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1
Iloba, BN, and PE Odo. "Forensic Entomology: Arthropods collected on decomposing pig carrions in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 3, no. 3a (February 11, 2021): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.197.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A data base of arthropods of forensic importance was collected from pig carrions from 10th June to 10th August 2017 in the Warri city, 3 pigs were killed by cervical dislocation and left to decay while the daily assemblage of arthropods were collected from it. The result showed 5 stages of the carrion decomposition; fresh, bloated, active decay, advance decay and dry decay correspondingly despite that there was only a single sequence of decomposition. Entomofauna groups from 3 orders of Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, with ten families were collected during the study while 233 insects were collected at the fresh stage, 324 were collected at the bloat stage, and 328 were recorded at the active decay stage, 405 at the advance decay stage and only 158 at the dry decay stage. The dominance index was high (0.09) at the dry decay stage but low (0.06) at the bloat, active decay and advanced decay stages. Shannon–Wiener index (H) was high (2.91) in the advanced decay stage but was low (2.52) at the dry decay stage. Arthropod from the orders of Diptera and Coleoptera were forensically significant as they used the carcasses for feeding and oviposition and could be used in the estimation of the post mortem interval while the order Hymenoptera used the carrion as extension of their habitat and as predatory ground to the necrophagous groups, it is advocated that more studies be carried out in different seasons using different animal models to create dependable data base of forensically importance arthropods in Warri and its environs.
2
Wayne Wilcox, W. "Comparative Morphology of Early Stages of Brown-Rot Wood Decay." IAWA Journal 14, no. 2 (1993): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Early stages of decay by two brown-rot fungi in two woods were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. The earliest diagnostic feature to appear was hyphae in the earlywood lumina. The earliest effect on cell walls was the loss of birefringence in the earlywood; Poria placenta (syn. Postia placenta) caused this loss at the earliest stage of decay observed, in both Douglas-fir and white fir, while Gloeophyllum trabeum caused significant weight loss before loss of birefringence was visible. Attack on the latewood progressed from the earlywood, and was different in pattern among the wood/fungus combinations. Hyphal and bore hole diameter increased throughout the early progression of decay and would be useful in evaluating the stage of decay, if the starting diameter of hyphae could be determined. Separation between cells was not observed until moderate stages of decay and, therefore, was not useful in diagnosing early stages of decay.
3
Mlynarek, Julia J., Amélie Grégoire Taillefer, and Terry A. Wheeler. "Saproxylic Diptera assemblages in a temperate deciduous forest: implications for community assembly." PeerJ 6 (December 4, 2018): e6027. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Saproxylic insects, those associated directly or indirectly with decaying wood for all or part of their life cycle, compose a large proportion of forest organisms. Flies (Diptera) are often the most abundant and species-rich group of insects in forest microhabitats, yet most work to date on saproxylic insect diversity and ecology has focused on beetles (Coleoptera). We compared saproxylic Diptera assemblages reared from two tree species (sugar maple and American beech) at two stages of decay (early/young and advanced/old) for a total of 20 logs in an eastern Canadian Nearctic old-growth forest. We found that communities are distinct within both species type and decay stage of wood. Early decay stage wood is more variable in community composition than later decay stage; however, as the age of the decaying wood increases, the abundance of Diptera increases significantly. Most indicator species are discernible in later decay stage and wood type. We venture to suggest that stochastic and deterministic processes may play a role in driving Diptera communities in temperate deciduous forests. To retain the highest saproxylic Diptera diversity in a forest, a variety of decaying wood types at different stages of decomposition is necessary.
4
Djenidi, L., Md Kamruzzaman, and R. A. Antonia. "Power-law exponent in the transition period of decay in grid turbulence." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 779 (August 18, 2015): 544–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.428.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hot-wire measurements are carried out in grid-generated turbulence at moderate to low Taylor microscale Reynolds number $Re_{{\it\lambda}}$ to assess the appropriateness of the commonly used power-law decay for the mean turbulent kinetic energy (e.g. $k\sim x^{n}$, with $n\leqslant -1$). It is found that in the region outside the initial and final periods of decay, which we designate a transition region, a power law with a constant exponent $n$ cannot describe adequately the decay of turbulence from its initial to final stages. One is forced to use a family of power laws of the form $x^{n_{i}}$, where $n_{i}$ is a different constant over a portion $i$ of the decay time during the decay period. Accordingly, it is currently not possible to determine whether any grid-generated turbulence reported in the literature decays according to Saffman or Batchelor because the reported data fall in the transition period where $n$ differs from its initial and final values. It is suggested that a power law of the form $k\sim x^{n_{init}+m(x)}$, where $m(x)$ is a continuous function of $x$, could be used to describe the decay from the initial period to the final stage. The present results, which corroborate the numerical simulations of decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence of Orlandi & Antonia (J. Turbul., vol. 5, 2004, doi:10.1088/1468-5248/5/1/009) and Meldi & Sagaut (J. Turbul., vol. 14, 2013, pp. 24–53), show that the values of $n$ reported in the literature, and which fall in the transition region, have been mistakenly assigned to the initial stage of decay.
5
Abbadi, Dounia, Ming Yang, Devon M. Chenette, John J. Andrews, and Robert J. Schneider. "Muscle development and regeneration controlled by AUF1-mediated stage-specific degradation of fate-determining checkpoint mRNAs." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 23 (May 21, 2019): 11285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901165116.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AUF1 promotes rapid decay of mRNAs containing 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) AU-rich elements (AREs). AUF1 depletion in mice accelerates muscle loss and causes limb girdle muscular dystrophy. Here, we demonstrate that the selective, targeted degradation by AUF1 of key muscle stem cell fate-determining checkpoint mRNAs regulates each stage of muscle development and regeneration by reprogramming each myogenic stage. Skeletal muscle stem (satellite) cell explants show that Auf1 transcription is activated with satellite cell activation by stem cell regulatory factor CTCF. AUF1 then targets checkpoint ARE-mRNAs for degradation, progressively reprogramming the transcriptome through each stage of myogenesis. Transition steps in myogenesis, from stem cell proliferation to differentiation to muscle fiber development, are each controlled by fate-determining checkpoint mRNAs, which, surprisingly, were found to be controlled in their expression by AUF1-targeted mRNA decay. Checkpoint mRNAs targeted by AUF1 include Twist1, decay of which promotes myoblast development; CyclinD1, decay of which blocks myoblast proliferation and initiates differentiation; and RGS5, decay of which activates Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway-mediated differentiation of mature myotubes. AUF1 therefore orchestrates muscle stem cell proliferation, self-renewal, myoblast differentiation, and ultimately formation of muscle fibers through targeted, staged mRNA decay.
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Crites, Susan, and Mark RT Dale. "Diversity and abundance of bryophytes, lichens, and fungi in relation to woody substrate and successional stage in aspen mixedwood boreal forests." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 641–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-030.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We examined the effects of woody substrate and stand age on diversity and relative abundance of bryophytes, lichens, and fungi in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) mixedwood boreal forests in Alberta. Point sampling was carried out on surfaces of downed woody material in young (23-26 years), mature (51-63 years), and old (122-146 years) aspen mixedwood stands. Downed woody material was categorized into one of seven decay stages. Diversity and relative abundance of bryophytes, lichens, and fungi were related to decay stage of the log and to stand age. Old aspen mixedwood stands had the highest nonvascular species richness and the greatest diversity of woody substrates in each of the decay stages. The seven decay stages shared many species. Species of bryophytes, lichens, and fungi on particular decay stages were different across the age-classes, indicating that time, as well as structural attributes, were important in determining species assemblages. These results suggest that both the presence of old aspen mixedwood stands and downed wood in different stages of decay are important to maintaining assemblages of bryophytes, lichens, and fungi.Key words: bryophytes, lichens, decay, aspen mixedwood, downed woody material.
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Maryam Kazempour, Larsary, Abkenar Kambiz Taheri, Pourbabaei Hassan, Pothier David, and Amanzadeh Beitollah. "Spatial patterns of trees from different development stages in mixed temperate forest in the Hyrcanian region of Iran." Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 6 (June 28, 2018): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7/2018-jfs.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mixed beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests are very important to the Hyrcanian region of Iran because of their high degree of naturalness and as a source of wood production. Determination of tree spatial patterns over development stages is a first step in understanding underlying processes driving regeneration and forest dynamics. Spatial patterns of trees from three development stages (initial, optimal and decay) of an untouched mixed beech forest were quantified within three 1-ha plots. To prepare the stem maps, we measured each tree with a DBH larger than 7.5 cm using the azimuth-distance method. Spatial patterns were then analysed using Ripley’s K-function. Results indicated that the number of trees decreased from the initial stage to the decay stage, with tree spatial patterns being aggregated, slightly aggregated and highly randomized for initial, optimal and decay stages, respectively. Differences in spatial patterns among the development stages are not unexpected considering that such unmanaged forests are driven by gap dynamics which results in interactions between gap filling individuals.
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Ekanem, M. S., and Mike C. Dike. "Arthropod succession on pig carcasses in southeastern Nigeria." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 50, no. 35 (2010): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0031-10492010003500001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The domestic pig (Sus scrofa) was used as a model to study arthropod succession on carcasses under tree shade and out of shade in southern Nigeria. Carcass decomposition took longer periods under tree shade than in exposed sites, at 24.5 and 16.5 days, respectively. Four decomposition stages - fresh, bloated, decay, and dry - were observed. No significant variabilities were recorded in the types and patterns of infestation of the carcasses by arthropods in both locations. Four classes of arthropods - Insecta, Arachnida, Diplopoda and Crustacea - were recorded. The class Insecta dominated the total arthropods collected with 24 families, and formed 94% of the catches. The other three classes each had one family represented, and contributed only 2% of the total catches. The calliphorids, a phorid, and sarcophagids arrived and bred on the carcasses only a few hours after death of the pigs. Families of coleopterans came during the bloated stage, and fed on the immature dipterous maggots and carrion materials. The ants (Hymenoptera) came in large numbers to eat the carcasses, and also preyed on all other fauna of the food resource. A muscid and a stratiomyiid, bred on the carcass as to the decay stage. Other insects and arthropods arrived mostly during the decay stage to feed on the carcasses. Species richness on the carcasses peaked during the decay stage.
9
Sefidi, Kiomars, and Vahid Etemad. "Dead wood characteristics influencing macrofungi species abundance and diversity in Caspian natural beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests." Forest Systems 24, no. 2 (July 27, 2015): eSC03. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2015242-06039.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p><em>Aim of study</em>: This study aimed to examine the dead wood inhabiting macrofungi communities occurring on dead beech and hornbeam trees in Caspian forests.<strong></strong></p><p><em>Area of study</em>: The Kheiroud forest in the north of Iran.</p><p><em>Material and Methods</em>: Data from 205 sampling dead tree were analyzed by means of Generalized Linear Models (GLM) to test the effects of decay stage, DBH, Length or Height on macrofungi diversity. Additionally, tree species, dead wood size, log position, decay stage were used as predictor factors for the number of sporocarps species (NSS) as a fungal species richness and diversity in each dead log using analysis of variance</p><p><em>Main results</em>: The number of sporocarps species (NSS) varied in different dead wood size and decay classes. The different stages of decay and the different size classes of dead wood had significantly different species richness of macrofungi. Deadwood in the high-decayed stages contained the highest diversity of fungi. Most of fungi identified on both logs and snags belonged to Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes. The highest value for richness and evenness indices calculated in large diameter dead wood in decay class III. The results indicated the size and decay class of dead wood describe the greatest variance of the model that means the highest number of sporocarps species inhabited on the large dead wood in advanced stage of decaying.</p><p><em>Research highlights</em>: Macrofungi diversity varied significantly across pieces of dead wood with downed logs, larger pieces, and wood in later stages of decay having the highest macrofungi diversity.</p><p> <strong>Keywords</strong>: Caspian forest; coarse woody debris; down woody debris; Iran.<strong></strong></p>
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Dashper, Stuart, and Eric Reynolds. "Combating dental decay." Microbiology Australia 26, no. 3 (2005): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dental caries or tooth decay is one of the most prevalent bacterial infectious diseases of mankind. In recent oral health surveys, more than 60% of Australian teenagers surveyed had experienced the disease and most dentate adults surveyed exhibited multiple teeth affected by caries. Treating the consequences of dental caries accounts for over 50% of the total cost of providing dental services in Australia, which in 1998 was estimated at $2.6 billion. Dental caries is a dynamic process that is initiated by microbial biofilms on the tooth surfaces (dental plaque) resulting in a disturbance of the equilibrium between tooth mineral and the surrounding plaque fluid so that over time there is a net loss of mineral from the tooth surface. This demineralisation of the enamel may ultimately lead to cavitation of the surface of the tooth and once this stage of the disease has been reached only restorative methods (fillings) can be employed to limit the spread of decay and eventual loss of the tooth.
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Creed, I. F., K. L. Webster, and D. L. Morrison. "A comparison of techniques for measuring density and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen in coarse woody debris at different stages of decay." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 744–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-212.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research considered the relationship between the stage of decay and the concentration of nitrogen (N, %) and the ratio of carbon to N (C/N) in coarse woody debris. Density (g/cm3) was used as an indicator of the stage of decay. In samples collected from the red spruce Fraser fir (Picea rubens Sarg. Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) forest of the southern Appalachians, density explained up to 60% of the variation in N and C/N in coarse woody debris. The technique used to estimate density was important. Laboratory-based methods (including displacement and mensuration density) explained the greatest degree of the variation, with coefficients of determination (r2) ranging from 0.39 to 0.59 (p < 0.001) for N and from 0.39 to 0.58 for C/N (p < 0.001). Field-based methods (including penetrometer and resisto graph readings) explained a smaller but still significant degree of the variation, with r2 ranging from 0.17 to 0.25 (p < 0.01) for N and from 0.14 to 0.26 for C/N (p < 0.05). Consideration of within-bole heterogeneity in density improved the explanation of variation in N and C/N for a single bole. Density provides a continuous indicator of stage of decay that is not bound by the artificiality of discrete decay classification systems. Furthermore, statistical models relating density to N and C/N provide a means of hind casting and (or) forecasting changes in N and C/N in coarse woody debris at different stages of decay.
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Gauthier, F., M. Montagnat, J. Weiss, M. Allard, and B. Hétu. "Ice cascade growth and decay: a thermodynamic approach." Journal of Glaciology 59, no. 215 (2013): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j206.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe ice volume evolution of a frozen waterfall (or ice cascade) was studied using a thermodynamic model. The model was developed from meteorological data collected in the vicinity of the waterfall and validated from ice volume measurements estimated from terrestrial lidar images. The ice cascade forms over a 45 m high rock wall located in northern Gaspésie, Québec, Canada. Two stages of formation were identified. During the first stage, the growth is mainly controlled by air convection around the flowing and free-falling water. The ice cascade growth rate increases with decreasing air temperature below 0°C and when the water flow reaches its lowest level. During the second stage, the ice cascade covers the entire rock-wall surface, water flow is isolated from the outside environment and ice volume increases asymptotically. Heat is evacuated from the water flow through the ice cover by conduction. The growth is controlled mainly by the conductive heat loss through the ice cover but also by the longwave radiation emitted at the ice surface during the night. In spring, melting of the ice cascade is dependent on the air convection over the ice surface but also on the sensible heat carried by the increasing water flow and the solar radiation received during the day.
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Zhou, Xia, Miao Kang, and Na Wang. "Mutual influence of magnetic field decay and thermal evolution of rotational neutron stars." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S291 (August 2012): 586–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313000045.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe effect of magnetic field decay on the chemical heating and thermal evolution of neutron stars is discussed. Our main goal is to study how chemical heating mechanisms and thermal evolution are changed by field decay and how magnetic field decay is modified by the thermal evolution. We show that the effect of chemical heating is suppressed by the star spin-down through decaying magnetic field at a later stage; magnetic field decay is delayed significantly relative to stars cooling without heating mechanisms; compared to typical chemical heating, the decay of the magnetic field can even cause the temperature to turn down at a later stage.
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YANG, BO, XIAO CHEN, RUI ZHAO, ZHONG-HUA SHEN, JIAN LU, and XIAO-WU NI. "THE THEORETICAL MODEL OF SHOCK WAVE ATTENUATION IN PMMA." Modern Physics Letters B 19, no. 28n29 (December 20, 2005): 1535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984905009845.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A new analytic model of the intense shock-wave decay is deduced in the paper based on self-consistent and well-defined assumptions. The shock wave attenuation in PMMA can be divided into two stages. In the initial decay, a spherical wave model is adopted because the dimension of the wave origin is too small to be neglected in comparison with the dimension of target. Due to overdamp at initial stage, the pressure gradient along the radial direction is expressed as dp/dr=f(∂p/∂t, du/dp) with the term (du/dp) deduced from the transient equation of wave front and the linear relation between the wave velocity and particle velocity at the wave rear. A temporal equicrural trapezoidal pressure profile applied to the target surface is used as the initial condition in order to obtain the pressure of ∂p/∂t. This pressure profile induces three stages of shock wave evolution: (1) The formation stage of "pressure increase"; (2) The plateau of "maximum pressure"; (3) The decay stage of "pressure decreases". According to the relation between the surge pressure of shock wave and laser power density, the character of laser-induced shock wave is described in detail. The above assumptions could not be applied in the final stage of propagation because the distorted "negative" pressure caused by the overdamp assumption would appear. In the final stage, the famous Taylor's equations of shock wave attenuation based on underdamp assumption are adopted. The theoretical model and the numerical results are in good agreement with the experiment.
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Yue, Xiaoquan, Lihai Wang, James P. Wacker, and Zhiming Zhu. "Electric resistance tomography and stress wave tomography for decay detection in trees—a comparison study." PeerJ 7 (March 5, 2019): e6444. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6444.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background To ensure the safety of trees, two NDT (nondestructive testing) techniques, electric resistance tomography and stress wave tomography, were employed to quantitatively detect and characterize the internal decay of standing trees. Comparisons between those two techniques were done to make full use of the individual capability for decay detection. Methods Eighty trees (40 Manchurian ash and 40 Populus simonii) were detected, then wood increment cores were obtained from each cross disc trial. The Dt, which was defined as the value determined by the mass loss ratio of each wood core, was regarded as the true severity of decay. Using ordinary least-squares regression to analyze the relationship between Dt and De (De was defined as the severity of decay determined by electric resistance tomography) and between Dt and Ds (Ds was defined as the severity of decay determined by stress wave tomography). Results The results showed that both methods could estimate the severity of decay in trees. In terms of different stages of decay, when Dt < 30%, De had a strong positive correlation with Dt (R2 = 0.677, P < 0.01), while, when Dt ≥ 30%, Ds had a significant positive correlation relationship with Dt (R2 = 0.645, P < 0.01). Conclusion Electric resistance tomography was better than stress wave tomography for testing in the early stages of decay, while stress wave tomography can be used effectively in the late stage of decay. It is suggested that each technique can be used in the practice of internal decay testing of standing trees based on decay stages and operating conditions.
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Wang, Yujiao, Jing Xue, Yao Peng, and Jinzhen Cao. "Effect of photodegradation on fungal colonization on wood during initial stage of brown-rot decay." Holzforschung 76, no. 4 (January 28, 2022): 356–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2021-0168.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Photodegradation and decay may happen simultaneously on wood under many exposure conditions. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of photodegradation on fungal colonization during initial stage of brown-rot decay of wood. For this purpose, southern pine (Pinus spp.) wood was exposed to accelerated UV weathering for different durations, and then decayed by a brown-rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum). The changes in wood microstructure, chemical composition, surface color, crystallinity, fungal colonization pathways, and photodegradation products after weathering and decay were evaluated and characterized. The results showed that both weathering and decay led to obvious color change on wood surface. The photodegradation of wood resulted in the formation of cracking in cell wall, thus creating new voids. The photodegradation products, which mainly consisted of phenols, diterpenoid acids, and other lignin derived compounds, appeared in the cell lumen. During the initial stage of brown-rot decay, fungal hyphae invaded into wood through inherent voids such as ray cells, axial tracheids, and pits, and completed the initial colonization after 20 days. After photodegradation, hyphae could also invade wood from the new voids, and the acidic photodegradation products promoted the non-enzymatic degradation process of brown-rot. However, lignin derived compounds seemed to inhibit the further activity of decay fungi.
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Clark, Joseph P., and Steven B. Feldstein. "The Temperature Anomaly Pattern of the Pacific–North American Teleconnection: Growth and Decay." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 79, no. 5 (May 2022): 1237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-21-0030.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Applying composite analysis to ERA-Interim data, the surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly pattern of the Pacific–North American (PNA) teleconnection is shown to include both symmetric and asymmetric SAT anomalies with respect to the PNA phase. The symmetric SAT anomalies, overlying the Russian Far East and western and eastern North America, grow through advection of the climatological temperature by the anomalous meridional wind and vertical mixing. The asymmetric SAT anomalies, overlying Siberia during the positive PNA and the subtropical North Pacific during the negative PNA, grow through vertical mixing only. For all SAT anomalies, vertical mixing relocates the temperature anomalies of the PNA teleconnection pattern from higher in the boundary layer downward to the level of the SAT. Above the level of the SAT, temperature anomaly growth is caused by horizontal temperature advection in all locations except for the subtropical North Pacific, where adiabatic cooling dominates. SAT anomaly decay is caused by longwave radiative heating/cooling, except over Siberia, where SAT anomaly decay is caused by vertical mixing. Additionally, temperature anomaly decay higher in the boundary layer due to nonlocal mixing contributes indirectly to SAT anomaly decay by weakening downgradient diffusion. These results highlight a diverse array of mechanisms by which individual anomalies within the PNA pattern grow and decay. Furthermore, with the exception of Siberia, throughout the growth and decay stages, horizontal temperature advection and/or vertical mixing is nearly balanced by longwave radiative heating/cooling, with the former being slightly stronger during the growth stage and the latter during the decay stage.
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Allen, Robert B., Peter K. Buchanan, Peter W. Clinton, and Angela J. Cone. "Composition and diversity of fungi on decaying logs in a New Zealand temperate beech (Nothofagus) forest." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 1025–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Saprobic fungal taxa on decomposing mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (Hook. f.) Poole) logs were investigated in relation to properties of logs including stage of decay, size, nutrient concentration, and moisture content. We also determined whether logs become increasingly heterogeneous in nutrient concentration and moisture content with decay and also whether log heterogeneity related to fungal taxa diversity. Sporocarps were collected from the same 75 logs in spring (November 1995, 80 taxa) and autumn (May 1996, 151 taxa). For both seasons the dominant pattern in fungal taxa composition was only weakly related to measured properties of logs; however, a secondary pattern was found related to a fungal taxa succession reflecting stage of decay. In the autumn collection, Biscogniauxia capnodes (Berk.) Y.-M. Ju & J.D. Rogers and Schizopora nothofagi (G. Cunn.) P.K. Buchanan & Ryvarden occurred on small logs in the early stages of decay, with relatively low N. Decayed logs, with relatively high N, were characterized by Marasmius otagensis G. Stev. and Athelia epiphylla Pers. Our observations were not consistent with previously described successional trends from soft- to white- and brown-rot fungi as logs decay. The number of fungal taxa increased with log volume, and, additionally for the autumn collection, with heterogeneity in cation concentration suggesting habitat heterogeneity may be a factor in explaining log fungal taxa diversity.
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Martin, Clément, Damien Minchilli, Frédéric Francis, and François Verheggen. "Behavioral and Electrophysiological Responses of the Fringed Larder Beetle Dermestes frischii to the Smell of a Cadaver at Different Decomposition Stages." Insects 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11040238.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A cadaver is colonized by a wide diversity of necrophagous insects. It is well documented that Dipterans are attracted by the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by a corpse during the first minutes following death. Coleopterans are known to be attracted by highly decomposed cadavers, but have received less attention regarding the olfaction-based mechanisms underlying these interactions. In the present study, we impregnated gauzes with VOCs collected from each decomposition stage of dead rats: fresh, bloated, active, and advanced decay. We collected the VOCs released by the gauze and confirmed what was previously know from the literature: the decomposition stages are associated with contrasting chemical profiles. We exposed Dermestes frischii Kugelann (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) male and female antennae to the same gauzes and found that stronger electrical responses were recorded when using the smell of the advanced decay stage. Finally, we performed two choices behavioral assays. Females showed no preference for the four decomposition stages, while males were attracted by the smell associated with active and advanced decay stages. These results suggest that specific VOCs released by a decaying body guide necrophagous coleopterans to their feeding site. Whether D. frischii males release pheromones to attract females remains to be tested.
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Panchelyuga, V. A. "ON EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON THE RADIOACTIVE DECAY RATE." Metafizika, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 10–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2224-7580-2020-4-10-34.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The subject of this work is periods in time series of the radioactive decay fluctuations. The presence of such periods suggests the possibility of a certain external influence on the parameters of radioactive decay. The evolution of views on the possibility of such an influences are briefly reviewed. A number of stages are considered, each of which expresses a certain circle of ideas, which is realized in it. Experimental works typical for each such stage are considered. The article does not aim to review all works related to the issues discussed in it. This is, first of all, a presentation of ideas that reflect the author's views on the possible mechanisms of the occurrence of periods in the time series of the radioactive decay rate. The links provided in the work are rather illustrative.
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Favetta, L. A., E. Van de Laar, W. A. King, and J. LaMarre. "238 RNA BINDING PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN CULTURED EARLY BOVINE EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab238.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The control of gene expression in the early embryo requires a highly regulated turnover of specific mRNA, particularly those of maternal origin, as the embryo becomes transcriptionally autonomous. In cattle, the period during which maternal transcripts persist can last 72 to 96 h or longer, suggesting a dynamic, regulated interplay between factors that protect transcripts before this point and those that subsequently facilitate decay. Some decay pathways for specific embryonic transcripts are now known, but many are not. In somatic cells, mRNA decay is often mediated by interactions between defined sequence elements (ARE) in the 3′ untranslated region of important target genes and specific RNA-binding proteins (AUBP) that promote or inhibit decay of the associated transcript. These have not been extensively characterized in embryos. We hypothesized that changes in the pattern of expression of one or several AUBP in the developing bovine embryo would support a role for these proteins in mRNA turnover and the control of gene expression. We, therefore, evaluated the expression of different AUBP (HuR, AUF1, TTP) in bovine oocytes and early embryos in vitro. Bovine oocytes obtained at slaughter were matured, fertilized, and cultured using standard protocols. Oocytes and embryos from different stages were either placed in Trizol for subsequent RNA isolation and RT-PCR analysis or fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and subsequently processed for immunohistochemical detection of AUBP. Analysis by RT-PCR revealed that AUF1, an mRNA destabilizing protein, was expressed at all stages examined (immature oocyte, mature oocyte, 2 to 4 cells, 8 to 16 cells, morulae, and blastocyst) except in morulae. Another mRNA destabilizing protein, TTP, was expressed at the morula stage only. An mRNA stabilizing factor, HuR, was expressed at all stages except the morula. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the pattern of protein expression for AUF1 and TTP essentially mirrored that observed at the RNA level as detected by RT-PCR. Together, these results show that AUBP expression in the early bovine embryo is dynamic, with RNA-binding proteins present at all times during development and changes in expression evident at the morula stage. This suggests that modification of presynthesized (i.e. maternal) AUBP is likely to control mRNA decay during the maternal to embryonic transition (8-cell stage) and that the expression of TTP at the morula stage might mark the onset of embryonic control of mRNA stability. Research was supported by NSERC, OMAFRA, and the Canada Research Chairs Program.
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Hossain, Sharif, Guna A. Hewa, Christopher W. K. Chow, and David Cook. "Development and Comparison of Water Quality Network Model and Data Analytics Model for Monochloramine Decay Prediction." Water 14, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14132021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The conventional drinking water treatment process involves disinfecting water at the final stage of treatment to ensure water is microbiologically safe at customer taps. Monochloramine is a popular disinfectant used in many water distribution systems (WDSs) worldwide. Understanding the factors that impact monochloramine decay in the WDS is critical for maintaining disinfection at the customer tap. While monochloramine residue moves through a WDS, it decays via several pathways including chemical, microbiological, and wall decay processes. The decay profile in these pathways is often site-specific and depends on various factors including treated water characteristics. In a water quality network model, the decay of a chemical species is often modelled using two parameters that represent bulk and wall decay kinetics. Typical bulk decay characteristics of monochloramine for a specific WDS can be easily established in the laboratory using grab sample tests, while in a real situation, wall decay is difficult to quantify. In this study, we compared two different approaches to model monochloramine decay in a WDS. In the first approach, the wall decay parameter was quantified using a parameter optimisation technique with monochloramine concentrations at different network locations simulated using a water quality network model. In the second approach, a data analytics model was developed using a machine learning algorithm. For both approaches, the model predicted monochloramine concentrations closely matched the observed data. Our study suggests that the data analytics model has a relatively higher accuracy in predicting monochloramine residual concentrations in a WDS.
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Hattori, Yuji. "Concentration of vorticity in a destabilized vortex due to selective decay." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 797 (May 24, 2016): 630–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The formation of concentrated vortices like tornadoes and tropical cyclones in rotating fluids is of much interest in atmospheric flows. It is shown by direct numerical simulation that the selective decay of inviscid invariants leads to concentration of vorticity in a destabilized vortex. By selective decay we mean here that the circulation of the mean flow decays faster than the angular momentum or energy. Initially localized disturbances are superimposed onto the two-dimensional flattened Taylor–Green vortices to trigger the elliptic instability. In the later stage of nonlinear evolution of the disturbance circulation decays faster than angular momentum and energy, giving rise to a sharp peak in the vorticity distribution of the mean flow. During the selective decay vortex pairs reconnect and eventually annihilate at the cell boundaries of the Taylor–Green vortices. By evaluating the weight function of the inviscid invariants it is shown that the loss of angular momentum is much smaller than that of circulation when vorticity is lost at the cell boundary by reconnection or annihilation. Thus the reconnection and subsequent annihilation of vortex pairs is responsible for the selective decay and concentration of vorticity. The relevance of the mechanism to previous experiments and general cases is also discussed.
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Demenkov, A. G., A. V. Fomina, and G. G. Chernykh. "Numerical modeling of the final stage of axisymmetric turbulent wake decay." Journal of Engineering Thermophysics 26, no. 1 (January 2017): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s181023281701012x.
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Feng, Ye, Zhe Chen, and Shu-Lin Liu. "Gene Decay in Shigella as an Incipient Stage of Host-Adaptation." PLoS ONE 6, no. 11 (November 16, 2011): e27754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0027754.
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Kurasov, V. B. "Different methods for describing the nucleation stage in supersaturated state decay." Colloid Journal 77, no. 4 (July 2015): 482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061933x15040109.
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Huang, Cheng-Lung, and Wei-Liang Huang. "Handling sequential pattern decay: Developing a two-stage collaborative recommender system." Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 8, no. 3 (May 2009): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2008.10.001.
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Teh, C. K., J. Tuszyński, and F. L. Weichman. "The decay of carbon, luminescence in liquid-encapsulated Czochralski-grown semi-insulating GaAs." Journal of Materials Research 5, no. 2 (February 1990): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1990.0365.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In undoped liquid-encapsulated Czochralski-grown semi-insulating gallium arsenide (LEC SI GaAs), the carbon acceptor, CAS, is responsible for the ∼1.49 eV emission due to donor-acceptor (D–A) pair radiative recombination. We have studied the effect of different carbon concentrations on the line shape and decay kinetics at and near the D–A emission peak for temperatures ranging from 4.2 to 34 K. The photoluminescence decay has been found to follow a double exponential law at the early stage of the decay but follows a power law of the form L(t)αT−p at a later stage. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the exponential components gives two activation energies of ≃5.7 and ≃15 meV. We find that the 5.7 meV is most likely associated with SiGa shallow donor, while the 15 meV is due to a more indirect process involving an EL2 related donor cluster near 20 meV. The exponent, p, of the power-law decay is found to be both temperature (T) and concentration dependent of the form p = βT −1, where β is a linear function of the concentration of the acceptors, CAs, in the temperature range of 18 T < 30 K. A promising, simplified model based on a continuous set of trapping levels is presented and compared to the experiments. Some aspects of the observed exponential and power law decays are predicted by the theory.
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Utter, Christopher J., Stacey A. Garcia, Joseph Milone, and Vivian Bellofatto. "Poly(A)-Specific Ribonuclease (PARN-1) Function in Stage-Specific mRNA Turnover in Trypanosoma brucei." Eukaryotic Cell 10, no. 9 (July 8, 2011): 1230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.05097-11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Deadenylation is often the rate-limiting event in regulating the turnover of cellular mRNAs in eukaryotes. Removal of the poly(A) tail initiates mRNA degradation by one of several decay pathways, including deadenylation-dependent decapping, followed by 5′ to 3′ exonuclease decay or 3′ to 5′ exosome-mediated decay. In trypanosomatids, mRNA degradation is important in controlling the expression of differentially expressed genes. Genomic annotation studies have revealed several potential deadenylases. Poly(A)-specific RNase (PARN) is a key deadenylase involved in regulating gene expression in mammals, Xenopus oocytes, and higher plants. Trypanosomatids possess three different PARN genes, PARN-1 , - 2 , and - 3 , each of which is expressed at the mRNA level in two life-cycle stages of the human parasite Trypanosoma brucei . Here we show that T. brucei PARN-1 is an active deadenylase. To determine the role of PARN-1 on mRNA stability in vivo , we overexpressed this protein and analyzed perturbations in mRNA steady-state levels as well as mRNA half-life. Interestingly, a subset of mRNAs was affected, including a family of mRNAs that encode stage-specific coat proteins. These data suggest that PARN-1 functions in stage-specific protein production.
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Chang (Zhao-Xi Zhang), Chao-Hsi. "Production and decay of the meson Bc." International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, no. 04 (February 10, 2006): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06032022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Studies on the decay and production of [Formula: see text] meson are briefly reviewed. Considering RUN-II of Tevatron and the schedule of LHC, the theoretical studies of Bc meson will jump to a new stage not only for itself but also to implement the studies of the heavy quarkonia etc.
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Untila, Eduard, Lilian Şaptefraţi, and Valeriu Burlacu. "Treatment of deep dental decay with Zn-BIOR. Histological study." Journal of Stomatological Medicine, no. 4(60) (March 2022): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.53530/1857-1328.21.60.06.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The deep dental decay represents the last stage of carious disease, characterized by extensive affectation of hard dental tissues, capturing the deep layers of the dentin (parapulpal dentin) and represents the most severe stage of demineralization and destruction of the hard tissues of the tooth. The higher rate of the complications of the deep dental decay treatment motivates the creation of new remedies and algorithms of work, which will ensure the formation of a tertiary dentin pontoon in order to isolate the pulpal body from decay cavity. Thus, the effect of reducing pulpal inflammation would ensure a high effectiveness of the treatment.
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Binder, Gary, Aleksei Titov, Youfang Liu, James Simmons, Ali Tura, Grant Byerley, and David Monk. "Modeling the seismic response of individual hydraulic fracturing stages observed in a time-lapse distributed acoustic sensing vertical seismic profiling survey." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): T225—T235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0819.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 2017, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology was deployed in a horizontal well to conduct a vertical seismic profiling survey before and after each of 78 hydraulic fracturing stages. From two vibroseis source locations at the surface, time shifts of P- and S-waves were observed but decayed over days. Some stages also showed waves scattered off the stimulated rock volume. We have used 2D finite difference elastic wavefield modeling to understand these observations and connect them to underlying properties of the stimulated rock. We have developed an effective medium model of vertical fractures that close exponentially with time as fluid leaks off into the formation can match the distribution of P- and S-wave time shifts along the well. This has enabled estimates of the height, normal and tangential fracture compliance values, and decay time of the stimulated rock volume. Additionally, the kinematics of scattered waves observed in the data have been found to be consistent with PS conversion across the stimulated rock volume from an individual stage. With higher quality DAS data, stage-by-stage inversion for height, fracture compliance, and decay time attributes may be possible for characterizing variations in the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing.
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Pejman, Parhizkar, Hassani Majid, and Hallaj Mohammad Hossein Sadeghzadeh. "Gap characteristics under oriental beech forest development stages in Kelardasht forests, northern Iran." Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 2 (February 28, 2018): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/59/2017-jfs.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study was carried out to evaluate gap characteristics and gapmakers for different development stages of an oriental beech forest in northern Iran. Development stages of 1 ha square-shaped mosaic patches were identified using 100 × 100 m sampling grid and all gaps within these mosaics were recorded. Gap areas were calculated and classified into four classes and gapmakers were counted and classified into 4 decay and 4 diameter classes as well. Results showed that gaps comprised 13.7, 9.1 and 17.6% of the study area in initial, optimal and decay stages, respectively. There was a significant difference between development stages with respect to gap size and the highest amount was observed in decay stage. Medium-sized gaps were the most frequent in all three stages. Frequency distribution of gapmakers varied among development stages. Our findings revealed that 200–500 m<sup>2</sup> is the most preferable gap size for close-to-nature silvicultural approaches in Hyrcanian beech forests. To achieve this gap size 1–2 trees should be marked for harvesting operations.
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Wang*, Chien. "Quality of Tomato Slices Freshly Cut from Fruit Treated with Methyl Jasmonate." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 817C—817. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.817c.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this study was to determine if treatment with methyl jasmonate (MJ), a naturally occurring substance, would extend the shelf life of tomato slices, specifically when slices were cut from fruit previously treated with this natural product. Tomatoes were harvested at breaker stage. The fruit were divided into four lots. The first three lots were treated with MJ right after harvest at the breaker stage. Fruit from the first lot were sliced immediately after MJ treatment. Fruit from the second lot were placed at 20 °C and allowed to ripen to red stage before slicing. Fruit from the third lot were treated the same way as those in the second lot except they received an additional MJ treatment just before slicing. Fruit from the fourth lot were placed at 20 °C and allowed to ripen to red stage before MJ treatment and slicing. Each lot also included an untreated control. MJ treatments were carried out in 200-L airtight containers. MJ was spotted onto filter paper at final vapor concentration of 10-5 M. Fruit were cut with a meat slicer to obtain slices with 5-mm thickness. Slices were placed in 1-L clear plastic trays with lids and stored at 5 °C. Samples were transferred daily from 5 to 20 °C for evaluation. Fresh-cut tomatoes treated with MJ and sliced at breaker stage (lot 1) had less decay, better quality, and longer shelf life than the untreated slices. However, no differences were found between the control slices and treated slices at the red stage regardless the time of MJ treatment and whether or not additional MJ treatments were applied (lots 2, 3 & 4). The results indicate that the effectiveness of MJ in reducing decay and maintaining quality is affected by the stages of ripeness of tomatoes and the types of decay.
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Zhao, Long-Wen, Ye-Zhang Zhu, Yun-Wen Wu, Shuai-Bo Pi, Li Shen, and Heng-Yu Fan. "Nuclear poly(A) binding protein 1 (PABPN1) mediates zygotic genome activation-dependent maternal mRNA clearance during mouse early embryonic development." Nucleic Acids Research 50, no. 1 (December 14, 2021): 458–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab1213.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract An embryo starts its life with maternal mRNA clearance, which is crucial for embryonic development. The elimination of maternal transcripts occurs by the joint action of two pathways: the maternally encoded mRNA decay pathway (M-decay) and the zygotic genome activation (ZGA)-dependent pathway (Z-decay). However, zygotic factors triggering maternal mRNA decay in early mammalian embryos remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified the zygotically encoded nuclear poly(A) binding protein 1 (PABPN1) as a factor required for maternal mRNA turnover, with a previously undescribed cytoplasmic function. Cytoplasmic PABPN1 docks on 3′-uridylated transcripts, downstream of terminal uridylyl transferases TUT4 and TUT7, and recruits 3′-5′ exoribonuclease DIS3L2 to its targets, facilitating maternal mRNA decay. Pabpn1-knockout in mice resulted in preimplantation stage mortality due to early developmental arrest at the morula stage. Maternal mRNAs to be eliminated via the Z-decay pathway failed to be removed from Pabpn1-depleted embryos. Furthermore, PABPN1-mediated Z-decay is essential for major ZGA and regulates the expression of cell fate-determining factors in mouse preimplantation embryos. This study revealed an unforeseen cytoplasmic function of PABPN1 coupled with early embryonic development, characterized the presence of a zygotic destabilizer of maternal mRNA, and elucidated the Z-decay process mechanisms, which potentially contribute to human fertility.
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Zhang, Yue, Fangyan Lan, Mi Zhou, and Ke Wang. "Time Scale of Chloride-Induced Corrosion on Circular Section RC Linked Accelerated Test to Natural Corrosion." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 22, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6643650.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The time scale in accelerated decay is essential for studying the durability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures exposed to the chloride corrosion environment. An accelerated corrosion test (ACT) was carried out on RC specimens were conducted under different chloride concentrations and applied voltages, with the information of steel measured. A novel prediction model of the complete corrosion process is proposed to evaluate the time correlation between accelerated decay and natural corrosion. The corrosion process of RC is divided into two stages: corrosion initial stage and corrosion stage of reinforcement. For the first stage, the coefficient of circular section members is presented. For the second stage, the accelerated factor of the test for the natural environment is proposed based on the Arrhenius-type and Faraday’s law. It is calculated by making regressions among some values of parameters, while moving to natural corrosion are extrapolating. The accelerating effect of applied voltages increases in the low-chloride environment, which is better than that in the high-chloride environment. This study provides calibration of the time scale for laboratory tests to analyze the performance of RC structures after corrosion.
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Frank, Steven A. "How to Understand Behavioral Patterns in Big Data: The Case of Human Collective Memory." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 4 (April 16, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9040040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Simple patterns often arise from complex systems. For example, human perception of similarity decays exponentially with perceptual distance. The ranking of word usage versus the frequency at which the words are used has a log-log slope of minus one. Recent advances in big data provide an opportunity to characterize the commonly observed patterns of behavior. Those observed regularities set the challenge of understanding the mechanistic processes that generate common behaviors. This article illustrates the problem with the recent big data analysis of collective memory. Collective memory follows a simple biexponential pattern of decay over time. An initial rapid decay is followed by a slower, longer lasting decay. Candia et al. successfully fit a two stage model of mechanistic process to that pattern. Although that fit is useful, this article emphasizes the need, in big data analyses, to consider a broad set of alternative causal explanations. In this case, the method of signal frequency analysis yields several simple alternative models that generate exactly the same observed pattern of collective memory decay. This article concludes that the full potential of big data analyses in the behavioral sciences will require better methods for developing alternative, empirically testable causal models.
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BERGDORF, MICHAEL, PETROS KOUMOUTSAKOS та ANTHONY LEONARD. "Direct numerical simulations of vortex rings at ReΓ = 7500". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 581 (22 травня 2007): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007006192.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We present direct numerical simulations of the turbulent decay of vortex rings with ReΓ = 7500. We analyse the vortex dynamics during the nonlinear stage of the instability along with the structure of the vortex wake during the turbulent stage. These simulations enable the quantification of vorticity dynamics and their correlation with structures from dye visualization and the observations of circulation decay that have been reported in related experimental works. Movies are available with the online version of the paper.
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SEOL, D. G., and G. H. JIRKA. "Quasi-two-dimensional properties of a single shallow-water vortex with high initial Reynolds numbers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 665 (October 19, 2010): 274–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112010003915.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The evolution and dynamics of a shallow-water vortex system with high initial Reynolds numbers are investigated experimentally without background rotation. A single vortex is generated by rotating a water mass at the centre of an experimental tank using a bottomless cylinder with internal sectors. The surface velocity field is observed via particle image velocimetry. The experimentally observed vorticity fields indicate that strong shallowness (the ratio of the cylinder diameter to the water depth) and high Reynolds number contribute to the formation of large-scale coherent structures in the form of a tripolar vortex system. The shallow-water vortices with high initial Reynolds numbers experience the transition from turbulent to laminar regimes in their decay process. The proposed first-order vortex decay model predicts that a shallow-water vortex decays as t−1 in the initial turbulent stage and as e−t in the later laminar stage due to horizontal diffusion and bottom friction. The estimated transition time scale from the turbulent to laminar stage increases with initial vortex Reynolds number and with shallowness. By taking the vortex expansion into consideration, the second-order vortex decay model is also presented. The azimuthally ensemble-averaged data elucidate effects of the vortex instabilities and of turbulent energy transfer on the formation of large-scale coherent flow structures. Normal mode analysis of the vortex systems is conducted to study the effect of shallowness and Reynolds number on the generation of two-dimensional large-scale coherent structures. The results show that the perturbation wavenumber of mode 2 is the fastest-growing instability in shallow-water conditions, and its effect depends on initial Reynolds number and shallowness.
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Kruys, Nicholas, Bengt Gunnar Jonsson, and Göran Ståhl. "A STAGE-BASED MATRIX MODEL FOR DECAY-CLASS DYNAMICS OF WOODY DEBRIS." Ecological Applications 12, no. 3 (June 2002): 773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0773:asbmmf]2.0.co;2.
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Guidetti, Elena, and Matteo Robiglio. "The Transformative Potential of Ruins: A Tool for a Nonlinear Design Perspective in Adaptive Reuse." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 5660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105660.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, the heritage preservation debate has seen a growing interest in emerging theories in which the concept of potential plays an essential role. Starting from the assumption that memory is an evolving mental construct, the present paper introduces the concept of “transformative potential” in existing buildings. This novel concept regards the inevitability of loss and the self-destructive potential as part of the transformation of each building. The “transformative potential” is defined here as the relationship between spatial settings and material consistency. This research hypothesizes five “transformative potential” types by analyzing five best-practices adapted ruins in the last 15 years. The analysis integrates quantitative and qualitative research methods: morphological analysis (dimensional variations, critical redrawing, configuration patterns) and decay stages evaluation (shearing layers analysis, adaptation approaches). The goal is to test the “transformative potential” effectiveness in outlining patterns between specific stages of decay and adaptive design projects. Adaptation projects may actualize this potential in a specific time through incremental and decremental phases, outlining a nonlinear relationship between decay and memory. The study provides insights for future research on adapting existing buildings in a particular decay stage.
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Zielonka, Tomasz. "Quantity and decay stages of coarse woody debris in old-growth subalpine spruce forests of the western Carpathians, Poland." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 10 (October 1, 2006): 2614–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-149.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The amount and decay stages of dead wood and the residence time of logs was studied in old-growth spruce-dominated stands in the Tatra and Babia Góra in the western Carpathian Mountains in Central Europe. The DBH of living trees and snags as well as the dimensions of logs (with a minimum diameter of 10 cm) were measured on nine sample plots with a pooled area of 4.3 ha. For the logs, the decay stage was identified according to an eight-level decay classification. Dendrochronological cross-dating was applied to 107 wood samples of logs to determine the time since death. The average volume of living trees was 454 m3/ha and the volume of coarse woody debris (CWD) averaged 191 m3/ha. The noted volume of CWD was higher than volumes reported from previous studies in the Carpathian Mountains. On average, CWD made up 30% of the total volume (living plus dead) and varied between 49% and 21% for the stands. The average age of logs for decay class 1 was 13 years and 24, 28, 38, 45, 38, and 60 years for decay classes 2–7, respectively. Considerable variation of time since death between decay classes was probably due to a variable time while dead trees remained standing as snags.
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Chang, Chenhui, Zhuang Wang, Bo Tan, Jun Li, Rui Cao, Qin Wang, Wanqin Yang, James T. Weedon, and Johannes H. C. Cornelissen. "Tissue type and location within forest together regulate decay trajectories of Abies faxoniana logs at early and mid-decay stage." Forest Ecology and Management 475 (November 2020): 118411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118411.
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Gillon, Dominique, Richard Joffre, and Pierre Dardenne. "Predicting the stage of decay of decomposing leaves by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 2552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-316.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To study mineral cycling in forest ecosystems, it is essential to know the decomposition rate of the litter. This study attempted to predict directly, by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy, the stage of decomposition of leaf litter expressed as the percentage of ash-free litter mass remaining (LMR). Leaf litter of 10 different species, with varied initial compositions and at different stages of decomposition produced by incubation in the laboratory under controlled conditions, were used in this study. The LMR calibrations were carried out on half of the samples of the various populations (all species, woody species, broad-leaved species, trees, broad-leaved trees, oaks, deciduous trees, and evergreen trees). The standard error of cross validation varied between 1.69 and 3.01. Predictions were carried out on the other half of the samples of each population; the standard error of prediction varied between 2.35 and 3.77, with a r2 (coefficient of determination) of 0.97 to 0.99. The calibration equations obtained from the laboratory samples were applied to samples that had decomposed in the field in litter bags. The standard error of prediction varied between 4.46 and 5.97, with a r2 of 0.90 to 0.93. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy thus provides a direct prediction of the LMR in leaf litter of different species, during the decomposition stage studied (i.e., between 100 and 20% of litter mass remaining). The possibilities of using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy in decomposition studies are discussed.
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Ritenour*, Mark A., Peter J. Stoffella, Zhenli He, and Michael S. Burton. "Postharvest Calcium Chloride Dips of Whole Tomato Fruit Reduce Postharvest Decay." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 806E—807. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.806e.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Previous research suggests that treatment of sliced or vacuum-infiltrated tomato fruit with calcium chloride (CaCl2) solutions may reduce decay, but no work on dipping whole tomatoes has been reported. In the present experiments, `FL 47' tomato fruit were collected at the mature green or pink stage from a local packinghouse, held at 12.5 or 25.0 °C overnight, and then dipped in solutions with 0.5% to 5% CaCl2 with or without 150 ppm sodium hypochlorite. Fruit were dipped for 1 to 4 minutes at temperatures ranging from 0 to 35 °C. Mature green fruit dipped in solutions with 0.5% and 1.0% CaCl2 at 35 °C had significantly lower rates of decay following storage at 12.5 °C (90% RH) than the control (27% vs. 36% decay, respectively). These fruit were also significantly softer after 2 weeks of storage than control fruit (0.85 mm vs. 0.74 mm deformation, respectively) and appeared to be slightly more ripe. Decay in fruit dipped in 2% CaCl2 was not significantly different from the control, while fruit dipped in 3% to 5% CaCl2 developed significantly more decay than control fruit. The CaCl2 treatments had no significant effect on decay of fruit treated at the pink stage and none of the treatments at 0 °C significantly affected postharvest decay. Dips in 2% to 5% CaCl2 significantly increased tomato peel calcium content after storage. Dipping time had no significant effect on peel calcium content.
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Van Zante, Dale E., John J. Adamczyk, Anthony J. Strazisar, and Theodore H. Okiishi. "Wake Recovery Performance Benefit in a High-Speed Axial Compressor." Journal of Turbomachinery 124, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1445793.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rotor wakes are an important source of loss in axial compressors. The decay rate of a rotor wake is largely due to both mixing (results in loss) and stretching (no loss accrual). Thus, the actual loss associated with rotor wake decay will vary in proportion to the amounts of mixing and stretching involved. This wake stretching process, referred to by Smith (1996) as recovery, is reversible and for a 2-D rotor wake leads to an inviscid reduction of the velocity deficit of the wake. It will be shown that for the rotor/stator spacing typical of core compressors, wake stretching is the dominant wake decay process within the stator with viscous mixing playing only a secondary role. A model for the rotor wake decay process is developed and used to quantify the viscous dissipation effects relative to those of inviscid wake stretching. The model is verified using laser anemometer measurements acquired in the wake of a transonic rotor operated alone and in a stage configuration at near peak efficiency and near stall operating conditions. Results from the wake decay model exhibit good agreement with the experimental data. Data from the model and laser anemometer measurements indicate that rotor wake straining (stretching) is the primary decay process in the stator passage. Some implications of these results on compressor stage design are discussed.
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MAZUR, PAWEL O. "NONPERTURBATIVE INSTABILITY OF BLACK HOLES IN QUANTUM GRAVITY." Modern Physics Letters A 04, no. 16 (August 20, 1989): 1497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732389001714.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The final stage of a black hole evaporation due to the Hawking effect is studied. One finds that, including the effects of quantum gravity, a black hole does not evaporate completely losing its energy steadily to a flux of created particles, but rather decays via a change in topology into an asymptotically flat space and an object which is a closed Friedmann Universe. This process is a genuine non-perturbative effect of quantum gravity and becomes the dominant “channel” of a black hole decay for black holes with masses slightly larger than the Planck mass Mp=1019 GeV. We calculate the decay rate of a Schwarzchild black hole with the mass M and discuss other decay “channels” by topology change. An explicit instanton mediating the decay is constructed by matching the Schwarzschild and the “wormhole” Friedmann instantons on the minimal sphere which is a Euclidean section of the event horizon. We show, as an example, that the decay process is mediated in the semi-classical approximation by the gravitational-axionic instanton. However, we argue that the phenomenon discussed in this paper does not depend on the particular instanton approximation and should be discussed in the framwork of the second quantization of interacting geometry suggested in Ref. 17. It is argued that in the more general setting of the Wheeler-De Witt equation, the wave functional describing a black hole is not gaussian because of the existence of an unstable mode.
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Trevisani, Francesco, Federico Di Marco, Matteo Floris, Antonello Pani, Roberto Minnei, Mario Scartozzi, Alessio Cirillo, et al. "Renal Function Outcomes in Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients Treated with Chemotherapy or Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: An Unexpected Scenario." Vaccines 10, no. 5 (April 24, 2022): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050679.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and platinum-based chemotherapy (CT) are effective therapeutic agents for the palliative treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC); the aim of our study was to investigate the acute and chronic renal toxicities in this setting. We collected data on 292 patients who received cisplatin (35%), carboplatin-based regimens (25%), or ICI monotherapy (40%). The primary and secondary outcomes were compared to the acute kidney injury (AKI) rate and the mean estimated GFR (eGFR) decay between groups, respectively, over a mean follow-up duration of 15 weeks. We observed 26 AKI events (8.9%), mostly stage I AKI (80.7%); 15% were stage II AKI, 3.8% were stage III, and none required renal replacement therapy or ICU admission. The AKI rates were 10.9%, 6.8%, and 8.9% for the cisplatin, carboplatin, and ICI groups, respectively, and no significant differences were observed between the groups (p = 0.3). A global mean eGFR decay of 2.2 mL/min was observed, while for the cisplatin, carboplatin, and ICI groups, the eGFR decay values were 2.3 mL/min, 1.1 mL/min, and 3.5 mL/min, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the groups. Cisplatin/carboplatin-based CT and ICIs resulted in a similar incidence of AKI and eGFR decay, suggesting the safety of their cautious use, even in CKD patients.
49
Trevisani, Francesco, Federico Di Marco, Matteo Floris, Antonello Pani, Roberto Minnei, Mario Scartozzi, Alessio Cirillo, et al. "Renal Function Outcomes in Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients Treated with Chemotherapy or Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: An Unexpected Scenario." Vaccines 10, no. 5 (April 24, 2022): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050679.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and platinum-based chemotherapy (CT) are effective therapeutic agents for the palliative treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC); the aim of our study was to investigate the acute and chronic renal toxicities in this setting. We collected data on 292 patients who received cisplatin (35%), carboplatin-based regimens (25%), or ICI monotherapy (40%). The primary and secondary outcomes were compared to the acute kidney injury (AKI) rate and the mean estimated GFR (eGFR) decay between groups, respectively, over a mean follow-up duration of 15 weeks. We observed 26 AKI events (8.9%), mostly stage I AKI (80.7%); 15% were stage II AKI, 3.8% were stage III, and none required renal replacement therapy or ICU admission. The AKI rates were 10.9%, 6.8%, and 8.9% for the cisplatin, carboplatin, and ICI groups, respectively, and no significant differences were observed between the groups (p = 0.3). A global mean eGFR decay of 2.2 mL/min was observed, while for the cisplatin, carboplatin, and ICI groups, the eGFR decay values were 2.3 mL/min, 1.1 mL/min, and 3.5 mL/min, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the groups. Cisplatin/carboplatin-based CT and ICIs resulted in a similar incidence of AKI and eGFR decay, suggesting the safety of their cautious use, even in CKD patients.
50
Trevisani, Francesco, Federico Di Marco, Matteo Floris, Antonello Pani, Roberto Minnei, Mario Scartozzi, Alessio Cirillo, et al. "Renal Function Outcomes in Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients Treated with Chemotherapy or Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: An Unexpected Scenario." Vaccines 10, no. 5 (April 24, 2022): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050679.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and platinum-based chemotherapy (CT) are effective therapeutic agents for the palliative treatment of metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC); the aim of our study was to investigate the acute and chronic renal toxicities in this setting. We collected data on 292 patients who received cisplatin (35%), carboplatin-based regimens (25%), or ICI monotherapy (40%). The primary and secondary outcomes were compared to the acute kidney injury (AKI) rate and the mean estimated GFR (eGFR) decay between groups, respectively, over a mean follow-up duration of 15 weeks. We observed 26 AKI events (8.9%), mostly stage I AKI (80.7%); 15% were stage II AKI, 3.8% were stage III, and none required renal replacement therapy or ICU admission. The AKI rates were 10.9%, 6.8%, and 8.9% for the cisplatin, carboplatin, and ICI groups, respectively, and no significant differences were observed between the groups (p = 0.3). A global mean eGFR decay of 2.2 mL/min was observed, while for the cisplatin, carboplatin, and ICI groups, the eGFR decay values were 2.3 mL/min, 1.1 mL/min, and 3.5 mL/min, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the groups. Cisplatin/carboplatin-based CT and ICIs resulted in a similar incidence of AKI and eGFR decay, suggesting the safety of their cautious use, even in CKD patients.