Дисертації: "Decision making rule"

1

Appel, Jacob M. "Toward a model rule Statutory imprecision and surrogate decision-making for pregnant women." Thesis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1535747.

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This paper seeks to investigate how concerns regarding pregnant women have been resolved by state legislatures when drafting surrogacy and advance directive statues. It also examines two related questions: Have narrow concerns regarding a relatively rare phenomenon had a significant and potentially detrimental impact on overall state policy regarding end-of-life decision making? And what lessons can be drawn from these experiences for understanding future policy battles at the nexus of bioethics and public health?

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2

Yaakob, Abdul Malek Bin. "Multi criteria decision making methodology for fuzzy rule based systems and networks using TOPSIS." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2017. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/multi-criteria-decision-making-methodology-for-fuzzy-rule-based-systems-and-networks-using-topsis(8efb475a-4f98-4d5c-846d-f01b01328dda).html.

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Fuzzy systems and networks are vital within the armoury of fuzzy tools and applicable to real life decision making environments. Three types of fuzzy systems introduced in literatures which are systems with single rule base, systems with multiple rule bases and system with networked rule bases. This research introduces novel extension of the Technique of Ordering of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods and uses fuzzy systems and networks to solve multi-criteria decision making problems where both benefit and cost are presented as subsystems. In conjunction, the implementation of fuzzy sets type-1, type-2 and Z-number of proposed approaches is also presented. Furthermore, literatures have observed that tracking the performance of criteria is crucial by controlling the estimation of uncertainty of the criteria. Thus, the decision maker evaluates the performance of each alternative and further observes the performance for both benefit and cost criteria. This research improves significantly the transparency of the TOPSIS methods while ensuring higher effectiveness in comparison to established approaches. Ensuring the practicality and the effectiveness of proposed methods in a realistic scenario, the problem of ranking traded stock is studied. This case study is conducted based on stocks traded in a developing financial market such as Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. The ranking based on proposed methods is validated comparatively using performance indicators such as Spearman Rho correlation, Kendall Tau correlation, Root Mean Square Errror and Average Absolute Distance by assuming ranking based on return on investment as a benchmarking. Based on the case study, the proposed methods outperform the established TOPSIS methods in term of average rank position.

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3

Qua, John F. "Optimum levels of work in process (WIP) for navy field contracting organizations a decision rule /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA241831.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 1990.
Thesis Advisor: Lamm, David V. Second Reader: Caldwell, William J. "December 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 1, 2010. DTIC Identifier(s): Contract administration, decision making, navy, WIP(work in process), backlogs, regression analysis, small purchase actions, procurement, theses. Author(s) subject terms:Decision rule, contracting, small purchase, backlog. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64). Also available in print.

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4

Monene, Malose Samuel. "The rule of law, prosecutorial independence and accountability in a nascent constitutional democracy." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/581.

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Thesis (LLM. (Development and management law)) --University of Limpopo, 2010
This study probes the topical issue of prosecutorial independence in post 1994 South Africa in order to begin to determine how the new democratic constitutional dispensation has and should have affected the independence of our prosecutors. It also explores, albeit introductorily, the intersection of prosecutorial and judicial independence by suggesting that the much vaunted judicial independence in South Africa can prove mythical if prosecutorial independence is not vigorously and unflinchingly championed. The study also looks into what role accountability plays both as a pro and a con for prosecutorial independence within the parameters of the rule of law. Furthermore a comparative analysis of some fellow Commonwealth of Nations jurisprudences is embarked upon with a view to see what lessons can be learned and which prosecutorial approach tutorials are worth bunking. With a critical approach which is historical, contemporary and contextual, the study goes on to marry South African legal instruments, prosecutorial policies and other relevant literary insights to contemporary intersections ,interactions and frictions between law and politics in South Africa. The study seeks to begin to suggest a rule of law based but reasonably accountable prosecutorial approach for this country.

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5

Dörfler, Thomas [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Gehring. "Security Council Sanctions Committees: From power-based to rule-based decision-making? / Thomas Dörfler ; Betreuer: Thomas Gehring." Bamberg : Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1120985269/34.

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6

Gao, Quanjian. "An empirical study for the application of the evidential reasoning rule to decision making in financial investment." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-empirical-study-for-the-application-of-the-evidential-reasoning-rule-to-decision-making-in-financial-investment(bfb64016-55cf-4785-a7ba-4ba8663c755f).html.

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The aim of this thesis is to explore the adaptability of the Evidential Reasoning (ER) Rule as a method to provide a useful supporting tool for helping investors make decisions on financial investments. Decision making in financial investment often involves conflicting information and subjective judgment of the investors. Accordingly, the ER Rule, extended from the original popular Evidential Reasoning algorithm and developed for MCDM (Multiple Criteria Decision Making), is particularly suited for handling conflicts in information and to allow for judgmental weighting on the sources of evidence. In order to do so, a specific EIA (Efficient Information Assessment) process modeled by the mass function of Dempster-Shafer Theory has been constructed such that the underlying architecture of the model satisfies the requirement of the ER rule. The fundamental concern is to define and assess “efficient information”. For this purpose, a process denoted the Efficient Information Assessment (EIA) is defined which applies the mass function of Dempster-Shafer theory. Any relevant information selected from an expert’s knowledge database is “efficient” if the data is fully in compliance with the requirement of the ER rule. The logical process of the EIA model proceeds with a set of portfolio strategies from the information recommended by top financial analysts. Then, as a result, the model enables the ER rule to make an evaluation of all strategies for helping investors make decisions. Experiments were carried out to back-test the investment strategy using data from the China Stock Market & Accounting Research (CSMAR) Database for the four-year period between 2009 and 2012. The data contained more than 270,000 reports from more than 4,600 financial analysts. The risk-adjusted average annual return of the strategy outperformed that of the CSI300 index by as much as 10.69% for an investment horizon of six months, with the p value from Student’s t-test as low as 0.02%. The EIA model serves as the first successful application adapting the ER Rule for a new and effective decision-making process in financial investment, and this work is the only empirical study applying the ER Rule to the opinions of financial analysts, to the best of my knowledge.

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7

Shesham, Sriharsha. "Integrating Expert System and Geographic Information System for Spatial Decision Making." TopSCHOLAR®, 2012. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1216.

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Spatial decision making is a process of providing an effective solution for a problem that encompasses semi-structured spatial data. It is a challenging task which involves various factors to consider. For example, in order to build a new industry, an appropriate site must be selected for which several factors have to be taken into consideration. Some of the factors, which can affect the decision in this particular case, are air pollution, noise pollution, and distance from living areas, which makes the decision difficult. The geographic information systems (GIS) and the expert systems (ES) have many advantages in solving problems in their prospective areas. Integrating these two systems will benefit in solving spatial decision making problems. In the past, many researchers have proposed integrating systems which extracts the data from the GIS and saves it in the database for decision making. Most of the frameworks which have been developed were system dependent and are not properly structured. So it is difficult to search the data. This thesis proposes a framework which extracts the GIS data and processes it with the help of ES decision making capabilities to solve the spatial decision making problem. This framework is named GeoFilter. This research classifies various types of mechanisms that can be used to integrate these two systems.

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8

Elgebeily, Sherif. "Turning the focus inwards : the decision-making process in the Security Council and the international rule of law." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2014. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/97061/turning-the-focus-inwards-the-decision-making-process-in-the-security-council-and-the-international-rule-of-law.

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The United Nations Security Council is entrusted under the UN Charter with primary responsibility for the maintenance and restoration of the international peace; it is the only body with the power to legally authorise military intervention and impose international sanctions where it decides. However, its decision-making process has hitherto been obscure and allegations of political bias have been made against the Security Council in its responses to potential international threats. Despite the rule of law featuring on the Security Council’s agenda for over a decade and a UN General Assembly declaration in 2012 establishing that the rule of law should apply internally to the UN, the Security Council has yet to formulate or incorporate a rule of law framework that would govern its decision-making process. This thesis explains the necessity of a rule of law framework for the Security Council before analysing existing literature and UN documents on the domestic and international rule of law in search of concepts suitable for transposition to the arena of the Security Council. My analysis emerges with eight core components, which form a bespoke rule of law framework for the Security Council. I then evaluate the Security Council’s decision-making process since 1990 against this framework, illustrating where and how the rule of law has been undermined or neglected in its behaviour. I conclude by finding that the Council and other bodies are unwilling or unable to adequately regulate the decision-making process against a suitable rule of law framework, before arguing for the establishment of a Rule of Law Tribunal as a subsidiary organ to the Council under its Charter powers that would be solely responsible for both the regulation of Council practice and judicial review of its decisions.

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9

Esu, Alberto. "Divided power and deliberation : decision-making procedures in the Greek City-States (434-150 B.C.)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33154.

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This thesis examines the institutional design and the procedures regulating the decree-making in the poleis of the Classical and Hellenistic periods. The main contention of this thesis is that Greek decree-making is to be conceived as the result of a multi-layered system of interaction and delegation of deliberative authority among different institutions: councils, officials, assemblies and lawcourts. My thesis argues, therefore, that decree-making procedures were specifically designed to implement the concept of 'divided power', a value shared by both democracies and non-democratic regimes, and to shape the collective behaviour of the citizens when acting as decision-makers within the institutions. By adopting models from the political sciences, my thesis bridges the gap between institutional approaches to political decision-making and more recent approaches that have stressed the role of values and ideology as key factors to understand ancient Greek politics. Chapter 1 lays out the methodology of the thesis informed by the New Historical Institutionalism. Chapter 2 analyses the practice of delegation of power from the Athenian Assembly to the Athenian Council in order to enact additional measures. The careful study of the delegation-clauses sheds light on the administrative power of the Council by demonstrating that the Council played a proper policy-making role through the enactment of a decree, which was the product of Council's expertise in defined matters, such as religious affairs, foreign policy and the navy. Chapter 3 builds on the findings of the previous chapter, and shows the workings and development of delegation-clauses to the Council in two examples from outside Athens, Mytilene and Megalopolis over the longue durée. Chapter 4 deals with the deliberative procedures of Hellenistic Sparta. The Spartan 'divided power' envisaged that the Gerousia shared the probouleutic power with the ephors who could independently submit the bill to the Assembly. The Gerousia, however, held the power of nomophylakia and could veto the final decree. This chapter shows that divided power and the need of legal stability were addressed by Spartan institutions, but with different results because of the wider powers of officials in the decree-making. This chapter introduces the important issue of the balance between people's deliberation and stability of the legal order, which form an important focus of chapters 5 and 6. Chapter 5 discusses the role played by legal procedure of the adeia in fifth-century deliberative decision-making in the Assembly. This chapter provides a new comprehensive account of this legal institution. Adeia instituted a pre-nomothetic procedure, according to which the Assembly could change an entrenched piece of legislation or decree without clashing with the nomothetic ideology. Chapter 6 examines the relationship between deliberation and judicial review in the Greek poleis. The first section discusses the Athenian graphe paranomon, the public charge against an illegal decree. A thorough analysis of the legal procedure and of the institutional design shows that deliberative decisions were made within the framework of the rule of law and the graphe paranomon enforced this principle. This did not imply an institutional prominence of the lawcourts in the Athenian decision-making. The lawcourts performed an important role in the deliberative process through providing a safeguard of legal consistency by adding the legal expertise of the judges to the general rationale of the decree-making. The second part of the chapter is dedicated to the discussion of evidence of judicial review from outside Athens and the multifaceted role of the Hellenistic practice of appointing foreign judges in adjudicating public lawsuits, and especially in the judicial review of decrees.

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10

Piroozfar, Reza [Verfasser], and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Zillich. "Fuzzy Logic: a Rule-Based Approach, in Search of a Justified Decision-Making Process in Urban Planning / Reza Piroozfar. Betreuer: Klaus Zillich." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1021219665/34.

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11

Tsukahara, Mariana Pirkel. "A regra como um elemento essencial nas práticas gestoras." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/6900.

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The rules have an important role in functional analysis of organizations and are essential elements in maintaining desirable management practices and necessary for the survival and maintenance of the group as a whole. This study specifically aims to understand how external rules (external environmental stimuli) will influence the development of key internal rules for the operation of a federal organization of public education regarding the management practices of human resources. Aiming that , the usual routine documents were identified and categorized, concerning management practices in the human resources sector: a) External documents: Laws, Rules, Resolutions, Decrees issued by the government; b) Internal documents: documents produced by the body itself, such as statute, regulation, resolution Ordinance, Normative Instructions, Minutes of Supreme Councils. internal documents were obtained in a range of approximately 15 years, involving 5 organizational units. After categorization and analysis of contingencies extracted from the documents, it was found in the study that , there was an evolution of the rule of categories over time, especially in the extracted internal documents and that there is an association between the acts and internal documents before and after 2008, indicating that a substantial part of the internal rules are precurrents behavior of the Minutes. It was obtained, even a medium to high association, indicating that external rules explain much of the rise of internal rules. It is inferred, therefore, that the organizational phenomena, despite, management practices, absorb a conceptual analysis involving rule-governed behavior, being able to deduce that the rules develop an essential role in organizations, having the ability to influence behavior .
As regras têm um papel preponderante na análise funcional das organizaçãoes e são elementos essenciais na manutenção de práticas gestoras desejáveis e necessárias para a sobrevivência e manutenção do grupo como um todo. Esse estudo, especificamente, propõe-se a entender como regras externas (estímulos ambientais externos) irão influenciar o desenvolvimento de regras internas essenciais para o funcionamento de uma organização federal de ensino público, no que tange as práticas gestoras de recursos humanos.Para isso, foram identificados e categorizados os documentos da rotina usual relativo às práticas gestoras no setor de recursos humanos em: a) Documentos externos: Leis, Normas, Resoluções, Decretos, emitida pelo governo; b) Documentos internos: documentos elaborados pelo próprio órgão, tais como Estatuto, Regulamento, Resolução, Portaria, Instruções Normativas, Ata dos Conselhos Superiores. Foram obtidos documentos internos num intervalo de aproximadamente 15 anos, envolvendo 5 unidades organizacionais. Após categorização e análise das contingências extraídas dos documentos, verificou-se, no estudo, que houve uma evolução das categorias de regra ao longo do tempo, sobretudo nas extraídas de documentos internos e que há uma associação entre as atas e os documentos internos, antes e após o ano de 2008, indicando que parte considerável das regras internas são comportamentos precorrentes das atas. Obteve-se, ainda, uma associação média a alta, indicando que as regras externas explicam boa parte do surgimento das regras internas. Infere-se, assim, que os fenômenos organizacionais, em que pese, as práticas gestoras, absorvem uma análise conceitual envolvendo o comportamento governado por regras, podendo-se deduzir que as regras desenvolvem um papel essencial nas organizações, tendo a capacidade de influenciar comportamentos.

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12

Ercan, Ismail. "A Fuzzy Based Decision Support System For Locational Suitability Of Settlements." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607017/index.pdf.

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Spatial Decision Making as a branch of decision making science deals with geographically related data in order to achieve complex spatial decision problems. Fuzzy set theory is one of the methods that can be used to come up with these types of problems. On the other hand, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is one of the most powerful tools that we can use to accomplish spatial decision problems. Selection of the suitable site or land-use for the real estate is also a spatial decision making problem. When we consider the initial dynamics of the suitably located property from the point of view of value and potential we observe that the &ldquo
good location&rdquo
is the dominating factor. This study reports on the development of a kind of decision support system for locational suitability of settlements that integrates the fuzzy set (FZ) theory, a rule-based system (RBS) and GIS. This study is thought as the assistant for the property managers that are buyers and sellers. It can function as the property consultant for the buyers when they are looking for a property to buy and also it helps the real estate agencies to sell their properties. On the other hand, different scenarios of the potential areas according to the different user&rsquo
s preferences are depicted and they are joined and compared with the results of the vulnerability to earthquake hazards&rsquo
of the same area. Odunpazari - Eskisehir area is selected for implementation of the case study because of the data availability. As a result of this study, it can be said that most suitable property changes depending on the people&rsquo
s preferences. In addition, it is seen that most of the buildings that are locationally suitable are highly vulnerable to the earthquake hazards.

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13

Sartorelli, Isabel Cristina. "Análise do padrão decisório do auditor brasileiro com uso da metodologia Q e do DMI (Decision Making Inventory)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-26052015-115217/.

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Esta tese analisa o padrão decisório do auditor brasileiro (a partir do enfoque da Teoria do Processo Dual em sua versão modificada pela Regret Theory, aqui denominada TPD-m), já que o padrão decisório pode informar a maneira pela qual o auditor exerce seu julgamento. Considerando que auditor e norma precisam estar alinhados, e considerando a adoção de normas baseadas em princípios (IFRS), o objetivo foi aprofundar os estudos de Jamal e Tan (2010), verificando se os tipos de auditores por eles identificados (orientados a princípios, a regras e a clientes) poderiam ser observados empiricamente na amostra delimitada (29 sócios e 35 gerentes de auditoria de firmas Large Six localizadas no Brasil), e se tal tipologia encontraria suporte na literatura que define as características principais desses tipos de auditores. As quatro hipóteses de pesquisa versaram sobre: a ausência de predominância de um único padrão decisório; a associação entre os padrões identificados pelo DMI (se analítico, intuitivo ou emocional) e os tipos de auditores; a homogeneidade na determinação do que seria considerado como mais importante numa auditoria em arrendamento mercantil; a existência de associação entre os agrupamentos identificados pela Metodologia Q e as características condizentes com os tipos de auditores identificados por Jamal e Tan (2010). A primeira hipótese foi verificada com o Teste DMI, e a conclusão indica que o perfil preponderante dos auditores é analítico (explicado pelo processo de accountability vivenciado pelos profissionais), o que fornece sustentação necessária para afirmar que as decisões tomadas por auditores são deliberadas e cuidadosamente analisadas (quando estes têm tempo disponível para análise). Em função do resultado da primeira hipótese, não foi possível verificar a segunda hipótese (não havia indivíduos de padrão intuitivo e emocional suficientes para estabelecer a associação desejada). A terceira hipótese foi verificada pelo exercício de arrendamento baseado na Metodologia Q; os resultados indicam que não há homogeneidade na determinação do que seria considerado mais importante dentre os participantes (nessa análise, fica clara a subdivisão dos participantes analíticos em dois grupos: o primeiro privilegia a análise dos contratos de arrendamento, e o segundo, a definição do valor justo). A quarta hipótese foi verificada analisando-se as palavras mais repetidas observadas nas transcrições das entrevistas, cujo resultado indica que pode haver correspondência entre os agrupamentos da Metodologia Q e os tipos de auditores orientados a princípios e a regras (não foi possível concluir sobre a existência de auditores orientados a clientes). Sobre os métodos empregados: o resultado do exercício de arrendamento corrobora o Teste DMI, já que em todo o grupo de participantes analíticos foi identificada a escolha de atitudes de cunho analítico (de conteúdo mais literal, mais objetivo); a Metodologia Q mostrou-se eficiente na análise da aplicação da norma contábil pelos participantes. Sobre a contribuição teórica, a abordagem da TPD-m ajuda a explicar as evidências empíricas coletadas; além disso, a discussão envolvendo conjuntamente agente e norma contábil, além da conceituação e utilidade de regras e princípios contábeis no processo de julgamento e tomada de decisão contribuem para a consolidação de pesquisas na área.
This doctoral dissertation analyzes the decision making style of the Brazilian auditor (from the point of view of the Dual Process Theory in its version modified by Regret Theory, here called TPD-m), since the decision-making pattern yield information about the way in which the auditor make judgments. Considering that auditor and accounting standard must be aligned, and considering the adoption of principle-based standards (IFRS), the objective was to deepen the studies of Jamal and Tan (2010), trying to identify whether the types of auditors identified by them (oriented by principles, by rules and by clients) could be empirically observed in the defined sample (29 partners and 35 managers of Large Six Brazilian audit firms), and whether it could find support in the literature that defines the main features of these types of auditors. The four research hypothesis were about: the lack of predominance of a single decision-making standard; the association between the patterns identified by DMI (if analytical, intuitive or emotional) and the types of auditors; homogeneity in determining what would be considered more important an audit in leasing; the existence of an association between the clusters identified by the Q Methodology and characteristics consistent with the types of auditors identified by Jamal and Tan (2010). The first hypothesis was verified with DMI Test; findings indicates that the predominant profile of auditors is analytical (explained by the accountability process experienced by professionals), which provides necessary support to affirm that the decisions taken by auditors are deliberate and carefully analyzed (if they have time available for analysis). With this result, it was not possible to verify the second hypothesis (there was no sufficient intuitive and emotional individuals to establish the desired association). The third hypothesis was verified by a lease exercise based on the Methodology Q; findings indicates no uniformity in determining what would be considered most important among the participants (in this analysis, it is clear the subdivision of analytical participants into two groups: the first focuses on the lease agreements, and the second on fair value\'s definition). The fourth hypothesis was verified by analyzing the most repeated words observed in the transcripts of the interviews, and the result indicates that there may be correspondence between the clusters of Q Methodology and types of auditors oriented by principles and by rules (it was not possible to conclude on the existence auditors oriented by clients). About the methods employed: the result of the lease exercise corroborates the DMI Test, as in the whole group of participants was identified analytical choosing an analytical attitudes (more literal content, more objective); Q methodology seems to be efficient in the analysis of the application of the accounting standard by the participants. About theoretical contribution: the approach of TPD-m helps to explain the empirical evidence collected; furthermore, the discussion involving jointly agent and accounting standards, the concept and utility of accounting principles and rules in the judgment and decision making process contributes to the consolidation of research in this area.

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14

Žďárská, Zuzana. "Stategické rozhodování o investičním projektu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222405.

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Diplomová práce "Strategické rozhodování o investičním projektu Kasárna Slatina" je zaměřena na využití metod rozhodovací analýzy při řešení rozhodovacího problému v rámci revitalizace armádního brownfield Kasárna Slatina. V teoretické části je vysvětlena základní terminologie, metody a postupy, které se vztahují k problematice řešeného rozhodovacího problému. V praktické části je řešeno závažné strategické rozhodnutí spojené s otázkou rozvoje konkrétní brněnské lokality. Na základě použitých postupů je v souladu s rozhodovací metodikou navrženo optimální rozhodnutí.

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15

Fraser, Véronique. "The Legitimacy of the World Trade Organization Rulemaking Processes: A Case Studies Analysis." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32949.

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In the last decade, World Trade Organization (WTO) Members have paid little attention to the WTO rulemaking processes and their functioning. Two high-levels commissions, as well as some scholars, have identified several areas of concerns with respect to the WTO rulemaking processes. Some of them have put forth proposals for their reform. However, the WTO has not proceeded with or even reflected upon any major reforms affecting the functioning of its rulemaking processes. The lack of attention by the Members regarding these issues motivated the focus of this thesis on the legitimacy of the WTO rulemaking processes. The principal research question of this thesis is: Are the WTO rulemaking processes legitimate? To what degree? Answering this first research question necessarily leads to a secondary one: How can the WTO rulemaking processes be assessed? This thesis recognizes that there is no uniform way for assessing legitimacy both at the national and international levels. It borrows from David Beetham's legitimacy conception and assesses the legitimacy of the WTO rulemaking processes from the standpoint of WTO Members. It builds a theoretical framework for assessing the legitimacy of the rulemaking processes on the basis of Members' conception of the WTO and the concepts of input and output legitimacy that have been frequently applied to the WTO and from which are derived four legitimacy criteria: legality, effectiveness, representativeness and openness. This thesis furthermore advances that legitimacy can only be effectively assessed as a matter of degree and, therefore, develops a multidimensional interval scale to allow a precise measurement of the four criteria of legitimacy as applied to the WTO rulemaking processes. In order to assess the rulemaking processes, it uses three cases that have led to the adoption of new rules or agreements. In fact, legitimacy matters even more for the processes that led to actual rules due to the fact that they generate binding outcomes. Such a methodology based on case studies arguably provides a more accurate representation of the WTO rulemaking processes than the general processes that have been described in the secondary literature.

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16

Kalfas, Alice, and Marlene Svensson. "Dermarome is launching a B2B website : A qualitative study which considers investment theories, and how a B2B website can influence the customer purchasing behaviour." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184157.

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Digitalization is an important aspect for future growth of all organizations, and especially in times like the past year where most of the world has been faced with covid-restrictions and lockdown. Dermarome is a leading skincare and beauty distributor and are currently in the process of launching a new B2B website and web-shop. The aim of this research is to provide an answer to the following interrelated research questions: 1. How do the management of Dermarome decide on their investments in the business- to- business IT infrastructure? 2. How will the launch of the business- to- business website affect the purchasing behaviour of the business- to- business customers? To answer these research questions a qualitative study has been made and the top management at Dermarome has been interviewed for this purpose. 5 interviewees were selected based on their knowledge and experience. All interviews that participated in this research were anonymous. The result of this thesis is divided up into two parts, firstly, it describes how Dermarome has used the Payback rule and SWOT in order to make a decision regarding the investment in the B2B website. Secondly, it describes how Dermarome believes the saloon and spa customers purchasing behaviour will change due to this website, as it will lead to an increase in Dermarome’s sales.

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17

Carvalho, Fábio Romeu de. "Aplicação de lógica paraconsistente anotada em tomadas de decisão na engenharia de produção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3136/tde-13032007-155453/.

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Em Engenharia de Produção, os processos de decisão constituem um dos temas centrais e envolvem fatores de naturezas diversas, que os cercam de dificuldades. Nesses processos, não raramente, estão presentes fatores de natureza subjetiva, informações imprecisas, quando não vagas e mesmo conflitantes, que podem levar a decisões distorcidas, comprometendo a clareza e a objetividade de uma análise. Para manipular logicamente um conjunto de informações vagas, subjetivas, inconsistentes ou paracompletas, são necessárias lógicas alternativas da clássica, pois esta não pode, ao menos diretamente, ser empregada para tal fim. Assim, a lógica paraconsistente pode, em princípio, ser uma ferramenta adequada para a tarefa. No presente trabalho será apresentado um processo de auxílio às tomadas de decisão, denominado de Método de Análise pelo Baricentro (MAB), que se baseia na lógica paraconsistente anotada evidencial Et e no algoritmo para-analisador, introduzidos em (DA COSTA et al., 1999) e (DA SILVA FILHO; ABE, 2001). Esse método permite, de modo não trivial, o tratamento de informações com aquelas características e evidencia a possibilidade de aplicações da lógica Et em Administração, Marketing, Engenharia de Produção, previsão de diagnósticos, aplicações financeiras, entre outros temas. Um estudo de caso real, com resultados plenamente satisfatórios, mostra sua aplicabilidade na prática. Além disso, o MAB abre, entre outras, a perspectiva de se transformarem análises qualitativas em quantitativas.
In Production Engineering, decision making processes represent one of the most important topics and involve factors of various natures, which are, in turn, surrounded by difficulties. Quite often in these processes, there are factors of subjective nature, inaccurate data, sometimes even vague or conflicting information, which may lead to distorted decisions that eventually compromise the clarity and objectiveness of the analysis. In order to logically handle a set of vague, subjective, inconsistent or paracomplete information, logic other than classic is required, once the latter cannot, at least directly, be applied for such purpose. Hence, paraconsistent logic can, in principle, be an adequate tool for the task. In this paper, we will present an auxiliary process in decision making called Baricenter Analysis Method (BAM), which is based in Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic Et and in a para-analyzer algorithm, introduced in (DA COSTA et al., 1999) and (DA SILVA FILHO; ABE, 2001). This methodology allows, in quite an unusual way, the treatment of information containing those characteristics and points out the possibility of applications of logic Et in Business Administration, Marketing, Production Engineering, anticipation of diagnosis, financial applications, among other subjects. Furthermore, BAM opens the possibility of transforming qualitative into quantitative analysis.

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18

Biard, Thierry. "De la modélisation à l’automatisation des prises de décisions opérationnelles avec une démarche d’Architecture d’Entreprise." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC072/document.

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Après avoir défini l’Architecture d’Entreprise, en tant que discipline, son contexte de transformation, puis ses principaux cadres et méthodes (la méthode Praxeme surtout), cette thèse décrit les besoins en modélisation, notamment pour représenter les processus métier et les prises de décision opérationnelles.Après un état de l’art des langages et notations existants pour la modélisation des processus métier, des prises de décisions et des règles métier, tant dans le monde académique quand dans le monde industriel, les langages et notations standards sont présentés en détail. Cette thèse démontre les limites des langages et notations pour modéliser les processus métier à représenter les prises de décisions opérationnelles.Puis, elle évalue le nouveau langage DMN (Decision Model and Notation), proposée par l’OMG (Object Management Group) et sujet de recherche principal de cette thèse, afin de vérifier qu’elle constitue une solution alternative mieux adaptée, en appliquant le principe de séparation des préoccupations.Le modèle DMN obtenu est composé d’un diagramme et de tables de décision. Les expérimentations avec un démonstrateur, mises en oeuvre dans cette thèse, montrent qu’il est possible d’automatiser les prises de décisions opérationnelles ainsi modélisées. Plusieurs solutions techniques seront détaillées puis comparées, à la lumière de la MDA (Model Driven Architecture).Enfin, plusieurs perspectives intéressantes de l’utilisation de DMN sont développées dans la conclusion
After defining the Enterprise Architecture, as a discipline, its context of transformation, and then its main frameworks and methods (the Praxeme method above all), this thesis describes the modeling needs, notably to represent the business processes and the operational decisions.After a state of the art of existing languages and notations for the modeling of business processes, decision-making and business rules, both in the academic world and in the industrial world, the standard languages and notations are presented in detail.This thesis demonstrates the limitations of the languages for modeling business processes to represent operational decision-making.It then evaluates the new DMN language (Decision Model and Notation), proposed by the OMG (Object Management Group) and the main research subject of this thesis, in order to verify that it is a better adapted alternative solution, applying the separation of concerns principle.The resulting DMN model is composed of a diagram and decision tables. The experiments with a demonstrator, implemented in this thesis, show that it is possible to automate the operational decision-making and modeled. Several technical solutions will be detailed and compared in light of the MDA (Model Driven Architecture).Finally, several interesting perspectives of the DMN use are developed into the conclusion

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Valentini, Gabriele. "The Best-of-n Problem in Robot Swarms." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/232502.

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Collective decision making can be seen as a means of designing and understanding swarm robotics systems. While decision-making is generally conceived as the cognitive ability of individual agents to select a belief based only on their preferences and available information, collective decision making is a decentralized cognitive process, whereby an ensemble of agents gathers, shares, and processes information as a single organism and makes a choice that is not attributable to any of its individuals. A principled selection of the rules governing this cognitive process allows the designer to define, shape, and foresee the dynamics of the swarm.We begin this monograph by introducing the reader to the topic of collective decision making. We focus on artificial systems for discrete consensus achievement and review the literature of swarm robotics. In this endeavor, we formalize the best-of-n problem—a generalization of the logic underlying several cognitive problems—and define a taxonomy of its possible variants that are of interest for the design of robot swarms. By leveraging on this understanding, we identify the building-blocks that are essential to achieve a collective decision addressing the best-of-n problem: option exploration, opinion dissemination, modulation of positive feedback, and individual decision-making mechanism. We show how a modular perspective of a collective decision-making strategy allows for the systematic modeling of the resulting swarm performance. In doing so, we put forward a modular and model-driven design methodology that allows the designer to study the dynamics of a swarm at different level of abstractions. Successively, we employ the proposed design methodology to derive and to study different collective decision-making strategies for the best-of-n problem. We show how the designed strategies can be readily applied to different real-world scenarios by performing two series of robot experiments. In the first series, we use a swarm of 100 robots to tackle a site-selection scenario; in the second series, we show instead how the same strategies apply to a collective perception scenario. We conclude with a discussion of our research contributions and provide futuredirection of research.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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20

Amir, On 1972. "Individual decision making : pain, rules, and effort." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29945.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references.
Individuals are involved in daily decision making situations under varying levels of certainty and ease of gathering information, characterized by many factors such as the need to make payments, or the desire to fulfill goals. Essay 1 proposes that when individuals are faced with environments that offer an abundance of alternative choices and information (increased decision flexibility) consumers will have a harder time deciding and are more likely not to make purchases or to procrastinate. Environments such as the Internet are proposed to increase decision conflict and anticipated regret, as they increase the ease of generating counterfactuals. Limiting flexibility, by using exploding discounts, for example, reduces decision difficulty, and increases purchase likelihood. Essay 2 demonstrates that some of the documented discrepancies between expressed preferences and predicted happiness may be explained by individuals' use of rules when making decisions. Rules are used whenever they are evoked, and exclude a deep factual analysis of the situation. For example, money is proposed to invoke a set of rules that are subsequently used. Specifically, driven by anticipation, consumers' preference for a delayed concert is contradicted by their greater willingness to pay for an immediate one. The overarching nature of rules causes individuals to follow them even when it is not in their best interests. Essay 3 demonstrates that partitioning a task by providing progress information may influence motivation, effort, enjoyment, and performance in two opposing ways: when uncertainty about progress is high, partitioning increases motivation and liking of a task, but when progress uncertainty is low, partitioning decreases motivation, liking, and subsequent choice of the task.
by On Amir.
Ph.D.

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21

Lee, JinKook. "Utility functions and decision rules: Implications for consumer decision-making /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487848078451032.

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22

Gerhart, Natalie. "Decision-Making with Big Information: The Relationship between Decision Context, Stopping Rules, and Decision Performance." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862880/.

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Ubiquitous computing results in access to vast amounts of data, which is changing the way humans interact with each other, with computers, and with their environments. Information is literally at our fingertips with touchscreen technology, but it is not valuable until it is understood. As a result, selecting which information to use in a decision process is a challenge in the current information environment (Lu & Yuan, 2011). The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate how individual decision makers, in different decision contexts, determine when to stop collecting information given the availability of virtually unlimited information. Decision makers must make an ultimate decision, but also must make a decision that he or she has enough information to make the final decision (Browne, Pitts, & Wetherbe, 2007). In determining how much information to collect, researchers found that people engage in ‘satisficing' in order to make decisions, particularly when there is more information than it is possible to manage (Simon, 1957). A more recent elucidation of information use relies on the idea of stopping rules, identifying five common stopping rules information seekers use: mental list, representational stability, difference threshold, magnitude threshold, and single criterion (Browne et al., 2007). Prior research indicates a lack of understanding in the areas of information use (Prabha, Connaway, Olszewski, & Jenkins, 2007) and information overload (Eppler & Mengis, 2004) in Information Systems literature. Moreover, research indicates a lack of clarity in what information should be used in different decision contexts (Kowalczyk & Buxmann, 2014). The increase in the availability of information further complicates and necessitates research in this area. This dissertation seeks to fill these gaps in the literature by determining how information use changes across decision contexts and the relationships between stopping rules. Two unique methodologies were used to test the hypotheses in the conceptual model, which both contribute to research on information stopping rules. One tracks the participant during an online search, the second asks follow-up survey questions on a Likert scale. One of four search tasks (professional or personal context and a big data analytics understanding or restaurant location search) was randomly assigned to each participant. Results show different stopping rules are more useful for different decision contexts. Specifically, professional tasks are more likely to use stopping rules with an a priori decision on how much information to collect, while personal tasks encourage users to determine how much information to collect during the search process. The analysis also shows that different stopping rules have different emphases on quality and quantity of information. Specifically, representational stability requires both a high quality and quantity of information, while other stopping rules indicate a preference for one of the two. Finally, information quality and quantity ultimately have a positive relationship with decision confidence, satisfaction, and efficiency. The findings of this research are useful to practitioners and academics tackling issues with the availability of more information. As systems are designed for information search, understanding information stopping rules become increasingly important.

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23

Steer, Mark D. "Rational decision-making : the consequences of following simple learning rules." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442209.

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24

Lamboray, Claude. "Prudent ranking rules: theoretical contributions and applications." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210662.

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Arrow and Raynaud introduced a set of axioms that a ranking rule should verify. Among these, axiom V' states that the compromise ranking should be a so-called prudent order. Intuitively, a prudent order is a linear order such that the strongest opposition against this solution is minimal. Since the related literature lacks in solid theoretical foundations for this type of aggregation rule, it was our main objective in this thesis to thoroughly study and gain a better understanding of the family of prudent ranking rules. We provide characterizations of several prudent ranking rules in a conjoint axiomatic framework. We also prove that we can construct profiles for which the result of a prudent ranking rule and a non-prudent ranking rule can be contradictory. Finally we illustrate the use of prudent ranking rules in a group decision context and on the composite indicator problem.

Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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25

Caspár, Sophia. "Visualization of tabular data on mobile devices." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-68036.

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This thesis evaluates various ways of displaying tabular data on mobile devices using different responsive table solutions. It also presents a tool to help web developers and designers in the process of choosing and implementing a suitable table approach. The proposed solution for this thesis is a web system called The Visualizing Wizard that allows the user to answer some questions about the intended table and then get a recommended responsive table solution generated based on the answers. The system uses a rule-based approach via Prolog to match the answers to a set of rules and provide an appropriate result. In order to determine which table solutions are more appropriate to use for which type of data a statistical analysis and user tests were performed. The statistical analysis contains an investigation to identify the most common table approaches and data types used on various websites. The result indicates that solutions such as "squish", "collapse by rows", "click" and "scroll" are most common. The most common table categories are product comparison, product offerings, sports and stock market/statistics. This information was used to implement and establish user tests to collect feedback and opinions. The data and statistics gathered from the user tests were mapped into sets of rules to answer the question of which responsive table solution is more appropriate to use for which type of data. This serves as the foundation for The Visualizing Wizard.

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Fry, John, T. Galla, and J. M. Binner. "Quantitative decision-making rules for the next generation of smarter evacuations." Springer, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17563.

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27

Jabs, Lorelle B. "Explaining the Challenger launch : communicative rules, channels, and metapragmatic terms /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8222.

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28

Kerimi, Neda. "Reaching for the optimal : The role of optimal alternatives in pre-decision making stages." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6711.

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It was hypothesized that in a decision-making situation, individuals will not only think of an optimal alternative but also as the most promising alternative, choose the alternative that is closest to their optimal alternative. Therefore, based on participants’ optimal alternative, five alternatives, each equal in terms of constant Multi-attribute Utility, were presented to participants. Two of the alternatives were constructed to be most similar to the participant’s optimal alternative, two alternatives were associated with two non-compensatory rules, and one alternative was not linked to any decision making rule. Results showed that participants thought not only of an optimal alternative in the given decision-making situation, they also chose the alternative that was most similar to their optimal. This alternative also got highest preference ratings. These findings present an optimal alternative. In addition, they demonstrate the influence that such an alternative have on the outcome in a decision-making situation.

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Levy, Inbar. "Behavioural analysis of civil procedure rules : factor overload and interim remedies affirmation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0f5822e5-852c-4f47-8f0f-9f3bde9aad10.

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Much academic literature regarding how judges interpret and apply civil procedure rules is based on speculation about human behaviour and legal practitioners’ personal intuition. I seek to apply cognitive psychology research to a number of procedural arrangements in order to create a more accurate picture of the decision-making processes of judges in our civil justice system. My project investigates the implications of findings derived from empirical behavioural psychology for legal reasoning and practice. The thesis is divided into three main parts. The first two parts address different cognitive effects that influence judicial decision making in the course of civil litigation: cognitive overload in relation to ‘Laundry List’ rules and confirmation bias in relation to interim remedies. Finally, the third part speaks to the general question of judicial intuition and serves as a link between the first two parts of the dissertation.

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Sethi, Nayha. "Remaining rooted whilst branching out : an investigation of rules and principles in decision-making." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22043.

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Against the backdrop of health research regulation, this work engages in an exploration of, and offers suggestions towards, how the decision maker can negotiate the complex path of the difficult decision. It is argued that whilst rules and principles are heavily relied upon in order to determine what to do, this reliance takes place without adequate reflection of the different ways in which we seek to rely upon these decision-making aids. What is most often the topic of analysis is the content which rules and principles carry rather than consideration of the different functions which each can fulfil or their (un)suitability in helping the decision maker. Before we consider which principles or rules should inform our decisions, we need to understand why we are using rules and principles. It follows that in order to understand why we might use rules and principles, we must understand how rules and principles can actually help us to reach decisions. Through the development and refinement of a conceptual tree, this thesis sheds light on the how and the why, in order to help decision makers determine the which. Through the metaphor of a continuum, additional insights are offered on the interrelationships that might co-exist between rules and principles. This thesis begins by offering an analysis of pre-existing understandings of rules and principles from legal theory and bioethics literatures. Additionally, I consider the implications of principle-centric and rule-centric approaches to decision-making. Through the overarching metaphor of a tree, a conceptualisation of best practice instantiations, which represent a helpful middle-ground between rules and principles is also offered. This can provide significant practical support to the decision maker in navigating the path of the difficult decision.

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31

Zamzow, Jennifer. "Moral Decision Making: How the Normative and Empirical can Inform our Prescriptive Accounts." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293469.

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If Aristotle was right in claiming that the aim of moral philosophy is to help us determine how we ought to live, then part of the aim of moral philosophy must be to help us improve our prescriptive accounts of moral decision making--our accounts of how we should make moral decisions. In my dissertation I examine implications of empirical research in cognitive science, social psychology, and decision theory for issues in moral decision making. I argue that empirical evidence suggests that principled guidance is in fact beneficial for decision making, which calls into question particularist prescriptive accounts. I also argue that contrary to the prevailing view, research suggests that taking a first-person perspective when making judgments about what we ought to do might actually help us make better moral judgments. Additionally, I argue that jurors will be more likely to make fairer and more accurate judgments by taking the perspective of the defendant than by trying to maintain a detached and 'objective' point of view.

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32

Simon, Marsha Jean. "The real rules of the budget game : minority fiscal decision making in the United States Senate." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33708.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-127).
This study examines the consequences of the Gramm-Rudman super-majority budget rules on fiscal decision making in the Senate. It attempts to determine the efficacy of these rules as defined by those who advocate them, Public Choice scholars and conservative activists, by testing both whether they restrain spending overall and, second, whether they more often block spending benefiting concentrated special interests than other types of spending. The study concludes that super-majority budget rules do not restrain spending, much less spending on special interest legislation. The Gramm-Rudman rules were not responsible for the budget surplus that emerged in the late 1990s, and public choice scholars have no credible explanation for the surplus. Further, I argue that these rules have had the unintended effect of strengthening the hand of the leadership of the committees responsible for spending and tax legislation and diminished the ability of other Senators to influence money bills. These rules have compounded the anti-democratic bias of the Senate, increased hold-out costs, and generally made the legislative process less transparent and understandable to the public and even to the Senators themselves.
by Marsha Jean Simon.
Ph.D.

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Body, Richard. "Clinical decision rules to enable exclusion of acute coronary syndromes in Emergency Department patients with chest pain." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497776.

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Background: Diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in the Emergency Department (ED) is a topical and contentious issue. Current diagnostic techniques rely on hospital admission for troponin testing. Only a minority of those admitted prove to have ACS while unacceptable proportions of those discharged have unrecognised ACS. Aims: We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of individual clinical findings and novel biomarkers in ED patients with suspected cardiac chest pain. We then aimed to derive a clinical decision rule (CDR) to potentially enable safe, immediate discharge of a proportion of patients from the ED while risk stratifying others to facilitate triage to an appropriate level of in-patient care. Methods: We recruited patients who presented to the ED with suspected cardiac chest pain. Variables that have previously been shown to predict diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or to predict outcome were prospectively recorded. Blood was drawn at presentation for levels of eight biomarkers. Patients underwent 12-hour troponin testing and were followed up for the composite primary outcome of AMI, death or urgent coronary revascularisation for six months. Variables that were univariate predictors (p<0.05) of outcome were entered into a multivariate analysis using recursive partitioning. Results: While many clinical findings and levels of all eight novel biomarkers were found to be significant predictors of outcome, none could be used individually to confirm or exclude ACS in the ED. We derived a nine-point CDR that combined clinical findings with biomarker levels to effectively stratify patients into four risk groups. 14.2% of patients were identified as being at ‘no risk’ and had a 0.0% outcome rate. The rule performed significantly better than two commonly used risk scores and may improve on triage decisions made in actual clinical practice. Conclusion: ACS remains a difficult diagnosis to confidently confirm or refute in the ED. Our CDR may help to avoid unnecessary hospital admissions while improving on triage decisions made for the remaining in-patients. Prospective validation of our findings is warranted.

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Celik, Nurcin. "INTEGRATED DECISION MAKING FOR PLANNING AND CONTROL OF DISTRIBUTED MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES USING DYNAMIC-DATA-DRIVEN ADAPTIVE MULTI-SCALE SIMULATIONS (DDDAMS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195427.

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Discrete-event simulation has become one of the most widely used analysis tools for large-scale, complex and dynamic systems such as supply chains as it can take randomness into account and address very detailed models. However, there are major challenges that are faced in simulating such systems, especially when they are used to support short-term decisions (e.g., operational decisions or maintenance and scheduling decisions considered in this research). First, a detailed simulation requires significant amounts of computation time. Second, given the enormous amount of dynamically-changing data that exists in the system, information needs to be updated wisely in the model in order to prevent unnecessary usage of computing and networking resources. Third, there is a lack of methods allowing dynamic data updates during the simulation execution. Overall, in a simulation-based planning and control framework, timely monitoring, analysis, and control is important not to disrupt a dynamically changing system. To meet this temporal requirement and address the above mentioned challenges, a Dynamic-Data-Driven Adaptive Multi-Scale Simulation (DDDAMS) paradigm is proposed to adaptively adjust the fidelity of a simulation model against available computational resources by incorporating dynamic data into the executing model, which then steers the measurement process for selective data update. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed DDDAMS methodology is one of the first efforts to present a coherent integrated decision making framework for timely planning and control of distributed manufacturing enterprises.To this end, comprehensive system architecture and methodologies are first proposed, where the components include 1) real time DDDAM-Simulation, 2) grid computing modules, 3) Web Service communication server, 4) database, 5) various sensors, and 6) real system. Four algorithms are then developed and embedded into a real-time simulator for enabling its DDDAMS capabilities such as abnormality detection, fidelity selection, fidelity assignment, and prediction and task generation. As part of the developed algorithms, improvements are made to the resampling techniques for sequential Bayesian inferencing, and their performance is benchmarked in terms of their resampling qualities and computational efficiencies. Grid computing and Web Services are used for computational resources management and inter-operable communications among distributed software components, respectively. A prototype of proposed DDDAM-Simulation was successfully implemented for preventive maintenance scheduling and part routing scheduling in a semiconductor manufacturing supply chain, where the results look quite promising.

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Abdo, Walid A. A. "Enhancing association rules algorithms for mining distributed databases. Integration of fast BitTable and multi-agent association rules mining in distributed medical databases for decision support." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5661.

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Over the past few years, mining data located in heterogeneous and geographically distributed sites have been designated as one of the key important issues. Loading distributed data into centralized location for mining interesting rules is not a good approach. This is because it violates common issues such as data privacy and it imposes network overheads. The situation becomes worse when the network has limited bandwidth which is the case in most of the real time systems. This has prompted the need for intelligent data analysis to discover the hidden information in these huge amounts of distributed databases. In this research, we present an incremental approach for building an efficient Multi-Agent based algorithm for mining real world databases in geographically distributed sites. First, we propose the Distributed Multi-Agent Association Rules algorithm (DMAAR) to minimize the all-to-all broadcasting between distributed sites. Analytical calculations show that DMAAR reduces the algorithm complexity and minimizes the message communication cost. The proposed Multi-Agent based algorithm complies with the Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA), which is considered as the global standards in communication between agents, thus, enabling the proposed algorithm agents to cooperate with other standard agents. Second, the BitTable Multi-Agent Association Rules algorithm (BMAAR) is proposed. BMAAR includes an efficient BitTable data structure which helps in compressing the database thus can easily fit into the memory of the local sites. It also includes two BitWise AND/OR operations for quick candidate itemsets generation and support counting. Moreover, the algorithm includes three transaction trimming techniques to reduce the size of the mined data. Third, we propose the Pruning Multi-Agent Association Rules algorithm (PMAAR) which includes three candidate itemsets pruning techniques for reducing the large number of generated candidate itemsets, consequently, reducing the total time for the mining process. The proposed PMAAR algorithm has been compared with existing Association Rules algorithms against different benchmark datasets and has proved to have better performance and execution time. Moreover, PMAAR has been implemented on real world distributed medical databases obtained from more than one hospital in Egypt to discover the hidden Association Rules in patients¿ records to demonstrate the merits and capabilities of the proposed model further. Medical data was anonymously obtained without the patients¿ personal details. The analysis helped to identify the existence or the absence of the disease based on minimum number of effective examinations and tests. Thus, the proposed algorithm can help in providing accurate medical decisions based on cost effective treatments, improving the medical service for the patients, reducing the real time response for the health system and improving the quality of clinical decision making.

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36

Abdo, Walid Adly Atteya. "Enhancing association rules algorithms for mining distributed databases : integration of fast BitTable and multi-agent association rules mining in distributed medical databases for decision support." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5661.

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Анотація:

Over the past few years, mining data located in heterogeneous and geographically distributed sites have been designated as one of the key important issues. Loading distributed data into centralized location for mining interesting rules is not a good approach. This is because it violates common issues such as data privacy and it imposes network overheads. The situation becomes worse when the network has limited bandwidth which is the case in most of the real time systems. This has prompted the need for intelligent data analysis to discover the hidden information in these huge amounts of distributed databases. In this research, we present an incremental approach for building an efficient Multi-Agent based algorithm for mining real world databases in geographically distributed sites. First, we propose the Distributed Multi-Agent Association Rules algorithm (DMAAR) to minimize the all-to-all broadcasting between distributed sites. Analytical calculations show that DMAAR reduces the algorithm complexity and minimizes the message communication cost. The proposed Multi-Agent based algorithm complies with the Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA), which is considered as the global standards in communication between agents, thus, enabling the proposed algorithm agents to cooperate with other standard agents. Second, the BitTable Multi-Agent Association Rules algorithm (BMAAR) is proposed. BMAAR includes an efficient BitTable data structure which helps in compressing the database thus can easily fit into the memory of the local sites. It also includes two BitWise AND/OR operations for quick candidate itemsets generation and support counting. Moreover, the algorithm includes three transaction trimming techniques to reduce the size of the mined data. Third, we propose the Pruning Multi-Agent Association Rules algorithm (PMAAR) which includes three candidate itemsets pruning techniques for reducing the large number of generated candidate itemsets, consequently, reducing the total time for the mining process. The proposed PMAAR algorithm has been compared with existing Association Rules algorithms against different benchmark datasets and has proved to have better performance and execution time. Moreover, PMAAR has been implemented on real world distributed medical databases obtained from more than one hospital in Egypt to discover the hidden Association Rules in patients' records to demonstrate the merits and capabilities of the proposed model further. Medical data was anonymously obtained without the patients' personal details. The analysis helped to identify the existence or the absence of the disease based on minimum number of effective examinations and tests. Thus, the proposed algorithm can help in providing accurate medical decisions based on cost effective treatments, improving the medical service for the patients, reducing the real time response for the health system and improving the quality of clinical decision making.

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37

André, Malin. "Rules of Thumb and Management of Common Infections in General Practice." Doctoral thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5183.

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This thesis deals with problem solving of general practitioners (GPs), which is explored with different methods and from different perspectives. The general aim was to explore and describe rules of thumb and to analyse the management of respiratory and urinary tract infections (RTI and UTI) in general practice in Sweden. The results are based upon focus group interviews concerning rules of thumb and a prospective diagnosis-prescription study concerning the management of patients allocated a diagnosis of RTI or UTI. In addition unpublished data are given from structured telephone interviews concerning specific rules of thumb in acute sinusitis and prevailing cough.

GPs were able to verbalize their rules of thumb, which could be called tacit knowledge. A specific set of rules of thumb was used for rapid assessment when emergency and psychosocial problems were identified. Somatic problems seemed to be the expected, normal state. In the further consultation the rules of thumb seemed to be used in an act of balance between the individual and the general perspective. There was considerable variation between the rules of thumb of different GPs for patients with acute sinusitis and prevailing cough. In their rules of thumb the GPs seemed to integrate their medical knowledge and practical experience of the consultation. A high number of near-patient antigen tests to probe Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A tests) and C-reactive protein (CRP) tests were performed in patients, where testing was not recommended. There was only a slight decrease in antibiotic prescribing in patients allocated a diagnosis of RTI examined with CRP in comparison with patients not tested. In general, the GPs in Sweden adhered to current guidelines for antibiotic prescribing. Phenoxymethylpenicillin (PcV) was the preferred antibiotic for most patients allocated a diagnosis of respiratory tract infection.

In conclusion, the use of rules of thumb might explain why current practices prevail in spite of educational efforts. One way to change practice could be to identify and evaluate rules of thumb used by GPs and disseminate well adapted rules. The use of diagnostic tests in patients with infectious illnesses in general practice needs critical appraisal before introduction as well as continuing surveillance. The use of rules of thumb by GPs might be one explanation for variation in practice and irrational prescribing of antibiotics in patients with infectious conditions.

On the day of the public defence the status of the articles IV and V was: Accepted.

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38

O'Brien, David Thomas. "'The rules of the game' : a comparative study of local cultural policy decision making for the European Capital of Culture in Liverpool and Newcastle-Gateshead, 2000-2006." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533952.

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It is commonplace for cities across the world to use aspects of culture as part of their strategies for development and as a response to economic restructuring in light of the increasing interconnectedness of the global economy. This use of cultural policy takes place against the backdrop of the move to an economy based on consumption of commodities, rather than their production. The policies take several forms, including the use of megaevents (Roche 2000), the construction of iconic buildings, and the rebranding of places based on aspects of their culture. The use of cultural policy at local level is therefore a crucially important aspect of the political economy of the modem city. Several authors (Mooney 2004, Garcia 2004, Wilks-Heeg and Jones 2004, Miles 2005, Paddison 1993, Evans and Shaw 2004, Evans 2005, McGuigan 2004) are concerned with looking at the impacts of cultural policy, or government policy that employs a rhetorical element of culture. However the process of decision making around cultural policy seems to be an uncritically accepted consensus in academic literature. Moreover academic research on cultural policy tends to centre on what forms cultural policy takes (McGuigan 2004, Hewison 1995, Quinn 1998) or on the impacts of cultural policy (Garcia 2004, Evans 2001, Bianchini and Parkinson 1993, Landry 2004). Current research, therefore, often lacks an exploration of how the policy process operates in different places, and at different levels of government. Academic literature often adopts a 'one size fits all' approach that sees cultural policy as continuous across many different places and levels of government (McGuigan 2004, Garcia 2004). This form of academic research into cultural policy also lacks a sustained engagement with what analysts of policy would understand as the policy process (Rhodes 2003).Where this type of policy analysis does exist (e.g. Quilley 1999,2000, Cochrane et a11996) it is specific to geographical areas, and thus raises questions concerning the comparisons of cultural policy in different sites. In order to supplement existing research into cultural policy with an analysis of local decision making the thesis undertakes a comparison between Liverpool and NewcastleGateshead during the years 2001-2005, when the two areas were involved in bids for European Capital of Culture status. The comparison between the two cities shows how local history, politics and culture all shape the governance of cultural policy, creating very different governing arrangements in the two areas. Using insights from political science and urban studies the thesis shows the extent to which cultural policy is enabled or constrained by local circumstances, offering insights that will be of interest to academics, policy-makers and the art and cultural sector.

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39

Tollestrup, Jessica Scott. "Limitation Riders in the Postreform House: A Test of Procedural Cartel and Conditional Party Government Theories." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/398.

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The theoretical debate over the ability of parties and leaders in the House of Representatives to influence legislative decision-making is at the center of much of the literature on Congress. On the one hand, the Procedural Cartel perspective argues that while the tools used by the majority party leadership to assure the triumph of its preferences may vary depending on the institutional context, the basic ability of the leadership to impact legislative outcomes remains consistent. In contrast, Conditional Party Government (CPG) theory posits that any power the majority party and its leadership possesses over legislative decision-making is directly conditioned upon the amount of agreement within the majority party caucus as to collective goals, as well as the amount of ideological polarization that exists between the majority and minority parties. This thesis provides an original test of these two theoretical perspectives by evaluating their comparative ability to account for the proposal and passage of limitation riders on the House floor during the annual appropriations process since the 1980s. Limitation riders provide a good vehicle to test theories of congressional voting as they often have important policy implications in areas of significant controversy. In addition, the extent to which the individual members or legislative parties are able to successfully utilize limitation riders as a means of making substantive policy is indicative of larger patterns of committee or party domination of the floor process. After reviewing the relevant literature on congressional decision-making, this analysis proceeds to outline the theoretical predictions that the Procedural Cartel and CPG perspectives make regarding limitation riders. An original dataset comprised of over 800 limitation riders from the 97th through the 110th Congresses is analyzed both with respect to overall proposal and passage rates as well their party of origin. This study finds that while the CPG perspective is best able to account for what occurs during periods of low polarization and cohesion, Procedural Cartel provides the most accurate prediction of what occurs when polarization and cohesion are high. These findings suggest that, although these theories both have some ability to account for congressional decision-making on the House floor, both of these frameworks need to be revisited so that they can accurately account for what occurs during floor phase of the legislative process.

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40

André, Malin. "Rules of thumb and management of common infections in general practice /." Linköping : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5183.

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41

Shadabi, Fariba, and N/A. "Medical Outcome Prediction: A Hybrid Artificial Neural Networks Approach." University of Canberra. Information Sciences & Engineering, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20070816.130444.

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This thesis advances the understanding of the application of artificial neural networks ensemble to clinical data by addressing the following fundamental question: What is the potentiality of an ensemble of neural networks models as a filter and classifier in a complex clinical situation? A novel neural networks ensemble classification model called Rules and Information Driven by Consistency in Artificial Neural Networks Ensemble (RIDCANNE) is developed for the purpose of prediction of medical outcomes or events, such as kidney transplants. The proposed classification model is based on combination of initial data preparations, preliminary classification by ensembles of Neural Networks, and generation of new training data based on criteria of highly accuracy and model agreement. Furthermore, it can also generate decision tree classification models to provide classification of data and the prediction results. The case studies described in this thesis are from a kidney transplant database and two well-known collections of benchmark data known as the Pima Indian Diabetes and Wisconsin Cancer datasets. An implication of this study is that further attention needs to be given to both data collection and preparation stages. This study revealed that even neural network ensemble models that are known for their strong generalization ability might not be able to provide a high level of accuracy for complex, noisy and incomplete clinical data. However, by using a selective subset of data points, it is possible to improve the overall accuracy. In summary, the research conducted for this thesis advances the current clinical data preparation and classification techniques in which the task is to extract patterns that contain higher information content from a sea of noisy and incomplete clinical data, and build accurate and transparent classifiers. The RIDC-ANNE approach improves an analyst�s ability to better understand the data. Furthermore, it shows great promise for use in clinical decision making systems. It can provide us with a valuable data mining tool with great research and commercial potential.

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42

Durand, Sylvain. "Sur quelques paradoxes en théorie du choix social et en décision multicritère." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006743.

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Les théories du choix social et de la décision multicritère sont fertiles en résultats paradoxaux. C'est à l'étude de quelques-uns d'entre eux qu'est consacrée cette thèse. Nous montrons tout d'abord les liens étroits entre ces deux domaines de recherche. Nous passons alors en revue les principaux paradoxes rencontrés dans ces deux domaines et tentons de classifier les méthodes utilisées pour les expliquer. Nous nous attaquons à notre tour à quatre types de paradoxes. L'étude des restrictions imposées par certaines conditions de transitivité de la méthode majoritaire donne des résultats surprenants. Nous les analysons en introduisant la notion de polydiversité. La règle de prudence (minimax) ne respecte pas l'axiome de cohérence. De plus, les vainqueurs prudents peuvent aussi être des vaincus prudents. Ces paradoxes liés à la prudence sont étudiés théoriquement, en particulier en utilisant la représentation géométrique des profils, et expérimentalement à l'aide de simulations. Pour certaines méthodes, l'amélioration de la position d'un candidat dans la préférence d'un votant peut conduire à une dégradation de sa situation du point de vue de la société. Nous analysons ce paradoxe en détail, en particulier pour les méthodes de rangement construites en itérant une fonction de choix. Nous terminons en étudiant la sensibilité de la méthode prudente et de la méthode de Borda à une variation du poids des critères. La comparaison des valeurs des indicateurs proposés donne des résultats inattendus.

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43

Santos, Fábio José Justo dos. "Sistemas de apoio à decisão em grupo multicritério : uma abordagem baseada em regras fuzzy." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7064.

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Não recebi financiamento
The use of fuzzy logic and fuzzy sets theory applied to decision making process was initially proposed by Bellman and Zadeh (1970). Since then, the arisen of unstructured problems associated with multi-criteria characteristics and group decision making changed the way of dealing with these problems. The evolution of Decision Support Systems (DSS) allowed them, not only to provide data and information, but also to propose solutions to these problems. The goal of this work is to present a framework for the development of DSS that deal with Multi-Criteria Group Decision Making (MCGDM) problems through fuzzy rules. In this approach, we propose a method capable of automatically generating a Fuzzy Rule Base with multi-criteria characteristics for group decision making, that is, different influence degrees for each decider and different importance degrees assigned to each variable are considered in the model. This framework also contains a structural model of a Fuzzy System for Group Decision Support aiming at adding DSS characteristics found in literature to Fuzzy Systems. These characteristics include user/system interactivity and Model Management Subsystem (MMS) described in this work. Finally, a case study designed to validate the model is presented.
O uso da lógica fuzzy e da teoria de conjuntos fuzzy aplicadas ao processo de tomada de decisão foi proposto inicialmente por Bellman e Zadeh (1970). Desde então, os problemas não estruturados associados às características multicritério e de tomada de decisão em grupo alteraram sua forma de tratamento. A evolução presente nos Sistemas de Apoio à Decisão (SAD) fez com que estes sistemas deixassem de fornecer somente dados e informações e passassem também a propor soluções aos problemas analisados. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um framework para o desenvolvimento de SAD que tratem problemas classificados como Multi-Criteria Group Decision Making (MCGDM) com o uso de regras fuzzy. Dentro desta abordagem é apresentado um método capaz de gerar automaticamente uma Base de Regras Fuzzy com características multicritério para tomada de decisão em grupo, ou seja, os diferentes graus de influência de cada decisor e os diferentes graus de importância atribuídos por eles a cada variável são considerados no modelo. Este framework ainda contempla um modelo estrutural de um Sistema Fuzzy para Apoio à Decisão em Grupo com o objetivo de agregar aos sistemas fuzzy as características dos SAD descritas na literatura como, por exemplo, a capacidade de interatividade usuário/sistema e a presença do Subsistema de Gestão de Modelos (SGM), descritos neste trabalho. Por fim, um estudo de caso é realizado para validar o modelo apresentado.

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44

Pillot, Marie-Hélène. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation des déplacements collectifs chez le mouton Mérinos, Ovis aries." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210022.

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This thesis presents a comprehensive set of results, obtained through an innovative experimental methodology, that have important and extensive implications for the fields of integrative biology and complex systems. The main objective of the thesis is to study the inter-individual interactions involved during the initiation and coordination of movement in gregarious vertebrates, and in particular in the sheep Merinos d’Arles (Ovis aries). Key questions are, when an individual initiates a movement, what information is taken into account by conspecifics, how is this information spread across the group, and what mechanisms underlie the collective decision processes? To answer these questions, we created an experimental paradigm to trigger, in a standardized way, the movement of trained individuals that were then placed in a group of naïve conspecifics. Using two types of stimuli, a sound (public) and a vibration (private), we could evaluate the individual response of followers, and the effect of the behavioural state on this response. An additional set of experiments also provided recordings of spontaneous initiations of movement.

Our results suggest that every individual in a group can initiate a collective movement. Our quantitative analysis then showed that, in Mérinos sheep, the individual decision to follow depends on a double mimetic effect; individuals take into account both the number of already departed individuals and the number of individuals which have not yet departed. A comparison between three experimental situations reveals that the decision rule is unique and that the behavioural state of potential followers only slightly affects the collective dynamics.

Our approach, a combination of experimentation and modelling, provides original results that contribute to the understanding of individual and collective decision-making processes, and of the mechanisms involved during collective movement. The experimental paradigm that was proposed here, and the mathematical tools that were used, open interesting perspectives for new experimental studies and for the generalization of the behavioural rules exposed in this thesis.

Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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45

Kolář, Vít. "Umělá inteligence ve hře Bang!" Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-235543.

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The goal of this master's thesis is to create an artificial intelligence for the Bang! game. There is a full description of the Bang! game, it's entire rules, player's using strategy principles and game analysis from UI point of view included. The thesis also resumes methods of the artificial intelligence and summarizes basic information about the domain of game theory. Next part describes way of the implementation in C++ language and it's proceeding with use of Bayes classification and decision trees based on expert systems. Last part represent analysis of altogether positive results and the conclusion with possible further extensions.

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46

Zámečníková, Eva. "FORMÁLNÍ MODEL ROZHODOVACÍHO PROCESU PRO ZPRACOVÁNÍ VYSOKOFREKVENČNÍCH DAT." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-412586.

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Tato disertační práce se zabývá problematikou zpracování vysokofrekvenčních časových řad. Zaměřuje se na návrh algoritmů a metod pro podporu predikce těchto dat. Výsledkem je model pro podporu řízení rozhodovacího procesu implementovaný do platformy pro komplexní zpracování dat. Model navrhuje způsob formalizace množiny podnikových pravidel, které popisují rozhodovací proces. Navržený model musí vyhovovat splnění požadavků na robustnost, rozšiřitelnost, zpracování v reálném čase a požadavkům ekonometriky. Práce shrnuje současné poznatky a metodologie pro zpracování vysokofrekvenčních finančních dat, jejichž zdrojem jsou nejčastěji burzy. První část práce se věnuje popisu základních principů a přístupů používaných pro zpracování vysokofrekvenčních časových dat v současné době. Další část se věnuje popisu podnikových pravidel, rozhodovacího procesu a komplexní platformy pro zpracování vysokofrekvenčních dat a samotnému zpracování dat pomocí zvolené komplexní platformy. Důraz je kladen na výběr a úpravu množiny pravidel, které řídí rozhodovací proces. Navržený model popisuje množinu pravidel pomocí maticové gramatiky. Tato gramatika spadá do oblasti gramatik s řízeným přepisováním a pomocí definovaných matic umožňuje ovlivnit zpracování dat.

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47

Vymětal, Petr. "Koncept, praxe a kultura lobbování v anglofonních zemích." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2004. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77110.

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The regulation of lobbying is a current topic both at the level of international organizations as well as in many European and overseas countries. This work deals with the comparison of the rules on lobbying in selected English-speaking countries. Descriptive, doctrinal and comparative methods are used to analyze the main trends in the lobbying regulation of the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland as well as Australia. The text is structured into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the definition of lobbying and its differences from corrupt dealings; it also covers the types of lobbying activities and the various kinds of lobbyists. The second chapter attempts to contextualize lobbying into the theories of the decision-making process. A comparison of the similarities and differences of the lobbying rules is made and analyzed in the third and fourth chapters. Both the third and the fourth chapter have a similar structure -- first, the general rules and approaches to regulation are introduced, and then a comparison of selected English-speaking countries is made. The third chapter deals with the most common rules for lobbyists; the fourth chapter focuses on the relatively neglected side of lobbying contacts, i.e. the rules for the targets of lobbying (public office holders). In the end, some measures and recommendations for the Czech Republic are also outlined.

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48

Zenunovic, Alma. "Betaltjänstdirektivets inverkan på svensk rätt och dess processuella och institutionella autonomi." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-19902.

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Denna magisteruppsats i offentlig rätt är ämnad att behandla implementeringen av direktivet om betaltjänster på den inre marknaden i svensk rätt. Betaltjänstdirektivet är väsentlig vid inrättande av den inre marknaden inom EU:s medlemsstater, då alla inre gränser skall avlägsnas för att möjliggöra fri rörlighet för varor, personer, tjänster och kapital; i det sammanhanget blir det viktigt med en modern och konsekvent rättslig ram för betaltjänster på EU-nivå. Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka implementeringen av de processuella och materiella bestämmelser i betaltjänstdirektivet som knyter an till principen om god förvaltning och därtill medlemsstaternas processuella och institutionella autonomi. Till de frågor som analyseras hör tolkning av begreppet god förvaltning och hur de utvalda principerna kan identifieras i svensk rätt genom implementeringen av direktivet. God förvaltning i denna uppsats förstås i vid mening som ett begrepp motsvarande vad enskilda har rätt att förvänta sig av det berörda förvaltningsorganet vid handläggning av ett enskilt ärende. Uppsatsen har visat att direktivet innehåller ett flertal bestämmelser som knyter an till principen om god förvaltning och som reglerar hur svenska myndigheter skall handlägga ärenden inom direktivets tillämpningsområde. Uppsatsen har också kunnat påvisa en tydlig påverkan på Sveriges processuella och institutionella autonomi.

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49

Cohen, Jérémie. "Stratégies diagnostiques des pharyngites de l'enfant : du test de diagnostic rapide aux règles de décision clinique." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05S011/document.

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Introduction – La place des tests de diagnostic rapide (TDR) et des règles de décision cliniques (RDC) pour le diagnostic des pharyngites à streptocoque du groupe A (SGA) chez l’enfant varie selon les recommandations internationales en raison de doutes sur la stabilité des performances diagnostiques du TDR et d’une validation insuffisante des RDC. Méthodes – Dans une étude prospective multicentrique (n=17) ambulatoire réalisée au sein du réseau clinique pédiatrique ACTIV de 2009 à 2011, 1776 enfants avec pharyngite ou sains ont été soumis à des prélèvements de gorge pour réaliser un TDR et une mise en culture (test de référence). Nous avons étudié l’effet indépendant de variables liées aux patients et aux médecins sur les performances diagnostiques du TDR, exploré systématiquement les faux-Positifs (FP) du TDR et réalisé une validation externe et une comparaison des RDC existantes. Résultats – La sensibilité du TDR (en moyenne 87%) variait selon la présentation clinique (âge, signes cliniques), l’inoculum bactérien et le phénomène de portage (paramètres aussi liés entre eux), et selon des variables liées aux médecins (dont le type d’activité clinique). La valeur prédictive négative du TDR était élevée (autour de 90%) et stable. Les FP du TDR étaient positifs pour le SGA en PCR. Aucune RDC n’était satisfaisante en termes de calibration et de discrimination. Conclusion – Le TDR est suffisant pour le diagnostic de pharyngite à SGA si les cliniciens évaluent leurs propres performances et les améliorent si besoin. Aucune RDC ne peut être recommandée en pratique clinique en pédiatrie
Background – The roles of rapid antigen detection tests (RADT) and clinical prediction rules (CPR) for the diagnosis of group A streptococcus (GAS) in children with pharyngitis vary across international clinical guidelines. This might be related to unstable diagnostic accuracy of RADTs and insufficient validation of CPRs. Methods – In a prospective multicenter (n=17) office-Based study that took place in France within the ACTIV network between 2009 and 2011, 1776 children with pharyngitis or healthy controls underwent throat swabs to perform a RADT and a throat culture (reference standard). We assessed the independent effect of patient- and physician-Level characteristics on the accuracy of a RADT, systematically re-Analyzed RADT false-Positive results, and externally validated and compared existing CPRs. Results – RADT sensitivity (overall 87%) varied according to clinical signs and symptoms, bacterial inoculum size and GAS throat carriage (factors also related to each other), and according to physician-Level characteristics (including type of clinical practice). RADT negative predictive value was high (about 90%) and stable. RADT false-Positives were positive for GAS when using a new PCR technique. No CPR had sufficient performances regarding calibration and discrimination. Conclusions – RADTs are sufficient for diagnosing GAS pharyngitis if clinicians accept diagnostic accuracy monitoring and adequate training when needed. No CPR can be recommended for use in pediatrics

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Dohou, Hontongnon Expédit Léon. "L'évolution du droit de l'environnement au regard du concept de développement durable dans les pays de l'Afrique de l'Ouest francophone." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30011.

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Le concept de développement durable fut promu à la Conférence de Rio de 1992avec l’adoption d’un certain nombre d’instruments juridiques. Le droit africain s’estprobablement adapté aux règles et aux principes inhérents au concept avec, commeconséquence, la refonte ou la révision des codes ou lois de protection del’environnement. Face aux problèmes environnementaux récurrents, à la difficilegestion intégrée des ressources en eau, à l’opérationnalisation critique de la solidaritéà l’eau potable pour tous, à la gouvernance environnementale défaillante, la questionde l’évolution efficiente du droit de l’environnement africain au regard du conceptde développement durable se pose. Il se révèle un insuccès de la saisie du conceptpar le droit africain. Au final, un nouveau modèle de droit de l’environnement, auprofit des pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, s’avère nécessaire
The concept of sustainable development was promoted in the Rio Conference in1992 with the adoption of a number of legal instruments. African law has probablyadapted to the rules and principles inherent to the concept with, as a consequence,consolidation or revision of codes and laws to protect the environment. Facingrecurrent environmental problems, the difficult Integrated water resources, criticaloperationalization of solidarity drinking water for all, the failed environmentalgovernance, the question of the efficient development of the law of the Africanenvironment in relation to the concept of sustainable development arises. It proves afailure in the seizure of the concept by the African law. Finally, a new model ofenvironmental law in favor of the countries of West Africa is necessary

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