Дисертації з теми "Dégradation fongique"
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Garon, David. "Dégradation fongique du fluorène (HAP) : optimisation et application aux sols." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE18002.
Saadi, Zoubida. "Etude de la dégradation fongique des polymères : cinétique de dégradation des polymères et caractérisation des sous-produits de dégradation : étude de l'écotoxicité de ces polymères." Le Mans, 2008. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2008/2008LEMA1004.pdf.
Subject of current events, the biodegradability of polymers is always studied in a global context, that is to say, with regards to fungi and bacteria together. The present research project focuses on the purely fungal degradation of polymers. Apart from the core research, the results of this study suggest certain applications to reduce environmental problems : - to deteriorate materials with a specific fungal strain. - to better control the kinetics of the biodegradation of plastics (mulching films, packaging materials). - Accelerate bio-degradation. After selecting non-toxic fungi present in natural states (compost, soil) and verifying the inertness of PLLA and PBAT on fungal cultures, cellular growth tests in a glucose-free environment revealed a selectivity among fungi for certain polymeric substrata. The tests also highlighted the major role temperature plays in the fungal degradation of polymers. When temperatures get closer, or go beyond the glass transition temperature, the physical structures are more accessible to fungal enzymes. After determining fungal consortium in the degradation of PLLA and PBAT, respiration measurements in soil and compost, both sterilized then sowed, have confirmed temperature as the essential parameter of biodegradation. Taking place in unmodified soil and compost, the kinetics of biodegradation of these polymers revealed a fungi-bacterial synergy during biodegradation tests. This study of biodegradation – refined with a follow-up of the physical and chemical properties of the polymers – led to a better understanding of the various stages of hydrolysis as well as the mineralization of polymers. These investigations had to take into account the characterization of metabolizing products of PLLA and PBAT and a regular toxicity check for the environment
Rougemaille, Mathieu. "Interactions entre transcription, maturation et dégradation des ARNs chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112276.
In budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the exosome is a large complex with 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity that has been implicated in numerous RNA processing and degradation events. We have shown that several transcripts mapping to intergenic regions are rapidly degraded in a wild type strain by the combined action of the exosome and a novel complex called TRAMP, whose catalytic subunit is a poly(A) polymerase. We proposed that degradation of these RNAs, called CUTs for Cryptic Unstable Transcripts, is a mechanism required to limit inappropriate transcription or to allow the occurrence of transcription without RNA production. We have also demonstrated that transcription termination of CUTs is triggered by specific RNA-binding proteins, Nrd1p and Nab3p, which direct nascent transcripts to exosome/TRAMP-mediated degradation. The THO complex and its associated RNA helicase Sub2p are involved in mRNA biogenesis and couple transcription to mRNA export. Mutations in any of these genes lead to exosome-dependent degradation and retention of mRNAs at or near the transcription site. We have shown that the TRAMP complex is involved in mRNA degradation but not in retention. Furthermore, we observed that, in THO/sub2 mutants, a DNA-interacting complex containing polyadenylation factors and components of the Nuclear Pore Complex cannot be resolved for further mRNA export. Accordingly, the THO/Sub2p complex would be involved in a remodeling step required to displace the polyadenylation complex and to engage productively the mRNA in the export pathway
Barbi, Florian. "Impact de l’essence forestière sur les processus de dégradation et d’assimilation des polysaccharides végétaux par la communauté fongique des sols forestiers." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10347.
The degradation of plant biomass is an essential process for the proper functioning of forest soils and terrestrial carbon cycling. Mechanisms involved in these processes are strongly controlled by saprotrophic fungi which secrete several hydrolytic enzymes to access at their primary nutrient sources found under the form of polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicelluloses). Enzymatic hydrolysis of plant polymers releases a high diversity of low molecular weight compounds (mono- and oligosaccharides). These molecules enter in fungal cell using transmembrane transporter systems. Consequently, the presence/absence and the substrate specificity of these transporters might contribute to the metabolic versatility of soil fungi. Several studies have demonstrated that tree species strongly affect diversity and composition of fungal communities. In this context, we hypothesized that the fungal communities selected by the different tree species expressed specific lignocellulolytic enzymes and sugar transporters; and thereby each fungal community was specifically adapted to the nature of litter produced by the tree species considered. We assessed, by the high-throughput sequencing of gene-fragments amplified from soil cDNA, the impact of tree species (Beech vs Spruce) on the diversity of genes encoding either lignocellulolytic enzymes or sugar porters expressed by soil fungi in two mono-specific forests. Our results revealed that most detected genes, encoding either lignocellulolytic enzymes or sugar transporters, have an unknown origin and are specifically found (for more than 80% of them) in one of the two forest soils. This work showed a significant “tree species effect” on the composition of functional genes expressed by soil fungi and suggests that beyond the species level, functional diversity of fungal communities must be addressed to better understand ecosystem functioning. Moreover, by using a functional metatranscriptomic approach, we identified functional transporter sequences differing with respect to their substrate specificities. From a spruce cDNA library, and for the first time, we identified high affinity or mannose specific transporters. Coincidently, as opposed to beech, spruce is indeed a tree species with a large proportion of mannose in its hemicelluloses
Haddaoui, Asmaa. "Dégradation des pigments anthocyaniques des jus de fruits rouges par les activités [Bêta]-glycosidasiques présentés dans les préparations pectinolytiques industrielles d'origine fongique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL151N.
Hayar, Salem. "Influence d'un inoculum fongique, d'amendements organiques et minéraux sur la dégradation de l'atrazine : cas d'un sol présentant une microflore autochtone adaptée ou une faillibilité microbienne." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE18007.
Deroy, Aurélie. "Évolution et adaptation des champignons saprophytes : les systèmes impliqués dans la dégradation du bois chez Trametes versicolor." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0169/document.
Wood is one of the most abundant polymer resources of the Earth’s ecosystem. Wood decaying fungi play an important role in the carbon cycle. They have a strong interest in biotechnology level in particular for the production of enzymes. Among the saprophytic fungi, those of the class of agaricomycota are particularly studied since they possess the ability to degrade varous compounds from wood : cellulose, hemicelluloses dand lignin. In addition, these fungi have developed a detoxification system involving enzymes such as glutathione transferases (GST). These latter are involved in degradation of wood but also in the degradation of xenobiotics. In this manuscript, the study of extracellular and intracellular system from Trametes versicolor, involved in wood decay process is described, the main goal being to identify the molecular factors involved in adaptation of the to their environment. Multidisciplinary approaches used in this PhD led to identification of an intraspecific phenotypic variability among ten strains of T. versicolor, this variability appearing to be related to the tree species where these strains have been isolated. Moreover, the work done on GSTs belonging to GHR and omega classes have improved our knowledge of the involvement of this gene family in adaptating the wood decayers to thrit lifestyle
Lekounoungou, Serge-Thierry. "Evaluation et compréhension des mécanismes fongiques impliqués dans la dégradation du bois." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NAN10027/document.
The study of enzymatic activities expressed during growth of the white rot fungus T. versicolor on malt agar medium in the presence of beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood chips was investigated. The process of wood degradation was divided in two stages. The first stage was characterized by the production of laccases and peroxidases activities. The second stage was characterized by production of carbohydrates hydrolyzing activities. At the beginning of wood colonization process, the production of laccases activities was correlated with degradation of wood acetonic extractives as catechin, which was easily identified in the beech extracts. The presence of a biocide like propiconazole is responsible of the induction of a strong chitinases activity at the beginning of the colonization process. Utilisation of caffeine, a chitinases inhibitor, in the presence of propiconazole allowed to reduce the quantity of biocide necessary to prevent wood from fungal degradation. Similarly, congo red, another cell wall perturbing agent, presented additive effect on inhibition of the fungal growth when associated to propiconazole. The application of the methods developed in this study to the case of heat treated beech wood highlighted the effect of this treatment on the expression of enzymatic activities during wood degradation process explaining in great part the improvement of durability observed after heat treatment
Hentges, David Jean. "Caractérisation de la composition chimique du bois par pyrolyse flash couplée à la GC/MS : application à l'étude de la variabilité naturelle et aux modifications résultant de différents traitements." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0321.
Analytical pyrolysis is an innovative method that allows gas chromatographic analysis of complex polymers by reducing them to volatile monomers. The method requires only a few milligrams of material and is performed in a few seconds. Wood is an abundant renewable material that is used in many forms, notably in construction, in fiberboard and in the extractives it containsNumerous chemical and thermochemical modification techniques are used to improve the properties of wood, including acetylation, furfurylation and heat treatment. Pyrolysis is a new technique to characterize treated wood to understand the chemical modifications that have been generated. The classical methods used such as NMR, FTIR do not allow for a complete picture of the wood, more specifically on elements such as the regioselectivity of the modifications. The aim of our work is to answer fundamental questions about the natural variability of wood as well as the chemical modifications generated by different methods. The polymerization of furfuryl alcohol in wood could be demonstrated as well as the formation of a covalent bond with lignin. The wood acylated with different linear anhydrides revealed new structures that allow to identify the reaction sites and to estimate the reactivity of macromolecules. The method is capable of quantifying the extent of modification of the different biopolymers that constitute the wood. Using principal component analyses (PCA), the natural variations of wood as a function of height, tissue and between different specimens of the same species could be characterized. Py-GC/MS was also used to show structural differences after heat and fungal treatment to reveal how these degradations affect the wood
Touzani, Abdellah. "Etude du complexe cellulasique de Botrytis cinerea et des autres enzymes exocellulaires impliquées dans la dégradation des parois cellulaires de la pellicule du raisin." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR20243.
Zemam, Kenza. "Caractérisation de facteurs impliqués dans la voie majeure de dégradation 5' vers 3' des ARNm cytoplasmiques chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077074.
In eukaryotic cells, gene expression can be modulated at several post-transcriptional steps including mrna translation and degradation. In the budding yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, these processes are intertwined and compete with each other. P-bodies, intracellular structures that increase in size and number under various stress conditions, contain translationnally repressed mrnas and proteins invovled in translation repression and mrna degradation. One of the conserved components of the p-bodies, edc3, was shown to be involved in specific mrna decapping mechanisms. As a first part of my work, i studied the involvement of edc3 in mrna translation regulation mechanisms that are specific to cellular adaptation to starvation (glucose removal from the medium). I could not identify specific targets for edc3 under these conditions. Yet, i identified one mrna which translation appears repressed by a mechanism involving edc3, under all conditions studied. To better understand the biological function of edc3, i identified its functional partners based on the results of a genome wide genetic screen. One of the gene deletions that was synthetic slow growth with the edcs(delta) mutation was scd6(delta). By performing functional analysis, i could show that, while edc3 is not an essential protein, it shares with scd6 an important function for 5' to 3' mrna degradation. Formtext
Bennati-Granier, Chloe. "Nouvelles enzymes fongiques pour l'amélioration de la dégradation de la biomasse lignocellulosique : étude des "Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases" (LPMOs)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4001.
In the current context, it becomes essential to make alternative to oil, such as the 2G bioethanol, available at large scale. However, the hydrolysis step by Trichoderma reesei enzymes remains the major bottleneck for an economically sustainable process. The present work is part of the Futurol project, and aims at identifying and characterizing new fungal enzymes to improve the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. From the proteomic data available for Podospora anserina and Fusarium verticillioides, a dozen of interesting enzymes were identified in their secretomes. This work focuses, mainly, on the AA9s « Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases » (LPMOs) from P. anserina. Among all the LPMOs studied, PaLPMO9A, PaLPMO9E and PaLPMO9H that harbored a CBM1 were the most active on cellulose. Investigation of their regioselective mode of action revealed that PaLPMO9A and PaLPMO9H oxidatively cleaved at both C1 and C4 positions while PaLPMO9E released only C1-oxidized products. PaLPMO9H that was the most versatile in terms of substrate specificity as it also displayed activity on cello-oligosaccharides and β-(1,4)-linked hemicellulose polysaccharides (e.g., xyloglucan, glucomannan). The hydrolysis yield of the pretreated miscanthus was significantly improved up to 2 fold, when the PaLPMO9E, or PaLPMO9H were supplemented to the T. reesei cocktail. This work demonstrated the importance of these oxidative enzymes for lignocellulose deconstruction by fungi. These biocatalysts open new prospects to improve the enzymatic conversion of plant biomass for 2G bioethanol production
Thuillier, Anne. "Diversité fonctionelle des Glutation Transférases fongiques : caractérisation des classes Ure2p et GTT2 de Phanerochaete chrysosporium." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0219/document.
Phanerochaete chrysosporium is a forest fungus being part of saprophytic organisms able to recycle dead organic matter. Thanks to the excretion of numerous wood decaying enzymes, and especially lignin peroxidases, this fungus is able to break down plant material including lignin, a complex polymer of phenolic compounds. Lignin removal allows the release of other wood components such as cellulose and hemicellulose, which can be further used in paper industry or to produce second generation bioethanol. The structure of intermediates and products from lignin decomposition is close to that of numerous pollutants making P. chrysosporium biotechnologically interesting for bioremediation purposes. Moreover, the fungus has to deal with more or less toxic compounds created by degradation mechanisms. It thus presents a detoxification pathway involving enzymes including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and glutathione transferases (GST). Ure2p enzymes belong to an extended GST class in Phanerochaete genus as well as in other saprophytic basidiomycetes. Their study based on phylogenetic, biochemical, structural and transcriptomic approaches provides a better understanding of evolution mechanisms of a class of enzymes potentially subject to strong selection selection pressure
Robène, Isabelle. "Les enzymes de l'armillaire impliquées dans la dégradation des tissus ligneux du pin maritime (pinus pinaster) in vitro et in planta : relation avec le comportement biologique du champignon." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR28274.
Bey, Mathieu. "Etude d’une CDH et de glycosyl hydrolases de la famille 61 : Implication dans les processus de dégradation des lignocelluloses." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4719.
In response to environmental concerns, industrial processes such as second generation bioethanol production have emerged. Based on enzymatic cellulose conversion, these processes are confronted with a major problem, the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass. To solve the problem caused by substrate recalcitrance and high cost of cellulase cocktails, research has focused on various methods to enhance cellulose hydrolysis. Fungi are known to be natural degraders of wood and consequently are used in derived biotechnological applications. Recently, several studies have revealed the importance of fungal enzymes such as GH61 and CDH in the oxidative degradation of lignocellulose. During the work done on this thesis, we demonstrated implication of these oxidative enzymes in lignocellulose deconstruction to enhance hydrolysis performed by more classical cellulases. Utilization of oxidative enzymes offers a suitable way for bioethanol processing enhancement and comprehension of the in vivo lignocellulosic degradation by fungi
Thabet, Sana. "Impact du traitement photocatalytique sur les cellules eucaryotes fongiques : vers la compréhension des mécanismes d'action." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10248.
Photocatalysis is an advanced oxidative process that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inactivates living cells. The aim of this work was to have a better understanding of the antimicrobial mechanisms generated by photocatalytic treatment. The cellular impact was monitored using the unicellular fungal model, Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Photocatalysis reduces drastically the cultivability of yeast cells. Flow cytometry analyses revealed that the decrease of cell cultivability was related to both damages in plasma membrane and loss of intracellular enzymatic activity. During exposure to photocatalysis, multiple cellular macromolecules are damaged (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). These damages are responsible for cellular structure dysfunction leading to a release of intracellular compounds (ions, amino acids) and the formation of by-products and pollutant (carboxylic acids, malondialdéhyde). The increase of intracellular superoxide ions amounts and the higher resistance of yeast strains overexpressing ROS detoxifying enzymes suggested an intracellular oxidative status responsible for described macromolecular damages. Finally, exploring photocatalytic treatment on other environmental and health impact fungi revealed the presence of resistant cells or structures. For the first time, an interdisciplinary work focusing on cellular impacts of photocatalysis was monitored leading to a better understanding and to new perspectives
Schwartz, Mathieu. "Diversité structurale des Glutathion Transférases fongiques des classes Oméga et Xi et identification de leurs ligands par des approches cristallographiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0124/document.
The ubiquitous biochemical process that enables each organism to cope with xenobiotics from its environment and thus ensures its survival is called detoxification. Glutathione transferases (GSTs) form a large family of enzymes divided into several classes. These enzymes participate in the detoxification phase II by conjugating the tripeptide glutathione to the molecule to be eliminated. Moreover, some GSTs are involved in non-catalytic processes such as sequestration or transport of molecules from one cellular compartment to another. Studies dedicated to the catalytic activity of GSTs have been ongoing for decades, yet precise identification of molecules targeted by GSTs remains challenging. In wood-decaying organisms, some of the GST classes have expanded with an increase of the number of isoforms encoded at the genomic level. This redundancy would reflect the diversity of the small molecules released upon wood enzymatic degradation. Through this thesis work, biochemical and structural approaches were used in order to characterize eleven GST isoforms from the saprotrophic fungus Trametes versicolor. In addition, the use of libraries of molecules helped in identifying polyphenols as a family of ligands that bind these GSTs. The molecular interaction modes were described precisely based on the resolution of numerous crystal structures. The identification of a flavonoid from an extract of the wild-cherry tree (Prunus avium) on which T. versicolor grows, was enabled by using an affinity crystallography approach. These data suggest that fungal GSTs could interact with plant polyphenols released during wood degradation
Schwartz, Mathieu. "Diversité structurale des Glutathion Transférases fongiques des classes Oméga et Xi et identification de leurs ligands par des approches cristallographiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0124.
The ubiquitous biochemical process that enables each organism to cope with xenobiotics from its environment and thus ensures its survival is called detoxification. Glutathione transferases (GSTs) form a large family of enzymes divided into several classes. These enzymes participate in the detoxification phase II by conjugating the tripeptide glutathione to the molecule to be eliminated. Moreover, some GSTs are involved in non-catalytic processes such as sequestration or transport of molecules from one cellular compartment to another. Studies dedicated to the catalytic activity of GSTs have been ongoing for decades, yet precise identification of molecules targeted by GSTs remains challenging. In wood-decaying organisms, some of the GST classes have expanded with an increase of the number of isoforms encoded at the genomic level. This redundancy would reflect the diversity of the small molecules released upon wood enzymatic degradation. Through this thesis work, biochemical and structural approaches were used in order to characterize eleven GST isoforms from the saprotrophic fungus Trametes versicolor. In addition, the use of libraries of molecules helped in identifying polyphenols as a family of ligands that bind these GSTs. The molecular interaction modes were described precisely based on the resolution of numerous crystal structures. The identification of a flavonoid from an extract of the wild-cherry tree (Prunus avium) on which T. versicolor grows, was enabled by using an affinity crystallography approach. These data suggest that fungal GSTs could interact with plant polyphenols released during wood degradation
Maillard, Francois. "Rôle des communautés microbiennes dans la dégradation de la matière organique en forêt dans un contexte d'exportation intense de biomasse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0190.
One of the main usages of wood in Europe is renewable energy supply that implies intensification of forest management to respond to this increasing demand. However, the impact of intense forestry practices on soil microbial communities remains poorly investigated. In the frame of my PhD thesis, I evaluated effects of artificial organic matter removal on functional and taxonomical diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities in temperate forest, using six experimental sites across France (INRA MOS experimental network). In parallel, I also characterised impact of intensified forest management practices on functional microbial communities in tropical plantation of Eucalyptus trees. This work permitted to identify several sensitive functional indicators of organic matter degradation. Notably, the degradation of chitin – a nitrogen polymer main component of arthropods and fungal cell walls – was revealed to be particularly sensitive to organic matter removal. Genomics and enzymatic approaches were then used to estimate chitinolytic potentials of the different genera of soil fungi. In controlled conditions, we were able to quantify ectomycorrhizal fungus carbon and nitrogen mobilisation and transfer capacities from chitin enriched organic matter to its host during symbiotic interaction. Finally, we evaluated chitinolytic functions of ectomycorrhizal fungi at large scale by combining enzymatic and isotopic approaches. Taken together, the results acquired in the frame of my PhD thesis, illustrate the significant role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in carbon and nitrogen mobilisation from organic matter. We particularly highlight that microbial compartment in soil must be considered in studies of forest management practices
Maillard, Francois. "Rôle des communautés microbiennes dans la dégradation de la matière organique en forêt dans un contexte d'exportation intense de biomasse." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0190/document.
One of the main usages of wood in Europe is renewable energy supply that implies intensification of forest management to respond to this increasing demand. However, the impact of intense forestry practices on soil microbial communities remains poorly investigated. In the frame of my PhD thesis, I evaluated effects of artificial organic matter removal on functional and taxonomical diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities in temperate forest, using six experimental sites across France (INRA MOS experimental network). In parallel, I also characterised impact of intensified forest management practices on functional microbial communities in tropical plantation of Eucalyptus trees. This work permitted to identify several sensitive functional indicators of organic matter degradation. Notably, the degradation of chitin – a nitrogen polymer main component of arthropods and fungal cell walls – was revealed to be particularly sensitive to organic matter removal. Genomics and enzymatic approaches were then used to estimate chitinolytic potentials of the different genera of soil fungi. In controlled conditions, we were able to quantify ectomycorrhizal fungus carbon and nitrogen mobilisation and transfer capacities from chitin enriched organic matter to its host during symbiotic interaction. Finally, we evaluated chitinolytic functions of ectomycorrhizal fungi at large scale by combining enzymatic and isotopic approaches. Taken together, the results acquired in the frame of my PhD thesis, illustrate the significant role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in carbon and nitrogen mobilisation from organic matter. We particularly highlight that microbial compartment in soil must be considered in studies of forest management practices
De, la Mare Marion. "Caractérisation des a-L-arabinofuranosidases de la famille GH62 chez le champignon filamenteux Talaromyces versatilis (basionyme Penicillium funiculosum) et étude de leur impact, en association avec des xylanases, sur la dégradation d'arabinoxylane." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAT0030.
Adisseo produce and commercialize a hydrolytic enzymatic cocktail termed Rovabio and secreted by a filamentous fungus Talaromyces versatilis. This cocktail is used as feed additive for increased digestibility of complex polysaccharides in animal nutrition. A recent genomic study of this fungus revealed the presence of 5 arabinofuranosidases (Abfs) to family GH 54, 3 of GH 62 and 1 of GH51. The first aim of my thesis works was about cloning, heterologous overexpression (in pichia pastoris yeast) of this 9 genes encoding for this 9 enzymes and characterization of the family GH 62. Mode of action of ABFs 54 and 62s has been characterized by enzymatic fingerprinting analysis on wheat arabinoxylan. Then, last part was to design enzymatic cocktail with differents families of ABFs and Xylanases and test their impact on insoluble arabinoxylan hydrolysis with toric reactor. These works on reactor have bringing to light a synergy between ABFs and Xylanases
Valette, Nicolas. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle de petites protéines sécrétées chez les champignons lignolytiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0324/document.
During the last decades, the enzymatic systems involved in wood degradation have been intensively studied in fungi. This has led to functional and biochemical characterization of the main extracellular enzymes that are involved in the process. However, other systems associated to the degradation mechanisms have been poorly studied. In particular, the detoxification and stress response pathways allowing the fungus to grow in and resist the toxic conditions that are associated to the degradative process are still unknown. This stress is mostly due to the presence of radicals and extractives. Extractives are putative toxic compounds produced as secondary metabolites in tree to enhance wood durability against biotic and abiotic attacks. A transcriptomic analysis performed in the laboratory highlighted the up-regulation of genes coding for small secreted proteins (SSP) in Phanerochaete chrysosporium in presence of oak extractives. The functions of these SSP are unknown in lignolytic fungi. My PhD project was focused on the characterization of one of these SSP (namely SSP1) of P. chrysosporium. The biochemical data revealed atypical features for SSP1. Indeed, it is able to form fibrilar structure, thanks to an alanine-rich and glycine-rich C-terminal domain. Moreover, we have shown that this protein exhibits β-glucuronidase activity in vitro which is dependent on its oligomerization state. Physiological data were obtained thanks to the obtention of SSP knock-out mutants in Podospora anserina. These mutants have growth defect in oxidizing stress condition and in presence of cell wall-disruptive compounds. Finally, the in silico analysis of SSP1 orthologues revealed the presence of this gene in genomes of saprophytic, ectomycorrhizal or pathogenic fungi, suggesting an indirect role of this protein in wood degradation processes, probably linked to the associated stress