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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Dégradation du permafrost"
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Статті в журналах з теми "Dégradation du permafrost"
Lagarec, Daniel. "Éléments de la morphologie cryogène du golfe de Richmond, Nouveau-Québec." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 17, no. 42 (April 12, 2005): 465–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/021148ar.
Повний текст джерелаRavanel, Ludovic, Florence Magnin, Xavi Gallach, and Philip Deline. "Évolution des parois rocheuses gelées de haute montagne sous forçage climatique." La Météorologie, no. 111 (2020): 034. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2020-0090.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Dégradation du permafrost"
Cathala, Maëva. "Cartographier et modéliser les aléas liés à la dégradation de la cryosphère dans les Alpes Françaises : Une approche multiscalaire combinant permafrost, lacs glaciaires et écroulements rocheux pour contribuer à l'identification de secteurs à risque." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Chambéry, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CHAMA003.
Повний текст джерелаIn the French Alps, the degradation of the cryosphere partly results in glacier retreat and permafrost degradation. Glacier retreat can lead to the formation of new lakes, while permafrost degradation can cause rockwalls destabilisations. In this context, rockfalls and rock avalanches can generate cascading hazards, spreading down to the valley floors. Anticipating these events and their devastating effects, is a challenge for stakeholders and populations living in mountainous regions. In this context, the objectives of this work are (i) to identify the areas at risk to be impacted by rockfalls, rock avalanches and their potential cascading hazards, and (ii) to deepen fundamental knowledge on the processes predisposing, triggering, and propagating rockfalls or rock avalanches from permafrost rockwalls.We propose an integrated approach that links field observations, in-situ measurements, numerical modelling, and regional mapping of rockfalls and rock avalanches in permafrost contexts in the French Alps. To do so, we follow a multi-scale spatio-temporal approach, ranging from the regional scale (French Alps) to the local scale (slope), and considering past, current, and future cryospheric conditions (by the end of 21st century).At the regional scale, release areas maps show that unstable slopes could extend between 34 km² (scenario considering only the most unstable slopes) and 284 km² (most conservative scenario) under current permafrost conditions. Propagation maps shows that rockfalls (>100 m3) could reach between 472 km² to 586 km² depending on the chosen propagation scenario. Thus, between 53 and 90 lakes could potentially be impacted by rockfalls. Considering a +4°C warming of the rockwalls by the end of the 21st century, release areas would extend to 43.2 km², while propagation zones could reach between 196 km² and 245 km² depending on the propagation scenario. Thus, under future cryospheric conditions, 27 to 51 lakes could be in a rockfall path.At the site scale, we used an approach combining methods at different spatio-temporal scales to understand the thermal and hydrological processes involved in the triggering and propagation mechanisms of rock slope failures. The retro-analyses of two study cases located in the Étache valley (Savoie) and at the Grangettes ridge (Hautes Alpes) shows a warming of the permafrost since the 1990s, which has significantly intensified since the 2010s (e.g. up to +0.06°C/year at 30 m depth in the Étache valley). In the case of the Étache valley, the rock avalanche occurs in a context of transition from cold to temperate permafrost, and with water infiltration that may have led to high hydrostatic pressure and ice erosion in fractures. Investigations conducted at the Grangettes ridge show a warming of permafrost towards the melting point, which may have caused ice joint ruptures. These studies also highlight the difficulty of assessing the role of snow and water in the predisposing, triggering, and propagating mechanisms of slope instabilities.The results offer valuable insights for both the scientific community and stakeholders, facilitating a deeper understanding of the hazards associated with cryosphere degradation and contributing to the development of concrete solutions to support populations in addressing these challenges
Malenfant, Lepage Julie. "Experimentation of mitigation techniques to reduce the effects of permafrost degradation on transportation infrastructures at Beaver Creek experimental road site, Alaska Highway, Yukon." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27236.
Повний текст джерелаRoad design and construction techniques developed in southern Canada definitely need to be adapted to northern environment to prevent dramatic permafrost thawing after new road construction. Furthermore, climate warming causes now important soil stability problems in the Canadian far north. All these factors lead to a loss of the functional and structural capacities of the Alaska Highway over a 200-km section mainly from Destruction Bay to the Alaska border. To find long term and cost-effective solutions, Yukon Highways and Public Works (in collaboration with the Alaska University Transportation Center, Transport Canada, le U.S. Federal Highways Administration, l’Université de Montréal and l’Université Laval) constructed 12 instrumented sections on the Alaska Highway near Beaver Creek (Yukon) in 2008. These sections experiment one or several combined methods of thermal stabilization such as convection air embankment, heat drains, snow/sun shed, grass-covered embankment, longitudinal culverts, reflecting surfaces and snow clearing on embankment slopes. The main objectives of this project are 1) to analyze the ground thermal regime and the heat fluxes for each of the 12 sections during their first three years in service; 2) to document all factors which can facilitate or disrupt the efficiency of the protection systems and; 3) to determine the long term costs / benefits ratio for every technique tested. In order to do this, a new method based on the calculation of heat extraction Hx and heat induction Hi index at the interface between the embankment and the natural ground has been used in this study. The permafrost mitigation techniques that showed good potential for cooling by reducing active layer thicknesses were the ACE uncovered, the longitudinal culverts, the snow/sun shed and the light-coloured aggregate BST (although this was only effective along the central part of the highway). Unfortunately, problems in the installation of the heat drain techniques prevented a full assessment of their effectiveness. The durability of the sections as well as their long-term cooling potential must also be assessed to complete the economic analysis provided in this study.
de, Grandpré Isabelle. "Impacts de l'écoulement souterrain sur la dégradation du pergélisol." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8362.
Повний текст джерелаClimate changes affecting the North West portion of Canada alter the thermal state of the permafrost and promote permafrost degradation. The results are permafrost thawing, ground ice melting, surface drainage changes and soil subsidence. Road infrastructures built on permafrost are particularly sensitive to permafrost stability and integrity. Depressions in the road pavement and development of cracks and potholes are recurrent problems for northern infrastructure. Field measurements done along a road transect in the discontinuous permafrost zone near Beaver Creek (Yukon) between 2008 and 2010 demonstrated that another process, advective heat transfer induced by groundwater flow, is promoting permafrost degradation. This process remains poorly known and has not been quantified sufficiently in permafrost environments. Field data on topography, soil geotechnical properties, water table and preferential flowpath characterization, ground and water temperature and active layer and permafrost depth were collected to build coupled models of seepage (mass transfer) and heat transfers. Results indicate that convective heat transfer processes associated with groundwater flow can have a substantial impact on permafrost degradation. Groundwater flow processes should therefore be taken into account in permafrost evolution models and climate warming scenarios. With a good characterization of the environment, the model that has been developed in this present research is relevant in other discontinuous permafrost environments.
Pelletier, Nicolas. "Paléoécologie d’une tourbière à pergélisol en dégradation du sud des Territoires du Nord-Ouest : implications pour le cycle du carbone." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16130.
Повний текст джерелаPeatlands have contributed to cool the Earth's climate during the Holocene by accumulating a large carbon pool. In the Canadian boreal forest, perennially frozen soils (permafrost soils) are abundant and they are located mainly in peatlands where they form elevated plateaus. Thawing permafrost caused by atmospheric warming or other disturbances lead to the collapse of plateaus and soil saturation, impacting vegetation cover and carbon cycling. Models suggest that northern latitudes will be the most severely affected by global warming as we are already observing a decline in permafrost cover. It is important to understand how permafrost thaw affects the peatland carbon sink function as feedbacks on the climate are possible if a large amount of greenhouse gas is emitted or sequestered. I use a chronosequence representing the time since permafrost in a Northwest Territories peatland to understand the factors influencing aggradation and degradation of permafrost in peatlands and to evaluate the effect of thawing on the carbon accumulation and preservation. The carbon accumulation rates associated with the presence of permafrost in the past and present are slow, and the peat is less decomposed in areas that have been affected by permafrost longer. In sum, permafrost reduces surface carbon accumulation but allows for better preservation of the carbon already accumulated.
Rioux, Karine. "Impacts de la dégradation du pergélisol par thermo-érosion sur les processus hydrologiques et les flux de matières." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25456.
Повний текст джерелаLes ravins de thermo-érosion constituent l’une des formes de dégradation du pergélisol les plus fréquemment observées dans l’Arctique canadien. Bien que leurs processus de formation aient fait l’objet de plusieurs études, aucune ne s’est attardée spécifiquement à dresser un portrait continu des flux de matières qu’ils génèrent au cours d’une saison d’écoulement. Ce mémoire représente une analyse à fine échelle des transferts de masse induits par ce type de perturbation. Il vise à déterminer les impacts d’une dégradation abrupte du pergélisol par thermo-érosion sur les processus hydrologiques en place et les flux de matières. Après 20 ans de développement, le ravin R-08, situé sur une terrasse de polygones à coins de glace sur l’île Bylot, au Nunavut, forme un réseau d’écoulement de 33 458 m2, auparavant inexistant. Présentant un taux de recul rapide de 390 m par année lors de son initiation, ce ravin subit aujourd’hui un recul de 5 m par année sur son axe principal, générant le transport en aval d’une quantité considérable de matière. Les analyses de l’eau qui y circule révèlent quatre signatures biogéochimiques distinctes au cours d’une saison d’écoulement, associées respectivement à la fonte printanière de la neige, à la période de récession hydrologique subséquente, aux évènements de pluie, ainsi qu’aux périodes de récession hydrologique entre ces évènements. Même si la fonte printanière nivale représente un moment crucial pour les exportations de matière, les flux de carbone organique dissous (DOC), d’azote total (TN), de calcium (Ca2+), de sodium (Na+) et de magnésium (Mg2+) les plus élevés ont été enregistrés lors des évènements de pluie. La température, et le dégel du sol qu’elle induit, représente également un vecteur d’érosion et mobilisation des sédiments vers l’aval. Les travaux démontrent que la présence d’un ravin de thermo-érosion a des impacts marqués sur la biogéochimie de l’eau qui y circule et que ces impacts sont particulièrement significatifs après la fonte printanière, alors qu’il y a propagation du front de dégel en profondeur dans le sol.
Grandmont, Katerine. "Utilisation de systèmes d'information géographique pour l'évaluation des risques liés à la dégradation du pergélisol. Étude de cas : Tasiujaq, Nunavik, Québec." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10585.
Повний текст джерелаNorthern regions underlain by permafrost will largely be affected by the projected increase in air temperature. A growing number of structures that were once built with great confidence on perennially frozen soils are already starting to show signs of deterioration. Processes caused by permafrost degradation can cause significant damages to infrastructure and require high costs of repair. The current climatic context therefore commands that the implementation of projects in permafrost regions follows a well-thought planning in order to account for the potential impacts of permafrost degradation. This thesis focuses on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) applied to the identification of the development potential of communities located in permafrost regions. Using a GIS approach, the goal is to develop a methodology to produce risk-assessment maps to help northern communities better plan their built environment. A multi-scale analysis of the landscape is necessary and should include the investigation of surficial deposits, topography, as well as permafrost, vegetation and drainage conditions. The complexity of all the interactions that shape the landscape is such that it is virtually impossible to account for all of them or to predict with certainty the response of the system following disturbances. This research also presents some of the limitations to the use of GIS in this specific context and explores an innovative method for quantifying uncertainty in risk-assessment maps.