Статті в журналах: "Decision making rule"

1

Schmitt, Richard. "Methods of Democratic Decision-Making." Radical Philosophy Review 21, no. 1 (2018): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/radphilrev20184385.

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The paper reflects on the methods democratic systems use for arriving at decisions. The most popular ones are elections where the majority rules and deliberative democracy. I argue that both of these do not measure up to the demands of democracy. Whether we use voting with majority rule or deliberative methods, only a portion of the citizenry is allowed to rule itself; minorities are always excluded. Instead of voting with majority ruler or deliberative methods, I suggest that we employ mediation (ADR) to reach agreement in democratic publics.

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2

Ebitz, R. Becket, Jiaxin Cindy Tu, and Benjamin Y. Hayden. "Rules warp feature encoding in decision-making circuits." PLOS Biology 18, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): e3000951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000951.

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We have the capacity to follow arbitrary stimulus–response rules, meaning simple policies that guide our behavior. Rule identity is broadly encoded across decision-making circuits, but there are less data on how rules shape the computations that lead to choices. One idea is that rules could simplify these computations. When we follow a rule, there is no need to encode or compute information that is irrelevant to the current rule, which could reduce the metabolic or energetic demands of decision-making. However, it is not clear if the brain can actually take advantage of this computational simplicity. To test this idea, we recorded from neurons in 3 regions linked to decision-making, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventral striatum (VS), and dorsal striatum (DS), while macaques performed a rule-based decision-making task. Rule-based decisions were identified via modeling rules as the latent causes of decisions. This left us with a set of physically identical choices that maximized reward and information, but could not be explained by simple stimulus–response rules. Contrasting rule-based choices with these residual choices revealed that following rules (1) decreased the energetic cost of decision-making; and (2) expanded rule-relevant coding dimensions and compressed rule-irrelevant ones. Together, these results suggest that we use rules, in part, because they reduce the costs of decision-making through a distributed representational warping in decision-making circuits.

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3

Sardelis, Dimitris A., and Theodoros M. Valahas. "Decision Making: A Golden Rule." American Mathematical Monthly 106, no. 3 (March 1999): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2589677.

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4

Sardelis, Dimitris A., and Theodoros M. Valahas. "Decision Making: A Golden Rule." American Mathematical Monthly 106, no. 3 (March 1999): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00029890.1999.12005032.

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5

Taylor, Elizabeth, Kelsey Hewitt, Robert A. Reeves Dr, Stephen H. Hobbs Dr, and W. F. Lawless. "Group Decision-making: Consensus Rule Versus Majority Rule." Procedia Technology 9 (2013): 498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2013.12.055.

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6

TANIMOTO, Keishi. "Process of Group Decision Making under Decision Rule." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 21 (2004): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.21.233.

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7

Wang, De Xing, Hong Yan Lu, and Hong Wei Lu. "Rule Acquisition Based on Inconsistent Decision-Making Information System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 1975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.1975.

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Rule acquisition is a hot topic in the field of data mining. And the inconsistent information systems are widespread nowadays. However, rules acquisition methods are always the difficulty of rough set theory application in inconsistent decision information systems; So the paper proposes a new rule acquisition method. Firstly, we use maximum distribution reduction method for knowledge reduction in single decision-making inconsistent information system and then we use decision-making resolution matrix and decision-making matrix function to get the decision rules. Finally, we mine the rules from inconsistent decision-making information systems.

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8

Farhad, Ali. "SCAFFOLDING OF ETHICAL DECISION MAKING." Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation 4, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.36283/pjr.zu.4.2/002.

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Ethical guidelines for safeguarding the Human subject were published in 1979 to provide the idealistic groundwork for existing laws prevailing research for human subjects. The guidance and rule in this regards had already been set forth by “Nuremberg Code” and “Helsinki Declaration” but the Belmont Report has done a yeoman service in developing the three basic fundamental ethical rules which are: respect for person, beneficence and justice. Indeed there are many other principles applied in ethical decision making during research but these rules are providing inclusive scaffolding for ethical decision making in research concerning human subjects.

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9

Paraschiv, S., S. Onoprienko, and I. Spasenko. "As for decision making rules based on research results while forensic science activities." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 23, no. 1 (July 27, 2021): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2021.07.

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While forensic research, obtained results should be evaluated in order to ensure adoption of correct conclusion regarding the research object. For this purpose forensic experts should use established decision rules to substantiate a statement about conformity of an object or certain requirements, or parameters, or characteristics. Currently, the need to ensure that a decision is made based on results of forensic examination using the concept of decision rules is constantly increasing. Therefore, consideration of the issue of establishing rules for making decisions while forensic science activity at international and national levels is relevant. Relevance of this issue is justified not only by the requirements of ІSO/ IEC 17025:2017 for testing laboratories but by the requirements for the objectivity of expert opinion. ISO/IEC 17025:2017 recognizes that there is no single rule for deciding on conformity. In other words, in a specific situation there will be its own decision making rule. This also applies to forensic science activity. Therefore, this article purpose is necessary for forensic science activity to determine: general guidelines for choosing appropriate decision-making rule; directives for determining the components of decision making rules depending on the object and the task of forensic examination; rules for applying certain requirements to the research results of carried out in accordance with requirements of research methods, research object and the type of quantitative or qualitative research. Thus, this article defines and considers the process of establishing the rules for making decisions, criteria which the rules for m

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10

Novak, Stéphanie. "Decision rules, social norms and the expression of disagreement: the case of qualified-majority voting in the Council of the European Union." Social Science Information 49, no. 1 (February 19, 2010): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018409354473.

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When a group has to make a decision, one can assume that the members’ incentives to state their position vary according to the different decision rules. Decision-making in the Council of the European Union offers an opportunity to study how a decision rule influences the way members of a group state their position. Indeed, in several areas, decisions must be made by qualified-majority voting. But the combination of this rule and of social norms specific to the Council discourages the minority from expressing itself at different stages of decision-making. Decisions seem to be made without opposition at two main stages of the decision-making process: during the plenary sessions, representatives do not vote; according to the official Council records, a high proportion of measures are adopted without opposition.

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11

Berend, Daniel, Yuri Chernyavsky, and Luba Sapir. "Ranking of Weighted Majority Rules." Journal of Applied Probability 45, no. 4 (December 2008): 994–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1231340229.

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A decision-making body may utilize a wide variety of different strategies when required to make a collective decision. In principle, we would like to use the most effective decision rule, that is, the rule yielding the highest probability of making the correct decision. However, in reality we often have to choose a decision rule out of some restricted family of rules. Therefore, it is important to be able to rank various families of rules. In this paper we consider three classes of decision rules: (i) balanced expert rules, (ii) the so-called single expert rules, and (iii) restricted majority rules. For the first two classes, we show that, as we deviate from the best rule in the family, the effectiveness of the decision rule decreases. For the last class, we obtain a very different phenomenon: any inner ranking is possible.

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Berend, Daniel, Yuri Chernyavsky, and Luba Sapir. "Ranking of Weighted Majority Rules." Journal of Applied Probability 45, no. 04 (December 2008): 994–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200004939.

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A decision-making body may utilize a wide variety of different strategies when required to make a collective decision. In principle, we would like to use the most effective decision rule, that is, the rule yielding the highest probability of making the correct decision. However, in reality we often have to choose a decision rule out of some restricted family of rules. Therefore, it is important to be able to rank various families of rules. In this paper we consider three classes of decision rules: (i) balanced expert rules, (ii) the so-called single expert rules, and (iii) restricted majority rules. For the first two classes, we show that, as we deviate from the best rule in the family, the effectiveness of the decision rule decreases. For the last class, we obtain a very different phenomenon: any inner ranking is possible.

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13

Jung, Alexander, and Francesco Paolo Mongelli. "Monetary policy decision-making when information search is costly." Banks and Bank Systems 11, no. 1 (April 25, 2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.11(1).2016.02.

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This paper explores monetary policy decision-making within an insurance model with expected utility-maximizing policy-makers. The authors consider that policy-makers are different in terms of their backgrounds, experience and skills and they may disagree on the appropriate policy response. In a monetary policy committee, they share information and decide on interest rates by means of an agreed voting rule. The authors show that, in the presence of risk and search costs, it would be optimal for policy-makers to fully insure against the expected loss from a potential policy error. Whether a monetary policy committee sufficiently hedges against this risk will depend on several factors such as the skills of policy-makers, the distribution of members’ beliefs, and the committee’s (statutory) voting rule, but also on other factors not captured by the model

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14

Chan, Teresa M., Mathew Mercuri, Michelle Turcotte, Emily Gardiner, Jonathan Sherbino, and Kerstin de Wit. "Making Decisions in the Era of the Clinical Decision Rule: How Emergency Physicians Use Clinical Decision Rules." Academic Medicine 95, no. 8 (November 26, 2019): 1230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000003098.

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15

Artiemjew, Piotr, Lada Rudikova, and Oleg Myslivets. "About Rule-Based Systems: Single Database Queries for Decision Making." Future Internet 12, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi12120212.

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One of the developmental directions of Future Internet technologies is the implementation of artificial intelligence systems for manipulating data and the surrounding world in a more complex way. Rule-based systems, very accessible for people’s decision-making, play an important role in the family of computational intelligence methods. The use of decision-making rules along with decision trees are one of the simplest forms of presenting complex decision-making processes. Decision support systems, according to the cross-industry standard process for data mining (CRISP-DM) framework, require final embedding of the learned model in a given computer infrastructure, integrated circuits, etc. In this work, we deal with the topic concerning placing the learned rule-based model of decision support in the database environment-exactly in the SQL database tables. Our main goal is to place the previously trained model in the database and apply it by means of single queries. In our work we assume that the decision-making rules applied are mutually consistent and additionally the Minimal Description Length (MDL) rule is introduced. We propose a universal solution for any IF THEN rule induction algorithm.

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16

Olsson, Eva-Karin. "Rule regimes in news organization decision making." Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism 10, no. 6 (December 2009): 758–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884909344477.

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17

Zhang, Jiao, Christopher K. Hsee, and Zhixing Xiao. "The majority rule in individual decision making." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 99, no. 1 (January 2006): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.06.004.

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18

Wood, Matthew S., and David W. Williams. "Opportunity Evaluation as Rule-Based Decision Making." Journal of Management Studies 51, no. 4 (May 17, 2013): 573–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joms.12018.

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19

Kurzynski, M. W., J. Sas, and I. Wikiera. "Rule-Based Medical Decision-Making with Learning." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 26, no. 2 (July 1993): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)48733-7.

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20

Pfeiffer, Michael, Bernhard Nessler, Rodney J. Douglas, and Wolfgang Maass. "Reward-Modulated Hebbian Learning of Decision Making." Neural Computation 22, no. 6 (June 2010): 1399–444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2010.03-09-980.

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We introduce a framework for decision making in which the learning of decision making is reduced to its simplest and biologically most plausible form: Hebbian learning on a linear neuron. We cast our Bayesian-Hebb learning rule as reinforcement learning in which certain decisions are rewarded and prove that each synaptic weight will on average converge exponentially fast to the log-odd of receiving a reward when its pre- and postsynaptic neurons are active. In our simple architecture, a particular action is selected from the set of candidate actions by a winner-take-all operation. The global reward assigned to this action then modulates the update of each synapse. Apart from this global reward signal, our reward-modulated Bayesian Hebb rule is a pure Hebb update that depends only on the coactivation of the pre- and postsynaptic neurons, not on the weighted sum of all presynaptic inputs to the postsynaptic neuron as in the perceptron learning rule or the Rescorla-Wagner rule. This simple approach to action-selection learning requires that information about sensory inputs be presented to the Bayesian decision stage in a suitably preprocessed form resulting from other adaptive processes (acting on a larger timescale) that detect salient dependencies among input features. Hence our proposed framework for fast learning of decisions also provides interesting new hypotheses regarding neural nodes and computational goals of cortical areas that provide input to the final decision stage.

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21

Curseu, Petru Lucian, Sandra G. L. Schruijer, and Oana Catalina Fodor. "Decision rules, escalation of commitment and sensitivity to framing in group decision-making." Management Decision 54, no. 7 (August 15, 2016): 1649–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-06-2015-0253.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the influence of collaborative and consultative decision rules on groups’ sensitivity to framing effect (FE) and escalation of commitment (EOC). Design/methodology/approach – In an experimental study (using a sample of 233 professionals with project management experience), the authors test the effects of collaborative and consultative decision rules on groups’ sensitivity to EOC and FE. The authors use four group decision-making tasks to evaluate decision consistency across gain/loss framed decision situations and six decision tasks to evaluate EOC for money as well as time as resources previously invested in the initial decisions. Findings – The results show that the collaborative decision rule increases sensitivity to EOC when financial resources are involved and decreases sensitivity to EOC when time is of essence. Moreover, the authors show that the collaborative decision rule decreases sensitivity to FE in group decision making. Research limitations/implications – The results have important implications for group rationality as an emergent group level competence by extending the insights concerning the impact of decision rules on emergent group level cognitive competencies. Due to the experimental nature of the design, the authors can probe the causal relations between the investigated variables, yet the authors cannot generalize the results to other settings. Practical implications – Managers can use the insights of this study in order to optimize the functioning of decision-making groups and to reduce their sensitivity to FEs and EOC. Originality/value – The study extends the research on group rationality and it is one of the few experimental attempts used to understand the role of decision rules on emergent group level rationality.

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22

Grauel, Adolf, Lars A. Ludwig, and Georg Klene. "ECG Diagnostics by Fuzzy Decision Making." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 06, no. 02 (April 1998): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488598000185.

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The analysis of electrocardiograms (ECGs) helps physicians make their cardiac diagnosis. Therefore a large store of medical knowledge and practical experience is required. In this paper we report on our investigations of a rule-based fuzzy logic system that processes ECG data using the knowledge of a medical expert. The aim is to give support to the physician for his diagnosis. In this first consideration we discuss single modules of the rule-based system proposed and moreover we present the used input and output variables of the rulebases. The performance of the implemented rule-based fuzzy logic system is tested using ECGs with abnormalities in the P and T wave as well as in the QRS complex. The system's output corresponds to the analysis of these ECGs by a medical expert.

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23

Mulesa, Oksana, Yurii Bilak, Yevhenii Kykyna, and Dmytro Ferens. "Development of decision approval rules in multichannel decision-making systems." Technology audit and production reserves 6, no. 2(62) (December 7, 2021): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.244665.

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The research is devoted to the development of rules for the coordination of decisions in multichannel decision-making systems. Systems are considered that in an automated continuous mode process incoming signals from different channels and, on their basis, make the final decision. One of the most problematic stages in the operation of such systems is their own coordination of solutions received from different channels. There may be cases where different channels provide signals with opposite values. Then the choice of the decisive solution should depend on the reliability of the channels under consideration. The object of research is the processes that take place during the coordination of decisions in multichannel decision-making systems. The development and implementation of such systems will allow in an automated mode to generalize the solution obtained through different channels, to increase the reliability and efficiency of the systems as a whole. During the study, the following methods were used: – a systematic approach – when analyzing the structure and functioning of multichannel one-stage decision-making systems; – method of mathematical modeling – for formalizing the problem of coordinating decisions in multichannel decision-making systems; – method of analysis – when developing rules for agreeing decisions. The authors analyzed the structure of a one-stage multichannel decision-making system. The case is considered when the channels, based on the initial data entering the system, decide on the presence or absence of a certain fact. That is, the channels send signals from the set {True, False}. In the study, decision rules for the coordination of decisions were developed, taking into account not only the signals received from different channels, but also the reliability of the channels themselves. As is usual in decision theory, different rules can give different results for the same initial data. The choice of the decision rule depends on the decision maker, its personal psychological qualities and the scope of the system.

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24

Kähler, Lorenz. "Decision-Making about Suretyships under Empirical Uncertainty - How Consequences of Decisions about Suretyships Might Influence the Law." European Review of Private Law 13, Issue 3 (June 1, 2005): 333–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2005022.

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The paper addresses the uncertainty that prevails if courts have to decide about the fairness of suretyships. They do not know whether creditors will refrain from giving a credit in similar situations or increase the interest rate. Similarly, they do not know to what extent strict rules will ruin the lives of sureties. Several strategies how to deal with this uncertainty are analysed like the ignorance of adverse effects, the minimax-strategy and the choice of an overprotective or an underprotective rule. It will turn out that an underprotective rule creates a smaller risk than an overprotective rule.

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25

Wojciechowski, Bartosz, and Marek Zirk-Sadowski. "The Argument of Rightness as an Element of the Discretionary Power of the Administrative Judge." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 33, no. 1 (November 25, 2019): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11196-019-09673-w.

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AbstractThe article concerns the situation of the judicial application of the law where the entity applying the law refers in a decision-making process to moral principles. The decision should be based on the directives of interpretation, which indicate the need for such a determination of the meaning of the applicable norms so that it remains in harmony with commonly accepted moral rules of the society. The equity (understood as rightness) has one more purpose; namely, it allows for the process of decision-making—and not just for the process of unifying the decisions—since the mere rule does not specify the algorithm of undertaking them. This rule thus assumes that it will be further specified by phronesis judge who in a given situation will determine—for the purposes of a particular decision—a hierarchy between the criteria of substantive justice “embedded” in this rule. The reference to equity (rightness) stands for the concretization of an unspecified general rule. We deal here with an indefinite general rule, the application of which is facilitated by a reference to rightness.

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26

Miller, Michael K. "JUDGMENT AGGREGATION AND SUBJECTIVE DECISION-MAKING." Economics and Philosophy 24, no. 2 (July 2008): 205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267108001818.

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I present an original model in judgment aggregation theory that demonstrates the general impossibility of consistently describing decision-making purely at the group level. Only a type of unanimity rule can guarantee a group decision is consistent with supporting reasons, and even this possibility is limited to a small class of reasoning methods. The key innovation is that this result holds when individuals can reason in different ways, an allowance not previously considered in the literature. This generalizes judgment aggregation to subjective decision situations, implying that the discursive dilemma persists without individual agreement on the logical constraints. Notably, the model mirrors the typical method of choosing political representatives, and thus suggests that no voting procedure other than unanimity rule can guarantee representation that reflects electorate opinion. Finally, I apply the results to a normative argument for unanimity rule in contract theory and juries, as well as to problems posed for deliberative democratic theory and the concept of representation.

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27

Takagi, Noboru. "An Application of Binary Decision Trees to Pattern Recognition." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 10, no. 5 (September 20, 2006): 682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2006.p0682.

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Decision rules are a key technique in decision making, data mining and knowledge discovery in databases. We introduce an application of decision rules, handwriting pattern classification. When decision rules are applied to pattern recognition, one rule forms a hyperrectangle in feature space, i.e., each decision rule corresponds to one hyperrectangle. This means that a set of decision rules is considered a classification system, called the subclass method. We apply decision rules to handwritten Japanese character recognition, showing experimental results.

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Hikmawati, Erna, Nur Ulfa Maulidevi, and Kridanto Surendro. "Rule-ranking method based on item utility in adaptive rule model." PeerJ Computer Science 8 (June 28, 2022): e1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1013.

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Background Decision-making is an important part of most human activities regardless of their daily activities, profession, or political inclination. Some decisions are relatively simple specifically when the consequences are insignificant while others can be very complex and have significant effects. Real-life decision problems generally involve several conflicting points of view (criteria) needed to be considered and this is the reason recent decision-making processes are usually supported by data as indicated by different data mining techniques. Data mining is the process of extracting data to obtain useful information and a promising and widely applied method is association rule mining which has the ability to identify interesting relationships between sets of items in a dataset and predict the associative behavior for new data. However, the number of rules generated in association rules can be very large, thereby making the exploitation process difficult. This means it is necessary to prioritize the selection of more valuable and relevant rules. Methods Therefore, this study proposes a method to rank rules based on the lift ratio value calculated from the frequency and utility of the item. The three main functions in proposed method are mining of association rules from different databases (in terms of sources, characteristics, and attributes), automatic threshold value determination process, and prioritization of the rules produced. Results Experiments conducted on six datasets showed that the number of rules generated by the adaptive rule model is higher and sorted from the largest lift ratio value compared to the apriori algorithm.

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Reding, Luke, and Molly E. Cummings. "Rational choice of social group size in mosquitofish." Biology Letters 15, no. 1 (January 2019): 20180693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0693.

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Choice of social group can affect the likelihood of survivorship and reproduction for social species. By joining larger social groups—shoals—small freshwater fish like the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis can reduce predation risk and forage more efficiently. We tested shoal choice in mosquitofish to determine whether such choices are economically rational, i.e. consistent and optimal. Although many studies of decision-making assume rational choice, irrational decision-making is common and occurs across contexts. We tested rationality of shoaling decisions by testing the constant ratio rule, which states that the relative preference for two options should not change in the presence of a third option. Female mosquitofish upheld this rule when tested for shoal preference based on group size. Our results contrast with other studies showing violations of the constant ratio rule in foraging and mate choice decision-making contexts. These results suggest that decisions that immediately influence survivorship or decision-making along a single dimension may favour rational decision-making.

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Matteucci, Stefano Civitarese. "Public Administration Algorithm Decision- Making and the Rule of Law." European Public Law 27, Issue 1 (March 1, 2021): 103–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2021005.

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This article revolves around the search for statutory recognition of the use of algorithmics (including rule-based systems) to make decisions. Thus, the focus is on whether a powerconferring rule is necessary before an administrative authority may issue a valid automated decision. By claiming that such a power-conferring rule is not only desirable but also a legal requirement, one contends that the shifting to automated decision making in the public sector is simply a by-product of reengineering bureaucratic practice through Information and Communication Technology. The issue is essential because there are several cases throughout Europe and beyond in which the latter is precisely the case. Moreover, values such as efficiency and flexibility to adapt to fast technological change could be considered sound justificatory arguments to purport that automated decision-making in the public sector should not be governed through the traditional arsenal of the rule of law. The primary purpose of the article is to offer a first conceptual skeleton to sow the seeds for further research on a normative claim that automated public administration decision-making should, nonetheless, be implemented in light of the rule of law. Secondly, it offers some recommendations for a legal framework to govern such a practice. The background idea is that focusing on the legal power to make an automated decision constitutes a necessary step to guarantee that the ethical and political principles that should undergird the adoption, development and implementation of any form of algorithmic decisionmaking in the public sector are appropriately and adequately taken into account. public sector, automated decisions, rule of law, algorithms

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31

Morone, Andrea, Simone Nuzzo, and Tiziana Temerario. "Decision process and preferences over risk under the “endogenous decision rule”: results from a group experiment." Economics and Business Letters 10, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.10.2.2021.107-115.

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Recent literature on individual vs. group decision-making, in risky contexts, has brought about divergent results, mainly depending on the institutional rules through which groups take decisions. Some studies where group decisions relied on majority rule showed no appreciable difference between individuals and groups’ preferences, others where unanimity among group members was required found collective decisions to be less risk-averse than individual ones. We elicited groups’ preferences over risk using what we defined “endogenous-decision-rule”, i.e. leaving groups free to endogenously solve the potential disagreement among their members. Our results unambiguously show that individuals are more risk seeker than groups when facing gambles with positive expected payoff difference and more risk-averse in the opposite case.

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Jabla, Roua, Maha Khemaja, and Sami Faiz. "Decision-making Improvement in Dynamic Environments Using Machine Learning." Journal of Human, Earth, and Future 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/hef-2022-03-01-04.

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The proliferation of ubiquitous computing with smartphones makes context models and information extremely rich and dynamic on account of highly dynamic environments. However, defining rules at design time may impair their efficiency and the decision-making process at runtime. Therefore, it is important to address decision-making problems leveraged by dynamic environments and context-model evolution. In this sense, a solution that could emerge is the continuous rule knowledge base evolution at runtime. In this paper, we propose a decision adaptation component that relies on generating new rules due to changes occurring around users at runtime. This component aims to support decision-making in dynamic environments and to alleviate the human effort needed to infer new rules. A case study was conducted to illustrate the implementation of the proposed component for the rule knowledge database enrichment and the decision-making improvement. Moreover, an experimental evaluation is provided to assess the effectiveness of the proposed component. The results show that this component exhibits better effectiveness than other well-known algorithms and state-of-the-art approaches. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2022-03-01-04 Full Text: PDF

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Tiwari, Rajdev, Anubhav Tiwari, and Manu Pratap Singh. "Fuzzy-Rule Based Adaptive Data Warehouse." International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation 3, no. 1 (January 2012): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jaec.2012010103.

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Data Warehouses (DWs) are aimed to empower the knowledge workers with information and knowledge which helps them in decision making. Technically, the DW is a large reservoir of integrated data that does not provide the intelligence or the knowledge demanded by users. The burden of data analysis and extraction of information and knowledge from integrated data still lies upon the analyst’s shoulder. The overhead of analysts can be taken off by architecting a new generation data warehouses systems those shall be capable of capturing, organizing and representing knowledge along with the data and information in it. This new generation DW may be called as Knowledge Warehouse (KW) shall exhibit decision making capabilities themselves and can also supplement the Decision Support Systems (DSS) in making decisions quickly and effortlessly. This paper proposes and simulates a fuzzy-rule based adaptive knowledge warehouse with capabilities to learn and represent implicit knowledge by means of adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS).

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Asta, Francesca. "Arbitrary Decision-making and the Rule of Law." Etikk i praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 107–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/eip.v14i2.3491.

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Many studies have highlighted a substantial "bureaucracy domination" in procedures relating to migrants’ access to territory. This form of domination is marked by highly discretionary and arbitrary practices, enacted by the administrative authorities of the state. Only minor attention, however, has been devoted to the arbitrariness of judicial decisions and to the judicial role in general in the numerous proceedings that increasingly affect the path of migrants. This path is the main object of this paper. The study focuses on Italian case law in expulsion and detention proceedings of irregular third country national citizens and asylum seekers and presents qualitative empirical research on decisions issued by the competent national authorities. The results have been analysed using a selection of theoretical tools, all referable to the general concept of the rule of law. The judicial decisions on pre-removal detention proceedings in two case studies are examined: the jurisprudence on detention of irregular migrants, in different offices of the Justice of the Peace in Italy; and the case law on detention of asylum seekers in the Ordinary Tribunal of Rome. The assumption underlying the research is that various conceptions of the rule of law may have different explanatory power when it comes to explaining the empirical results. To verify this hypothesis, the study proposes an overview of the main rule of law doctrines in the Western tradition of political and legal thought and applies the method of historical-conceptual analysis. As a result, the explanatory power of six theoretical models of the rule of law was verified against the data with the view to highlight the virtues and vices of the respective explanatory frameworks. This article reaches a two-fold conclusion. First, as far as the explanatory frameworks are concerned: the results of the two case studies cannot be fully explained by any of the models considered in this study. This fact alone casts doubts on the explanatory power of these theories and calls for further research on judicial decision-making more generally. Secondly, a key finding of the study regarding the notions of discretion and arbitrariness is that the judicial approach which assures the highest protection of rights is also the one that is most easily influenced by arbitrariness. The author argues that this paradox can be easily dissolved by paying attention to the plural dimensions of arbitrariness. If we consider arbitrariness from a legal point of view, i.e. as an illegal decision, it is unsurprising that the authority that most uses its discretionary powers is also the one most at risk of abusing these discretionary powers and hence of exercising arbitrary power. However, if we consider arbitrariness from the point of view of philosophical-political theory, i.e. as a form of domination characterised by the absence of sufficient justification, it is unsurprising that the judicial approach which assures the highest protection of rights is also the one that takes its own role as guarantor of these rights and of the constitutional democratic legal order as such most seriously. This judicial approach thus most often risks exercising its power in criticisable ways, as compared to an authority much more in line with the requirements of law enforcement agencies. Keywords: migration, discretion, justice, arbitrariness, civil rights, Rechtsstaat, expulsion, mixed constitution

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35

Camacho, Franklin, and Ramón Pino Pérez. "Decision-making through Dominance Plausible Rule: New characterizations." Mathematical Social Sciences 113 (September 2021): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2021.05.003.

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Sakai, Hiroshi, Mao Wu, and Michinori Nakata. "Association rule-based decision making in table data." International Journal of Reasoning-based Intelligent Systems 4, no. 3 (2012): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijris.2012.050374.

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Cropper, Maureen L., William N. Evans, Stephen J. Berardi, and Maria M. Ducla-Soares. "Pesticide Regulation and the Rule-Making Process." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 21, no. 2 (October 1992): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00002579.

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In previous work (Cropper et al.), we examined the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) decision to cancel or continue the registration of pesticides that went through its Special Review process between 1975 and 1989. Our focus in that paper was on the final decision (Notice of Final Determination) issued by the EPA at the end of the rule-making process. Specifically, we asked whether this decision could be explained by the reported risks and benefits associated with pesticide use, and by the comments of special-interest groups that were entered in the public docket.

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LIU, DUN, TIANRUI LI, and DECUI LIANG. "THREE-WAY GOVERNMENT DECISION ANALYSIS WITH DECISION-THEORETIC ROUGH SETS." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 20, supp01 (June 2012): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488512400090.

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By considering the risks in policy making procedure, a three-way decision approach based on the decision-theoretic rough set model is adopted to risk government decision-making. A three-way decision is made based on a pair of thresholds on conditional probabilities. A positive rule makes a decision of executing, a negative rule makes a decision of non-executing, and a boundary rule makes a decision of deferment. The loss functions are used to calculate the required two thresholds to describe the decision risk with the Bayesian decision procedure. A case study of government petroleum risk investment demonstrates the proposed method.

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Zhu, Haihua, Changchun Liu, Yi Zhang, and Wei Shi. "A Rule-Based Decision Support Method Combining Variable Precision Rough Set and Stochastic Multi-Objective Acceptability Analysis for Multi-Attribute Decision-Making." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (September 20, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2876344.

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In an open environment, the demands of users are diverse and dynamic because users can participate in product design from beginning to end. Owing to this, the disorderly and unplanned participation of users will greatly increase the complexity of multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) in the product design process. In order to ensure the smooth development of the open design process, the decision support model and method need to repeatedly provide decision makers (DMs) with necessary decision support information in a relatively short period of time, which can realize the evaluation of the scheme and improve the utilization efficiency of community resources. However, the process of eliciting preference information is complex, exhausting, inefficient, and time-consuming in existing methods, which will result in a poor decision-making. With the purpose of optimizing the eliciting process in MADM, a rule-based decision support method is proposed in this paper, where the process of eliciting preference information and decision-making are synchronized and guided by pre-extracted decision rules. The rules are deduced from comparison relations on attributes and their outcomes through the combination of variable precision rough set approach (VPRS) and stochastic multi-objective acceptability analysis (SMAA). With the concept of attribute reduction and approximation accuracy in rough set theory, the extracted rules could eliminate redundant attributes and assign the relative priority of preference information. Based on the extracted rules, the multi-attribute decision-making process could be carried out step by step in an orderly manner. In each step, DMs only need to provide partial preference information by non-quantitative statements according to extracted rules. Once the decision result is reliable enough, the eliciting and decision-making process can be terminated promptly. In order to validate the proposed approach, experiments of decision rule extraction are implemented, and the results show that the proposed approach is effective both in the weak rule extraction and the strong rule extraction.

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Langford, Peter E. "Refining a Non-Kohlbergian Decision-Making Approach to the Production of Justifications for Moral Judgements." Psychological Reports 71, no. 3 (December 1992): 883–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.3.883.

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This paper reports two studies primarily designed to refine understanding of the influence of interview topic on the proportions of major types of justifications for moral judgements encountered during moral judgement interviews. It was assumed that subjects will tend to report the use of information that supports their decisions when a definite decision is made and will report all kinds of relevant information when they are uncertain what to decide. It was suggested that for situations to which a well-known moral rule applies, when the rule is upheld, the rule will influence such proportions as different rules are valued for different reasons. When such a rule is rejected, the nature of the reason suggested for rejecting the rule will influence such proportions. When subjects are uncertain whether to support or reject a rule, such proportions will be influenced by both the rule and the reason suggesting rejection. These predictions were broadly verified, which was interpreted as supporting the suggested analysis of the influence of these aspects of the interview topic on proportions of major types of justification.

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Jabla, Roua, Maha Khemaja, Félix Buendia, and Sami Faiz. "Automatic Rule Generation for Decision-Making in Context-Aware Systems Using Machine Learning." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (May 6, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5202537.

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With the increasing interest devoted to dynamic environments, a crucial aspect is revealed in context-aware systems to deal with the rapid changes occurring in users’ surrounding environments at runtime. However, most context-aware systems with predefined context-aware rules may not support effective decision-making in dynamic environments. These context-aware rules, which take into account different context information to reach an appropriate decision, could lose their efficiency at runtime. Therefore, a growing need is emerging to address the decision-making issue leveraged by dynamic environments. To tackle this issue, we present an approach that relies on improving decision-making in the wake of dynamic environments through automatically enriching a rule knowledge base with new context-aware rules discovered at runtime. The major features of the presented approach are as follows: (i) a hybridization of two machine learning algorithms for rule generation, (ii) an extended genetic algorithm (GA) for rule optimization, and (iii) a rule transformation for the knowledge base enrichment in an automated manner. Furthermore, extensive experiments on different datasets are performed to assess the effectiveness of the presented approach. The obtained experimental results depict that this approach exhibits better effectiveness compared to some algorithms and state-of-the-art works.

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42

Sauermann, Jan. "Committee Decisions under Majority Rule Revisited." Journal of Experimental Political Science 3, no. 2 (2016): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2015.16.

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AbstractSpatial committee decision-making experiments provide ample evidence for the predictive power of the majority rule core if it is not empty. Furthermore, an empty core does not substantively reduce the stability of majority decision making. In this article, I put these two findings to a critical test using two preference configurations from Fiorina's and Plott's (1978) seminal committee experiments. In my experiment, committees with fixed individual preferences make multiple decisions over time. Contrary to the existing evidence, I find that results diverge from the core in the course of the experiment. In line with previous research, an empty core has no noticeable behavioral effects.

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Nigar Hüseynova, Nigar Hüseynova. "DECISION MAKING BASED ON NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 10, no. 06 (October 10, 2021): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei1006202187.

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The processing of natural language, one of the main areas of artificial intelligence, has begun to be widely used in decision-making. The use of natural language processing plays a crucial role in improving decision making. Currently, natural language processing technology allows us to achieve better results in some accurate decision-making technologies. Because people understand linguistic information better and can make better decisions based on it. It is easier for people to understand the meaning of linguistic terms than quantitative information. Many studies have shown that people have difficulty in understanding quantitative information or are reluctant to make decisions based on it. The main indicator of its effectiveness is the fact that the level of reliability of decision-making based on linguistic information, which is closer to human intuition, is higher than that based on other types of information. The article discusses the measurement of natural language decision-making efficiency. In order to measure the number of tourists who can travel to the three selected countries in three quarters, people were provided with natural language processing and graphical surveys. Based on the collected data, fuzzy inference analysis was applied. The survey found that people tend to make decisions based on natural language rather than the most up-to-date schedules. Only 27% of people made decisions based on graphs, while others made decisions based on the “If ... Then” rule. The reliability of decisions made through natural language processing was 78%, while the other was 62%. Keywords: Natural Language Processing, Natural Language Generation, Decision Making based on Uncertainty, Fuzzy Rules, Fuzzy Inference Systems, Deep Learning.

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Petrović, Goran S., Miloš Madić, and Jurgita Antucheviciene. "An approach for robust decision making rule generation: Solving transport and logistics decision making problems." Expert Systems with Applications 106 (September 2018): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2018.03.065.

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Johnson, Bridgette, Rebeka Verma, Manying Sun, and Timothy D. Hanks. "Characterization of decision commitment rule alterations during an auditory change detection task." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 5 (November 1, 2017): 2526–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00071.2017.

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A critical component of decision making is determining when to commit to a choice. This involves stopping rules that specify the requirements for decision commitment. Flexibility of decision stopping rules provides an important means of control over decision-making processes. In many situations, these stopping rules establish a balance between premature decisions and late decisions. In this study we use a novel change detection paradigm to examine how subjects control this balance when invoking different decision stopping rules. The task design allows us to estimate the temporal weighting of sensory information for the decisions, and we find that different stopping rules did not result in systematic differences in that weighting. We also find bidirectional post-error alterations of decision strategy that depend on the type of error and effectively reduce the probability of making consecutive mistakes of the same type. This is a generalization to change detection tasks of the widespread observation of unidirectional post-error slowing in forced-choice tasks. On the basis of these results, we suggest change detection tasks as a promising paradigm to study the neural mechanisms that support flexible control of decision rules. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Flexible decision stopping rules confer control over decision processes. Using an auditory change detection task, we found that alterations of decision stopping rules did not result in systematic changes in the temporal weighting of sensory information. We also found that post-error alterations of decision stopping rules depended on the type of mistake subjects make. These results provide guidance for understanding the neural mechanisms that control decision stopping rules, one of the critical components of decision making and behavioral flexibility.

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Song, Gui Juan, Xin Cao, and Xin Yue Wang. "Research on Rough Set Theory-Based Customer Division." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 1536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.1536.

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The main idea of rough set theory is to extract decision rules by attribute reduction and value reduction in the premises of keeping the ability of classification. This paper presents the design of model for customer division based on rough set, and uses algorithms for attribute reduction and rule extraction in rough set to analyze the customer of supermarket. This paper also introduces how to achieve the minimum result of attribute reduction and decision-making via decision-making report, winkling redundant attribute and over-rule of decision.

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Hafizh Akram, Muhamad, and Nisriina Primadani Fanaro. "IMPLEMENTASI DOKTRIN BUSINESS JUDGEMENT RULE DI INDONESIA." Ganesha Law Review 1, no. 1 (May 17, 2019): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/glr.v1i1.21.

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The Board of Directors is one of the most important organs in a Limited Liability Company. Management of the Company that carried out by the board of directors includes running business activities, controlling, and making business decisions that have an impact on a Limited Liability Company whether the decision will cause loss or profit. In making business decisions, the Board of Directors must do so in the manner of good faith, carefully, and in accordance with the aims and objectives of the Company's establishment. If the directors already made the decision the correct manner, they cannot be held personally accountable for the decisions they make. That is what a Business judgment rules is, a doctrine that provides protection to directors to not be personally responsible if the business decisions taken cause losses to the company. Relying on a literature study, the business judgment rule is implicitly regulated in article 92 paragraph 1 and 97 paragraph 5 of Law no. 40 of 2007 regarding the Limited Liability Companies, several cases related to the business judgment rule, this article intends to analyze the implementation of the doctrine of the business judgment rule in Indonesia

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48

Levy, Gilat. "Decision Making in Committees: Transparency, Reputation, and Voting Rules." American Economic Review 97, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.1.150.

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In this paper I analyze the effect of transparency on decision making in committees. I focus on committees whose members are motivated by career concerns. The main result is that when the decision-making process is secretive (when individual votes are not revealed to the public), committee members comply with preexisting biases. For example, if the voting rule demands a supermajority to accept a reform, individuals vote more often against reforms. Transparent committees are therefore more likely to accept reforms. I also find that coupled with the right voting rule, a secretive procedure may induce better decisions than a transparent one. (JEL D71, D72)

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Berend, Daniel, and Luba Sapir. "Expert rule versus majority rule under partial information, II." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences 6, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1173912602000068.

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The main purpose of this paper is clarifying the connection between some characteristics of a deciding body and the probability of its making correct decisions. In our model a group of decision makers is required to select one of two alternatives. We assume the probabilities of the decision makers being correct are independent random variables distributed according to the same given distribution rule. This distribution belongs to a general family, containing the uniform distribution as a particular case. We investigate the behavior of the probability of the expert rule being optimal, as well as that of the majority rule, both as functions of the distribution parameter and the group size. The main result is that for any value of the distribution parameter the expert rule is far more likely to be optimal than the majority rule, especially as the deciding body becomes larger.

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Mun, Yelim, Esther Oprins, Karel van den Bosch, Anja van der Hulst, and Jan Maarten Schraagen. "Serious gaming for adaptive decision making of military personnel." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601776.

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The importance of improving adaptive decision making for the military is ever increasing, particularly in operational environments that are unfamiliar, complex, and constantly changing. This paper presents the development and testing of a serious game for training military officers in adaptive decision making. Participants were to detect rule changes in the game world, and to adjust their decisions in accordance with these changes. In an explorative study, the effectiveness of the game was tested by using in-game and outgame measures. The findings on the in-game measure suggest that the game helps participants to detect rule changes and to adapt their decision making. Despite this effect, participants’ cognitive flexibility did not increase based on the findings on the out-game measures. Discussions, future directions, and training implications for the Defense organization are described.

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