Статті в журналах: "Deep-cycle lead acid batteries"

1

Mayer, G. "BCI cycle life testing procedures for deep-cycle lead-acid batteries." Journal of Power Sources 17, no. 1-3 (January 1986): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(86)80028-3.

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2

Lu, Jun Min, and Xiao Kan Wang. "The Improving Measures Research on the Cycle Life of Lead-Acid Batteries for Electric Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.119.

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By describing the main affecting factors of the small electric vehicles cycle life for the lead-acid batteries,then studying the main technical measures that how to improve the deep cycle performance of the batteries to prolong its life.When the methods of the combination of grid alloys ,mixing paste and curing process parameters control, the selection of the negative organic additives and the sets mode of the positive and negative plates were used,the battery performance and the cycle life greatly improved and the failure rate decreased.

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3

Mrha, J., K. Micka, J. Jindra, and M. Musilová. "Oxygen cycle in sealed leadacid batteries." Journal of Power Sources 27, no. 2 (August 1989): 91–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(89)80125-9.

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4

Buynosov, Alexander Petrovich, Mikhail Gelievich Durandin, and Oleg Ivanovich Tutynin. "Increase of life cycle of storage batteries used on technical means of railway transport by protection from deep discharge." Transport of the Urals, no. 2 (2022): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2022-2-92-96.

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Modernization of old types of energy storages leads to appearance of new more reliable, efficient and energy-intensive storage devices. But at the same time, they become more complicated and more expensive. That is why maintenance and increase of life cycle for traditional and technologically simple batteries is still actual problem. The paper considers reasons of quick failure one of the most widely spread types of storage batteries used in railway and motor transport - lead-acid batteries. The paper presents consequences of such dangerous phenomenon as sulphation of electrodes arising due to deep discharge of a battery. The authors have revealed additional factors that lead to sulphation. As a result, the authors suggest a principal protection circuit from a critically low charge of batteries on the basis of simple electric devices - a contactor, a relay, a switch and diodes.

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5

Liu, Van Tsai, and Jhih Rong Chen. "Balancing for Lead-Acid Batteries of Electric Motorcycles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 491–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.491.

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For high-power applications such as electric motorcycles, batteries in series to provide the required voltage is fairly common. The 48V is 12V connected four cells in series for lead-acid batteries of electric motorcycles. After charging and discharging of lead-acid batteries several times, the voltages are often imbalance. Without proper protection, may cause an excessive discharge of lead-acid batteries for early damage. Therefore, lead-acid battery module requires a simple balance circuit to improve battery life in order to avoid over-voltage or under-voltage condition occurs. Energy balance circuit to improve lead-acid battery module matching problems, make the safety and cycle life of lead-acid batteries to improve. This research intends to complete balanced circuit design of lead-acid batteries.

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6

Chen, Chun Ming, Hung Wei Hsieh, Yu Lin Juan, Tsair Rong Chen, and Peng Lai Chen. "Automatic Battery Testing Platform for Series-Connected Lead Acid Batteries." Advanced Materials Research 1014 (July 2014): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1014.220.

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In this paper, an automatic testing platform was developed. A complete charging and discharging cycle for the series-connected lead-acid batteries is carried out by the testing platform to record the capacity, charging efficiency, and other relative data of the batteries. A microcontroller unit (MCU) is used to replace the common DAQ card for cost reduction. The voltage and current of the batteries are sampled by the MCU and saved by the software LabVIEW on the personal computer. The charging and discharging procedures are automatically switched by the software LabVIEW according to the state of the batteries. A complete testing data can be provided by the LabVIEW at the end of the testing cycle. New and old battery modules are both tested with the proposed platform and another reliable testing system to evaluate the validity of the proposed system.

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7

Hu, Hai-Yan, Ning Xie, Chen Wang, Fan Wu, Ming Pan, Hua-Fei Li, Ping Wu, et al. "Enhancing the Performance of Motive Power Lead-Acid Batteries by High Surface Area Carbon Black Additives." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010186.

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The effects of carbon black specific surface area and morphology were investigated by characterizing four different carbon black additives and then evaluating the effect of adding them to the negative electrode of valve-regulated lead–acid batteries for electric bikes. Low-temperature performance, larger current discharge performance, charge acceptance, cycle life and water loss of the batteries with carbon black were studied. The results show that the addition of high-performance carbon black to the negative plate of lead–acid batteries has an important effect on the cycle performance at 100% depth-of-discharge conditions and the cycle life is 86.9% longer than that of the control batteries. The excellent performance of the batteries can be attributed to the high surface area carbon black effectively inhibiting the sulfation of the negative plate surface and improving the charge acceptance of the batteries.

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8

Kim, I., S. H. Oh, and H. Y. Kang. "Accelerated cycle-life testing of small sealed lead/acid batteries." Journal of Power Sources 38, no. 1-2 (March 1992): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(92)80104-j.

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9

Yang, Shaoqiang, Ruhong Li, Xianyu Cai, Kuiwang Xue, Baofeng Yang, Xinguo Hu, and Changsong Dai. "Enhanced cycle performance and lifetime estimation of lead-acid batteries." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 11 (2018): 8900–8904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj00542g.

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10

Strebe, J., B. Reichman, B. Mahato, and K. R. Bullock. "Improved gelled-electrolyte lead/acid batteries for deep-discharge applications." Journal of Power Sources 31, no. 1-4 (May 1990): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(90)80052-f.

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11

A, Ogunrinde M., Adewole S. M., and Abdulsalami B. A. "Modification of an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) for an Extended Running Time." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 7, no. 7 (July 29, 2017): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijarcsse.v7i7.101.

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Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) is increasingly becoming popular as a means of providing conditioned and uninterrupted power supply to sensitive and non-sensitive loads at critical and non-critical times.Sensitive modern equipment with very low tolerance for power fluctuation and failures are on the increase due to advancement in science and technology, theseequipment however require power backed up if they are to perform optimally. This study focuses on modification of the UPS in order to extend its running time.A used and dumped UPS working at a back-up time of between 0 to 10mins was modified to accommodate two, 75AH Lead acid batteries, using 1400VA Zinox UPS. An extended backup time of between 2hrs to 8hrs on the same UPS using Lead Acid/Deep Cycle batteries was achieved which at the same time operating within a very low budget.

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12

Makogon, Helen, Roman Suchko, Viktor Moskalenko, Igor Kalinin, Sergiy Burdin, and Viktoriia Iksarytsia. "APPLICATION OF THE CORRELATION ANALYSIS MATHEMATICAL APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION THE LEAD–ACID BATTERIES MANAGEMENT AND STATUS CONTROL MINIMUM DIAGNOSIS." Advanced Information Systems 5, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2021.1.19.

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The subject matter of the article is the lead–acid batteries carrier and management. The goal of the study is the development of a methodology for assessing the lead–acid batteries’ parameters and to provide recommendations for their long–term management and carrier in the army operation. The tasks to be solved are: on the basis of the lead–acid batteries operation experience to define a set of diagnostic parameters on which it is possible to draw a conclusion about the technical state of a battery and change of its electric, operational and design properties; to determine the correlations between the properties of the battery and make their assessment based on the established criteria; to build a diagnostic graph–model of causal relationships of a battery’s parameters in the form of a correlation galaxy; to justify the lead–acid batteries carrier and management minimum diagnosis which can be carried out during their life cycle management та status control under the lack of time. General scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge are used. The following results were obtained: The set of diagnostic parameters to assess the battery technical state was determinated. Statistical data processing using the mathematical apparatus of correlation analysis was done. The diagnostic graph model of a lead–acid battery in the form of a correlation galaxy was constructed. The lead–acid batteries carrier and management minimum diagnosis during the life cycle was determined. Conclusions. Analysis of the experience of the lead–acid batteries operation determines a set of diagnostic parameters, which can be used to draw a conclusion about the technical state of a battery and change of its electric, operational and design properties. As generalized diagnostic parameters of the battery technical state can be considered the State of Health and the State of charge. Statistical data processing using the mathematical apparatus of correlation analysis allows to determine the causal and dependencies between the battery’s parameters and make their assessment based on the established criteria. Presentation of generalized results in the form of a correlation galaxy makes it possible to build a diagnostic graph–model of battery in the form of a correlation galaxy. Control of the SoC and SoH of the lead–acid battery will ensure the monitoring of the remaining charge, as well as the issuance of a warning about the need to replace the battery. A promising direction in the development of battery operation can be considered the development of battery–powered trackers – software and hardware devices capable of caring for battery care and battery management.

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13

Kim, Myonghak, Mungi Kim, Cholnam Ri, Songchol Jong, Ilman Pak, Ganghyok Kim, and Mun Ri. "Study on synthesis and application of tetrabasic lead sulfate as the positive active material additive for lead-acid batteries." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 7 (July 2019): 190882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190882.

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Tetrabasic lead sulfate (4BS) was used as a positive active material additive for lead-acid batteries, which affirmatively affected the performance of the battery. Herein, tetrabasic lead sulfate was synthesized from scrap lead paste that was formed through the production process of the lead-acid batteries. This solves the disposing problem of the scrap lead paste that is challenging in the production of the lead-acid batteries. Scrap lead paste was first pre-treated and the 4BS with high purity and crystalline was synthesized by sintering at the temperature of 450°C and hold time of 7 h. As demonstrated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy test and Material Studio software calculation, the purity of synthesized 4BS is higher than 98 wt%, small particles have pillar forms and are evenly distributed. Moreover, the synthesized 4BS of 1 wt% was added to the positive lead paste and then valve-regulated lead-acid battery was made after the pasting, curing and formation processes. The effectiveness of the lead-acid batteries after adding 4BS as crystal seeds was evaluated, and the 100% charge–discharge cycle life of the new battery (523 times) was about 1.4 times higher than that of general lead-acid batteries (365 times).

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14

Gerasimov, V. S., and N. K. Baulin. "Disposal of lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries in the agro-industrial complex." Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), no. 1 (2022): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2201-02.

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With the increase in the total amount of energy-saturated agricultural machinery (AM), the question of their negative impact on the environment by the end of the life cycle, namely during the period of utilization and processing of components, is becoming more acute. We are talking about environmentally hazardous elements of decommissioned equipment, which are rarely taken into account at the end of the life cycle of the AM, namely rechargeable batteries (batteries). In connection with this emerging problem, it is necessary to consider its technical and practical solution. This paper presents the norms of battery life of different types of performance, depending on the modes and operating conditions, as well as the operating time of the rolling stock. The design features of each type of batteries and ways of their disposal are studied.

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15

Takeuchi, Taisuke, Ken Sawai, Yuichi Tsuboi, Masashi Shiota, Shinji Ishimoto, Nobumitsu Hirai, and Shigeharu Osumi. "The partial state-of-charge cycle performance of lead-acid batteries." Journal of Power Sources 189, no. 2 (April 2009): 1190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.01.022.

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16

Zyoud, Ali Al, and Ahmad Harb. "Cycle recovery charging (CRC) methods for single used lead-acid batteries." Electrical Engineering 99, no. 3 (November 16, 2016): 1099–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00202-016-0476-0.

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17

Nann, Eberhard. "Improving the performance of deep-cycling, valve-regulated, lead/acid batteries." Journal of Power Sources 33, no. 1-4 (July 1991): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(91)85052-x.

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18

Calasanzio, D., M. Caselli, and D. Ghiotto. "Charging of valve-regulated lead/acid batteries under deep cycling applications." Journal of Power Sources 53, no. 1 (January 1995): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(94)01996-9.

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19

Dufo-López, Rodolfo, Tomás Cortés-Arcos, Jesús Sergio Artal-Sevil, and José L. Bernal-Agustín. "Comparison of Lead-Acid and Li-Ion Batteries Lifetime Prediction Models in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031099.

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Several models for estimating the lifetimes of lead-acid and Li-ion (LiFePO4) batteries are analyzed and applied to a photovoltaic (PV)-battery standalone system. This kind of system usually includes a battery bank sized for 2.5 autonomy days or more. The results obtained by each model in different locations with very different average temperatures are compared. Two different locations have been considered: the Pyrenees mountains in Spain and Tindouf in Argelia. Classical battery aging models (equivalent full cycles model and rainflow cycle count model) generally used by researchers and software tools are not adequate as they overestimate the battery life in all cases. For OPzS lead-acid batteries, an advanced weighted Ah-throughput model is necessary to correctly estimate its lifetime, obtaining a battery life of roughly 12 years for the Pyrenees and around 5 years for the case Tindouf. For Li-ion batteries, both the cycle and calendar aging must be considered, obtaining more than 20 years of battery life estimation for the Pyrenees and 13 years for Tindouf. In the cases studied, the lifetime of LiFePO4 batteries is around two times the OPzS lifetime. As nowadays the cost of LiFePO4 batteries is around two times the OPzS ones, Li-ion batteries can be competitive with OPzS batteries in PV-battery standalone systems.

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20

Palumbo, G., and U. Erb. "Enhancing the Operating Life and Performance of Lead-Acid Batteries via Grain-Boundary Engineering." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 11 (November 1999): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400053422.

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Although conventional lead-acid batteries are considered a rather mature technology, significant research and development efforts are currently under way to enhance their performance and operating life. These efforts are being driven by the demands of both the automotive and stationary (or standby) market sectors. Both major markets have need of lead-acid batteries with higher energy density or reduced size and weight; however, the automotive sector is also driven to mitigate the cycle-life reduction of its “starter, lighting, and ignition” (SLI) batteries that results from rising “under the hood” temperatures in modern automobiles.The operating and cycle lives of leadacid batteries are limited by the resistance of the positive Pb-alloy electrodes to intergranular-degradation processes (i.e., corrosion, cracking, and creep). Figure 1 shows an example of near-through-wall cracking and some inter-granular corrosion (grain-dropping at surface) observed in a Pb-lwt%Sb positive battery grid following approximately four years of service. In addition to the breaching of grid electrical continuity by corrosion and cracking processes (as indicated in Figure 1), the relatively high homologous temperature of operation for lead-acid batteries (i.e., >0.6 Tm, where Tm is the melting temperature) promotes intergranular-creep processes that result in dimensional changes in the electrodes over time (i.e., grid “growth”); this causes adjacent plates to short, leading to reduced battery capacity.

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21

Fattah, Abdul, and Abdul Goffar Khan. "Optimum charging scheme of Electric Vehicle (EV) battery." AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 17, no. 3 (November 30, 2018): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v17i3.15.

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Tubular plate lead acid deep cycle batteries are becoming more and more popular in Bangladesh to run electrical vehicles. A China made low cost charger is commonly used to charge these batteries which takes approximately 10 hours to full charge. In this paper, comparative results of charging EV tubular battery using conventional charger as well as Universal Battery Tester (UBT) have been reported. Total 8 different types of charging methods have been tested and different parameters like temperature rise, change of specific gravity of the electrolyte in the battery, variation of voltage and current, stored Ampere-Hour etc. have been observed. Thereby a comparatively quick charging method has been proposed which can ensure less temperature rise and therefore better efficiency and longer battery life.

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22

Yeung, Kan Kan, Xinfeng Zhang, Stephen C. T. Kwok, Francesco Ciucci, and Matthew M. F. Yuen. "Enhanced cycle life of lead-acid battery using graphene as a sulfation suppression additive in negative active material." RSC Advances 5, no. 87 (2015): 71314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11114e.

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The addition of graphene to negative active materials of lead-acid batteries for sulfation suppression and cycle-life extension is reported. Proposed mechanistic model demonstrates the evolution of PbSO₄ surface coverage as cycle number increases.

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23

Maleczek, Stanisław, Marcin Szczepaniak, Norbert Radek, Stanisław Kowalkowski, and Krzysztof A. Bogdanowicz. "Tests of Acid Batteries for Hybrid Energy Storage and Buffering System—A Technical Approach." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 3514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103514.

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Many armies around the world showed an increasing interest for the technology of renewable energy sources for military applications. However, to profit fully from solar or wind energy, an energy storage system is needed. In this article, we present an energy storage system based on acid-lead batteries as a component of a modular generation-storage as a model of military “smart camp”. We proposed a technical approach to study four different types of batteries: DEEP CYCLE, AGM, WET and VRLA in laboratory and real conditions typical for military equipment. It was observed that the best performance was observed for AGM battery in terms of the highest cold cracking amperage equal to 1205 A combined with the most compact construction and resistance to varying thermal conditions from −25 °C, 25 °C and 50 °C. Additionally, a 12-month long-term testing in real conditions revealed that AGM and VRLA showed decrease in capacity value maintaining only approx. 80% of initial value.

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24

Rossini, Matteo, Fabrizio Ganci, Claudio Zanca, Bernardo Patella, Giuseppe Aiello, and Rosalinda Inguanta. "Nanostructured Lead Electrodes with Reduced Graphene Oxide for High-Performance Lead–Acid Batteries." Batteries 8, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110211.

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Nanostructured Pb electrodes consisting of nanowire arrays were obtained by electrodeposition, to be used as negative electrodes for lead–acid batteries. Reduced graphene oxide was added to improve their performances. This was achieved via the electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide directly on the surface of nanowire arrays. The electrodes with and without reduced graphene oxide were tested in a 5 M sulfuric acid solution using a commercial pasted positive plate and an absorbed glass mat separator in a zero-gap configuration. The electrodes were tested in deep cycling conditions with a very low cut-off potential. Charge–discharge tests were performed at 5C. The electrode with reduced graphene oxide outperformed the electrode without reduced graphene oxide, as it was able to work with a very high utilization of active mass and efficiency. A specific capacity of 258 mAhg−1–very close to the theoretical one–was achieved, and the electrode lasted for more than 1000 cycles. On the other hand, the electrode without reduced graphene oxide achieved a capacity close to 230 mAhg−1, which corresponds to a 90% of utilization of active mass.

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25

Wang, Wubin, Wenxi Yao, Wei Chen, Dong Chen, and Zhengyu Lu. "Failure Warning at the End of Service-Life of Lead–Acid Batteries for Backup Applications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 20, 2020): 5760. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175760.

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The prediction of remaining useful life is an important function of battery management systems. Existing research typically focused on factors that determine the quantity of the remaining useful capacity, and are able to determine the remaining useful capacity several years before battery failure to counter hysteresis of variables of lead–acid batteries. These techniques are not suitable at the end of service-life for backup batteries. This paper proposes a linear-superposition–voltage-aging model with three improvements. First, the estimation of the deep-discharge of the proposed voltage model does not require the remaining useful capacity. Second, the internal resistance of the deep-discharge is predicted from the contacting resistance of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Third, a morphology correction factor of internal resistance is about to saturate at the end of battery service-life. The model accurately forecasts battery failure at the end of service-life in two groups of accelerated-aging experiments. The proposed method in this paper focuses on the factors that determine quality of remaining useful capacity to counter hysteresis of variables of lead–acid batteries and judge battery failure at the end of service-life.

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26

Zau, Andre T. Puati, Mpho J. Lencwe, S. P. Daniel Chowdhury, and Thomas O. Olwal. "A Battery Management Strategy in a Lead-Acid and Lithium-Ion Hybrid Battery Energy Storage System for Conventional Transport Vehicles." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 2577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072577.

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Conventional vehicles, having internal combustion engines, use lead-acid batteries (LABs) for starting, lighting, and ignition purposes. However, because of new additional features (i.e., enhanced electronics and start/stop functionalities) in these vehicles, LABs undergo deep discharges due to frequent engine cranking, which in turn affect their lifespan. Therefore, this research study seeks to improve LABs’ performance in terms of meeting the required vehicle cold cranking current (CCC) and long lifespan. The performance improvement is achieved by hybridizing a lead-acid with a lithium-ion battery at a pack level using a fully active topology approach. This topology approach connects the individual energy storage systems to their bidirectional DC-DC converter for ease of control. Besides, a battery management strategy based on fuzzy logic and a triple-loop proportional-integral (PI) controller is implemented for these conversion systems to ensure effective current sharing between lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries. A fuzzy logic controller provides a percentage reference current needed from the battery and regulates the batteries’ state-of-charge (SoC) within the desired limits. A triple-loop controller monitors and limits the hybridized system’s current sharing and voltage within the required range during cycling. The hybridized system is developed and validated using Matlab/Simulink. The battery packs are developed using the battery manufacturers’ data sheets. The results of the research, compared with a single LAB, show that by controlling the current flow and maintaining the SoC within the desired limits, the hybrid energy storage system can meet the desired vehicle cold cranking current at a reduced weight. Furthermore, the lead-acid battery lifespan based on a fatigue cycle-model is improved from two years to 8.5 years, thus improving its performance in terms of long lifespan.

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27

Vishwanath, Billavara Omaiah, Narayanaswamy Vedachalam, Panayan Muthuvel, Kannaiyah Jayanthi, and Gidugu Ananda Ramadass. "Pressure-Tolerant Electronics and Discharge Performance of Pressure-Compensated Lead Acid Batteries Under Hyperbaric Conditions." Marine Technology Society Journal 52, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.52.5.13.

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AbstractUnderstanding the variations in the energy discharge performance of pressure-compensated valve-regulated lead acid (PC VRLA) batteries under the influence of increased hydrostatic pressure is essential for the reliable design of deep-ocean battery-powered systems. The paper reviews developments in the field of pressure-tolerant electronics and presents observations from the experiments done on a12 V‐40 Ah absorbent glass mat type PC VRLA battery in a hyperbaric chamber at 600 bar pressure. It is identified that, during discharge at 600 bar pressure, the terminal voltage and energy discharge capacity of a 12-V fully charged battery drop by 1.05 V and about 15%, respectively, and need to be discharged below the minimum voltage levels recommended under normal ambient conditions. The identified results, along with the temperature derating factor, could be used for sizing of deep-ocean operated PC VRLA batteries.

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28

Li, Dong Mei, Yan Li Xu, Guang Jin Zhao, Yong Wei Wang, and Yang Guo. "Study on the Harmless Treatment of Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries in Substations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.801.

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It is reported that large quantities of valve regulated lead-acid batteries used in the substations shall be harmlessly treated, for lead plates, sulfuric acid and other compositions are direct hazard for the environment. Herein, we have carried out the investigation on the reconstruction and reuse of the used VRLA, battery reconditioning, influence of spent VRLA to the environment, storage condition obeying to environment of state grid and directed cycle model of recycling technologies.

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29

HIROSE, Yoshikazu, and Satoru KONDO. "Technology Trends of the Stationary Valve regulated Lead-acid Batteries for Cycle Use." Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 134, no. 11 (2014): 758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.134.758.

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30

Liu, Wei, Jing Sang, Lujun Chen, Jinping Tian, Huatang Zhang, and Grecia Olvera Palma. "Life cycle assessment of lead-acid batteries used in electric bicycles in China." Journal of Cleaner Production 108 (December 2015): 1149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.026.

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31

Mekonnen, Yemeserach, Haneen Aburbu, and Arif Sarwat. "Life cycle prediction of Sealed Lead Acid batteries based on a Weibull model." Journal of Energy Storage 18 (August 2018): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.06.005.

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32

Rahmanifar, M. S. "Enhancing the cycle life of Lead-Acid batteries by modifying negative grid surface." Electrochimica Acta 235 (May 2017): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.057.

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33

Wang, Yue, Peng Zhang, Yun Long Li, Lin Li, Jian Quan Liang, Yuan Gao, Hong Da Zhang, and Wei Sun. "The Influence of Carbon Material on the Low-Temperature Performance of Lead-Acid Battery." Key Engineering Materials 842 (May 2020): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.842.236.

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Storage battery is an indispensable energy storage device at present. It is widely applied to industries like electric automobiles due to its advantages such as safety, reliability, low cost, etc. However, like most storage batteries, lead-acid battery has a series of problems in the low temperature environment such as the plunge of capacity, difficulty of charge, and so on, which deeply influence its application effect. To improve the low temperature performance of lead-acid battery, carbon materials could be added to the cathode of lead-acid battery. By measuring the properties like HRPSoC cycle and dynamic charging under different carbon (graphite) content, this article concludes that the addition of carbon material could improve the low-temperature performance of lead-acid battery. When the carbon content is between 0.3% and 0.9%, the improvement effect is relatively better. The research result of this article has a reference function to the design and development of low-temperature lead-acid batteries.

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34

Song, Youngjoo, and Hakjoong Kim. "Battery Capacity Calculation Method of a Stationary Battery for an Emergency Power Supply." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.5.115.

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A storage battery is used as an emergency power supply that stores energy and supplies the stored energy to the load when necessary. While stationary lead-acid batteries were used in the past, lithium-ion batteries are being increasingly used in recent times, yielding improved efficiency. There are two methods to calculate the capacity of stationary lead-acid batteries, domestically and internationally. One is from IEEE Std. 485, conforming to KEPIC EEG 1200, and the other is from the design criteria of a construction-based electrical installation that quoted SBA S 0601. First, to calculate the capacity of a stationary lead-acid battery (for using emergency power), I compared both methods and analyzed their differences, modifications, and capacity calculations. Subsequently, I demonstrated the gaps between the two methods using actual calculations by applying the duty cycle from IEEE Std. 485-2020 and the Kt-T curve by the manufacturer. Based on these results, I finally reviewed the approaches to calculate the capacity of lithium-ion batteries and proposed an effective method.

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35

Yanamandra, Kaushik, Rakesh K. Behera, Atef Daoud, and Nikhil Gupta. "Migration Barrier Estimation of Carbon in Lead for Lead–Acid Battery Applications: A Density Functional Theory Approach." Solids 3, no. 2 (March 22, 2022): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/solids3020012.

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Recent efforts towards developing novel lead electrodes involving carbon and lead composites have shown potential for increasing the cycle life of lead–acid (LA) batteries used to store energy in various applications. In this study, first-principles calculations are used to examine the structural stability, defect formation energy, and migration barrier of C in Pb for LA batteries. Density functional theory with the GGA-PBE functional performed the best out of various functionals used for structural stability calculations. Furthermore, with the complete incorporation of C in the Pb matrix, the results show that C is energetically preferred to be at the octahedral interstitial (CiOcta) site in the FCC structure of Pb. Additionally, climbing-image nudged elastic band calculations show a minimum energy pathway for C diffusing from a stable octahedral site to the adjacent octahedral site assisted by a tetrahedral intermediate site. Therefore, the minimum energy pathway for C migration is envisioned to be CiOcta→ CiTetra→CiOcta, where the total energy barrier is observed to be ~90% and more than 100% lower than the CiTetra→CiTetra and CiOcta→CiOcta barriers, respectively.

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36

Nagmani, Debanjana Pahari, Ashwani Tyagi, and Dr. Sreeraj Puravankara. "Lithium-Ion Battery Technologies for Electric Mobility – State-of-the-Art Scenario." ARAI Journal of Mobility Technology 2, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ajmt.1.2.10.

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Rechargeable batteries are an integral part of all types of electric vehicles (EVs). Batteries must contain higher energy-power densities and longer cycle life for an EV system. Lead-acid batteries, Nickel-metal hydride batteries, and Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been employed as charge storage in EV systems to date. Lead-acid batteries and Nickel-metal hydride batteries were deployed in EVs by General Motors in 1996. However, the low specific energy in Lead-acid batteries (34 Whkg-1) and high self-discharge (12.5% per day at r.t.) in Nickel-metal hydride batteries have marked these batteries obsolete in EV applications. LIBs currently occupy most of the EV market because of their high specific power (~130-220 Whkg-1) and a low selfdischarge rate (~5% per month). The current technological maturity and mass production in LIBs have reduced the overall battery cost by ~98% in the last three decades, reaching an average value of $140 kWh-1 in 2021. Although a game-changer in battery technologies, LIBs encounter various challenges: high cost, low safety, less reliability, and immature infrastructure despite environmental benignness. Overcharging and overheating of LIBs can cause thermal runway leading to fire hazards or explosion. Declining Liresources also raise concerns regarding the reliability and shelf-life of LIB technology. Hence, a critical assessment of Li-ion chemistries is essential to comprehend the potential of LIBs in electric mobilities and to realize the prospects in EVs.

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37

Wu, Chuan Shih, Bo Shiuan Chen, Tsair Rong Chen, Yu Lin Juan, and Ching Feng Chang. "A Series-Connected Lead Acid Batteries Analyzer with MCU-Controlled Charging/Discharging Processes." Advanced Materials Research 1014 (July 2014): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1014.245.

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In this paper, a series-connected battery charging/discharging analyzer is developed to automatically test the batteries with a complete charging and discharging cycle. A micro-controller unit (MCU) is integrated to sample the battery voltage and current and calculate the charging efficiency. The charging and discharging processes are also controlled by the MCU according to the battery voltage and current. The charger provided by the battery manufacturer is used to charge the series-connected batteries. The voltage and current during testing procedure would be displayed on a LCD by the MCU. After the whole charging/discharging testing, the calculated charging efficiency would also be displayed on the LCD. From the experimental results, it is seen that the maximum voltage and current errors are about 0.23V and 0.1A respectively..

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38

Okazaki, S., S. Higuchi, O. Nakamura, and S. Takahashi. "Influence of superimposed alternating current on capacity and cycle life for lead-acid batteries." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 16, no. 6 (November 1986): 894–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01006535.

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39

Rocca, E., and J. Steinmetz. "Passivation phenomenon of low antimony alloys in deep discharge conditions of lead–acid batteries." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 543, no. 2 (February 2003): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(03)00016-0.

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40

Tsubota, M., S. Osumi, and M. Kosai. "Characteristics of valve-regulated lead/acid batteries for automotive applications under deep-discharge duty." Journal of Power Sources 33, no. 1-4 (July 1991): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(91)85053-y.

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41

Hariyadi, Arif, Awan Nugroho, and Suwarno Suwarno. "The origin of cycle life degradation of a lead-acid battery under constant voltage charging." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i2.pp986-993.

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<p>Due to its low cost and recycle-ability, the lead-acid battery is widely used in mobile and stationary applications. Despite much research on lead-acid batteries, the effect of charging voltage on the degradation mechanism requires further investigation. In particular, the origin of cycle life degradation remains unclear. In the present work, by using electrochemical tests and materials characterization, we studied the effect of charging voltage at voltages slightly higher than the open-circuit potential (OCP) i.e., 103-107% OCP, on the battery life cycle. The highest degradation was observed at 105% OCP charging voltage. Based on the materials characterization results, we found that the degradation of a lead-acid battery is influenced by the amount of hard sulfate and the sulfate particles' size.</p>

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42

Chladil, Ladislav, Hana Hálová, and Ondřej Čech. "In-situ Confocal Laser Microscopy Study of Lead Sulfate Crystal Growth on Negative Electrode of Lead-acid Batteries." ECS Transactions 105, no. 1 (November 30, 2021): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10501.0159ecst.

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Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) is a widely used technique mainly in fields of biology or multidisciplinary material sciences. Although CLSM has the ability to monitor also electrochemical processes like lead sulfate-crystal growth, nobody used CLSM for such application. We performed operando observation of the pasted active mass of negative electrode for lead-acid batteries during deep cycling. Electrode with pasted negative active mass was optimized for cycling in ECC-opto-std electrochemical cell by EL-CELL. Lead sulfate crystal growth and changes of electrode surface during cycling were observed using a laser scanning confocal microscope Olympus Lext OLS4100. We evaluate the surface changes and sulfate crystal growth. The cycling mode leads to fast gradual degradation of the negative electrode and massive growth of lead sulfate crystals. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was identified as a powerful technique for visualization of lead sulfate crystal promotion during battery cycling.

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43

Aktas, Ahmet, Yagmur Kırcicek, and Mehmet Ozkaymak. "Modeling and validation analysis according to temperature effect of different type batteries." Thermal Science 24, no. 2 Part A (2020): 1031–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci190401331a.

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Nowadays, batteries used in many areas such as RES have an important place in energy storage. Because of the unstable and intermittent structure of RES, battery energy storage technology is becoming important. There are many different types of batteries in the market, such as lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion. It is very important that these batteries are well recognized and controlled accordingly to extend their cycle life. In this study, necessary parameter values were obtained by conducting lead acid, nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion charge-discharge experiments by using climatic chamber in the laboratory environment. A single model was created using curve fitting for three different battery types. In addition the electrical model of the batteries, the temperature model was also combined to conduct state analyzes at different operating temperatures of the batteries and a mathematical model was derived. The obtained mathematical model MATLAB/M-File program was used to compare with the experimental results. In this paper, electrical and thermal mathematical equations for different types of batteries are compared with experimental and model results and the accuracy ratios are given.

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44

Csomós, Bence, Dénes Fodor, and Gábor Kohlrusz. "Initial Electrical Parameter Validation in Lead-Acid Battery Model Used for State Estimation." Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry 45, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hjic-2017-0010.

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Abstract The paper presents a current impulse-based excitation method for lead-acid batteries in order to define the initial electrical parameters for model-based online estimators. The presented technique has the capability to track the SoC (State of Charge) of a battery, however, it is not intended to be used for online SoC estimations. The method is based on the battery’s electrical equivalent Randles’ model [1]. Load current impulse excitation was applied to the battery clamps during discharge while the voltage and current was logged. Based on the Randles’ model, a model function and a fit function were implemented and used by exponential regression based on the measured data. The diffusion-related non-linear characteristic of the battery was approximated by a capacitorlike linear voltage function for speed and simplicity. The initial capacitance of this bulk capacitor was estimated by linear regression on measurements recorded in the laboratory. Then, the RC parameters of the equivalent battery model were derived from exponential regression on transients during each current impulse cycle. The battery model with initial RC parameters is suitable for model-based online observers.

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45

Zhao, L., W. Zhou, J. Z. Wu, Q. Wu, and D. L. Wang. "Study of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and benzylideneacetone as electrolyte additives for valve-regulated lead-acid batteries under high-rate partial-state-of-charge conditions." RSC Advances 6, no. 85 (2016): 81774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra17649f.

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46

Papazov, G., and D. Pavlov. "Influence of cycling current and power profiles on the cycle life of lead/acid batteries." Journal of Power Sources 62, no. 2 (October 1996): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(96)02422-6.

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47

Shirov, Boris, Vesselin Naidenov, and Urii Markov. "Influence of Multivector Field on Paste Preparation and Formation of Negative Electrodes of Lead Batteries." Batteries 7, no. 2 (April 9, 2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7020024.

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During the operation of the negative electrode, some critical processes take place, which are limiting factors for the operation of lead–acid batteries. To improve the efficiency of the negative active material and minimize these processes, external application of multivector field is proposed. Two applications of the multivector field are studied: during negative paste preparation and during formation. It is established that, when applying multivector field during negative paste preparation, the chemical processes proceed more efficiently. The results are better phase composition and crystallinity of the cured paste, thus increasing the capacity of the consequently built lead batteries by 12% on average. The application of a multivector field during the formation of negative active materials in lead batteries has a positive effect on the skeletal structure, the size and shape of the Pb crystals. This ensures longer service life, which is confirmed by the 17.5% Depth of Discharge continuous tests on 12 V/75 Ah batteries. The batteries formed under the influence of external multivector field showed 20% longer cycle life. Based on the experimental result, a most probable mechanism of the influence of the multivector field on the chemical and electrochemical processes in lead batteries during negative paste preparation and formation of negative active masses is proposed.

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48

Hu, Yi Tao, Jie Cai Li, Asad Ali, and Pei Kang Shen. "Using silkworm excrement and spent lead paste to prepare additives for improving the cycle life of lead-acid batteries." Journal of Energy Storage 41 (September 2021): 102785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102785.

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49

Yang, Fei, Huan Zhou, Jie Hu, Shuai Ji, Changgan Lai, Helin Wang, Jian Sun, and Lixu Lei. "Thorn-like and dendrite lead sulfate as negative electrode materials for enhancing the cycle performance of lead-acid batteries." Journal of Energy Storage 49 (May 2022): 104112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104112.

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50

Guo, Yonglang, Shengqun Tang, Gang Meng, and Shijun Yang. "Failure modes of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries for electric bicycle applications in deep discharge." Journal of Power Sources 191, no. 1 (June 2009): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.08.059.

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