of interfaces. The second devoted to identify the parameters of theinterface model and material properties through advanced optical method as Digital Image Correlation(DIC) and (H-DIC). In the third chapter, a study of the influence of the elastic normal and tangentialstiffness and coupling parameters in the mixed mode on the debonding interfacial energy is presented.An analytical model provides relations between the interfaces stiffness, the coupling parameter of theCZM and the interfacial roughness. Then, a parametric numerical analysis is conducted to study theroughness effect on the interface constitutive law. Results show clearly the roughness influence in thiskind of structures. The damage behaviours predicted by the proposed model for pure mode I, puremode II and for mixed mode with taking into account of roughness are found in good agreement withexperimental results
El, Abd Absamad. "Développement d'une méthode de prédiction des déformation de surface des chaussées à assises non traitées." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13311.
Повний текст джерелаGauthier, Pierre. "Étude du concept de structure inverse pour le renforcement de chaussées soumises aux charges d'autobus urbains." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28500/28500.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSavoie, Catherine. "Évaluation du bénéfice technico-économique lié à l'utilisation de technologies drainantes géocomposite dans les chaussées flexibles en contexte climatique nordique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29871/29871.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаWater infiltration in road structures can lead to important changes in its mechanical response. If in excess, the water can induce bearing capacity loss in the different aggregate layers composing the road structure. The diminution in the mechanical properties is likely to reflect itself prematurely through different mechanisms like fatigue cracking, rutting, pot hole, etc.. In order to prevent the loss of service life, it is important to take measures to prevent excess water infiltration in the granular layers of the infrastructure. Many mitigation techniques have been incorporated to road conceptions in order to prevent this phenomenon. Geocomposite drainage systems are among those. Despite all the research that has been conducted on this matter in the last years, decision maker and the scientific community are skeptical as for the actual earnings generated by the installation of a drainage technology in the pavement structure. The purpose of this study is thus to demonstrate that the additional cost generated by the addition of drainage technologies in road structures is reflected by a faster recuperation of the mechanical properties of the infrastructure and an increase of its service life. In order to validate this hypothesis, a small scale experimental road was constructed in laboratory and a full scale experimental road was constructed in the Laval University experimental site. Laboratory tests were conducted on four different drainage configuration that were reproduced in the field were a fifth section was added. Laboratory trails enabled to record noticeable amelioration between the four tested sections in terms of the recuperation rate of normalised modulus. Although the field results were not as pronounced as in laboratory, they enabled to note trend to faster recovery of the mechanical properties. Damage calculations showed gains in service life (ECAS) from 0.92 to 1.29%. However, the economical analysis showed that gains recorded during one drainage period following a thaw cycle was not sufficient to justify the extra costs. Nevertheless, there still are many factors that have not been considered in this analysis that could potentially contribute to the increase in the calculated gains.
Quijano, Murillas Alejandro. "Application de méthodes et d'outils mécaniste-empiriques pour la conception et la réhabilitation des chaussées." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27388/27388.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаCiza, Ferdinand. "Détermination du module réversible des matériaux granulaires à l'aide de l'essai pressiométrique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28084/28084.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаOne reason for the premature deterioration of roads in North America is inadequate mechanical properties of materials. Given the limited information on the anisotropic behavior of granular materials in the literature, the « Service des matériaux d’infrastructure du ministère des Transports du Québec » agreed to support the project (GE-004-09) which relates to the determination of resilient modulus of granular materials used to build the foundations of roads. Studies show that the resilient modulus of pavement soils is a key parameter for the design and analysis of paved asphalt roads. According to the design method (AASHTO, 2002), the different layers of the pavement structure are dimensioned so that the infrastructure layer remains within tolerated limits of elastic deformations. In order to determine the resilient modulus, triaxial and pressuremeter tests were performed in the facilities of the « Ministère des transports du Québec ». Pressuremeter tests were carried out in a mold compactor, designed specifically for vertical and horizontal testing. The results of pressuremeter tests differ from those (13 kg of granular material) of the triaxial tests. Values obtained from the pressuremeter tests on representative road material (72 kg), demonstrate the existence of structural anisotropy in the foundation and subgrade sections. It appears that the anisotropic ratio (Er/Ez) is roughly equal to 15%, which is consistent with results obtained by Tutumluer et al., (2003). Finally the pressuremeter test is very promising because, not only does it allows for the determination of anisotropy, but also allows the engineer to develop confidence in the results due to the shape of the pressure-volume curve.
Ali, Bassem. "Modèle numérique pour comportement mécanique des chaussées : application à l'analyse de l'orniérage." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Ali.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAllou, Fatima. "Un modèle élastoplastique pour la modélisation de l’orniérage des chaussées à faible trafic." Limoges, 2006. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/93d6406d-717a-455f-a660-0ad854f7bc9c/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0067.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаRutting, due to permanent deformations of unbound materials, is one of the principal damage modes for low traffic pavements. The flexible pavement design methods remain empirical. These mechanistic methods do not characterize the inelastic behaviour of these materials (only linear elasticity is used as mechanical model) and do not predict the rutting under large loading cycles number. A simplified method, based on the concept of the shakedown theory developed by Zarka for metallic structures under cyclic loadings, to estimate the permanent deformations of unbound granular materials (UGM) subjected to traffic loading has been developed and presented in the framework of this study. The mechanical initial states of granular layers are taken into account with an anisotropic hyperelastic model and the calculation of the rut depth evolution with time is carried out. Based on repeated loading triaxial tests, a general procedure has been developed for the determination of the material parameters of the constitutive model. The results of a finite elements modelling of the long-term behaviour of a flexible pavement with the simplified method are presented and compared with the results of the LCPC full scale pavement experiment
Aljr, Hasan. "Influence de la tranchée sur les chaussées en milieu urbain : Analyse des données d’une expérimentation à grande échelle." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10168/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe trench is a major cause of deterioration of urban pavements. It considerably reduces the service life of these pavements. The present work aims to study through a large-scale experimentation the influence of the trench on urban pavements. It has been conducted within a collaboration between Lille Metropolis, Civil and geo-Environmental Engineering laboratory and Eurovia. It includes 4 parts. The first part contains a literature review concerning the influence of the trench on urban pavements as well as its economic impact. The second part concerns the analysis of the performances of the instrumentation system used to monitor the behavior of the pavement and the trench built at the entrance of Lille1 campus. The third part consists in the analysis of structural behavior of the pavement and the trench using deflection tests. The last presents an analysis of the responses of the pavement and the trench under traffic and the influence of the temperature on these responses
Nasser, Hanan. "Méthode de résolution du M4-5n par éléments finis mixtes pour l’analyse des chaussées avec discontinuités." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ECDN0005/document.
Повний текст джерелаPavements are multilayer structures which undergo cracking distress due to traffic and climatic factors. It is important nowadays to be able to model the mechanical response of such damaged pavements in order to assess their residual lifetime or to design reinforcement solutions. In this context, the present thesis aims at developing a numerical tool dedicated to the analysis of pavements incorporating cracks or discontinuities. In the developed approach, the pavement structure is modeled as a stacking of “plate” elements of typeM4-5n (Multi-Particle Models of Multilayer Materials) which considers 5n equilibrium equations. A reference quick 2D calculation tool for cracked pavements and a general solving of M4-5n by the mixed Finite Element (FE) method was developed. The starting point for this method is the derivation for M4-5n of the variational principle based on the complementary energy theorem whose condition of statically admissible stress is taken into account using Lagrange multipliers. Discretization of the generalized stresses involves interpolation spaces, proposed to avoid ill-conditioned system of algebraic equations after discretization and to insure stability of the solution. The developed method is implemented in a FreeFem++ script. In this method, the initial 3D problem can be handled through FE simulations in 2D and finite values of the generalized stresses are obtained at crack and interlayer debonding locations. The developed numerical tool was validated and applied to the study of the mechanical response of a structure with cracks representative of a pavement tested underfull-scale conditions during an accelerated fatigue test performed at IFSTTAR
Diakhaté, Malick. "Fatigue et comportement des couches d’accrochage dans les structures de chaussée." Limoges, 2007. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/6571d719-9eba-4e0e-be37-58cb8a5632eb/blobholder:0/2007LIMO4037.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe research work presented in this PhD thesis lies within the framework of a partnership between the laboratory Mechanics and Modeling of Materials and Structures in Civil Engineering (3MSCE, University of Limoges) and Eurovia, a subsidiary of the VINCI Group. The study aims at better understanding the mechanistic behavior of tack coats spread at the interface between two asphalt concrete (AC) layers. This behavior is characterized through a large experimental campaign. Then, the tests results are used in a finite element program. This program allows the pavement structure engineer to predict, on the one hand, the durability of the bonding at the interface, and on the other hand, the effect of modeling the interface behavior on the pavement response. In this research project, a laboratory double shear test device is designed and manufactured. By means of a mono-axis hydraulic press, the device allows applying a double shear loading at the interfaces of a symmetrical specimen which is consisted of three AC layers. Thus, monotonic, oligocyclic and fatigue tests are carried out at 10 and 20°C on an interface BBTM/BBSG (very thin AC layer overlaid on a dense AC layer). This interface is with or without tack coat (a cationic rapid-set emulsion with pure bitumen). The oligocyclic and fatigue tests were carried out in a force controlled mode, and lead to very innovative and interesting results. Three failure criteria are analyzed. The results clearly show that the lack of tack coat reduces the fatigue performance of the bonding (interface). Through the analysis of the results, a method is proposed, and allows predicting the fatigue law of the bonding from the monotonic shear tests results. This shear tests campaign is completed by a series of laboratory monotonic torque tests. Besides the characterization of the tack coats shear behavior, the experimental conditions where the torque and the double shear tests results are similar are specified. The last part of this work deals with, on the one hand, the effect of the interface shear behavior on the pavement structure design, and on the other hand, the effect of the repeated horizontal loads on the fatigue of the bonding at the interface. Two finite element models (2D and 3D) are developed in order to evaluate the mechanistic response of the pavement subjected to the French standard axle. Findings from this numerical simulation show that, when taking into account the horizontal loads, the fatigue of the bonding becomes predominant during the pavement structure design
Wallace, Efoé Rodrigue. "On the rolling contact between multi-layered bodies, application to tire-pavement modelling." Thesis, Lyon, 2022. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2022LYSEI014/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this thesis has been the development of a dimensioning tool for pavement design. In order to better understand their surface degradations (mainly rutting and cracking), a modelling study is carried out. This modelling task has been performed with contact mechanics tools. Particularly, a semi-analytical model has been developed, based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Conjugate Gradient Method (CGM) algorithms. With view to achieve a more realistic modelling of the tire-pavement contact, the focus has been put on three aspects of the contact problem. Firstly, the multi-layered aspect of the pavement has been considered. Using the Papkovich-Neuber potentials, the influence coefficients have been found in the Fourier frequency domain. A numerical inversion using FFT algorithms has allowed to find the influence coefficients in the space domain. Secondly, the viscoelastic behaviour of asphaltic materials, used in roads construction, has been accounted. To this aim, an Elastic/Viscoelastic correspondence has been proposed. This correspondence imposes to recalculate the influence coefficients at every time step. These additional calculations imply an increase of the computation time; however, the simulations remain straight and fast. In addition, the proposed correspondence is exact in some cases (especially in steady-state regime); and it is an approximation in the other cases where the committed error has been shown to be marginal. Thirdly, the effects of the tangential overall forces have been integrated to the rolling contact. The goal is that the present tool can be able to simulate acceleration, braking, turnaround, etc. cases where tangential forces and/or moment are applied on the wheel in addition to the normal force (which is generally the weight of the car or truck). This tractive rolling contact has been solved between elastically dissimilar bodies submitted not only to tangential forces but also to a spinning moment. All these aspects, introduced together in the model, have allowed to perform various parametric analyses for a better grasp of their influence on general contacts. Furthermore, an application of the developed model has allowed to simulate realistic cases of rolling contact between the tire and the pavement. From examples such as acceleration, turnaround and drift, it has been proven that the tangential forces increase significantly the overall stresses
Malenfant, Lepage Julie. "Experimentation of mitigation techniques to reduce the effects of permafrost degradation on transportation infrastructures at Beaver Creek experimental road site, Alaska Highway, Yukon." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27236.
Повний текст джерелаRoad design and construction techniques developed in southern Canada definitely need to be adapted to northern environment to prevent dramatic permafrost thawing after new road construction. Furthermore, climate warming causes now important soil stability problems in the Canadian far north. All these factors lead to a loss of the functional and structural capacities of the Alaska Highway over a 200-km section mainly from Destruction Bay to the Alaska border. To find long term and cost-effective solutions, Yukon Highways and Public Works (in collaboration with the Alaska University Transportation Center, Transport Canada, le U.S. Federal Highways Administration, l’Université de Montréal and l’Université Laval) constructed 12 instrumented sections on the Alaska Highway near Beaver Creek (Yukon) in 2008. These sections experiment one or several combined methods of thermal stabilization such as convection air embankment, heat drains, snow/sun shed, grass-covered embankment, longitudinal culverts, reflecting surfaces and snow clearing on embankment slopes. The main objectives of this project are 1) to analyze the ground thermal regime and the heat fluxes for each of the 12 sections during their first three years in service; 2) to document all factors which can facilitate or disrupt the efficiency of the protection systems and; 3) to determine the long term costs / benefits ratio for every technique tested. In order to do this, a new method based on the calculation of heat extraction Hx and heat induction Hi index at the interface between the embankment and the natural ground has been used in this study. The permafrost mitigation techniques that showed good potential for cooling by reducing active layer thicknesses were the ACE uncovered, the longitudinal culverts, the snow/sun shed and the light-coloured aggregate BST (although this was only effective along the central part of the highway). Unfortunately, problems in the installation of the heat drain techniques prevented a full assessment of their effectiveness. The durability of the sections as well as their long-term cooling potential must also be assessed to complete the economic analysis provided in this study.
Cidreira, Keserle Gilberto. "Exposition environnementale des structures en conditions hivernales sur un réseau routier." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66591.
Повний текст джерелаModeling the impact of the various rehabilitation methods, as a function of the initiation time of the damage, is the major challenge in the field of structural durability. The durability of a structure is directly linked to the exposure conditions influenced by the climate and the environment where the structure is located. Depending on the degree of exposure, the rate of degradation of structures can then accelerate or be slow. This work develops an in-depth study on the exposure of structures in winter conditions, which includes the use of de-icing salts. A survey was carried out to find out the amount of salt used in Quebec and Canada. In addition, the three most used types of de-icing salt were evaluated to determine its speed of progression in concrete under severe winter conditions. A mobile weather station MexStUL, designed with several sensors of temporal measures, has been developed to monitor exposure conditions in two different experimental sites on severe winter conditions during 2018/19. It was then possible to predict the climatic (temperature, humidity, speed and wind direction, sunshine and precipitation) and environmental factors (traffic, road condition, salt concentration on road, splashes and salt laden mist) relating to the conditions of exposure of the structures. Models were proposed to predict exposure condition using a meteorological station and evaluation of spatial influence of de-icing salt on different types of exposure as well. A new sensor has been developed, measuring the concentration of salt laden mist under severe winter conditions. Results demonstrate an important spatial variability on stagnant water. A model about spatial influence of brine splashes is proposed to delimit this type of exposure. Airborne concentration during winter climate shows an important evolution and a concentration model is proposed and the volume of salt laden mist is also determined during winter.
Cantot, Justine. "Contribution à l’étude de la tenue à l’eau des enrobés : Approche expérimentale multi échelle en laboratoire, d’un système modèle aux mélanges compactés." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ECDN0009.
Повний текст джерелаPerformance of asphalts pavement are lowered under mechanical and environmental loadings. Among influent factors, water appears to be one of the major element leading to deterioration of the material cohesion. Numerous test in the world are available to evaluate moisture damage in laboratory. However, most of them show poor correlation with field performances. A fundamental understanding is still needed to predict and prevent its effects.Contrary to wetting, stripping is defined as the shrinkage of the bitumen on aggregate surface. It could be one of the road pavement materials moisture damage mechanisms in presence of water. An experimental method was used to characterize the stripping kinetic using a model bitumen/aggregate interface. Additionally, standardized laboratory tests were carried out on loose and compacted mixes. Experimental procedures vary from one to another regarding conditioning process and mechanical loading types. Advantages and limits of these test methods are exposed. Different moisture damage mechanism have been identified using the acquired knowledge from the stripping evaluation on model system. This work also allow to evaluate the discriminating power of test methods. It allows to select the most relevant one able to evaluate several parameter influences on material durability in presence of water,in particular the chemical additivation of bitumen
Achimastos, Lito. "Appréciation de l'état structurel d'une chaussée souple à partir des observations de dégradations de surface." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENPC9821.
Повний текст джерелаAdministrators of secondary roads do not always have the information of the means necessary to diagnose problems in their network. For this reason, it would be useful to establish a link between the structural state of the pavement and the observations made regarding surface degradation, especially in the case of flexible pavement, which makes up 90 % of the secondary roads network in France. Damage to the pavement structure manifests itself in two main types of degradation : cracking and rutting. To better understand how such degradation progresses, ten pavements subjected to the L. C. P. C. Cirular test track in Nantes, France have been studied. From this analysis, a law linking the rutting rate to the deflection has been proposed. Furthermore, it has been deduced that the study of the evolution of cracking can be separated from that of rutting. These studies have been conducted with 3D finite-element modelling. In this way, the orientation of the fatigue cracks can be explained as a function of the thickness of the asphalt mix layer : the first fatique cracks are longitudinal for thin structures, whereas for thick strutures they are transversal, because of the localisation of the first weakness area. As regards rutting, modelling that takes into acount the 3D loading and the symmetry of the ruts along the driving axis has been proposed. Finally, the last model proposed is an alternative to the 3D tools. It is a discrete model of the slab type enabling study of the influence of cracking on the progress of rutting
Ho, Anh cuong. "Optimisation de la composition et caractérisation d'un béton incorporant des granulats issus du broyage de pneus usagés. : application aux éléments de grande surface." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAT0024/document.
Повний текст джерелаCement-based materials exhibit low tensile strength and poor strain capacity. They are brittle and are very sensitive to cracking particularly to shrinkage cracking in large area applications. Sawn joints allow shrinkage cracking to be localised a way to avoid unsightly cracking. Unfortunately they are also the starting point of future distress (ingress of aggressive agent, curling, etc.).This work is a contribution to the design of a cement-based material exhibiting an enhanced strain capacity. For a such objective rubber aggregates (RAs) obtained from grinding end of life tyres partly replacing natural sand have been used.Results showed that RAs are detrimental to the properties of the fresh materials (workability and segregation). However the use of optimized content of a superplasticiser and of a viscosity agent allows the required behaviour to be achieved.With regard to harden state, RAs reduce the strength and the modulus of elasticity of the composite but the strain capacity corresponding to the macrocracking formation is significantly improved. Specific tests showed that RAs reduced the propensity of the material for shrinkage cracking, offering an interest for large surface area such as pavements.Analysis by a scalar damage variable and by acoustic emission is in a good agreement with expected effect of RAs on the cracking kinetics and on the mechanical behaviour of the composite.The interest of the rubberized concrete in large area application such as concrete pavements has been studied and confirmed through the Elastic Quality Index. Given the major role of the modulus of elasticity of the composite on the new properties and expected applications, tools aimed to predict this modulus of elasticity as a function of RAs content are of practical benefit. With this purpose, the work allowed the relevance of some analytical models to be tested. In this context, the lower Hashin-Shtrikman bound which remains perfectible proved to be the most appropriate.Finally, apart from application of civil engineering material, the use of RAs from grinding end of life tyres is a solution of recovery of an industrial by-product and a contribution to a clean environment
Marc, Teodor paul. "Conception et réalisation de structures routières à hautes performances." Thesis, Artois, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ARTO0214/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe doctoral thesis analyses certain factors of influence that, through large temperature variations, frequently have a negative impact upon road pavements, especially the bituminous layers, with a view to determine the thermal-physical properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat, diffusive thermal, thermal effusion and emissivity) and to design and realize asphalt layers with better thermo-physical, and physical and mechanical characteristics.Practically, the studies highlighted in the thesis focus mostly on determining the thermal characteristics of asphalt mixtures, characteristics which help to combat the influence factors resulting from environmental conditions to which road structures are subject continuously road in the construction and repair stages, as well as during their service life. Due to being aware of temperature distribution in each bituminous layer of the road structure, the stresses occurring from variations of temperature can be controlled. The daily and seasonal fluctuations of air temperature, the intensity of solar radiation, the materials that make up the road structure layers by their geometry and surface conditions are some of the most important factors that significantly endanger the stability of the road structure.Positive contributions have been made on improving the thermal characteristics through designing and realizing asphalt mixtures in the composition of which, in addition to basic materials, flying ash was used as partial or total replacement for filler. This helps to obtain higher thermo-physical properties that have a favorable effect on physical and mechanical characteristics.Based on experimental results, some interesting and in the same time extremely valuable conclusions have been formulated opening a range of opportunities for further research in the field of road infrastructures
Vu, Van Thang. "Etude expérimentale et numérique du comportement au gel et au dégel des enrobés bitumineux partiellement saturés." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0049/document.
Повний текст джерелаMassive development of potholes occurring in bituminous pavements was observed during winters over short time laps characterized by temperature alternating between positive and highly negative values along with rainfalls. This led us to seek for a specific mechanism of degradation of asphalt concrete (AC) layers, related to the behavior of partially saturated AC subjected to freeze. Two types of laboratory tests were performed under traction free and restrained strain conditions to study the behavior of AC within this context, incorporating lime additive in some mix design formulations. These tests showed the development of large swelling strains or stresses induced by the phase change of pore water into ice. Additional tests using MRI allowed us to visualize this phenomenon from inside the material specimens. Based on these tests, we developed a thermoviscoelastic constitutive law including phase change for partially saturated AC. A Finite Element (FE) program was implemented (FreeFem++) to introduce the developed law instructural calculations; this FE code handles the coupling between mechanics and the heat equation, also taking into account the phase change through the latent heat of crystallization of pore water. After validating the software, this numerical tool was utilized to compute the response of bilayer bituminous structures representative of the upper layers of a pavement. The results obtained show the development of highfrost-induced pull-out stresses located at the interface between the layers, likely to explain the formation of potholes. A test carried out on a bilayer sample confirmed the weakening of the interface right after the first frost cycle