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Статті в журналах з теми "DC NANOGRID"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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1

Rauf, Shoaib, Ali Raza Kalair, and Nasrullah Khan. "Variable Load Demand Scheme for Hybrid AC/DC Nanogrid." International Journal of Photoenergy 2020 (April 17, 2020): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3646423.

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This paper addresses the use of nanogrid technology in resolving the issue of blanket load shedding for domestic consumers. This is accomplished by using different load management techniques and load classification and utilizing maximum solar energy. The inclusion of DC-based load in basic load and DC inverter load in regular load and scheduling of the burst load during the hours of maximum solar PV generation bring novelty in this work. The term “nanogrid” as a power structure remains ambiguous in various publications so far. An effort has been done in this paper to present a concise definition of nanogrid. Demand side load management is one of the key features of nanogrid, which enables end users to know major characteristics about their energy consumption during peak and off-peak hours. A microgrid option with nanogrid facility results in a more reliable system with overall improvement in efficiency and reduction in carbon emission. PV plants produce DC power; when used directly, the loss will automatically be minimized to 16%. The AC/DC hybrid nanogrid exhibits 63% more efficiency as compared to AC-only nanogrid and nearly 18% more efficiency as compared to DC-only nanogrid. Smart load shifting smoothens the demand curve 54% more adequately than during conventional load shifting. Simulation results show that real-time pricing is more economical than flat rate tariff for a house without DG, whereas flat rate results are more economical when DG are involved in nanogrids. 12.67%-21.46% saving is achieved if only flat rates are used for DG in nanogrid instead of real-time pricing.

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2

Barone, Giuseppe, Giovanni Brusco, Daniele Menniti, Anna Pinnarelli, Nicola Sorrentino, Pasquale Vizza, Alessandro Burgio, and Ángel A. Bayod-Rújula. "A Renewable Energy Community of DC Nanogrids for Providing Balancing Services." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 7261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217261.

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The massive expansion of Distributed Energy Resources and schedulable loads have forced a variation of generation, transmission, and final usage of electricity towards the paradigm of Smart Communities microgrids and of Renewable Energy Communities. In the paper, the use of multiple DC microgrids for residential applications, i.e., the nanogrids, in order to compose and create a renewable energy community, is hypothesized. The DC Bus Signaling distributed control strategy for the power management of each individual nanogrid is applied to satisfy the power flow requests sent from an aggregator. It is important to underline that this is an adaptive control strategy, i.e., it is used when the nanogrid provides a service to the aggregator and when not. In addition, the value of the DC bus voltage of each nanogrid is communicated to the aggregator. In this way, the aggregator is aware of the regulation capacity that each nanogrid can provide and which flexible resources are used to provide this capacity. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategy is demonstrated via numerical experiments. The energy community considered in the paper consists of five nanogrids, interfaced to a common ML-LV substation. The nanogrids, equipped with a photovoltaic plant and a set of lithium-ion batteries, participate in the balancing service depending on its local generation and storage capacity.

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3

Saad, Muhammad, Yongfeng Ju, Husan Ali, Sami Ullah Jan, Dawar Awan, Shahbaz Khan, Abdul Wadood, Bakht Muhammad Khan, Akhtar Ali, and Tahir Khurshaid. "Behavioral Modeling Paradigm for DC Nanogrid Based Distributed Energy Systems." Energies 14, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 7904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14237904.

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The remarkable progress of power electronic converters (PEC) technology has led to their increased penetration in distributed energy systems (DES). Particularly, the direct current (dc) nanogrid-based DES embody a variety of sources and loads, connected through a central dc bus. Therefore, PECs are required to be employed as an interface. It would facilitate incorporation of the renewable energy sources and battery storage system into dc nanogrids. However, it is more challenging as the integration of multiple modules may cause instabilities in the overall system dynamics. Future dc nanogrids are envisioned to deploy ready-to-use commercial PEC, for which designers have no insight into their dynamic behavior. Furthermore, the high variability of the operating conditions constitute a new paradigm in dc nanogrids. It exacerbates the dynamic analysis using traditional techniques. Therefore, the current work proposes behavioral modeling to perform system level analysis of a dc nanogrid-based DES. It relies only on the data acquired via measurements performed at the input–output terminals only. To verify the accuracy of the model, large signal disturbances are applied. The matching of results for the switch model and its behavioral model verifies the effectiveness of the proposed model.

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4

Skouros, Ioannis, and Athanasios Karlis. "A Study on the V2G Technology Incorporation in a DC Nanogrid and on the Provision of Voltage Regulation to the Power Grid." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 23, 2020): 2655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102655.

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Currently, environmental and climate change issues raise a lot of concerns related to conventional vehicles and renewable energy generation methods. Thus, more and more researchers around the world focus on the development and deployment of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Additionally, due to the technological advancements in power electronics and electrical batteries, Electrical Vehicles (EVs) are becoming more and more popular. In addition, according to the Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) operation, the EV batteries can provide electrical energy to the power grid. In this way, many ancillary services can be provided. A Direct Current (DC) nanogrid can be composed by combining the aforementioned technologies. Nanogrids present high efficiency and provide a simple interaction with renewable energy sources and energy storage devices. Firstly, the present study describes the design considerations of a DC nanogrid as well as the control strategies that have to be applied in order to make the V2G operation feasible. Furthermore, the provision of voltage regulation toward the power grid is investigated though the bidirectional transfer of active and reactive power between the DC nanogrid and the power grid. Afterwards, the voltage regulation techniques are applied in an Alternating Current (AC) radial distribution grid are investigated. The proposed system is simulated in Matlab/Simulink software and though the simulation scenarios the impact of the voltage regulation provided by the DC nanogrid is investigated.

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5

Sriyono, Sriyono, and Budiyanto Budiyanto. "Studi Penggunaan DC Nanogrid dengan Sumber Photovoltaic pada Beban Bertegangan dibawah Dua Puluh Empat Volt." RESISTOR (elektRonika kEndali telekomunikaSI tenaga liSTrik kOmputeR) 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/resistor.2.1.1-6.

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Nanogrid adalah sistem terdistribusi dari suatu energi terbarukan yang digunakan untuk aplikasi rumah tangga berdaya rendah. Dc Nanogrid terdiri dari sistem Photovoltaic surya sebagai sumber energi, Maximum Power Point Tracking, converter, battery dan beban. Dalam penelitian ini menggambarkan konsep umum dan kelayakan praktis dari sistem energi terbuka berbasis dc yang mengusulkan cara alternatif untuk merubah jaringan konvensional dari PLN menjadi jaringan yang lebih ramah lingkungan, aman, efisien, praktis dan cara mendapatkan energinya gratis karena bersumber dari matahari. Dalam tahap awal konsep nanogrid DC ini peneliti menggunakan beban rumah tangga yang bertegangan di bawah dua puluh empat volt. Dc Nanogrid ini menggunakan dengan DC bus untuk mentransmisikan teganan dari battery menuju ke beban, dan di sertai dengan konverter dc-dc jenis buck dan boost. Converter ini berfungsi untuk menyesuaikan kebutuhan tegangan pada masing- basing beban yang di gunakan pada penelitian. beban yang di gunakan pada penelitian adalah handphone, mobil maianan , lampu LED 12 volt dan motor DC 24 volt.

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6

Sulaeman, Ilman, Gautham Ram Chandra Mouli, Aditya Shekhar, and Pavol Bauer. "Comparison of AC and DC Nanogrid for Office Buildings with EV Charging, PV and Battery Storage." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185800.

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Future office buildings are expected to be integrated with energy intensive, inherently DC components such as photovoltaic panels (PV), electric vehicles (EV), LED lighting, and battery storage. This paper conceptualizes the interconnection of these components through a 750 V DC nanogrid as against a conventional three-phase 400 V AC system. The factors influencing the performance of a DC-based nanogrid are identified and a comparative analysis with respect to a conventional AC nanogrid is presented in terms of efficiency, stability, and protection. It is proved how the minimization of grid energy exchange through power management is a vital system design choice. Secondly, the trade-off between stability, protection, and cost for sizing of the DC buffer capacitors is explored. The transient system response to different fault conditions for both AC and DC nanogrid is investigated. Finally the differences between the two systems in terms of various safety aspects are highlighted.

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7

Santoro, Danilo, Nicola Delmonte, Marco Simonazzi, Andrea Toscani, Nicholas Rocchi, Giovanna Sozzi, Paolo Cova, and Roberto Menozzi. "Local Power Distribution—A Review of Nanogrid Architectures, Control Strategies, and Converters." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (February 3, 2023): 2759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032759.

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Environmental issues and the global need to extend sustainable access to electricity have fostered a huge amount of research in distributed generation by renewables. The challenges posed by the widespread deployment of distributed generation by renewables, such as intermittent power generation, low inertia, the need for energy storage, etc., call for the development of smart grids serving specific local areas or buildings, referred to as microgrids and nanogrids, respectively. This has led in the last decades to the proposal and actual implementation of a wide variety of system architectures and solutions, and along with that the issue of the power converters needed for interfacing the AC grid with DC micro- or nanogrids, and for DC regulation within the latter. This work offers an overview of the state of the art of research and application of nanogrid architectures, control strategies, and power converter topologies.

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8

Habeeb, Salwan Ali, Marcos Tostado-Véliz, Hany M. Hasanien, Rania A. Turky, Wisam Kaream Meteab, and Francisco Jurado. "DC Nanogrids for Integration of Demand Response and Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructures: Appraisal, Optimal Scheduling and Analysis." Electronics 10, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 2484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202484.

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With the development of electronic infrastructures and communication technologies and protocols, electric grids have evolved towards the concept of Smart Grids, which enable the communication of the different agents involved in their operation, thus notably increasing their efficiency. In this context, microgrids and nanogrids have emerged as invaluable frameworks for optimal integration of renewable sources, electric mobility, energy storage facilities and demand response programs. This paper discusses a DC isolated nanogrid layout for the integration of renewable generators, battery energy storage, demand response activities and electric vehicle charging infrastructures. Moreover, a stochastic optimal scheduling tool is developed for the studied nanogrid, suitable for operators integrated into local service entities along with the energy retailer. A stochastic model is developed for fast charging stations in particular. A case study serves to validate the developed tool and analyze the economical and operational implications of demand response programs and charging infrastructures. Results evidence the importance of demand response initiatives in the economic profit of the retailer.

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9

Malkawi, Ahmad M. A., and Luiz A. C. Lopes. "Improved Dynamic Voltage Regulation in a Droop Controlled DC Nanogrid Employing Independently Controlled Battery and Supercapacitor Units." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091525.

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Анотація:

DC bus voltage signaling (DBS) and droop control are frequently employed in DC nano and microgrids with distributed energy resources (DERs) operating in a decentralized way. This approach is effective in enforcing the desired contributions of power sources and energy storage systems (ESSs) in steady-state conditions. The use of supercapacitors (SCs) along with batteries in a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) can mitigate the impact of high and fast current variations on the losses and lifetime of the battery units. However, by controlling the HESS as a single unit, one forfeits the potential contribution of the SC and its high power capabilities to dynamically improve voltage regulation in a DC nanogrid. This paper discusses an approach where the SC interface is controlled independently from the battery interface, with a small droop factor and a high pass filter (HPF), to produce high and short current pulses and smooth DC bus voltage variations due to sudden power imbalances in the DC nanogrid. Experimental results are presented to show that, unlike in a conventional HESS, the SC unit can be used to improve the dynamic voltage regulation of the DC nanogrid and, indirectly, mitigate the high and fast current variations in the battery.

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10

Malkawi, Ahmad M. A., Ayman AL-Quraan, and Luiz A. C. Lopes. "A Droop-Controlled Interlink Converter for A Dual DC Bus Nanogrid with Decentralized Control." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (June 30, 2023): 10394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310394.

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This paper proposed a dual DC bus nanogrid with 380 V and 48 V buses and allows the integration of distributed energy resources on two buses. The proposed system employs an interlink converter to enable power sharing between the buses. The integration of distributed energy resources has been found to enhance the reliability of the low-voltage bus in comparison to those that lack such integration. The integration process requires the introduction of a new V-I curve for the interlink converter within a DC nanogrid controlled by DC bus signaling and droop control. Furthermore, selecting a power electronics converter for the interlink converter is essential. This paper employs a dual active bridge with galvanic isolation as an interlink converter and proposes a control strategy for the converter that relies on DC bus signaling and droop control. Moreover, this control methodology serves the purpose of preventing any detrimental impact of the interlink converter on the DC buses through the reprogramming of the V-I curve. Subsequently, the suggested control methodology underwent simulation testing via MATLAB/Simulink, which included two different test categories. Initially, the DAB was evaluated as an interlink converter, followed by a comprehensive assessment of the interlink converter in a complete dual DC bus nanogrid. The results indicate that the DAB has the potential to function as an interlink converter while the suggested control approach effectively manages the power sharing between the two buses.

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11

Cecati, Carlo, Hassan Abdullah Khalid, Mario Tinari, Giovanna Adinolfi, and Giorgio Graditi. "DC nanogrid for renewable sources with modular DC/DC LLC converter building block." IET Power Electronics 10, no. 5 (February 16, 2017): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2016.0200.

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12

Kumar, Saurabh, K. Vijayakumar, and Satyanarayana Neeli. "A SEIG-Based DC Nanogrid for Rural Electrification." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B 100, no. 5 (April 8, 2019): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40031-019-00401-3.

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13

Cordova-Fajardo, Miguel Angel, and Eduardo S. Tututi. "Incorporating home appliances into a DC home nanogrid." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1221 (June 2019): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1221/1/012048.

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14

Malkawi, Ahmad M. A., Ayman Al-Quraan, and Luiz A. C. Lopes. "Extending DC Bus Signaling and Droop Control for Hybrid Storage Units to Improve the Energy Management and Voltage Regulation." Inventions 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions7030055.

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Анотація:

DC bus-voltage signaling (DBS) and droop control are often used in DC nano and microgrids with decentralized distributed energy resources (DERs). This technique effectively enforces the appropriate contributions of power sources and energy storage systems (ESSs) in steady-state situations. The usage of super capacitors (SCs) in conjunction with batteries in a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) has recently been shown to reduce the influence of high and fast current changes on the losses and lifetime of the battery units. However, regulating the HESS as a single unit eliminates the SC’s potential contribution in improving power quality in a DC nanogrid due to its high-power capabilities. This work discusses employing a dual-droop coefficient to expand DC bus signaling and droop control by introducing a second droop constant in the range of the ESS’s droop constant. The suggested droop constant allows the SC to participate in power-sharing in the steady state. The voltage regulation will improve by decreasing the DC bus voltage variation with the load or power variation in the DC nanogrid. Furthermore, in the droop zone, the battery’s current variation is less, resulting in a smoother transition in the battery current. In addition to this, the contribution that SCs make to the slow component is variable, which is something that might be accomplished by having a changing threshold voltage in the I vs. V curve.

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15

Moussa, Sonia, Manel Jebali-Ben Ghorbal, and Ilhem Slama-Belkhodja. "Bus voltage level choice for standalone residential DC nanogrid." Sustainable Cities and Society 46 (April 2019): 101431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101431.

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16

Wu, Weimin, Houqing Wang, Yuan Liu, Min Huang, and Frede Blaabjerg. "A Dual-Buck–Boost AC/DC Converter for DC Nanogrid With Three Terminal Outputs." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 64, no. 1 (January 2017): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2016.2598804.

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17

Kumar, Saurabh, Vijayakumar Krishnasamy, Satyanarayana Neeli, and Rajvir Kaur. "Artificial intelligence power controller of fuel cell based DC nanogrid." Renewable Energy Focus 34 (September 2020): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2020.05.004.

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18

Ebrahim, Essamudin A., and Emad A. Sweelem. "Real-time Implementation of a Single Phase Asynchronous Motor Drive, Feeding within an Open Energy Source." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 17 (June 25, 2022): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232016.2022.17.13.

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A modified nanogrid (MnG) is a very small scalable grid with a low power single-input multi-output (SIMO) inverter. This inverter simultaneously produces both AC and DC currents, such as the switched boost inverter (SBI) and the z-source inverter. These inverters are suitable for low-power loads such as home appliances that use fractional horse-power motors as single-phase asynchronous drives. Thus, this article proposes a single-phase induction motor powered from a modified nanogrid that involves multiple types of inverters such as a SBI and a ZS inverter. The modified nanogrid is mainly dependent on photovoltaic (PV) as a renewable resource. Thus, this manuscript involves a full design for this proposed grid with its maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and the mathematical models for motor drive with both a SBI and a ZSI. Time-varying speed trajectories are proposed to test the robustness of the proposed drives relative to the fluctuation of PV-parameters like its irradiance. Test results are obtained using the Matlab/ Simulink software package and a comparison with the traditional sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) inverter as a single-input single-output inverter (SISOI). The results indicate that the proposed single-input multi-output inverters are suitable for driving these motors through start-up and operation, although the DC-link voltage is minimized. Furthermore, the proposed system is experimentally implemented with OPAL RT-4510v real-time hardware in the loop (HIL), rapid control prototyping, and OP-8660 HIL controller and data acquisition platform.

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19

Kumar, Saurabh, and Vijayakumar K. "Simulation and experimental comparative analysis of the DC-DC converter topologies for wind driven SEIG fed DC nanogrid." Electric Power Systems Research 181 (April 2020): 106196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106196.

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20

Samiullah, Md, Mohammed A. Al-Hitmi, Atif Iqbal, and Imtiaz Ashraf. "Inherently boosted switched inductor hybrid converter with AC and DC outputs for DC nanogrid applications." Energy Reports 10 (November 2023): 360–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.06.042.

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21

Jamal, Saif, Jagadeesh Pasupuleti, Nur Azzammudin Rahmat, and Nadia M. L. Tan. "Energy Management System for Grid-Connected Nanogrid during COVID-19." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 7689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207689.

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An effective energy management system (EMS) was designed based on the Stateflow (SF) approach for a grid-connected nanogrid (NG) composed of a photovoltaic (PV) array with a battery bank and supercapacitor (SC) energy storage system (ESS). The PV energy system, battery bank and SC (ESS), dual active bridge DC/DC converters, DC/AC inverters, control algorithms, and controllers were developed to test the operation of the NG. The average and high-frequency power components are separated using frequency division of the ESS power utilizing a low-pass filter; the average power is absorbed by the battery bank, while the high-frequency power is absorbed by the SC. The aim of this paper is to design an EMS to manage the energy of a grid-connected NG system considering the availability of the PV array, ESS, and demand requirements. Different scenarios of operation were tested to check the EMS behaviour during the day with a random demand profile, including: (1) a PV array with the grid supplying the load without an EMS; (2) a PV array, batteries, and the grid supplying the load with an EMS; (3) a PV array, batteries, an SC, and the grid supplying the load with an EMS; (4) a PV array, batteries, an SC, and the grid supplying the load with an EMS, with load profile reduction by 20% due to COVID-19. As per the simulation results, the proposed EMS enables the flow of power in the NG system and demonstrates the impact on the ESS by minimising carbon emissions via a reduction in grid consumption. Furthermore, the SF method is regarded as a helpful alternative to popular design approaches employing conventional software tools.

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22

Schönberger, J., R. Duke, and S. Round. "Decentralised source scheduling in a model nanogrid using DC bus signalling." Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2, no. 3 (January 2005): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1448837x.2005.11464127.

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23

Cordova-Fajardo, Miguel, and Eduardo S. Tututi. "A Mathematical Model for Home Appliances in a DC Home Nanogrid." Energies 16, no. 7 (March 23, 2023): 2957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16072957.

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Анотація:

A mathematical model for nonlinear loads, that contains, in its design, a switching power supply is presented. The model was tested in home appliances operating in a Direct Current Home Nanogrid (DCHN). Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) and LED lamps were used as nonlinear loads to study, through the model, the experimental results in the profile of ripple in voltage and current of the lamps. The profile of ripples, due to the home appliances, could be explained by the model, even in the simultaneous operation of two loads. Additionally, the effect of decreasing the ripple amplitude when an induction stove in standby mode was incorporated with the DCHN was analyzed.

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24

Sulthan, Sheik Mohammed, Shereen Siddhara A., Sri Revathi B., Mohammed Mansoor O., Veena R., and Imthias Ahamed T.P. "Centralized power management and control of a Low Voltage DC Nanogrid." Energy Reports 9 (October 2023): 1513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.07.003.

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25

Santoro, Danilo, Iñigo Kortabarria, Andrea Toscani, Carlo Concari, Paolo Cova, and Nicola Delmonte. "PV Modules Interfacing Isolated Triple Active Bridge for Nanogrid Applications." Energies 14, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 2854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102854.

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DC nanogrid architectures with Photovoltaic (PV) modules are expected to grow significantly in the next decades. Therefore, the integration of multi-port power converters and high-frequency isolation links are of increasing interest. The Triple Active Bridge (TAB) topology shows interesting advantages in terms of isolation, Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) over wide load and input voltage ranges and high frequency operation capability. Thus, controlling PV modules is not an easy task due to the complexity and control stability of the system. In fact, the TAB power transfer function has many degrees of freedom, and the relationship between any of two ports is always dependent on the third one. In this paper we analyze the interfacing of photovoltaic arrays to the TAB with different solar conditions. A simple but effective control solution is proposed, which can be implemented through general purpose microcontrollers. The TAB is applied to an islanded DC nanogrid, which can be useful and readily implemented in locations where the utility grid is not available or reliable, and applications where isolation is required as for example More Electric Aircraft (MEA). Different conditions have been simulated and the control loops are proved for a reliable bus voltage control on the load side and a good maximum power point tracking (MPPT).

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26

Habibi, Saeed, Ramin Rahimi, Mehdi Ferdowsi, and Pourya Shamsi. "DC Bus Voltage Selection for a Grid-Connected Low-Voltage DC Residential Nanogrid Using Real Data with Modified Load Profiles." Energies 14, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 7001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217001.

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This study examines various low voltage levels applied to a direct current residential nanogrid (DC-RNG) with respect to the efficiency and component cost of the system. Due to the significant increase in DC-compatible loads, on-site Photovoltaic (PV) generation, and local battery storage, DC distribution has gained considerable attention in buildings. To provide an accurate evaluation of the DC-RNG’s efficiency and component cost, a one-year load profile of a conventional AC-powered house is considered, and AC appliances’ load profiles are scaled to their equivalent available DC appliances. Based on the modified load profiles, proper wiring schemes, converters, and protection devices are chosen to construct a DC-RNG. The constructed DC-RNG is modeled in MATLAB software and simulations are completed to evaluate the efficiency of each LVDC level. Four LVDC levels—24 V, 48 V, 60 V, and 120 V—are chosen to evaluate the DC-RNG’s efficiency and component cost. Additionally, impacts of adding a battery energy storage unit on the DC-RNG’s efficiency are studied. The results indicate that 60 V battery-less DC-RNG is the most efficient one; however, when batteries are added to the DC-RNG, the 48 V DC distribution becomes the most efficient and cost-effective option.

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27

Mahmood, Farrukh ibne, Muhammad Zain Ul Abideen Afridi, Hamza Ahmad Raza, and Hassan Abdullah Khalid. "Investigation and Comparison of DC and AC Nanogrid Networks using MATLAB/Simulink." International journal of Engineering Works 09, no. 05 (May 28, 2022): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34259/ijew.22.905131143.

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28

Andreas, Jamsep, Eko Adhi Setiawan, Suharsono Halim, Muhammad Atar, and Hanifati Nur Shabrina. "Performance Test of 2.5 kW DC Boost Converter for Nanogrid System Applications." International Journal of Technology 9, no. 6 (December 7, 2018): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v9i6.2429.

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29

Schonbergerschonberger, J., R. Duke, and S. D. Round. "DC-Bus Signaling: A Distributed Control Strategy for a Hybrid Renewable Nanogrid." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 53, no. 5 (October 2006): 1453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2006.882012.

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30

Ciavarella, Roberto, Giorgio Graditi, Maria Valenti, Anna Pinnarelli, Giuseppe Barone, Maurizio Vizza, Daniele Menniti, Nicola Sorrentino, and Giovanni Brusco. "Modeling of an Energy Hybrid System Integrating Several Storage Technologies: The DBS Technique in a Nanogrid Application." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031170.

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Hybrid Systems in microgrid applications have gained relevance in power flow management in the context of the worldwide power grids transformation. Successfully integrating several technologies of micro resources and storage systems is a key component of microgrid applications. To address this issue, dc-bus signaling (DBS) is proposed here and used as a distributed decentralized control strategy in which the control nodes, as the generation sources/storage interface converters, induce DC bus voltage-level changes to communicate with the other control nodes. The DC bus voltage thresholds are identified and assigned to each converter to trigger the point at which it begins discharging or charging for six different DC Nano Grid (DCNG) configurations, thereby integrating both conventional and unconventional storage systems. Several test cases have been analyzed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control logic.

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31

Bellinaso, Lucas V., Edivan L. Carvalho, Rafael Cardoso, and Leandro Michels. "Price-Response Matrices Design Methodology for Electrical Energy Management Systems Based on DC Bus Signalling." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061787.

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Prosumers’ electrical installations (PEIs), as nanogrids and low-voltage microgrids, have gained importance in recent years following the development of standards such as the IEC 60364-8 series. In these systems, all distributed energy resources (DERs) are usually integrated using dc bus coupling. The IEC 60364-8-3 predicts an electrical energy management system (EEMS) for power-sharing. The overall research framework of this paper is the nanogrid power management, where complex algorithms are required, as well as the conventional state machines and hierarchical controls. However, the addition of new DERs in such systems is not straightforward due to the complicated parameter settings for energy usage optimization. A different control strategy, named price-based power management, has been conceived to make the EEMS scalable to include new sources and simplify parameterization. Since it is analogous to economic markets, most users understand the concepts and feel comfortable tuning parameters according to their own cost/benefits goals. This paper proposes a price-based power management algorithm for EEMS to automatically design the price-response matrices (PRMs). The PRMs are a way to organize power management, considering new DERs and variable price of energy. The main contribution is the methodology to design the PRMs. Experimental results are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. The results were obtained with a 1.5 kW prototype composed of a PV generator, battery energy storage, loads, and grid connection.

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32

Dutta, Subhendu, and Kishore Chatterjee. "A five bus AC–DC hybrid nanogrid system for PV based modern buildings." IET Renewable Power Generation 15, no. 4 (January 20, 2021): 758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12065.

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33

Selvanathan, Keerthana, and Uma Govindarajan. "A novel tri‐capacity battery charger topology for low‐voltage DC residential nanogrid." IET Renewable Power Generation 15, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 1648–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.12127.

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34

Kim, Jun-Gi, and Il-Yop Chung. "Optimal Electric Vehicle Scheduling Method Using Renewable Energy Forecasting Algorithm in DC Nanogrid." Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 69, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 808–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/kiee.2020.69.6.808.

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35

Kumar, Saurabh, Ashok Bhupathi Kumar Mukkapati, Vijayakumar Krishnasamy, Rajvir Kaur, and B. Chitti Babu. "Improved control strategy for Cuk converter assisted wind-driven SEIG for DC nanogrid." IET Electric Power Applications 14, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1906–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa.2020.0412.

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36

Menon, Goutham, Mahesh Ratheesh, Gopikrishna S Menon, Gautham S, and P. Kanakasabapathy. "Hybrid Converter to Supply DC and AC Loads Using Tapped Boost Topology." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.8 (July 7, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.8.15217.

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Advancements in power electronic systems has brought forth the modernization of residential power systems exponentially. The interfacing of AC and DC loads with various kinds of resources of energy has been achieved with the help of modern nanogrid architectures. This paper brings into depiction a Tapped Boost derived hybrid converter that can be used to meet the demands of both AC and DC loads having a solitary DC input. A voltage source inverter (VSI) bridge network is used instead of the single switch of a Tapped Boost converter. The VSI bridge has shoot-through protection in the inverter stage increasing its importance for smart power systems. The Tapped Boost derived converter also borrows the advantages provided by the Tapped Boost converter. The paper covers topics like the operation, steady-state analysis and operating modes of the proposed Tapped Boost-DHC. The output and input characteristics has also been tested and verified through simulatio

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37

Kumari, Niteesha, S. Shiva Kumar, and V. Laxmi. "Design of an efficient bipolar converter with fast MPPT algorithm for DC nanogrid application." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 49, no. 9 (May 3, 2021): 2812–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.3020.

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38

Dutta, Subhendu, and Kishore Chatterjee. "An AC–DC Hybrid Nanogrid System for PV and Battery Storage Based Futuristic Buildings." IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Industrial Electronics 2, no. 3 (July 2021): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jestie.2021.3061956.

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39

Adda, Ravindranath, Olive Ray, Santanu K. Mishra, and Avinash Joshi. "Synchronous-Reference-Frame-Based Control of Switched Boost Inverter for Standalone DC Nanogrid Applications." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 28, no. 3 (March 2013): 1219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2012.2211039.

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40

Gupta, Nikita, and Rachana Garg. "Design, development, and reliability assessment of dual output converters for SPV based DC nanogrid." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 10, no. 2 (March 2018): 025502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5009570.

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41

Ganesan, Saravana Ilango, Dinesh Pattabiraman, Ramesh Krishna Govindarajan, Manoj Rajan, and Chilakapati Nagamani. "Control Scheme for a Bidirectional Converter in a Self-Sustaining Low-Voltage DC Nanogrid." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 62, no. 10 (October 2015): 6317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2015.2424192.

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42

Singh, Rajendra, Githin Alapatt, and Guneet Bedi. "Why and how photovoltaics will provide cheapest electricity in the 21st century." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 27, no. 2 (2014): 275–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1402275s.

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With the advent of solar panels and windmills, and our ability to generate and use electrical energy locally without the need for long-range transmission, the world is about to witness transformational changes in energy infrastructure. The use of photovoltaics (PV) as source of direct current (DC) power reduces the cost and improves the reliability of PV system. DC microgrid and nanogrid based on PV and storage can provide sustainable electric power to all human beings in equitable fashion. Bulk volume manufacturing of batteries will lead to cost reduction in a manner similar to the cost reduction experience of PV module manufacturing. Future manufacturing innovations and R & D directions are discussed that can further reduce the cost of PV system. If the current trends of PV growth continue, we expect PV electricity cost with storage to reach $0.02 per kWh in the next 8-10 years.

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43

Murdianto, Farid Dwi, Indhana Sudiharto, and Eni Wulandari. "Performance Evaluation Zeta Converter Using PI Controller for Energy Management in DC Nanogrid Isolated System." INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 8, no. 1 (July 25, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v8i1.2651.

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Renewable energy is needed as an alternative energy source. One of the implementations of renewable energy is the Solar Power Plant (PLTS). PLTS is a component that uses solar cells to convert solar energy into electrical energy. Unfortunately, the output power of this solar cell depends on the intensity of the light which causes the output power to enter the load to be unstable. Sometimes the PV power decrease because of the shading effect. From this problem a converter is needed to keep the system output voltage. The converter used in this research is the zeta converter. This Zeta converter can operate like a buck boost converter. The output of the system used is not stable. So that to stabilize it requires good control. In this paper using PI controller to control this system in order to keep the output system stable. 3. The error generated using the PI Control on the system is only 0.34%.

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44

Lucia, Oscar, Igor Cvetkovic, Hector Sarnago, Dushan Boroyevich, Paolo Mattavelli, and Fred C. Lee. "Design of Home Appliances for a DC-Based Nanogrid System: An Induction Range Study Case." IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 1, no. 4 (December 2013): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jestpe.2013.2283224.

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45

Nasir, Mashood, Zheming Jin, Hassan A. Khan, Nauman Ahmad Zaffar, Juan C. Vasquez, and Josep M. Guerrero. "A Decentralized Control Architecture Applied to DC Nanogrid Clusters for Rural Electrification in Developing Regions." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 34, no. 2 (February 2019): 1773–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2018.2828538.

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46

Shahidehpour, Mohammad, Zhiyi Li, Wenlong Gong, Shay Bahramirad, and Marc Lopata. "A Hybrid ac\/dc Nanogrid: The Keating Hall Installation at the Illinois Institute of Technology." IEEE Electrification Magazine 5, no. 2 (June 2017): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mele.2017.2685858.

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47

Hamidi, Meryem, Abdelhadi Raihani, Mohamed Youssfi, and Omar Bouattane. "A new modular nanogrid energy management system based on multi-agent architecture." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i1.pp178-190.

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The emergence of renewable energy sources with controllable loads gave the opportunity to the consumers to build their own Microgrids. However, the intermittence of renewable energy sources such as wind and photovoltaic leads to some challenges in terms of balancing generation and consumption. This paper aims to present a novel multi-agent model based intelligent control scheme to balance the home/building alternative current (AC)-direct current (DC) load demands and renewable energy sources. The new proposed scheme consists of a three-level hierarchical multi agent system based on cooperation, communication and interaction between intelligent agents to fulfill the load's requirements. Then, the proposed multi agent framework is simulated using four different nanogrids to prove its effectiveness using different temporal profiles for loads and generators. The proposed model is designed to be modular, so that it can be considered as a sample from a set of similar modules, assigned to different buildings to allow efficient energy sharing and balancing. The used approach in this concept is inspired from auto-similar systems, which is well suited and easy to implement on multi agent systems. A co-simulation in MATLAB and JAVA/JADE platforms has been performed regarding the production-consumption of the 24 hours baseline period.

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48

Ebrahim, Essamudin Ali, and Abuelmaaty M. Ali. "Performance and Tracking Control of Three-Phase Induction-Motor Drive Fed from a DC-Modified Nano-grid." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS 16 (March 3, 2021): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232016.2021.16.2.

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Nowadays, induction motor (IM) can be used in tracking systems to follow a predefined path like in robotics and servos. The modified nanogrid is a small scalable-renewable energy intermittent source that powers loads via a single-stage inverter (SSI). Higher utilization of the inverter dc-link voltage improves its output voltage and dependently, the performance of the motor tracking speed. So, this paper proposed a switched boost inverter (SBI) to feed IM from PV-source to boost its dc-link output voltage. The usage SBI utilizes minimum passive components, more active elements, introduces shot-through mode as z-source inverter and produces both ac and dc voltages simultaneously. The performance of the motor-tracking speed depends directly on the motorstator voltage. So, the proposed method depends mainly on two parameters to verify the pre-defined trajectory speed. The first proposed intention is a simple algorithm for a closed-loop dc-link boosting control based-on the reference model to compute the optimum duty ratio (D). The second one depends mainly on the modulation index (M) to produce the reference signals needed to adjust the speed of the motor through a (voltage/frequency) control of a predefined value. The modelling and validation of the proposed system was implicit with the help of Matlab/ Simulink package. The robustness of the system has been tested by selecting several speed trajectories and was able to track them. Furthermore, SBI-based system was compared with other VSI-inverter techniques such as the space-vector PWM single- and two-stage VSI inverters. Test results explored that the SBI-based system is a strong competitor to other inverter techniques especially at low-voltage intermittent supply.

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49

Burmester, Daniel, Ramesh Rayudu, and Winston K. G. Seah. "Use of Maximum Power Point Tracking Signal for Instantaneous Management of Thermostatically Controlled Loads in a DC Nanogrid." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 9, no. 6 (November 2018): 6140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2704116.

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50

Savio, A. Dominic, and Vimala Juliet A. "Development of multiple plug-in electric vehicle mobile charging station using bidirectional converter." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i2.pp785-791.

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Electric vehicle (EV) charging station powered by the scattered energy sources with DC Nanogrid (NG) provides an option for uninterrupted charging. The NG powered by the renewable energy sources (RES) of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy. When the excess power produced by the renewable energy stored in the local energy storage unit (ESU) utilized during shortage power from the renewable sources. During the overloading of NG and demand of energy in ESU; the mobile charging station (MCS) provides an uninterrupted charging. The MCS provides an option for battery swapping and vehicle to grid feasibility. The MCS required to monitor the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery. Monitoring of SOC and SOH related to the various battery parameters like voltage, current and temperature. A laboratory prototype is developed and tested the practical possibility of EV to NG and Internet of things (IoT) based monitoring of battery parameters.

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