Статті в журналах: "Decision-making proce"

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Kartashov, Igor I., and Ivan I. Kartashov. "Artificial intelligence: criminal and procedural aspects." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 17 (2021): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2021-5-17-75-89.

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For millennia, mankind has dreamed of creating an artificial creature capable of thinking and acting “like human beings”. These dreams are gradually starting to come true. The trends in the development of modern so-ciety, taking into account the increasing level of its informatization, require the use of new technologies for information processing and assistance in de-cision-making. Expanding the boundaries of the use of artificial intelligence requires not only the establishment of ethical restrictions, but also gives rise to the need to promptly resolve legal problems, including criminal and proce-dural ones. This is primarily due to the emergence and spread of legal expert systems that predict the decision on a particular case, based on a variety of parameters. Based on a comprehensive study, we formulate a definition of artificial intelligence suitable for use in law. It is proposed to understand artificial intelligence as systems capable of interpreting the received data, making optimal decisions on their basis using self-learning (adaptation). The main directions of using artificial intelligence in criminal proceedings are: search and generalization of judicial practice; legal advice; preparation of formalized documents or statistical reports; forecasting court decisions; predictive jurisprudence. Despite the promise of using artificial intelligence, there are a number of problems associated with a low level of reliability in predicting rare events, self-excitation of the system, opacity of the algorithms and architecture used, etc.

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Tomić, Vesna. "Decision making in adolescents." Zdravstvena zastita 35, no. 6 (2006): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zz0605033t.

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Markelov, Alexander G. "THE IDEA OF COMPROMISE IN THE RUSSIAN CRIMINAL PROCESS AS A MEANING OF COURT ACTIVITY OF CRIME." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo, no. 39 (2021): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22253513/39/4.

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The article proposes an original approach that explains the obvious ideological nature of the use of compromise technologies on certain alternative procedures of the Russian criminal process and is considered as an applied tool for combating crime. Such proposals occur against the background of an obvious trend of humanization of punishment and exemption from criminal responsibility of certain categories of persons. The author claims justifiably that new prospectiveand at the same time conflict-free (compromise) forms of criminal procedure for the rapid resolution of criminal cases have been created in the Russian criminal process.At the same time, the author believes that one of the most important advantages of the use of compromise technologies, provided that there are no aggravating circumstances, is the ability to resolve the criminal-law conflict between the parties concerned quickly and create a favorable environment of reciprocity and understanding. The author believes that the idea of compromise as a certain measure of combating crime has already been implemented in modern procedural algorithms for resolving criminal cases through reduced criminal proceedings in the form of an inquiry, specific (compromise) proce-dures in the form of: the court making a final decision on a criminal case with the consent of the accused with the charge brought by the investigating authorities; the court making a final decision on a criminal case when concluding a pre-trial agreement on cooperation (a deal with justice); proceedings in a criminal case on the appointment of criminal-law measures in the form of a court fine when a person is exempt from criminal liability; a termination of the criminal case and criminal prosecution against the suspect or accused in conjunction with the reconciliation of the parties, a termination of criminal prosecution against the suspect or accused in conjunction with active repentance, a termination of criminal prosecution against the suspect or accused in cases of crimes in the field of economic activity, the election of certain preventive measures and the conduct of the individual investigative actions under the individual compromise circumstances. The author believes that the construction of a legal model of criminal procedure compro-mise as a measure to counter modern crime will contribute to the optimization of the Russian criminal proceedings in the interests of the individual, society and the state as a whole. The work proposes the justification of a new scientific direction - the criminal procedure concept of using compromise - and the prospects for its application in scientific research and practical activities to counter modern crime.

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Jasikovac, Miomir. "The process of decision-making in crises." Vojno delo 71, no. 2 (2019): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo1901055j.

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Bark, Dong-Suh, and Young-Whan Kihl. "Decision-Making and Its Specification Process of Food Policy in Korea." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 3 (December 31, 1988): 92–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps03006.

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Since the Military Revolution in 1961 Korean government officials have been concerned about solving problems involved in agricultural or food policy. However, farmers are still kept in a predicament mainly due to the improperties contained in the policy-making process. In this study, to define the reasons for the difficulties involved in food policy, policy-making process as well as its specifications were examined based on the objectives, participants, and the contents of food policy in Korea. Because policy-making is largely dependent upon political or administrative structures, a comparative study was conducted to see the radical changes in food policy before and after the Yu-shin Revitalizing Reformation in 1972. Before the Reformation, farmers fell victim for the economic development which was the moral obligations of the military government. Thus top priority in food policy was set on price stabilization rather than achieving self-sufficient food supply or boosting farmers' incomes. Likewise government officials were more concerned about politics, that is, winning elections. However, political concern has become less decisive after the Reformation, and administrative power has become more dominant in terms of policy-making. In addition to such a change, food supply situation has deteriorated due to poor harvests and the public's improved diet. Therefore, rice price has been maintained at a considerably high level, and government officials have become aware of the importance of boosting farmers' incomes. But there still is a room for improvement on the part of participants.

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Myślińska, Marzena. "The Processes of Application of Law and the Decision Making in Mediation Process." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 24, no. 2 (May 27, 2015): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2015.24.2.115.

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Lobão, Júlio. "Culture, learning and rational decision-making: evidence from a TV show." Decyzje 2020, no. 34 (December 15, 2020): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7206/dec.1733-0092.144.

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This paper analyzes the French and the Vietnamese versions of the TV game show “The Price is Right”, using data from 130 episodes. We focus on the bidding game, covering 434 rounds and 1,736 bids. We document that players deviate signifi cantly from what is predicted by the model of rational expectations, especially in the French population. Moreover, Vietnamese fourth bidders are found to win more frequently than their French counterparts in spite of using strategic bids less often. We attribute these results to cultural reasons. Contestants from the collectivistic, uncertainty-tolerant culture (i.e., Vietnam) are more reluctant to engage in strategic bidding than individuals from the individualistic, uncertainty-avoidant culture (i.e., France). However, Vietnamese contestants pay more attention to the estimates of the previous players and thus make a better use of the informational advantage inherent to the sequential nature of the game. Overall, our evidence suggests that culture is an important omitted variable in studies that examine cross-country differences in decision-making.

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Ljubojević, Gordana, and Goran Dašić. "Boards attributes and their implications on decision-making process." Menadzment u hotelijerstvu i turizmu 6, no. 1 (2018): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/menhottur1801019l.

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Abdulzahra Hamdan, Ahmed, and Safaa Ali Hussein. "Cooperative decision-making on fiscal and monetary policy in Iraq using the prisoner’s dilemma." Banks and Bank Systems 15, no. 4 (December 9, 2020): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(4).2020.08.

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This paper investigates the interaction between fiscal and monetary policy in Iraq after 2003 using the prisoner’s dilemma.The paper aims to determine the best form of coordination between these policies to achieve their goals; payoff matrix for both policies was constructed. To achieve the purpose, the quantitative approach was applied using several methods, including regression, building payoff matrices and decision analysis using a number of software.The results of the monetary policy payment function show that inflation rate has an inverse relationship with the auctions of selling foreign currency and a positive relationship with the government’s activity, while the fiscal policy function shows that real growth is positively related to price levels (the inverted Phillips curve) and correlates with the government’s activity. After using the Gambit Solution to determine the Nash balance, which is achieved through the expansion strategies of both policies to confirm the results, the Promethee-Gaia method was used for multi-criteria decision making. When the two policies interact with similar forces (50% each), the best decision is one of the expansionary strategies that help achieve their main objectives in the short and long term, represented by price stability and economic growth.The main conclusion is that the best way to achieve the goals of economic policy in Iraq is that the coordination of procedures between the two policies should be expansionary, since the Iraqi economy needs to be stimulated due to the under-exploitation of many its sectors, such as agriculture and industry.

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JURTELA, JURIJ. "NOV PRISTOP NAPOVEDOVANJA IN ODLOČANJA V PROCESU IZBIRE IN DELOVANJA NA CILJ." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2013/ ISSUE 15/1 (May 30, 2013): 63–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179//bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.15.1.4.

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Predmet raziskovanja so procesi odločanja na podlagi večkriterijskih odločitvenih modelov na podlagi mehke logike. Kot interdisciplinarno je področje uporabno tudi v vojaških procesih odločanja, kjer se že uporablja v tehniki vodenja različnih vojaških sistemov in procesih odločanja nabave specialnih vojaških sredstev. Zaznani so pristopi, ki so bližje obravnavani temi procesov odločanja in obvladujejo bolj celovita področja delovanja. Predvsem so z njimi že bile ocenjene grožnje delovanja in ovrednotene metode napovedovanja rezultatov. Kot neraziskane vojaške teme ostajajo procesi odločanja. Ti so zaradi svoje kompleksnosti nekoliko zahtevnejša tema in hkrati večji izziv. Realizacija sistema, ki na podlagi večkriterijskih odločitvenih modelov lažje, hitreje in uspešneje napove odločitveni proces, pa je osnovni cilj dela. The subject of research is the processes of making decisions on the basis of multi- criteria decision models based on fuzzy logic. As an interdisciplinary field, it comes useful in military decision-making processes. In this respect, it is already being used in various military-oriented management systems and decision-making processes in the procurement of specialized military assets. Some approaches have been identified that are closer to the discussed subject of decision-making processes and control more com- prehensive areas of operation. They have mainly been used to assess operation threats and evaluate result prediction methods. Decision-making processes thus remain a non- explored military issue. Due to their complexity, they remain a somewhat difficult topic and at the same time more challenging. The basic aim of this work is therefore the realization of a system, which uses multi-criteria decision-making models to facilitate, speed up and predict more successfully the decision-making process.

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Havlík, Martin. "Actionable Intelligence – Supporting Instrument for Commander’s Decision-making Process." Vojenské rozhledy 25, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3849/1210-3292.25.2016.01.061-072.

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FAGANEL, ROMAN, and DRAGOMIR ČEVRIZ. "ANALITIČNI PRISTOP K NAČRTOVANJU VIROV IN SPREJEMANJU ODLOČITEV V OBRAMBNEM SISTEMU." SECURITY FORCES OF THE FUTURE/VARNOSTNE SILE PRIHODNOSTI, VOLUME 2017 ISSUE 19/4 (November 15, 2017): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.19.4.5.

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Povzetek V prispevku opredeljujemo ožji koncept načrtovanja obrambnih virov (poudarek je na finančnih virih), ki temelji na dejanjih in rezultatih ter presega odločitve le na podlagi intuicije za doseganje boljših rezultatov pri odločanju, razporejanju in načrtovanju vojaških sredstev ter zmogljivosti. Viri v sodobnih vojaških organizacijah so omejeni in prav njihova načrtna/namenska dodelitev in racionalna izraba oziroma poraba predstavlja velik izziv sodobnega načrtovanja. Za doseganje optimalnih rezultatov je zelo pomembno razumevanje in poznavanje obstoječih virov, njihovo razporejanje in upravljanje znotraj vojaške organizacije. Nepravilno razporejeni viri prinašajo dodatne negativne posledice, kot so višji stroški, tehnološki zaostanek in zmanjševanje možnosti reševanja življenj. Z analitičnim pristopom upravljanja se oblikuje temeljna podlaga za raziskovanje vzrokov, procesov in pojavov odstopanj od načrtovanja virov skozi kratkoročna, srednjeročna in dolgoročna obdobja obrambnega načrtovanja. Predstavljena je metodologija procesa obrambnega načrtovanja, ki je osredotočena predvsem na kvantitativne pristope kot komplementarni del kvalitativnemu segmentu raziskovanja. Ključne besede: Upravljanje virov, intuicija, analiza stroškov in koristi, ekonomska analiza, matematični analitični modeli, proces odločanja. Abstract In the article, we define a narrow concept of defence expenditure planning (with the emphasis on financial resources), which is based on the acts and results and exceeds intuition-based decisions and achieve better results in decision making, allocating and planning of military assets and capabilities. Resources in modern military organizations are limited and it is their planned or eligible allocation and rational use and consumption that represent a major challenge in modern planning. In order to achieve optimum results, understanding and awareness of the existing resources, their allocation and management within a military organization are crucial. Incorrectly allocated resources bring additional adverse consequences, such as higher costs, technological backlog and reduced possibility of saving lives. An analytical management approach creates the basis for exploring the causes, processes and phenomena of deviations from resource planning through short-term, medium-term and long-term defence planning periods. The article presents the methodology of the defence planning process, which is mainly focused on quantitative approaches as a complementary part of the qualitative research segment. Key words: Resource management, intuition, cost-benefit analysis, economic analysis, mathematical analytical models, decision-making process.

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Lynch, Lori, and Cheryl Brown. "Landowner Decision Making about Riparian Buffers." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 32, no. 3 (December 2000): 585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800020678.

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AbstractA two-stage model is used to examine a landowner's decision to use riparian buffers. First, the farmer chooses whether to continue farming or to sell the land for development. If the farmer continues farming, then he or she must decide whether or not to plant a buffer. If the farmer plants a buffer, he or she must choose its type: trees or grass. Simulations of a representative farmer determine the parameters and parameter values that affect each decision. The farmer chooses to plant a buffer unless the net crop price is high or the land rental rate is low. The choice of buffer type is affected by crop price, farm size, relative incentive payments, relative cost share rates, and amount of deer damage.

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Vogel, G. "Cognition: Scientists Probe Feelings Behind Decision-Making." Science 275, no. 5304 (February 28, 1997): 1269–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5304.1269.

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Shevchenko, Hanna, and Mykola Petrushenko. "Managing change in nature-based tourism: A decision-making model using linear programming." Problems and Perspectives in Management 20, no. 2 (May 4, 2022): 199–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(2).2022.17.

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In conditions of forced isolation, nature-based tourism meets the needs of safe and comfortable recreation and travel combined with the solution of acute issues of medical treatment and rehabilitation during the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. This study aims to develop a model for decision-making on change management in nature tourism based on the approach of linear economic and mathematical programming. The paper formalized changes in the variability of objective function parameters of the model and the system of its restrictions, following the structure of assets of nature-based tourism, balanced by the sustainability principle. The algorithm for implementing the model includes four stages: collection and processing of relevant data on nature-based tourism; considering changes in the objective function and the system of its limitations; linear programming with variability tests using the simplex method; defining ranges/limits in which decisions are made. The initial data are summarized and averaged based on the primary data analysis on the functioning of sanatoriums and other tourist and recreational facilities in Ukraine. Short-term nature-based tourism is considered, the services of which are classified according to the criterion of the primary purpose of travel: “wow-effect” tourism, sports tourism, health tourism, traditional recreation, and green tourism. The results make it possible to substantiate decisions on changes in recreational land areas and human resources, on the limits of changes in income due to the dynamics of service prices, as well as determine the price range while maintaining income structure and sustainability limits for natural and human assets of nature-based tourism. AcknowledgmentThe paper contains the results of a study conducted under the National Academy of Science of Ukraine’s grant Formation and Use of Natural-Resource Assets of the Recreational and Tourism Sphere (0120U100159) and the Nominal Scholarship of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for Young Scientists-Doctors of Sciences for 2021 (0121U113482).

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Chang, Chiao-Yun Connie. "Does Price Matter? How Price Influences Online Consumer Decision-Making." Japanese Journal of Administrative Science 22, no. 3 (2009): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5651/jaas.22.245.

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Walsh, Robert J. "Evidence Of Investors Responses To Managerial Investment Decision-Making." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 15, no. 3 (August 30, 2011): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v15i3.5671.

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<span>This paper investigates the stock price reaction of some pre-management buyout (MBO) investment decisions of managers. This paper finds that managers who engage in non-acquisition type investment expenditures (like plant expansions) in the pre-MBO period could lower the firms stock price. In addition, managers whose companies buy the assets or a stake in another firm give their company a positive stock price movement. Lastly, there is a statistically significant difference in stock price reaction depending on whether the investment expenditure is non-acquisition or acquisition.</span>

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Etemad, Seyedeh Soma, Soleiman Mohammadi Limaei, Leif Olsson, and Rasoul Yousefpour. "Forest management decision-making using goal programming and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process approaches (case study: Hyrcanian forests of Iran)." Journal of Forest Science 65, No. 9 (October 6, 2019): 368–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/46/2019-jfs.

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The aim of this study is to determine the optimum stock level in the forest. In this research, a goal programming method was used to estimate the optimal stock level of different tree species considering environmental, economic and social issues. We consider multiple objectives in the process of decision-making to maximize carbon sequestration, net present value and labour. We used regression analysis to make a forest growth model and allometric functions for the quantification of carbon budget. Expected mean price is estimated using wood price and variable harvesting costs to determine the net present value of forest harvesting. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is applied to determine the weights of goals using questionnaires filled in by experts in order to generate the optimal stock level. According to the results of integrated goal programming approach and fuzzy analytic hierarchy processes, optimal volume for each species was calculated. The findings indicate that environmental, economic and social outcomes can be achieved in a multi-objective forestry program for the future forest management plans.

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Dong, An Youa, Zhong Fu Tan, Li Qiong Lin, and Li Wei Ju. "Energy Price Policy Decision-Making Model under Energy Conservation Environment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 389 (August 2013): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.389.113.

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When the price of one commodity changes, its social demand will also change. As a motivation for the social economic development, once energy consumption price changes, producers will change the product price which will affect the final consumers and cause the social demand changes. The change of every social products price and demand will directly affect the gross social production value .And every products different price elasticity will change the economy structure and energy consumption situation which will further affect the emission pollution. So grasping the implementing effects of energy price policy helps to formulate a proper energy price policy, optimize the economic structure, improve the energy efficiency and lower the pollution emission level without seriously influencing the economic development. This paper focuses on the differential power pricing policy and sets up its influencing and decision-making models to the energy price policy.

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Moreira Paulo Tolentino, Pedro Henrique, Lívia Graziele Rodrigues, Érica Miranda de Torres, Ademir Franco, and Rhonan Ferreira Silva. "Tooth Extractions in Patients with Periodontal Diseases and Clinical Decision-Making Process." Acta Stomatologica Croatica 53, no. 2 (June 15, 2019): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15644/asc53/2/6.

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Lu, Zhi Jian, Yuan Xin Sun, and Ru Liang Yang. "Optimization of Energy Performance Contract Production Decision-Making." Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.366.

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EPC have an important role in promoting energy conservation and emission reduction in China. With the rapid development of the energy services industry, ESCOs faced with the problem how to make investment decisions about pricing and performance levels. This paper reference one monopoly pricing and performance level joint decision model into a single market, put forward the EPC price and performance level joint optimal decision model, and then solves it to obtain the optimal price and the best performance level. Lastly we take a numerical example to analyze Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) how to choose the performance level to obtain maximal profit. Result show that price sensitivity and performance level sensitivity of demand have an impact on the performance level choosing ; the highest rate of return on investment and maximum profit could be obtain at a lower performance level.

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Šugrova, Michaela, Marek Plachy, Ľudmila Nagyova, and Jozef Šumichrast. "Decision-making process of tomatoes purchase by generation Z: case study in the Slovak Republic." Innovative Marketing 16, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.16(1).2020.07.

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The paper aims to investigate and assess the decision-making process of young Slovak consumers – generation Z – in the purchase of tomatoes. The respondents participatet in a questionnaire survey and blind testing of four tomato samples (two samples were Slovak and another two were foreign tomatoes). For a deeper analysis of the collected data, five scientific hypotheses were formulated. The accuracy of provided hypotheses was verified using the following mathematical-statistical methods: Chi-Square test of independence, Mann-Whitney U-test, and as Chi test for equality of proportions between two samples. The research results show that generation Z buys tomatoes once a week or several times a month. Moreover, it was found out that most young consumers are mostly influenced by freshness, taste, quality of tomatoes, and general appearance, the least by packaging, brand/specific tomato grower, information on the packaging and references. According to all observed attributes within the blind testing of tomato by the respondents, the best-evaluated sample was the Slovak sample of tomatoes – the sample B. Subsequently, all respondents were provided with information about the tested tomatoes, and it can be stated that they would also actually buy Slovak sample B in the store. Finally, one can state that the higher price of this sample has no significant impact on the respondents of generation Z.

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Jedlińska, Kaja, and Tadeusz Olkuski. "The decision-making process in the EU in the field of energy policy." Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 22, no. 1 (March 29, 2019): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33223/epj/103122.

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Zhao, J. H., Z. Y. Dong, and X. Li. "Electricity market price spike forecasting and decision making." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 1, no. 4 (2007): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd:20060217.

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Bond, Gary D., Daniel M. Malloy, Laura A. Thompson, Elizabeth A. Arias, and Shannon N. Nunn. "Post‐probe decision making in a prison context." Communication Monographs 71, no. 3 (September 2004): 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0363452042000288328.

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Lobachevska, Ganna, and Claus-Heinrich Daub. "The role of Corporate Social Responsibility in the decision-making process of consumers in Ukraine." Innovative Marketing 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.17(1).2021.07.

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This paper aims to investigate the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) companies on consumer buying behavior in the Ukrainian market. The qualitative data for this study were collected with the help of semi-structured interviews conducted with a total of 10 respondents, including 5 Ukrainian consumers (with different levels of responsible consumption adoption) and 5 CSR experts from FMCG companies located in Ukraine (both local and global; with CSR adoption level varying from low to well-developed). The data obtained for this study revealed that the level of consumer awareness about CSR in Ukraine is still low. However, the level of awareness and the actual consumption of responsible products are constantly growing. The results also show that Ukrainian consumers who already have some level of awareness about CSR perceive CSR communication as more credible when it does not originate from the company directly or is endorsed by a third party. At the same time, interviewed experts stated that to raise awareness among the wider population, FMCG companies have to communicate their CSR achievements directly and massively. Ukrainian consumers are mostly impacted by the product-related CSR type, such as bio-ingredients and sustainable packaging. Price premium for responsible products is the key factor that causes the “intention-behavior gap” in Ukraine.Practitioners from the FMCG industry in Ukraine may use the information provided by this study to shape their CSR strategies, which will allow them to cater to societal demands and, as a result, impact consumer buying behavior.

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Jia, Xingxing. "Decision-making of online channels under three power structures." Measurement and Control 53, no. 3-4 (January 6, 2020): 296–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019879172.

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In recent years, e-commerce has developed rapidly. Many manufacturers are beginning to integrate with the Internet and regard online platforms, such as online marketplaces and self-owned online malls, as important sale channels for their products. Considering the difference of shopping experience between the two online channels, this paper models price and service competition between the two channels. This paper discusses the decisions of supply chain participants with three power structures, that is, the manufacturer Stackelberg game, the online marketplace firm Stackelberg game, and the Nash game. The results show that the channel service level and the consumer sensitivity to channel service positively affect the channel price and demand. We characterize a threshold for the wholesale price. When the wholesale price is below the threshold, the channel prices are lowest in the Nash game, and when the wholesale price is greater than the threshold, the channel prices are lowest when the manufacture acts as the leader. Differentiated services can improve the supply chain participants’ profits and the system’s profit compared with the same service. More interestingly, this paper finds that the online marketplace firm should pay attention to improving its service level, while the manufacturer should pay attention to other work differently, such as focusing on generating promotional value and shaping corporate brand image by the self-owned online mall channel.

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Yun, Shi. "Decision-making under Market Indeterminacy." Journal of Finance Research 5, no. 2 (December 2, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/jfr.v5i2.6910.

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The Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH) is the focusing topic in the past 50 years of financial market researches. Many empirical studies are then provided that want to test EMH but have no consensus. The perception of EMH determines the attitude and strategy of participants and regulators in financial market. One perception of EMH argues that investors’ behavior of seeking abnormal profits and arbitrage drives prices to their ‘‘correct’’ value. Investigating the “correct” value derives the concept of “market indeterminacy”. It means the inability to determine whether stock prices are efficient or inefficient. Market indeterminacy pervades stock markets because “correct” prices are unknown because of imperfect information and model sensitivity. Market indeterminacy makes arbitrage risky and makes event studies unreliable in some policy and litigation applications. The concept of market efficiency is needed to be re-recognized considering the mechanism of price formation. In order to further research and practice in law and financial market, there needs a view from the “jumping together” of disparate disciplines. Adaptive Markets Hypothesis(AMH) that using the evolutionary principles in financial market is a new viewpoint oncognitive decision and deserves to be paid more attention to.

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Borgesius, Frederik Zuiderveen. "Price Discrimination, Algorithmic Decision-Making, and European Non-Discrimination Law." European Business Law Review 31, Issue 3 (May 1, 2020): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2020017.

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Our society can benefit immensely from algorithmic decision-making and similar types of artificial intelligence. But algorithmic decision-making can also have discriminatory effects. This paper examines that problem, using online price differentiation as an example of algorithmic decision-making. With online price differentiation, a company charges different people different prices for identical products, based on information the company has about those people. The main question in this paper is: to what extent can non-discrimination law protect people against online price differentiation? The paper shows that online price differentiation and algorithmic decision-making could lead to indirect discrimination, for instance harming people with a certain ethnicity. Indirect discrimination occurs when a practice is neutral at first glance, but ends up discriminating against people with a protected characteristic, such as ethnicity. In principle, non-discrimination law prohibits indirect discrimination. The paper also shows, however, that non-discrimination law has flaws when applied to algorithmic decision-making. For instance, algorithmic discrimination can remain hidden: people may not realise that they are being discriminated against. And many types of unfair – some might say discriminatory – algorithmic decisions are outside the scope of current non-discrimination law. price discrimination, price differentiation, personalised pricing, dynamic pricing, algorithmic decision-making, big data, artificial intelligence, fairness, law, equality, non-discrimination law, human rights, fundamental rights.

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Kużelewska, Elżbieta. "Do the Poles Influence the Decision-Making Process by Applying Direct Democracy Instruments?" Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio M, Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis 1, no. 1-2 (February 10, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/bc.2016.1.1-2.123.

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Rothenberg, Lori, and Delisia Matthews. "Consumer decision making when purchasing eco-friendly apparel." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 45, no. 4 (April 10, 2017): 404–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-06-2016-0099.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the realistic trade-offs young consumers make when purchasing organic T-shirts. Design/methodology/approach A full profile discrete choice design was used. The data were analysed using a multinomial logit model and desirability indices. Findings Price was the most important attribute to consumers followed by the place of production and then sustainability. Consumers were most willing to purchase T-shirts that are eco-friendly, Made In America, made from wrinkle-free technology and cotton jersey knit fabric, and have a price of $15. Although consumers were most willing to pay $15, some were still willing to pay $25 or even $35 for the same eco-friendly T-shirt. Practical implications Consumers in the current study were more willing to purchase eco-friendly as opposed to organic apparel. The findings suggest that retailers need to consider the language used when communicating with consumers. Also, consumers were more willing to purchase T-shirts Made In America. Retailers may want to promote their domestic manufacturing through in-depth branding and promotions. Originality/value In order to identify the attributes to be used in the current study, labels on T-shirts in stores were examined and then those attributes were verified in the literature. In addition, the inclusion of price as an attribute, rather than as a separate independent question, provides a more realistic view of young consumers’ decision making.

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Su, Limin, Tianze Wang, Huimin Li, Yongchao Chao, and Lunyan Wang. "MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING FOR IDENTIFICATION OF UNBALANCED BIDDING." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 26, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2019.11568.

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Unbalanced bidding is a serious problem in the competitive bidding practices of construction projects. Identification and prevention of unbalanced bidding is an important and complexity task for owners. This paper aims to propose an identification model of unbalanced bidding from multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) perspective. The VIKOR method is employed to detect unbalanced bidding, in which the line items and bidders are considered as criteria and alternatives in MCDM, respectively. And the engineer’s estimated price is chosen as evaluation benchmarking. Then relative distances between engineer’s estimated price and each bidding unit price are calculated to build decision matrix. The weights of factors are determined using entropy weight method. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model, an application example is tested in detecting unbalanced bidding. Finally, the sensitivity analysis about VIKOR method is given. It shows that the presented model would provide a robust decision making support for owner in identifying unbalanced bidding.

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Wei, Guangxing, Yanling Yao, and Yanhong Qin. "Optimal Decision-Making of Low-Carbon Supply Chain Incorporating Fairness Concerns." Journal of Systems Science and Information 7, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2019-283-12.

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Abstract The optimal decision-making of the low-carbon supply chain incorporating fairness concerns, such as the effort of reducing carbon emissions, the whole sale price and retail price, is analyzed by taking the Nash bargaining solution as the fairness reference point. The following conclusions are found. Firstly, the wholesale price is strongly influenced by the fairness concern of the manufacturer but weakly influenced by that of the retailer, although both statistically significantly. Secondly, both the manufacturer’s and retailer’s fairness concerns reduce carbon emissions dramatically to nearly the same extent. Thirdly, the effect of the manufacturer’s fairness concern on the retail price is so tiny that it can almost be ignored, while the retailer’s fairness concern changes the retail price remarkably.

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Zou, Hao, Jin Qin, Peng Yang, and Bo Dai. "A Coordinated Revenue-Sharing Model for a Sustainable Closed-Loop Supply Chain." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 3198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093198.

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This study takes a sustainable closed-loop supply chain composed of one manufacturer and two price-competitive retailers as the object and considers the two-way risk aversion characteristics of manufacturers and retailers in examining the coordination mechanism in a closed-loop supply chain. Using game theory, optimal decision-making on wholesale prices, retail prices, and recycling prices are explored under decentralized and centralized decision-making scenarios, and representative expressions are established. By analyzing the effects of the risk aversion coefficient on players’ optimal strategies, we found that the manufacturer’s and retailers’ risk aversion coefficients have different effects on the wholesale price, retail price, and recycling price under decentralized decision-making, while in a centralized decision-making scenario, the effects are the same. The comparison also found that the wholesale price and recovery price under the centralized decision-making scenario are higher than those under decentralized decision-making. To achieve closed-loop supply chain coordination, we propose a revenue-sharing contract that we demonstrate by coordinating price competition with risk aversion and analyze a range of parameters that influence the revenue-sharing contract. The results show that the proposed contract can increase the profits of supply chain members by identifying the optimal revenue-sharing ratio.

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Remeňová, Katarína, and Jakub Kintler. "How a pricing decisions are decided and executed." SHS Web of Conferences 83 (2020): 01056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208301056.

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Marketing and management studies are rich in the theoretical backround related to price strategy and pricing. However, consistent with the lack of interest in complexity of decision making process in price management. The purpose of the research study is to identify all stages in decision – making process in price management in Slovak enterprises and to measure their mutual association and their dependence on elements of organizational parameters. Based on the results of descriptive statistics on decision making process in price management, we can say that companies go through an average of four steps in the decision-making process (M = 4.72), with higher variability (SD=3.02), compared to the mean.

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Sukma, Prima Melati, and Cutifa Safitri. "Post-Pandemic Hotel Decision Criteria Analysis Using Decision Making Methods." Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science 7, no. 1 (September 29, 2022): 94–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.25126/jitecs.202271388.

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This paper proposes an optimized hybrid process of the Analytic Hierarchy Process with the Simple Additive Weighting method for hotel decision-making. This study is important as many sectors including tourism are striving in the post-pandemic era. The proposed hypothesis is proven through a study case of hotel selection which included four factors for the criteria in decision-making, namely price, facilities, class, and location. The supported literature review on the topic described both methods are still widely used for the decision-making process. This study critically analyzed the importance of the selected factors. The superiority of this approach is to measure the validity by considering the depreciated value. To validate our findings, a group of sampling is done by performing the hybrid methods. Calculated results revealed the proposed methods achieve the decision-making process, the hybrid AHP – SAW model was found to be an effective method for assessing the hotel selection process.

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Wei, Liying. "Decision-making Behaviours toward Online Shopping." International Journal of Marketing Studies 8, no. 3 (May 25, 2016): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v8n3p111.

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<p>The development of online shopping services is stimulated by both retailers and consumers, and understanding the decision-making behaviours of consumers becomes one of the crucial issues for retailers. Decision-making process, which refers to brand choice and price sensitivity, is unique in online purchase. Several motivation factors, such as situational factors, characteristics of products as well as the experience of previous e-shopping can influence consumers’ attitudes to shop online. Moreover, available decision support systems can help people to make wise decisions among overwhelming information. A successful online retailer—ASOS is chosen as an example of how consumers’ decision making can be supported through the online arena. As a suggestion, trust building and maintaining, brand loyalty building as well as recommendation agent are key points of online retailers’ development in future. Furthermore, introduction of customer design system is the key contribution of this paper and detailed illustration of that is stated in suggestions and conclusion.</p>

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Kocabıyıkoğlu, Ayşe, Celile Itır Göğüş, and M. Sinan Gönül. "Decision Making and the Price Setting Newsvendor: Experimental Evidence." Decision Sciences 47, no. 1 (August 24, 2015): 157–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/deci.12158.

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Hennessy, David A., and Thomas I. Wahl. "The Effects of Decision Making on Futures Price Volatility." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 78, no. 3 (August 1996): 591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1243277.

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van Boom, Willem H. "Price Intransparency, Consumer Decision Making and European Consumer Law." Journal of Consumer Policy 34, no. 3 (June 28, 2011): 359–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10603-011-9163-8.

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Krit Ikram and Salah-ddine Krit. "Using Accounting Information In Decision-Making Process." Restaurant Business 118, no. 9 (September 30, 2019): 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i9.8652.

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Accounting system represents as the language of business because cost, price, sales volume, profits and return on investment are all accounting measurements and the purpose of accounting is to provide information that is useful for decision-making. This paper aimed to explain and clarify the important of using accounting information in decision-making process, to meet the requested administrative needs to rationalize the administrative decision of the company. In the field of data, we used primary sources and secondary sources to achieve the objectives of the study and answer its questions. Through this approach, we obtained the data constituting the theoretical framework of the study. While the practical setting depends on an interview.

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Watson, Iain, Steve Wood, and John Fernie. "“Passivity”: a model of grocery retail price decision-making practice." European Journal of Marketing 49, no. 7/8 (July 13, 2015): 1040–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-01-2014-0047.

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Purpose – This paper aims to explore the applied context of grocery retail pricing practice to understand how pricing executives approach “regular price” decision-making (as opposed to promotional pricing). The study seeks to inductively develop a model of regular price decision-making in grocery retailing. Design/methodology/approach – The research uses an inductive methodology involving interviews with pricing executives working for grocery retailers that account for approximately 85 per cent of the UK, and 64 per cent of USA, grocery market retail sales. The approach is appropriate given the underdeveloped research insights into regular pricing within food retailers. Findings – It is found that regular pricing is undertaken with little sophistication, typically, on the basis of simple, inflexible rules that result in conflicting goals. A typology of three pricing roles was identified, although all share an underdeveloped understanding of the effects of price changes on customer demand and the implications of competitor reactions. These contexts, causes and conditions lead to a range of consequences; notably, a degree of pricing inertia, “customer-less” pricing and “enforced symbiosis” – coping outcomes. Taken together, a theory of “passivity” pricing is identified. Originality/value – The research presents a contribution to new knowledge in the field of retail marketing by developing theory in retail pricing. In contrast to much extant research on grocery pricing, this paper accesses the insights and opinions of the pricing executives themselves. It exposes the realities of regular price decision-making across two developed retail markets and offers managerial insights.

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Li, Chang. "Coordination and Optimization of Supply Chain Considering the Double Fresh-keeping Effort of Supplier and 3PL." Frontiers in Sustainable Development 2, no. 8 (August 30, 2022): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/fsd.v2i8.1919.

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This paper takes a three-echelon supply chain consisting of a domestic supplier, an overseas retailer, and an overseas warehouse as the research object, and studies the decision-making and coordination problems of a single-channel three-echelon supply chain dominated by a cross-border e-commerce platform based on the dual preservation effort level of the supplier and the overseas warehouse, and also analyzes and compares the optimal decisions and profits of each member of the supply chain under the decentralized decision-making model and the centralized decision-making model. After exploring the infeasibility of wholesale price contract and wholesale price + cost-sharing contract, a wholesale price + cost sharing + revenue sharing hybrid contract is designed to optimize the coordination of the supply chain and finally examined and verified through arithmetic analysis. It is found that it is difficult to judge the overall utility of consumers under centralized decision-making, and the decisions made under decentralized decision-making are not optimal. Under the decentralized decision-making model, the wholesale price contract, and the wholesale price + cost-sharing contract can achieve supply chain coordination, but the contract will not be accepted because the former hurts the members' interests, and the latter reduces the overall profit. Therefore, a hybrid "wholesale price + cost sharing + revenue sharing" contract is designed to introduce profit redistribution and is shown to achieve perfect supply chain coordination.

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Li, Meng Qi, and Dong Ying Li. "Profit-Oriented Decision-Making Model of Manufacturing Systems." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.378.

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Multi-objective evaluation mode is used in manufacturing system all the time, and this would lead to evaluation complexity and subjectivity when objective number increases. Hence, enterprise profit- oriented single-objective is proposed and created. Then three profit structure elements: sales volume, price and cost as well as their influencing factors are analyzed, and "profit-elements(-properties)-scheme" is created. With this model, environment properties scheme is decided to verify its validity and operation simplicity.

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Yuzawa, Akira, Shigeo Hanayasu, Toshiaki Orita, Shuichi Funatu, Yasuhide Yokota, Yasuo Ohsaki, and Toshimi Katoh. "Decision Making Process of Construction Method for Stability of Slope." Journal of Construction Management, JSCE 1 (1993): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/procm.1.1.

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Kumar, Satish. "Does skewness help in better investment decision making?" International Journal of Emerging Markets 13, no. 5 (November 29, 2018): 824–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-04-2017-0111.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the significance of skewness in maximizing the investor utility using the daily data for eight sectors listed on the National Stock Exchange of India. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is carried out in three different steps. In the first part, the author analyzes the monthly stock returns and the important financial ratios – price-to-book (PB) ratio, price-earnings (PE) ratio and dividend yield (DY). Second, the author tests the sector-wise return predictability using Westerlund and Narayan (2012) flexible generalized least squares estimator. Third, the author compares the mean–variance–skewness (MVS) utility function with the mean–variance (MV) utility function. Findings The author forecasts the sectoral stock returns using three financial ratios – PB ratio, PE ratio and DY – as predictors. The results indicate that sectoral stock returns are significantly predicted by these financial ratios. The author then formulates trading strategies by including skewness in the utility function and finds that the investor utility is high when the utility function includes skewness as opposed to when the skewness is excluded. Originality/value The author extends the MV utility function to the MVS utility function and shows that the Indian stock market is more profitable when the investor uses a MVS utility function which highlights the main contribution to the literature.

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Djan, Ismulayana, and Fitriyanti . "THE ANALYSIS OF PRICE, PROMOTION, AND PLACE AND THEN TO EFFECT ON CONSUMER DECISION MAKING A Study of Structural Equation Modeling in Healthcare Products." Management Journal of Binaniaga 2, no. 02 (April 2, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33062/mjb.v2i02.137.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the customer’s purchasing decision toward the product that directly influenced by the price variable, promotion variable and place variable, included analyzing the policy of price decision, promotion implementation and how important the place to decide customer’s purchasing decision. The method used in his study is survey method using Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyzing technique through AMOS application. The result of the study shows that the price influenced the purchasing decision making as (CR) 2,399 > 1,96, and the promotion influenced the purchasing decision making as (CR) 3,493 > 1,96, and the place did not influence the purchasing decision making as (CR) -1,089 < 1,96.

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Djan, Ismulyana, and Fitriyanti . "THE ANALYSIS OF PRICE, PROMOTION, AND PLACE AND THEN TO EFFECT ON CONSUMER DECISION MAKING A Study of Structural Equation Modeling in Healthcare Products." Management Journal of Binaniaga 2, no. 02 (December 31, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33062/mjb.v2i02.243.

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The purpose of this study is to determine the customer’s purchasing decision toward the product that directly influenced by the price variable, promotion variable and place variable, included analyzing the policy of price decision, promotion implementation and how important the place to decide customer’s purchasing decision. The method used in his study is survey method using Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyzing technique through AMOS application. The result of the study shows that the price influenced the purchasing decision making as (CR) 2,399 > 1,96, and the promotion influenced the purchasing decision making as (CR) 3,493 > 1,96, and the place did not influence the purchasing decision making as (CR) 1,089 < 1,96.Keyword : Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)

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Ścibiorek, Zbigniew, and Anna Borucka. "Information in the decision-making process." Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk 56, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/slw/155072.

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Teza, że zmienność warunków funkcjonowania organizacji nie pozostaje bez wpływu na dokonywane rozstrzy-gnięcia związane z ich funkcjonowaniem, jest punktem wyjścia do osiągnięcia założonego celu i prezentacji wyników badań. Celem podjętych badań było wykazanie znaczenia systemu informacyjnego w organizacji i unaocznienie wpływu informacji na proces decyzyjny, także pod kątem kształtowania przyszłości. W wyniku analizy szeregu opracowań teoretycznych, także zawierających wyniki przeprowadzonych badań, wysnuto sze-reg wniosków. One to jednoznacznie dowodzą, że podstawą każdego rozstrzygnięcia powinna być wiarygodna informacja. Jest to mocno podkreślone w artykule. Ukazano również potrzebę podejmowania działań ukierun-kowanych na zdobycie, w miarę szybko, nieodzownych informacji, aby stworzyć podstawy do korzystnych roz-strzygnięć dla firm, które funkcjonują w zmieniających się warunkach. Nieodzowne są także wysokie kompetencje informacyjne menedżerów. Przeprowadzone analizy jednoznacznie wskazują, że decydowanie i informacja muszą być ze sobą ściśle związane. Wyniki dociekań naukowych zawarte w publikacji wskazują również na rolę jaką ma spełniać system informacyjny w organizacji, który choć składa się z trzech etapów to są one logicznie powiązane, fazy te charakteryzuje pragmatyzm naukowy. Zawarto twierdzenie, że bez informacji nie ma decyzji. W artykule przyjęte podejście umożliwiło uzyskanie przekrojowego charakteru prezentacji wyników badań, dając jednocześnie podstawy do dalszych, poszerzonych badań tego niezwykle istotnego oraz aktualnego problemu, zwłaszcza w kontekście umiędzynarodowiania szeregu zjawisk i procesów.

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Liu, Hong Yong, Jie Chen, and Yong Cao. "Study on Tender Offers Decision-Making Based on the Sand Table Experiment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (February 2014): 770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.770.

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This article discusses about the decision-making method of tender offer based on the engineering project management simulation experiment. The research first simulates the project construction process to explore possible ways to reduce cost. Then, combining with the lowest biding price standards in China, it analyzes the internal relationship between biding price and the lowest cost and finds the determining factors of calculating biding quotation. Next, the research determines the final biding price based on the biding price concepts and several other factors, for instance, competitors’ technical skills, management skills and biding strategies. Finally, this article applies the method in the decision-making process of Triumphal Arch tender offer project and proves the feasibility of the method.

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