Дисертації з теми "Déficience neurologique"
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Colin, Estelle. "Identification de deux gènes, WDR73 et UBA5, impliqués dans la déficience intellectuelle sévère syndromique." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0043/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe prevalence of intellectual disability is estimated between 1% and 3% of the population. In France, mild intellectual disability affects between 10 and 20 per 1,000 people and severe intellectual disability between from 3 to 4 per 1,000 people. Intellectual disability is part of a heterogeneous group of syndromic and nonsyndromic pathologies with limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior appearing before the age of 18 and causing a disability. The causes of intellectual disability affect neurogenesis and / or neuronal functions. About 50% of intellectual disabilities are still undetermined. Genetic etiologies explain a large number of intellectual disabilities and more particularly the severe forms. New technologies, such as Array- Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization and next generation sequencing, have increased the diagnostic yield to 55-70% in moderate to severe intellectualdisability. Thanks to these techniques, we have been able to identify and characterize two new genes involved in severe autosomal recessive syndrome: the WDR73 gene responsible for Galloway Mowat syndrome which associates severe intellectual disability with corticosteroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, and the UBA5 gene, involved in the ufmylation process in early encephalopathy
Mattioli, Francesca. "Identification of novel genetic causes of monogenic intellectual disability." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ035/document.
Повний текст джерелаIntellectual disability (ID) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by an extreme genetic heterogeneity, with more than 700 genes currently implicated in Mendelian forms of ID but still some are not yet identified. My PhD project investigates the genetic causes of these monogenic ID by using and combining different NGS techniques. By using this strategy, I reached a relative high diagnostic yield and identified several novel mutations (in AUTS2, THOC6) and genes (BRPF1, NOVA2, etc) involved in ID. For the less characterized ones, I performed functional investigations to prove their pathogenicity, delineate the molecular mechanisms altered and identify their role in this disease. Overall, this work improved and provided new strategies to increase the molecular diagnosis in patients with ID, which is important for their healthcare and better management. Furthermore, the identification and the characterization of novel mutations and genes implicated in ID better delineate the implicated pathophysiological mechanisms, opening the way to potential therapeutic targets
Heide, Solveig. "Anomalies du corps calleux : exploration des causes génétiques, corrélations génotypes-phénotypes et applications en prénatal." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS443.
Повний текст джерелаThe Developmental Anomaly of the Corpus Callosum (DACC) is the most common congenital brain malformation. The clinical spectrum associated with DACC is broad, ranging from normal development to varying degrees of intellectual developmental disorder (IDD). The known causes are predominantly genetic with significant heterogeneity, mostly associated with IDD. Causes of DACC with a favorable prognosis (i.e., without IDD) are rare and less studied. Currently, DACC is most often discovered during pregnancy, through second-trimester screening ultrasound. The primary concern at this point is fetal prognosis, which depends on the underlying etiology. A better understanding of the genetic factors involved in DACC plays a crucial role in diagnosis, genetic counseling, and prenatal information. Currently, highlighting diagnostic and prognostic factors is a major challenge in the field of fetal medicine. The main objectives of my thesis were, on the one hand, to identify new genes responsible for DACC, and on the other hand, to establish genotype-phenotype correlations for the identified genes to improve prognostic information, particularly in prenatal care. To address these objectives, the thesis work focused on three complementary axes, conducted in parallel. The first axis involved the description of a new DACC gene, identified through exome sequencing analysis in a cohort of over 500 patients with DACC, recruited over more than 10 years from the genetics departments of La Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital and the neuropediatrics department of Armand Trousseau Hospital. We identified a new gene responsible for DACC, associated with a favorable neurodevelopmental prognosis, ZEB1, a gene previously known to be involved in corneal dystrophy. Through collaboration, we reported clinical, genetic, and radiological data for 14 patients carrying a pathogenic variant in the ZEB1 gene. The second part of the work involved establishing genotype-phenotype correlations of already known genetic syndromes in DCCA, with a primary focus on the inversion duplication deletion of the short arm of chromosome 8 (invdupdel8p), the most common chromosomal anomaly in the cohort of patients with DACC and IDD. This work helped to refine the critical duplicated region in 8p23 responsible for DACC. We also analyzed data from a cohort of patients with a variant in the ARX gene, located on the X chromosome, well known in DCCA with IDD in boys but with less established phenotypes in females. Through a literature review and the description of 10 new female patients, we showed that 40% of women carrying an ARX variant had IDD or a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Among the female carriers who had brain imaging, 66% had DACC, although it was not predictive of the underlying neurodevelopmental phenotype. Finally, the third part focused on the application of this data in the context of prenatal diagnosis, with a feasibility study of exome sequencing in prenatal cases of fetal DACC. Conducted since 2018, this study showed a diagnostic yield of 25% with a median turnaround time of 21 days. Then, with the radiology team at Armand Trousseau Hospital, we conducted a radio-genetic correlation study on prenatal imaging, based on subcategories of DACC, showing that the identification of a pathogenic variant was more common in callosal dysplasia and when DACC was not isolated. This collective and personal work has thus improved knowledge about the genetic causes of DACC, increasing diagnostic efficiency, prognostic information, and significantly altering the management of couples in prenatal care
Tastet, Julie. "Etude des gènes LIMK2 et RNF135, impliqués dans les mécanismes moléculaires de la neurofibromatose de type 1, dans l'autisme et la déficience mentale." Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR3311/document.
Повний текст джерелаAutism and mental deficiency (MD) are two neurodevelopemental diseases which share genetic factors in common. To better understand their etiologies, we studied the molecular mechanisms of neurofibromatosis type 1, a pathology frequently associated with autism and MD. Neurofibromatosis type 1 is due to deletions or mutations of the NF1 gene which encodes neurofibromin. This protein interacts with several proteins such as LIMK2. This protein belongs to the Rho-GTPases pathway in wich mutations of numerous members have been associated with autism and MD. In our study, we showed that LIMK2 isoforms do not only have important structural differencies but have also functional specificities. Limk2d, which lacks the kinase domain, promotes neurite outgrowth of NSC-34 cells. On the contrary, LIMK2-1, which is primate specific and has a C-terminal PP1i domain, inhibits neurite outgrowth. Analysis of the LIMK2-1 coding sequence, revealed the association between MD and a variation located in the PP1i domain, S668P (rs151191437) (p=0.04, Fisher test, OR = 3.29). This variation abrogated the LIMK2-1 effect on neurite outgrowth and inhibited LIMK2-1 interaction with neurofibromin. Deletions occuring in neurofibromatosis type 1 which include the NF1 gene and 13 others are associated with a higher frequency of autism. Mutations of one of them, RNF135, have been identified in patients with MD and overgrowth syndrome. Two of these patients also presented autistic features. By analysing RNF135 gene in autistic patients, we showed the association of the variation R115K (rs111902263) with autism. We also identified a duplication of a region located in RNF135 gene intron 2 in one patient presenting autism and MD. Our results highlight the importance and specificity of LIMK2 isoforms on neurite outgrowth and strengthen the importance to analyze both the sequence and copy-number of RNF135 gene. Further functional experiments will be undertaken to confirm the implication of LIMK2 and RNF135 in autism and MD etiology
Domenichini, Florence. "Neurogenèse adulte et déficience intellectuelle : analyse du rôle de la kinase PAK3 dans deux modèles murins représentatifs de la pathologie." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T038.
Повний текст джерелаThe group I p21-activated kinases (PAK) are involved in many cellular processes such as proliferation, cell movement, adhesion and apoptosis. These kinases are effectors of Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42, and participate in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Both neuronal kinase PAK1 and PAK3, which exhibit high sequence identities, regulate the actin cytoskeleton, thereby controlling the dynamics of dendritic spines and synaptic plasticity. Mutations of the X-linked pak3 are responsible for intellectual disability (ID) in humans, and the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with cognitive defects are poorly described. It was shown that PAK3 participates in the proneural pathway during early Xenopus embryogenic development, by promoting cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation of neural precursors. However, the role of PAK3 in the adult neurogenesis has not been studied in mammals. It is now generally accepted that neurogenesis persists during human adulthood and is involved in learning and memory. We are therefore interested in the involvement of PAK3 in the regulation of adult neurogenesis, on the assumption that defects in neurogenesis may be responsible, at least in part, for cognitive defects in ID patients.We showed that PAK3 is not expressed in proliferative neural stem/progenitor cells but its expression increased significantly upon growth factor removal, suggesting a role in adult neurogenesis. We showed that the invalidation of pak3 gene causes an increase in the frequency and in size of primary neurospheres. However Pak3 invalidation does not affect the size of the stem cell reservoir nor the NCS cardinal properties (pluripotency, self-renewal and proliferation). However, the pak3- progenitor cells continue their proliferation in culture conditions normally inducing differentiation, suggesting a defect in cell cycle exit. We then asked whether pak3 ID mutations affect adult neurogenesis. We created a knock-in model expressing the pak3-R67C mutation responsible in humans for a severe form of intellectual impairment. We observed in the knock-in mice, a significant decrease in the number of newborn cells in both neurogenic areas of the brain (the subventricular zone inforebrain, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus) and an increase in the proportion of immature newborn neurons. These data suggest that the R67C mutation does not induce a loss of function of the kinase but a change of a function dependent on preferential activation by the Rac1 GTPase.In conclusion, we show that PAK3 play an important role in the regulation of adult neurogenesis in mammals by controlling the cell cycle exit of neural progenitors. The R67C ID mutation impacts both newborn cell proliferation and their maturation. Taken together, these data suggest that defects in adult neurogenesis caused by ID mutations in the pak3 gene may be involved in some cognitive dysfunctions
Drissi, Hind. "Déficits de perception visuo-spatiale élémentaire dans les atteintes neuro-développementales, sensorielles ou motrices." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10332.
Повний текст джерелаIt was established that visuo-spatial perception troubles were frequent in children with learning disabilities and that 60% of children with neuro-developmental disabilities have a deficit of elementary visuo-spatial perception (EVSP). We had a double objective in this phD. The first one was for fundamental research: to understand more clearly the role that the vision plays in spatial cognition. The second objective was clinical: to understand more clearly the EVSP developmental deficit and its functional consequences in contexts where it is not taken into consideration enough. So, we evaluated the prevalence of EVSP troubles in children with a motor deficit in the context of cerebral palsy. Our results showed that the development of the EVSP was more problematic with brain damage in the context of prematurity than in the context of neonatal lesion. To better understand this phenomenon, we also tested EVSP in children born prematurely without cerebral lesion but with scholar complaints. We found that even without neuro-developmental disabilities, prematurity upgrades the risk of developing EVSP deficit, and particularly hinders length perception. These two studies made us think that EVSP deficit would be linked to cerebral intra-utero development and would be independent of the environment of postnatal maturation of the cortex. But what about the role of the sensory inputs in the development of spatial abilities? The literature has mainly been focused on congenital blindness and its impact on spatial cognition, highlighting that vision appears as a privileged modality in the development of spatial cognition. Few studies have evaluated the impact of partial and progressive visual impairment on spatial perception, tested in the visual or non-visual modality, and on spatial and numerical cognition. We demonstrated an important prevalence of EVSP troubles in visually impaired people with residual vision, more in the population with reduced peripheral visual field than in the population with decreased visual acuity. This finding contrasts with the demonstration that simulating a deficit of peripheral vision with gaze-contingent masking in healthy controls did not impact the EVSP accuracy. Altogether, this put forward that the EVSP deficit in patients with peripheral vision deficit is not linked to the restricted capture of visual information (that can be experimentally stimulated in healthy subjects) but is rather linked to a process of maladaptive plasticity, associated to the chronic lack of sensory input from peripheral vision (a reorganization of cortical visual areas has been demonstrated in neuroimaging for patients with retinitis pigmentosa). We have also found that these patients tend to develop less haptic compensations and to have more difficulties in mental imagery task. While all groups of visually impairment had difficulties in arithmetic, none, except people with congenital blindness, struggled in our non-visual numerical cognition tasks involving pointing toward a mental number line or bimanual magnitude estimation. This highlights the importance of using non-visual media to learn and evaluate the mathematical skills in visually impaired people. Accounting for EVSP deficits is important in the populations studied in this phD because they are at greater risk of learning disabilities and academic failure. Based on these studies, we can think at adapted preventive care and should not wait for academic failure to react
Martin, Lorenzo Sandra. "Approches génétiques et thérapeutiques visant à comprendre et atténuer les conséquences de la délétion et duplication de la région 16p11.2 dans des modèles précliniques." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ064.
Повний текст джерелаVariations in copy number (CNVs) of chromosomal regions are an important source of variability in humans. Thus some structural alterations have been associated with syndromic diseases such as the CNVs of the 16p11.2 region. Indeed 16p11.2 rearrangement represent an important risk factor for the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as intellectual disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, the high gene density of the region and the high phenotypic variability make their study complex. Mouse modeling of 16p11.2 rearrangements has allowed to identify several cognitive deficits similar to human traits for the purpose of identify responsible genes and to understand the molecular mechanisms affected. The work presented in this manuscript consists of the identification of candidate genes from the behavioral characterization of genetic inactivation models and the development of therapeutic approaches to restore the phenotypes associated with the 16p11.2 deletion in the mouse. In addition, we also initiated the creation of models carrying 16p11.2 rearrangements in rats. Thanks to these models, we found disorders of social interaction, a phenotype associated with autism, which makes these models very relevant for the understanding of these disorders. Finally, the behavioral characterization of the 16p11.2 models from these two species revealed a sexual dimorphism. The similarity found between these models in our studies and the sexual bias of cases carrying 16p11.2 rearrangements with ASD or intellectual disability in humans open interesting prospects for the development of future treatments. This work is part of a wider perspective that allows to understand the role of genes of the region in neurodevelopment to understand and improve the human pathology associated with CNVs 16p11.2
Zanetti, Andrea. "Genetic deciphering of early onset and severe retinal dystrophies and establishment of genotype/phenotype correlations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2024. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=7893&f=78266.
Повний текст джерелаEarly onset retinal dystrophies (EOSRD) and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA - MIM204000) are the leading cause of incurable blindness in children. These diseases, clinically, genetically, and pathophysiologically variable, can be the sign of multisystemic syndromes, such as ciliopathies. They are mostly inherited in autosomal recessive manner, and several genes have been confirmed to be involved. However, the history and clinical expression of LCA are imperfectly understood and many mutations remain unknown. There is a need to continue deciphering these aspects to refine the understanding of pathophysiology. The identification of new responsible genes and the genotype-phenotype correlations are essential for disease management. Thanks to high-throughput gene panel-based sequencing of known LCA/EOSRD genes and investigation in clinical reference centres, the Laboratory of Genetics in Ophthalmology (LGO) has identified the molecular causes of the disease in more than 80% of cases in a cohort of over 700 families. To date, 40 unresolved LCA/EOSRD families have been submitted to whole exome sequencing (WES), leading to the identification of candidate genes, which have been selected for functional validation. Deleterious GPATCH11 variants have been identified in six families comprising 12 affected individuals with retinal dystrophy, exhibiting neurological disorders and skeletal anomalies, providing compelling evidence that recessive mutations in the GPATCH11 gene are responsible for the disease. GPATCH11 is one of the lesser-explored G-patch domain containing proteins, which are known to contribute to the spliceosome. Four recessive mutations were identified, with the splice-site NM_174931.4: c.328+1G>T being common to four out of six families and affecting the consensus splice site of intron 4, causing exon 4 to be excluded from the transcript without breaking the reading frame and producing a shorter protein. Both wild-type and mutated GPATCH11 proteins are localised in the nucleoplasm with a diffuse pattern and in the centrosome of the primary cilia of fibroblasts, suggesting roles in RNA and cilia metabolism. The mouse model (Gpatch11delta5/delta5) generated at the Institute Imagine, carrying the deletion of exon 5 equivalent to exon 4 of human GPATCH11, replicates the patients' phenotypic defects, such as retinal dystrophy and behavioural abnormalities. Retina transcriptome analysis identified deregulated pathways in gene expression and splicing, impacting key processes, such as photoreceptor light responses, RNA regulation, and primary cilia-associated metabolism. Mass-spectrometry analysis found downregulated proteins involved in vision perception, synaptic function and RNA binding and splicing pathways, and upregulated proteins mostly involved in RNA processing and splicing (Publication 1). Furthermore, the involvement of GPATCH11 in the brain is currently being explored through immunostaining and transcriptome/proteome analysis, focusing on the hippocampus, a brain structure responsible for memory. Gpatch11delta5/delta5 mice are viable and develop normally, except that males are completely infertile and exhibit smaller than normal and empty testis. The cause of this infertility is under investigation in collaboration with an external laboratory (Part 2A, B)
Quillé, Marie-Lise. "Identification par ChIP-on-Chip des gènes cibles d’ARX, facteur de transcription impliqué dans le retard mental lié à l’X et les interneuronopathies." Brest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BRES3203.
Повний текст джерелаMutations in the ARX (Aristaless-related homeobox) gene are responsible for a wide spectrum of disorders extending from phenotypes with severe neuronal migration defects, such as lissencephaly, to milder forms of mental retardation without apparent brain abnormalities but associated features of dystonia and epilepsy. ARX encodes a homeobox transcription factor which is primarily expressed in the developing telencephalon, and particularly in populations of GABAergic neurons during development and in adult brain. Many studies have recently shown the involvement of ARX in several fundamental processes for brain development such as neuroblast proliferation as well as neuronal migration, maturation and differentiation. In order to better characterize the role of ARX and the pathways involved, I performed some ChIP-on-Chip (chromatin immunoprecipitation on DNA microarrays) experiments to identify some 0f its target genes. DNA/protein complexes from either mouse neuroblastoma cells transfected by Arx or embryonic mouse brain were immunoprecipitated using a specific antibody against Arx. DNA was purified, amplified, labelled and simultaneously hybridized with the input chromatin DNA on mouse promoter microarrays. A total of 285 genes in common were obtained. Candidate genes were validated by ChIp/QFM-PCR and quantitative real time RT-PCR. Moreover, transcriptomic studies on cells transfected by Arx vs. Contral were performed to validate the regulation of these candidate genes. The identification of ARX downstream genes should allow a better understanding of the role of this gene during brain development and the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with its mutations
Lachance, Brigitte. "Exploration de l’impact d’un programme de danse-thérapie sur la mobilité de personnes atteintes de condition neurologique : un devis expérimental à cas unique." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25202.
Повний текст джерелаBackground: Several therapeutic approaches are used to improve mobility in rehabilitation settings. Dance therapy is one of the innovative approaches for populations with neurological disorders. A quasi-experimental study with a control group did not provide evidence to support the effectiveness of a 12-week weekly outpatient dance therapy program for persons with physical disability (DTPD) aimed at improving their mobility. Given the perceived benefits of the intervention, further investigation was important. Method: We conducted a single case experimental design (SCED) with the Tau-U statistic over 28 weeks with repeated measures (4 tools to assess mobility) in the pre-dance phase (A1), dance program phase (B) and post-dance phase (A2). The Flow State Scale and the Activity-specific balance confidence scale (ABC) provided scores pre-and post intervention. Results: Five participants significantly (p <0.05) improved scores for the Mini BESTest (MBT), 2/5 for the 4 Square Step Test (4Sq) and 4/5 for the Multi-Directional Reach Test – Behind (MDRT- behind) with very large effect sizes (ES). Aggregated ES for A1 and A2 went from moderate to very large. Changes on the FSS and ABC scales were not significant. Personal objectives were perceived and measured as attained. Conclusions: These results support the effectiveness of the DTPD program for adults with neurological conditions, and for the use of SCED with the Tau-U statistic to explore effectiveness of dance interventions for heterogeneous cohorts. The tools used to measure mobility appear promising to detect changes due to dance.
Xing, Paul. "Implication de Syngap1 dans la transmission GABAergique et la plasticité synaptique." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13793.
Повний текст джерелаIntellectual disability affects 1-3% of the world population, which make it the most common cognitive disorder of childhood. Our group discovered that mutation in the SYNGAP1 gene was a frequent cause of non-syndromic intellectual disability, accounting for 1-3% of the cases. For example, the fragile X syndrome, which is the most common monogenic cause of intellectual disability, accounts for 2% of all cases. Some patients affected by SYNGAP1 also showed autism spectrum disorder and epileptic seizures. Our group also showed that mutations in SYNGAP1 caused intellectual disability by an haploinsufficiency mechanism. SYNGAP1 codes for a protein expressed only in the brain which interacts with the GluN2B subunit of NMDA glutamatergic receptors (NMDAR). SYNGAP1 possesses a Ras-GAP activating activity which negatively regulates Ras at excitatory synapses. Heterozygote mice for Syngap1 (Syngap1+/- mice) show behaviour abnormalities and learning deficits, which makes them a good model of intellectual disability. Some studies showed that Syngap1 affects the brain development by perturbing the activity and plasticity of excitatory neurons. The excitatory/inhibitory imbalance is an emerging theory of the origin of intellectual disability and autism. However, some groups including ours, showed that Syngap1 is expressed in at least a subpopulation of GABAergic interneurons. Therefore, our hypothesis was that Syngap1 happloinsufficiency in interneurons contributes in part to the cognitive deficits and excitation/inhibition imbalance observed in Syngap1+/- mice. To test this hypothesis, we generated a transgenic mouse model where Syngap1 expression was decreased only in GABAergic interneurons derived from the medial ganglionic eminence, which expresses the transcription factor Nkx2.1 (Tg(Nkx2,1-Cre);Syngap1 mouse). We showed that miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) were decreased in pyramidal cells in layers 2/3 in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and in CA1 region of the hippocampus of Tg(Nkx2,1-Cre);Syngap1 mice. Those results suggest that Syngap1 haploinsufficiency in GABAergic interneurons contributes in part to the excitation/inhibition imbalance observed in Syngap1+/- mice. Interestingly, we also observed that miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) were increased in cortex S1 but decreased in CA1 region of the hippocampus. We further tested whether synaptic plasticity mechanisms that are thought to underlie learning and memory were affected by Syngap1 haploinsufficiency in GABAergic interneurons. We showed that NMDAR-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) but not NMDAR-dependent long-term depression (LTD) was decreased in Tg(Nkx2,1-Cre);Syngap1 mice. We also showed that GABAA receptor blockade rescued in part the LTP deficit in Syngap1+/- mice, suggesting that a disinhibition deficit is present in these mice. Altogether, the results support a functional role of Syngap1 in GABAergic interneurons, which may in turn contributes to the deficit observed in Syngap1+/- mice.
Jhala, Shivraj. "Regulation of excitotoxicity in thiamine deficiency : role of glutamate transporters." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9720.
Повний текст джерелаExcitotoxicity has been implicated as a major pathophysiological mechanism in the pathogenesis of thiamine deficiency (TD). Excitotoxic-mediated cell death is localized in areas of focal vulnerability in TD and may occur as a consequence of impairment in mitochondrial energy metabolism, sustained cell membrane depolarization and decreased uptake of glutamate by astrocytes due to the loss of excitatory amino acid transporters, (EAAT1 and EAAT2). Over the years, a number of studies have identified glutamate as being a major contributor to excitotoxicity in the pathophysiology of TD. Thus, downregulation of astrocytic glutamate transporters resulting in excitotoxicity is a key feature of TD and understanding the regulation of these transporters is essential to understanding the pathophysiology of the disorder. The objective of the present thesis project was to examine the underlying basis of astrocytic glutamate transporter regulation during TD encephalopathy. Major findings of the studies presented in this thesis project provide evidence for glutamate transporter abnormalities in TD animal models and astrocyte cultures exposed to TD. TD results in the loss of the glutamate transporter splice variant-1b (GLT-1b) in vulnerable areas of brain, i.e. thalamus and inferior colliculus, with no significant alteration in the mRNA levels of the transporters, suggesting that glutamate transporter regulation under conditions of TD is a posttranscriptional event. Studies using a specific inhibitor of the transcription factor, Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and a nuclear enzyme poly (ADP)ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) provided evidence for the regulation of GLT-1 by PARP-1 dependent NF-κB signalling pathways. The major findings of this study suggested an increase in the activation of PARP-1 and NF-κB molecule in the vulnerable areas of TD rat brain and TD astrocyte cultures. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB showed an increase in the levels of GLT-1, while inhibition of PARP-1 using a specific PARP-1 inhibitor, DPQ inhibited the increased activation of NF-κB that was observed during TD. Overall results of this finding provided evidence for a mechanism involving PARP-1 activation in the regulation of glutamate transporters. Given the increased lactate accumulation as a classical feature of TD, we studied the effect of soluble factors produced by astrocytes on glutamate transporter function. Treatment of naïve astrocyte cultures with TD conditioned media resulted in decreased levels of GLT-1 and inhibition of glutamate uptake capacity concomitant with a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Administration of exogenous lactic acid produced a similar reduction in glutamate uptake to that resulting from conditioned media. However, lactic acid treatment did not result in a change in GLT-1 protein levels. In addition, the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α was shown to be increased in astrocytes treated with TD along with elevated levels of the phospho-IκB fragment, indicative of increased activation of NFκB. Inhibition of NFκB led to an amelioration of the decrease in GLT-1 that occurs in TD, along with recovery of glutamate uptake. Thus, soluble factors released from astrocytes under conditions of metabolic impairment such as lactate and TNF-α impairment appear to exert a regulatory influence on glutamate transporter function. Ceftriaxone, a β-lactam antibiotic, has the ability to differentially stimulate GLT-1b (splice-variant) expression in the inferior colliculus in TD rats and under in vitro conditions with TD astrocyte cultures. Thus, ceftriaxone may be a potential therapeutic strategy in the regulation of glutamate transporter function during TD. In summary, excitotoxic cell death in TD occurs as a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with cerebral energy impairment and abnormal glutamate transporter status. A major underlying mechanism for glutamate transporter abnormalities is mediated by PARP-1 dependent NF-κB signaling pathways. In addition, metabolic inhibition with substantial production of lactate and TNF-α may be perhaps another mechanism responsible for glutamate transporter downregulation in TD.
Villafranca-Baughman, Deborah. "The role of pericytes in the regulation of retinal microvasculature dynamics in health and disease." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22148.
Повний текст джерелаBeauchesne, Élizabeth. "Stress oxydatif cérébrovasculaire et rupture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique dans le syndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff expérimental." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4913.
Повний текст джерелаWernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder caused by thiamine deficiency (TD). In experimental TD as in WKS, neuronal cell death and hemorrhages are observed in specific diencephalic and brainstem areas. Diencephalic lesions in WKS are especially severe and often lead to permanent amnesic symptoms. The link between TD-induced metabolic dysfunction and neuronal cell death is unknown. Previous reports have shown that blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was impaired and that this occurred prior to the onset of neuronal damage, suggesting a critical role for vascular dysfunction. Interendothelial tight junctions (TJs), the anatomical basis of the BBB, constitute a molecular network comprising occludin and zonula occludens (ZOs). This thesis shows a loss of expression and alterations in the morphology of these proteins in relation to BBB dysfunction in the thalamus of thiamine-deficient mice, providing an explanation for the presence of hemorrhages. Oxidative stress can lead to direct oxidative damage to TJ proteins and interfere with their regulation mechanisms. Also, nitric oxide (NO) can induce matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) involved in the degradation of these proteins. Cerebral vascular endothelium (CVE) seems to be an important source of NO in TD, since endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression is selectively induced in vulnerable areas. NO can react with reactive oxygen species and form peroxynitrite, leading to endothelial oxidative/nitrosative stress. Results have show that eNOS gene deletion prevents cerebrovascular oxidative/nitrosative stress, immunoglobulins G (IgGs) extravasation and occludin and ZOs alterations in the thalamus of thiamine-deficient mice. Also, eNOS gene deletion prevents the induction of MMP-9 in CVE. Similar results have been obtained with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Precise mechanisms by which reactive species alter TJ proteins are unknown. Caveolin-1, a major component of CVE caveolæ, is involved in the regulation of TJ protein expression, and is modulated by oxidative/nitrosative stress; alteration in caveolin-1 expression has been recently associated with BBB breakdown. The present results show that caveolin-1 expression is selectively altered in CVE of the thalamus of thiamine-deficient mice, and show that normalization of caveolin-1 expression by NAC is associated with the attenuation of BBB damage. Taken together, these results demonstrate a central role for cerebrovascular oxidative/nitrosative stress, especially coming from eNOS, in BBB TJ protein alterations via direct damage and via induction of MMP-9 and caveolin-1. As a result, BBB breakdown contributes to neuronal cell death in the thalamus, since prevention of cerebrovascular alterations by eNOS gene deletion and NAC significantly attenuates neuronal cell death. Early administration of antioxidants combined with thiamine should therefore be an important consideration for the treatment of WKS.
Berryer, Martin H. "Bases moléculaires et cellulaires d’un trouble neurodéveloppemental causé par l’haploinsuffisance de SYNGAP1." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13907.
Повний текст джерелаRaptis, Alkisti Helli. "Contributions des voies vestibulospinale et corticospinale au contrôle des mouvements du bras." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12048.
Повний текст джерела