Книги з теми "DEFECTIVE GROUND"

The second volume of the textbook shows the design features of the main components and parts of the movement groups that affect their working conditions and methods of maintenance and repair. Recommendations on the frequency of regulated work and possible malfunctions are given. With examples from ship practice, the methods of disassembly-assembly, defection and repair of the main components and parts of the movement groups are considered. The previous and subsequent volumes show the design features, provide recommendations on the frequency of regulated work and maintenance and repair of other components and parts of marine diesel engines. It is intended for students of higher educational institutions in the specialty "Operation of marine power plants" and university teachers. It may be useful for ship mechanics.

Prejudiced beliefs may certainly seem like defective beliefs. But in what sense defective? No doubt, many of them will be false. Some will also be harmful. But many philosophers further argue that prejudiced belief is defective also in the sense that it could only arise from distinctive kinds of epistemic irrationality: we could acquire or retain our prejudiced beliefs only by culpably violating our epistemic responsibilities. Moreover, it is assumed that we are morally responsible for the harms that our prejudiced beliefs cause only because, in forming these beliefs in the first place, we are violating our epistemic responsibilities. This book argues that these common convictions are false and misguided. It shows in detail that there can be plenty of epistemically justified pathways to prejudiced belief. Moreover, it argues that it is a mistake to lean on the concept of epistemic responsibility to give content to ethical responsibilities. In particular, this would unreasonably burden victims of prejudice with having to show that their victimizers were in a position to know better. Accordingly, this book develops an account of moral responsibility for harm which does not depend on finding grounds for epistemic blame. In support of this view, the book offers a number of examples and case studies at individual, collective, and institutional levels of decision making. Additionally, it develops a systematic platform for “non-ideal epistemology” which would apply also to a wide range of other socio-epistemic phenomena of current concern, such as fake news, conspiracy theories, science scepticism, and more.

This chapter proposes a theory of moral regression, arguing that inclusivist gains can be eroded not only if certain harsh biological and social conditions indicative of out-group threat actually reappear but also if significant numbers of people come to believe that such harsh conditions exist even when they do not. It argues that normal cognitive biases in conjunction with defective social-epistemic practices can cause people wrongly to believe that such harsh conditions exist, thus triggering the development and evolution of exclusivist moralities and the dismantling of inclusivist ones. Armed with detailed knowledge of the biological and social environments in which progressive moralities emerge and are sustained, as well as the conditions under which they are likely to be dismantled, human beings can take significant steps toward transforming the classic liberal faith in moral progress into a practical, empirically grounded hope.

Product Liability is a recognised authority in the field and covers the product liability laws through which manufacturers, retailers, and others may be held liable to compensate persons who are injured, or who incur financial loss, when the products which they manufacture or sell are defective or not fit for their purpose. Product defects may originate in the production process, be one of design, or be grounded in a failure to issue an adequate warning or directions for safe use and practitioners advising business clients or claimants will find this book provides all the necessary information for practitioners to manage a product liability claim. This new edition has been fully updated to take account of 10 years of development in case law and regulation, and the increasing impact of cross-border and transnational sale of goods. The Court of Justice of the European Union handed down major rulings concerning the Product Liability Directive which affect the application of the Directive and national arrangements and Fairgrieve and Goldberg examines this in detail. For any legal practitioner operating in areas which require knowledge of European product liability law, an understanding of the impact of recent developments is essential and this work is an essential resource for practitioners working on product liability, sale of goods, personal injury and negligence. The work provides comprehensive coverage of the law of negligence as it applies to product liability, of the strict liability provisions of the Consumer Protection Act 1987, and of the EU's Product Liability Directive on which the Act is based. Although the majority of cases involve pharmaceuticals and medical devices, in recent English cases the allegedly defective products have been as diverse as a child's buggy, an All Terrain Vehicle, and even a coffee cup. Many cases are brought as group actions, and the book examines the rights of those who are injured by defective products. As well as considering the perspective of the law as it has developed in the UK, this edition contains detailed discussion of case law from other jurisdictions including the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, France and Germany. The coverage in the work is complemented by a full analysis of issues which arise in transnational litigation involving problems of jurisdiction and the choice of laws.

Defective lipid catabolic pathways are involved in numerous inherited metabolic diseases such as lysosomal storage diseases and peroxisome biogenesis disorders. We recently described a new classification of a rapidly growing group of inherited metabolic disorders involving biosynthesis and remodeling of complex lipids including phospholipids and sphingolipids. The remarkable progress achieved over the last decade in high throughput gene sequencing and in lipid analysis technologies have enabled the description of more than 40 diseases linked to defects in enzymes involved in these pathways. Some of these defects present in infancy or childhood but most of them are diagnosed in adolescence or adulthood. In this review we focus on those with adult presentation.

This chapter discusses the various ways in which defectors came across the front line. Scenarios varied. Some defectors came as part of organized desertions of entire units; more came in small groups; and about just as many came alone. The front line could be overcome simply by letting it pass, a particularly viable option in 1941, but also possible later in the war; others exploited holes in the front, used planes or tanks to get across, or absconded after having been sent across the line in an attack or a commando operation. Often, defection was a violent process, which required sometimes deadly force against superiors or compadres. The chapter describes these scenarios and puts the moment of defection into a larger framework of the wartime trajectories of men who ended up surrendering.

The institution or asylum in North America was established as a mechanism for confining, controlling, and containing groups of individuals classified and labeled as mentally ill or intellectually disabled and defined as deviant, defective, or delinquent. These congregate facilities, established both for the protection of the individuals housed there and for the simultaneous protection of society from those same people, developed into massive structures designed to accommodate thousands of residents/patients/inmates. The rationale behind the rapid rise of the institution throughout the nineteenth and into the mid-twentieth centuries paralleled the growth of modern medicine and psychiatry. By the 1950s, institutions housed hundreds of thousands of individuals. Yet by the start of the twenty-first century, the institutional model had been intellectually discredited, and these facilities had been all but abandoned. This rather astounding demise mirrored broader social, scientific, and medical trends.

Oligosaccharidoses are a group of lysosomal diseases, also called glycoproteinoses, biochemically characterized by storage of protein-bound oligosaccharides within lysosomes and excretion with urine of corresponding sugars. Storage of oligosaccharides results from absence or defective function of a specific lysosomal enzyme. Classification includes α‎ and β‎ mannosidosis, fucosidosis, sialidosis types I and II, Schindler disease, and aspartylglycosaminuria. Galactosialidosis characterized by deficiency of β‎-galactosidase and α‎-neuraminidase with presence in patient urine of oligosaccharides has been included among oligosaccharidoses but may be better classified as a lysosomal enzyme protection defect disease in relation to its primary defect of cathepsine A-protective protein. The clinical spectrum of the diseases vary widely, as is common in lysosomal storage disorders. Patients frequently have neurological symptoms, but in rare cases presenting in adulthood symptoms may be very subtle. Psychiatric presentations have been described in adults. For adult cases, no treatments are available except for supportive care.

Nivkh (Paleosiberian group), spoken on the lower reaches of the Amur River and on Sakhalin island in Siberia by a few hundred speakers in four main varieties, but rapidly dying out, is a polysynthetic head-marking but configurational SOV language, with defective polypersonalism, noun incorporation, verb root serialization, and complex noun forms. Its dominant structural principle and characteristic design is dependent-head-synthesis, with dependents lexically head-marked and still referentially active. Nivkh displays compositional polysynthesis with a mixed internal structure, as the suffixal domain of a word-form may be described by a template, whereas the pre-root domain is scope-ordered due to dependent chaining. The evolutionary path of complex forms is best conceived of as coalescence of formerly adjacent words. Morphophonemic processes at the word-internal morpheme boundaries, especially consonant dissimilation and assimilation, and bound allomorphs prove the wordhood of the complexes. Non-root bound morphemes encode modalities, degree, scalar, and focus operators and phase of action.

This chapter focuses on how race and war intersected in 1960s Tennessee to destroy the career of a relatively progressive southern senator. Postwar conservatives used coded racism to lure southerners from the Democratic column and to associate liberalism with African American special-interest-group politics. Al Gore failed to realize that his moderate position on civil rights alienated him from his white voters. No amount of Northern liberal support could save him as the Solid South began its defection to the GOP (Grand Old Party). Gore's defeat represented a generational shift in liberalism. Never again would it be acceptable to rely on an ethical reputation or class envy to secure reelection—liberals would have to find new ways of talking to their constituents and building trust.

This chapter reviews the book Trouble in the Tribe: The American Jewish Conflict over Israel (2016), by Dov Waxman. Trouble in the Tribe examines the debate over the defection of growing numbers of young Jews from the pro-Israel camp, which Peter Beinart claims is due primarily to their disillusionment with a Jewish state that has betrayed their liberal principles. While many of Beinart’s critics acknowledge that Jewish youth have indeed grown more distant from Israel, they attribute this less to political disillusionment than to a weakening of their Jewish identity. For Waxman, “perhaps the biggest reason why young American Jews tend to be more dovish and critical of Israel is that they are much more likely than older Jews to be the offspring of intermarried couples.”

Abstract Less academic: Terrorist, rebel, and insurgent groups face myriad challenges. Between state repression and fears of infiltration and defeat, it is no surprise they are prone to infighting, instability, and division. And these divisions are meaningful: one led the Islamic State to break from Al Qaeda, and others have perpetually plagued the Irish Republican Army, Palestinian militants, and many more. This book analyzes how armed groups fracture and how splinter groups behave. It is the first to look inside these organizations and to understand the specific disagreements leading fractures to occur. It shows how disagreements are commonly driven by disputes over ideology, leadership, and strategy. Drawing on research from organizational studies to social psychology, and by leveraging analogies from business firms to religious sects, the book shows how these disputes uniquely shape the behavior and survivability of breakaway splinters. When motivated by single, shared disagreement, splinters tend to exhibit higher cohesion, clearer objectives, and greater survivability. And when motivated by strategy in particular, splinters typically attract the most hardline operatives and subsequently adopt increasingly lethal tactics and strategies. The book tests these claims comprehensively. Statistical analyses reveal a clear link between internal disagreements and splinter behavior across countries and over time. Case studies of republican militants in Northern Ireland, Basque militants in Spain, and the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq then confirm these trends. As a result, this book demystifies a complex albeit common event with ramifications for counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, and understanding increasingly fragmented conflicts around the globe. More academic: Armed groups are tenuous organizations. They face difficult environments and uncertain challenges that make instability, division, and organizational fractures common. But when fractures occur, what explains how breakaway groups behave? Drawing on social and group dynamics that afflict everything from political parties to religious sects, this book shows how a splinter group’s trajectory is not predetermined, but is in fact shaped by its motivations for breaking away. Splinters emerging from a single, shared internal disagreement form with clear organizational objectives that attract a highly cohesive base of recruits. This lowers the odds of defection and infiltration, making it easier to decentralize operations and ultimately survive. Armed groups also break apart for a variety of reasons. Ideological, strategic, and leadership disputes each uniquely shape the goals and membership composition of breakaway groups. Strategic disagreements create the most radical splinters since they usually attract dissatisfied hardliners away from the parent. These claims are tested using a mixed-methods research design. Statistical analyses of a new data set reveal strong support for the theory across countries and over time, while in-depth case studies of republican militants in Northern Ireland, Basque militants in Spain, and the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq confirm the theory’s more specific implications. As a result, this book refocuses attention away from external dynamics, like state repression and conciliation, and towards internal dynamics that can better explain how armed groups fragment, operate, and survive.

This chapter provides an introduction to the question of why Mexico’s PRI—one of the longest-serving authoritarian parties in the world—was able to survive after the transition to democracy in 2000. Many analysts believed that it would fragment, as its politicians would leave the party or voters would reject the party’s label and the candidates running under it. It was not clear whether, without access to resources and with a weaker leadership, the internal groups would be able to negotiate their differences. The book’s argument is that beyond the resource advantages posited by other authors writing on the same topic, institutions, such as federalism, a strong party system, and fiscal decentralization, all played a major role in allowing the PRI’s factions to cooperate after 2000 and prevented a mass defection of voters. Furthermore, these same institutions strengthened the party’s governors while giving the national party headquarters a strong role to play in the years out of power (2000–2012). This chapter also provides a roadmap for the rest of the book.

This book examines how conditions conducive to atrocities against civilians are created during wartime in some communities. It identifies the exclusion of moderates and the production of borders as the main processes. In these places, political and ethnic identities become linked and targeted violence against civilians becomes both tolerated and justified by the respective authorities as a necessary sacrifice for a greater political goal. The book augments the literature on genocide and civil wars by demonstrating how violence can be used as a political strategy, and how communities, as well as individuals, remember episodes of violence against civilians. It focuses on Croatia in the 1990s, and Uganda and Guatemala in the 1980s. In each case, it is considered how people who have lived peacefully as neighbors for many years are suddenly transformed into enemies, yet intracommunal violence is not ubiquitous throughout the conflict zone; rather, it is specific to particular regions or villages within those zones. As the book describes, the exclusion of moderates and the production of borders limit individuals' freedom to express their views, work to prevent the possible defection of members of an in-group, and facilitate identification of individuals who are purportedly a threat. Even before mass killings begin, the book finds, these and similar changes will have transformed particular villages or regions into amoral communities, places where the definition of crime changes and violence is justified as a form of self-defense by perpetrators.