Дисертації з теми "Dawkins"
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1
García, Manchón Josué Itamar. "The consequences of Dawkins' New Atheism." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546346.
2
Behr, Fanny. "Richard Dawkins 'Theorie des egoistischen Gens' - Kernpunkte, Analyse, Kritik." Thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1144227169655-54149.
3
Dawkins, J. S. "The Dawkins family in Jamaica and England, 1664-1833." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10049467/.
Анотація:
This thesis focuses on the Jamaican and English history of the Dawkins’ and explores the relationship between their slave-owning activities and their subsequent entrance into the metropole’s landed ranks. It demonstrates how one particular family were able to establish themselves as wealthy sugar planters on one side of the Atlantic, whilst its later generations migrated to England and drew upon the West Indian fortune to transform themselves into members of elite county society during the eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-centuries. Central to this thesis is an analysis of the Dawkins’ Jamaican plantation papers and their English estate records. It traces their colonial land building activities from the earliest days of their settlement on the island, during the mid-seventeenth-century, in an effort to understand how the foundations of their wealth were established by the first two generations of the family. By the middle of the eighteenth-century they had amassed a fortune large enough to allow the third generation to become absentees. The scene shifts from Jamaica to England where the family, headed by Henry Dawkins II, focussed on becoming part of Britain’s provincial elite after migrating to the metropole in the late 1750s. They engaged in a number of undertakings strategically designed to facilitate this blending which are explored across four chapters. These include the construction and development of country estates, marriage into established landed families, the acquisition of political office, and the re-crafting of their image to that of a refined genteel family. The examination of these undertakings sheds light on the different areas into which colonial fortunes spilled over as the profits from the Dawkins’ slave-based enterprise “came home”.
4
Nascimento, Anderson Clayton Santana do. "DEUS, UM DELÍRIO? UMA ANÁLISE DA DOUTRINA NEOATEÍSTA DE RICHARD DAWKINS ENQUANTO DOADORA DE SENTIDO PARA A VIDA." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2015. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/889.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2015-03-02Deus, um delírio? A doutrina neoateísta de Richard Dawkins enquanto doadora de sentido para a vida é uma pesquisa que tem como objetivo analisar o pensamento de Richard Dawkins, condensado em sua obra principal o livro Deus um delírio para que seja possível verificar como funcionam os argumentos ali contidos e analisar a oferta de sentido que traz para substituir a religião enquanto doadora de sentido para a vida. A pesquisa foi feita através de uma revisão bibliográfica das obras do autor e de seus principais críticos. No primeiro capítulo foram investigados os pressupostos e as origens das ideias do pensamento ateísta de Dawkins. No segundo capítulo se faz uma análise mais pormenorizada das ideias de Dawkins. No terceiro capítulo o pensamento de Dawkins é analisado enquanto doutrina doadora de sentido para a vida humana. Foi constatado que Dawkins usa a o conhecimento científico fora de sua alçada para propagar uma doutrina liberalista.
5
Evans, Benjamin M. "Signifying selfhood, from Descartes to Dawkins and beyond (or: from ego to Lego)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0006/MQ42612.pdf.
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Franco, Clarissa de. "O ateísmo de Richard Dawkins nas fronteiras da ciência evolucionista e do senso comum." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1925.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2014-06-09Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
The object of study is the main Richard Dawkins ideas of atheism and this reception on the brasilian atheists. Dawkins is one of the leading publishers and militant atheist movement today, and despite his public facet - released worldwide on websites and in books of recognized success - there are debates of the author , pertaining to academic spaces and restricted to scientists, who do not always have congruent to its exhibitions and public defenders . Internally the walls of science, Richard Dawkins can not find full verification and corroboration of some central points of his theory that seem to support its public arguments of atheism, such as the theory and the concept of memetic and selection gene, ideas presented to the lay public one of his most famous books, The Selfish Gene (2001a [1976]) and maintained publicly with the status of consolidated science. We assume that the figures of scientist and militant atheist from Dawkins mingle in front of the public imagination, which tends to lead his followers to understand atheism as a more legitimate and true way that religious, being interpreted that as a way to free choice and the latter undergoes a indoctrination. We believe, however, that atheism can be understood as subject to natural cognitive mechanisms, as religion. We take into account the political scene today is favorable to atheists, since we observed a phenomenon we call "moral atheists revenge", a reversal of official protection and legitimacy of the state, which has long been welcoming and protecting the speech religious and today happened to be synchronized with atheistics claims, being religious in an outdated and uncomfortable place in the democratic debate. These hypotheses was investigated by means of confrontation between the scientific and public speeches of Richard Dawkins and through a mixed questionnaire (with open and closed questions ) that investigated 1022 atheists, noting whether and to what extent atheism sample follows trends thinking of Richard Dawkins. We observed patterns of response, three groups: Super Atheists, Moderates Atheists and Discrete Atheists. Approximately 30% of the sample declare themselves as followers of the author, and all, nearly 80% have knowledge about any point of the theory of Dawkins
O objeto de estudo consiste nas principais ideias ateístas de Richard Dawkins e na recepção destas por parte dos ateus inseridos na cultura brasileira. Dawkins é um dos principais divulgadores e militantes do movimento ateísta da atualidade, e a despeito de sua faceta pública divulgada em sites mundiais e em livros de reconhecido sucesso existem debates do autor, concernentes aos espaços acadêmicos e restritos a cientistas, que nem sempre se apresentam congruentes às suas exposições e defesas públicas. Internamente aos muros da ciência, Richard Dawkins não encontra plena verificação e corroboração de alguns pontos centrais de sua teoria que parecem embasar sua argumentação pública do ateísmo, tais como a teoria da memética e o conceito de seleção de gene, ideias apresentadas ao público leigo em um de seus mais célebres livros, O gene egoísta (2001a [1976]) e mantidas publicamente com o status de ciência consolidada. Consideramos que as figuras de cientista e militante ateu em Dawkins fundem-se diante do imaginário público, o que tende a levar seus seguidores a compreenderem o ateísmo como um caminho mais legítimo e verdadeiro que o religioso, sendo aquele interpretado como um caminho de livre escolha e este último submetido a uma doutrinação. Acreditamos, no entanto, que o ateísmo pode ser compreendido como submetido a mecanismos cognitivos naturais, como a religião. Levamos em conta que o cenário político hoje é favorável aos ateus, uma vez que observamos um fenômeno que chamamos de vingança moral dos ateus , uma inversão da proteção oficial e da legitimidade do Estado, que durante muito tempo esteve acolhendo e protegendo o discurso religioso e hoje passou a se afinizar com reivindicações ateístas, ficando o religioso em um lugar ultrapassado e incômodo no debate democrático. Estas hipóteses foram investigadas por meio da confrontação entre os discursos científico e público de Richard Dawkins e através de um questionário misto (com questões fechadas e abertas) que investigou 1022 ateus, observando se, e em que intensidade, o ateísmo da amostra segue as tendências do pensamento de Richard Dawkins. Pudemos observar nos padrões de resposta, três grupos: Super Ateus, Ateus Moderados e Ateus Discretos. Aproximadamente 30% da amostra declara-se fã do autor, e ao todo, perto de 80% tem conhecimento sobre algum ponto da teoria de Dawkins
7
Roche, Vivienne Carol. "Razor gang to Dawkins : a history of Victoria College, an Australian College of Advanced Education." Connect to digital thesis, 2003. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000468.
8
TOLEDO, GUSTAVO LEAL. "MEMETIC CONTROVERSIES: THE SCIENCE OF MEMES AND THE UNIVERSAL DARWINISM OF DAWKINS, DENNETT AND BLACKMORE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=13602@1.
Анотація:
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOO conceito de memes surgiu em 1976 com Richard Dawkins como um análogo cultural dos genes. Deveria ser possível estudar a cultura através do processo de evolução por seleção natural de memes, ou seja, de comportamentos, idéias e conceitos. O filósofo Daniel Dennett utilizou tal conceito como central em sua teoria da consciência e pela primeira vez divulgou para o grande público a possibilidade de uma ciência dos memes chamada memética. A pesquisadora Susan Blackmore, 1999, foi quem mais se aproximou de uma defesa completa de tal teoria. No entanto, a memética sofreu pesadas críticas e ainda não se constituiu como uma ciência, com métodos e uma base empírica bem definida. A presente tese visa entrar nesta discussão, analisando todas as principais críticas que foram feitas com o objetivo de analisar se a memética poderia de fato ser uma ciência e também que tipo de ciência ela seria.
The concept of memes was created by Richard Dawkins in 1976 as an analogue of genes. It suggests the possibility of studying culture through a process of evolution through natural selection of memes, that is, of behaviors, ideas and concepts. The concept became central for the philosopher Daniel Dennett, who employed it in his theory of consciousness and made the possibility of a science of memes called memetics known to the general public. Researcher Susan Blackmore, 1999, came very close to a complete defense of such theory. However, memetics was the target of heavy criticism, and could still not establish itself as a science, with specific methods and a well-defined empirical base. The present work aims to engage in this discussion, examining the main critics and seeking to establish whether memetics could in fact be a science, and, if so, what kind of science it would be.
9
Ahlberg, Erik. ""Evolution och Bibel" eller "evolution eller Bibel"? : En argumentationsanalytisk studie av Richard Dawkins och Joan Roughgarden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-432859.
Анотація:
The compatibility between the Christian faith and various scientific advances has been up for discussion time and again to the degree that the debate is hard to miss. According to most, the most daunting subject of the discussion might be the compatibility with Darwin’s theory of evolution. In an attempt to get a perspective on this issue, this paper discusses compatibility by analysing the argumentation on the subject by two evolutionary biologists: Richard Dawkins and Joan Roughgarden. The arguments of the two authors are then tested regarding validity and applicability, leading to the conclusion that although both make valid claims regarding the subject of evolution, Dawkins’ reasoning of incompatibility can only be applied to a strictly limited group of Christians, whereas Roughgarden’s arguments for compatibility between the theory of evolution the Bible appears to be both tenable and applicable to Christianity at large. The conclusion is thus drawn that a certain compatibility appears to exist.
10
Gustavsson, Erik. "Gud - logisk, verklig eller onödig? : en retorisk analys av Richard Dawkins och John Lennox argumentation om Guds existens." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för lärande och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-9698.
Анотація:
This study has its background in the debate about religion and the existence of God, which has been an ongoing issue throughout the Western cultural tradition. Today´s information society has been an impact on the increasing interest for this subject. The essay’s main task is to accomplish a rhetorical analysis of two books, Illusionen om Gud (2008) by atheist Richard Dawkins and Guds dödgrävare (2010) by Christian John Lennox, in order to investigate the authors’ use of rhetorical strategies to influence their audience. The texts are studied using a qualitative approach with the theoretical basis of some well-defined rhetorical variables: ethical, logical and pathetic means of persuasion, propaganda, and the important factor that a message always is presented in a certain context in which the recipients both have their own values and subjects to general truths and common frames of reference. The analysis is intended to convey the rhetorical essence of each author, and uses this image to discuss aims and methods in the communication. Both authors demonstrate varying propagandistic strategies and base their arguments from common context and widely recognized frames of reference. Lennox almost exclusively uses methodological logo arguments, while Dawkins often uses the pathetic persuasion founds.
11
Bueno, Maria Rita Spina. "Níveis de seleção: uma avaliação a partir da teoria do \"gene egoísta\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8133/tde-03092009-145224/.
Анотація:
Esta dissertação de mestrado aborda a controvérsia em torno de qual é o nível biológico no qual a seleção natural atua, com ênfase na proposta de Richard Dawkins do gene egoísta e nas questões que surgem em torno da mesma. Examina-se um panorama de questões de filosofia da biologia abordadas a partir do problema dos níveis nos quais a seleção natural atua. Esperamos que ao avaliar o impacto da teoria do gene egoísta na problemática evolutiva, consigamos compreender sua importância. O objetivo deste trabalho é filosófico, delineando as questões e clarificando alguns termos do debate, sem se propor a tomar partido por uma ou outra posição. O primeiro capítulo apresenta as origens históricas do debate, partindo do ponto de vista original de Charles Darwin no qual o indivíduo era a entidade efetivamente selecionada. Em seguida, buscamos entender como novas questões empíricas, em especial a busca de explicações biológicas para o altruísmo, conduziram a propostas de seleção de grupo. No segundo capítulo delineamos como o desenvolvimento da genética possibilitou que um novo nível de seleção fosse proposto: o gene, e acompanhamos a exposição de Dawkins sobre o ponto de vista do gene egoísta, em especial a partir de seus dois livros mais relevantes sobre o tema: O gene egoísta e O fenótipo estendido. O terceiro capítulo examina diversas aproximações filosóficas no contexto de resposta à pergunta: o que é uma unidade de seleção?. Nosso estudo é consistente com a tese de que as forças seletivas atuam simultaneamente em diversos níveis.This Masters thesis studies the controversy over what is the biological level in which natural selection takes place. Emphasis is given to Richard Dawkins proposal of the selfish gene and to the issues that arise therefrom, which include many questions in the philosophy of biology. We hope that by assessing the impact that the theory of the selfish gene has had on the problems of evolution, one may understand its importance. The aim of this study is philosophical, raising questions and clarifying the terms of the debate, without taking side on one or another position. The first chapter presents the historical origins of the debate, starting with the original view of Charles Darwin that the individual is the entity that is effectively selected. We then set out to understand how new empirical problems, specifically the search for biological explanations for altruism, led to proposals of group selection. In the second chapter, we depict how the development of genetics allowed that a new level of selection be proposed: the gene. We analyze Dawkins exposition of the point of view of the selfish gene, especially in the two most important books on the subject: The selfish gene and The extended phenotype. The third chapter examines several philosophical approaches to the question what is a unit of selection?. Our study is consistent with the thesis that selective forces act simultaneously in different levels.
12
Magnusson, Maria. "En ny ateism eller ateism i en ny tid? : En idéanalys av de nya ateisterna och deras kritiker." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-40130.
Анотація:
This essay intends to examine the atheists Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens and Michel Onfray's arguments against religion, based on the themes of religion, atheism and the perception.of their present worldview. In addition, the research aims to find out whether it is suitable to talk about a new atheism. And, if so, whether such newatheism correspond with the definition represented by the Christian critics. The essay intends to contribute to a very limited research on the so-called new atheism without applying pro-religious arguments. Previous research and theory highlight the problem of defining the terms atheism, religion and secularism a concern that is reflected by the five critics troughout their arguments. What really united the critics were the idea about religion taking too much place in society, and the opinion that atheistic morality is at least as good as religious morality. In addition, the authors agree that religion is not needed to maintain good morale, on the contrary, religion affect the morale negatively. They also assumed that religion restricts people and and that moderate religion more or less leads to, or is responsible for, fundamentalism. Also, the value of truth and contempt against relativism brought the authors together, although they were sometimes justified by very different arguments. Crucially, however, are the differences in their definitions of religion, both concerning their focus on substantive and functional definitions, the relationship between absolute, relative-, and private religion and their political focus. To regard these authors' arguments as a new atheism is thus hard to justify. The results conclude that both the Christian critics and the five critics of religion generalize their opponents view of atheism or religion, and also fail to define themselves in order to be able to unite as a group against the other.
13
Karlsson, Albin. "Samhällelig sekulär maximalism : En analys av nyateistisk ideologi." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-103998.
Анотація:
The purpose of this essay is to analyze the ideology of the cultural phenomenon, that is as political as it is controversial, the new atheism. By studying the ideas and values of four prominent new atheists, commonly referred to as the ‘four horsemen of the new atheism’, Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens, and Daniel Dennett, this study aims to, in some ways challenge, and in others, nuance, the categorization of the movement. Its adherents have often been labeled as, for example: ‘secular fundamentalists’, ‘evangelical’ and ‘radical secularists’. None of these designations are inherently wrong. But I think there is a more fitting term available: ‘societal secular maximalist’. This term is a modified version of ‘religious maximalism’, coined by the historian of religion at the University of Chicago, Bruce Lincoln. I argue that the new atheist ideology is not fundamentalistic because it admits fallibility if another theory where to disprove it within its own scientific discourse. Considering this fact, it does not hold is central ideological feature, most commonly a Darwinist theory of evolution, as absolute. Due to this, and some other factors, I argue that the societal secular maximalist categorization is more fitting because the scientific and humanistic views of the ‘four horsemen’ lay claim to all aspects of human existence, private and public, emotional, and factual along with the morals, ethics and aesthetics of our societies.
14
De, Villiers Tanya. "Complexity and the self." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52744.
Анотація:
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis it is argued that the age-old philosophical "Problem of the Self' can benefit by being approached from the perspective of a relatively recent science, namely that of Complexity Theory. With this in mind the conceptual features of this theory is highlighted and summarised. Furthermore, the argument is made that the predominantly dualistic approach to the self that is characteristic of the Western Philosophical tradition serves to hinder, rather than edify, our understanding of the phenomenon. The benefits posed by approaching the self as an emergent property of a complex system is elaborated upon, principally with the help of work done by Sigmund Freud, Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, and Paul Cilliers. The aim is to develop a materialistic conception of the self that is plausible in terms of current empirical information and resists the temptation see the self as one or other metaphysical entity within the brain, without "reducing" the self to a crude materialism. The final chapter attempts to formulate a possible foil against the accusation of crude materialism by emphasising that the self is part of a greater system that includes the mental apparatus and its environment (conceived as culture). In accordance with Dawkins's theory the medium of interaction in this system is conceived of as memes and the self is then conceived of as a meme-complex, with culture as a medium for memetransference. The conclusion drawn from this is that the self should be studied through narrative, which provides an approach to the self that is material without being crudely physicalistic.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word daar aangevoer dat die relatiewe jong wetenskap van Kompleksiteitsteorie 'n nuttige bydra kan lewer tot die eeue-oue filosofiese "Probleem van die Self'. Met die oog hierop word die konseptueie kenmerke van hierdie teorie na vore gebring en opgesom. Die argument word gemaak dat die meerendeels dualistiese benadering van die Westerse filosofiese tradisie tot die self ons verstaan van die fenomeen belemmer eerder as om dit te bemiddel. Die voordele van dié nuwe benadering, wat die self sien as 'n ontluikende (emergent) eienskap van In komplekses sisteem, word bespreek met verwysing na veral die werke van Sigmund Freud, Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett en Paul Cilliers. Daar word beoog om In verstaan van die self te ontwikkel wat kontemporêre empiriese insigte in ag neem en wat die versoeking weerstaan om ongeoorloofde metafisiese eienskappe aan die self toe te ken. Terselfdetyd word daar gepoog om geensins die uniekheid van die self te "reduseer" na 'n kru materialisme nie. In die finale hoofstuk word daar gepoog om 'n teenargument vir die voorsiene beswaar van kru materialisme te ontwikkel. Dit word gedoen deur te benadruk dat die self gesien word as deel van 'n groter, komplekse sisteem, wat die masjienerie van denke en die omgewing (wat as kultuur gekonseptualiseer word) insluit. Insgelyks, in die teorie van Dawkins word die medium van interaksie in hierdie sisteem gesien as "memes", waar die self dan n meme-kompleks vorm, en kultuur die medium van meme-oordrag is. Daar word tot die konklusie gekom dat die self op 'n narratiewe manier bestudeer behoort te word, wat dan 'n benadering tot die self voorsien wat materialisties is, sonder om kru fisikalisties te wees.
15
SERRELLI, EMANUELE. "Adaptive landscapes: a case study of metaphors, models, and synthesis in evolutionary biology." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/19338.
Анотація:
This dissertation brings a contribution to the philosophical debate on adaptive landscapes, an influent "model" or "metaphor" in evolutionary biology. Some elements of innovation are: the distinction between native and migrant metaphor; a processual and communicational idea on what the Modern Synthesis was, and on what role a metaphor could have played in it; a view (taken by Richard Lewontin) of the disunity and theoretical structure of population genetics; the distinction between “adaptive surfaces” (mainly metaphors) and “combination spaces”, two terms normally conflated in the word “landscape”; an analysis of what bridges (including heuristics) may be cast between equations of gene frequency and the genotype space that, due to its huge dimensionality, cannot be handled by mathematics; a specified vocabulary to be used to clear the adaptive landscapes debate, accompanied by a plea in favor of a pragmatic approach - for example, the plurality of available notions of model forces us to choose one notion and see where it brings, otherwise we get stuck in confused, endless debates; an updated analytical comment of recent landscapes - Dobzhansky, Simpson, Dawkins but also the proliferation of combination spaces used in evolutionary biology to address a great variety of problems; the vision (got by Sergey Gavrilets) of a patchwork of tools finally making Mendelian population suitable model also for speciation; the exact position of holey landscapes in this patchwork, and the idea that scientists’s questions - like “how possibly” questions - matter in accessing this patchwork and in deciding “what explains” and “what describes” what in the world; the direct response to some mistakes Massimo Pigliucci made, I think, in his assessment of the adaptive landscape; an analysis of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis project at its present stage, and some reflections on the conditions that will allow such a project to give a fair treatment and a good position to tools from the past, like the adaptive landscapes.
16
Ollila, S. K. (Sanna-Kaisa). "Tiede, usko ja tieteisusko:kehysanalyyttinen katsaus uusateistiseen maailmankatsomukseen Richard Dawkinsin Jumalharhassa." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201502121079.
Анотація:
Tutkielmani tavoitteena on selvittää Richard Dawkinsin Jumalharha-teoksessa rakennettua maailmankuvaa ja sitä, miten Dawkins tuo maailmankuvaansa esille. Dawkins on vakaumuksellinen ateisti, ja Jumalharhan keskeinen teema on uskonnon ja ateismin vastakkainasettelu ja rinnakkaiselo yhteiskunnassa. Aineistona käytän ainoastaan mainittua teosta, mutta olen käyttänyt tärkeinä tutkimuskenttää avartavina lähteinä Jumalharhalle kirjoitettuja vastineita.
Tutkimusmetodini on kehysanalyysi. Metodi soveltuu erinomaisesti sen tutkimiseen, miten viestinnässä korostetaan asioita niin, että haluttu viesti saadaan tuotua yleisölle halutussa muodossa. Kehysanalyysin avulla tutkin sitä, missä valossa Dawkins tarkastelee toisaalta uskontoa ja toisaalta ateismia sekä perusteita näiden kahden maailmankatsomuksen puolesta ja niitä vastaan.
Tutkielmani keskeisin tulos on se, että Dawkins maalaa Jumalharhassa lukijalle dualistista maailmaa. Uskonto ja ateismi ovat toisensa ehdottomia vastakohtia ja Dawkins kyseenalaistaa niiden rinnakkaiselon mahdollisuuden. Kirjassa on läsnä kolmikerroksinen maailmankatsomuksellinen hierarkia, jossa ylimmällä tasolla on käsitys todellisuudesta ja moraalista. Näiden alle asettuvat käsitykset uskonnosta ja ateismista, joiden alla on edelleen kolme kehysparia. Nämä kehysparit ovat vapaus ja vankeus, hyvinvointi ja inhimillinen kärsimys sekä totuus ja epätotuus. Kehyspareista uskonnon alla ovat vankeus, inhimillinen kärsimys sekä epätotuus ja vastaavasti ateismin alla vapaus, hyvinvointi sekä totuus. Jumalharhasta on hahmotettavissa ihmiskunnan progression teema, jossa ahtaasta uskonnon hallitsemasta yhteiskunnasta siirrytään kohti vapaata ateistista yhteiskuntaa.
Tutkielmani on yksittäinen katsaus uusateistiseen maailmankuvaan ja laadullinen tulkinta Jumalharhasta. Valitsemani tieteenteoria ja metodi vaikuttivat siihen, millainen analyysista muotoutui. Laadullisen analyysin perusajatus on, että tutkimus on sidottava kontekstiinsa, ja tämä pätee myös oman tutkielmani osalta.
Relevantti jatkotutkimusaihe olisi esimerkiksi se, millä tavalla uskonnot ja eri maailmankatsomukset vuorovaikuttavat yhteiskunnassa sekä se, millä tavalla tätä keskustelua voidaan kehittää. Maailmankatsomuksien rooli yhteiskunnassa on merkittävä, joten keskustelu ongelmakohtien osoittaminen tuo sekä teoreettista että käytännön lisätietoa ryhmien välisestä dynamiikasta yleensä ja samalla kehittää ryhmien välistä vuoropuhelua yleisellä tasolla.
17
Osewski, Wojciech. "Rekonstrukcja rozkładu dawki w technikach dynamicznych : IMRT i VMAT." Doctoral thesis, Katowice : Uniwersytet Śląski, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12128/5389.
Анотація:
Techniki dynamiczne IMRT i VMAT umożliwiają bardzo precyzyjne modulowanie rozkładu dawki w objętości guza nowotworowego przy jednoczesnym oszczędzaniu tkanek zdrowych - struktur krytycznych. Z jednej strony dysponujemy bardzo precyzyjnym systemem planowania rozkładu dawki, z drugiej za realizację planu
odpowiada aparat terapeutyczny, który „obarczony” jest tolerancją działania: mechaniczną i elektroniczną. Konieczna jest zatem weryfikacja zgodności rozkładu dawki zaplanowanego ze zrealizowanym - rzeczywistym.
W radioterapii każdy plan leczenia musi być zweryfikowany, czy to przed realizacją czy w trakcie terapii. Dlatego, konieczne jest sprawdzenie czy techniki dynamiczne realizowane są poprawnie, zgodnie z obliczonymi wartościami. W systemie planowania Eclipse - firmy Varian Medical Systems, w procesie planowania leczenia w technice dynamicznej generowane są mapy fluencji, na podstawie których wyliczany jest trójwymiarowy rozkład dawki oraz przeliczane są one na ruch listków kolimatora wielolistkowego. Złożenie map fluencji, a co za tym idzie również ruchów listków kolimatora, generuje trójwymiarowy rozkład dawki w ciele pacjenta.
Listki kolimatora wielolistkowego poruszają się z pewną tolerancją. W przypadku, gdy taka tolerancja zostaje przekroczona promieniowanie jest wstrzymywane. Interesujące jest to, co dzieje się gdy błąd ruchu listków jest mniejszy od zakresu tolerancji. Jeżeli zaplanowany ruch listków kolimatora różni się od rzeczywistego, wówczas rzeczywisty rozkład dawki musi różnić się od zaplanowanego. Pytanie o ile? Czy można to wyliczyć?
18
Grządziel, Małgorzata. "Wyznaczanie przestrzennego rozkładu dawki w terapii protonowej oka z wykorzystaniem pakietu GEANT4." Doctoral thesis, Katowice : Uniwersytet Śląski, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12128/5792.
Анотація:
W pracy wykorzystano pakiet GEANT4 do napisania programów, odzwierciedlających procesy, zachodzące na stanowisku terapii protonowej oka w IFJ PAN w Krakowie. Symulacje odtwarzały głębokościowe rozkłady dawki (pik Bragga i poszerzony pik Bragga) a także profil poprzeczny wiązki. Wyniki obliczeń porównano z danymi pomiarowymi. Dla pojedynczego piku Bragga obliczenia zgodne są z pomiarem z dokładnością do 1,1 %, dla poszerzonego piku Bragga- 4,1 %, a dla profilu poprzecznego- 5,3 %.
Zbadano, jaki wpływ na rozkład dawki maja poszczególne elementy, znajdujące się na stanowisku terapii protonowej oka, takie jak: okienko kaptonowe, powietrze, komory jonizacyjne, komora czterosegmentowa dwupierścieniowa, okienko PET oraz kolimator końcowy. Przebadano także wpływ rozkładów energetycznych na głębokościowy rozkład dawki. Porównano wiązkę monoenergetyczną, wiązkę z rozkładem Gaussa, rozkład Gaussa z wbudowana instrukcja warunkowa, wycinająca protony o najwyższych energiach a także rozkład energetyczny opisany histogramem. Dla dwóch ostatnich udało się uzyskać zadowalająca zgodność symulacji z pomiarem. Napisano także program, uwzględniający konstrukcje i materiały komory Markus.
Wynik porównano z symulacją, w której detektory były proste, zbudowane jedynie z wody. Zauważone różnice miedzy dwoma wynikami nie są znaczące. W geometrii programu, odtwarzającego poszerzony pik Bragga, najważniejszym urządzeniem jest koło modulacyjne. Aby wynik symulacji był zgodny z pomiarem,
trzeba także wziąć pod uwagę inne elementy, na przykład komora przelotowa.
Zbadano także wpływ elementów geometrycznych na profil wiązki. Program uwzględniał okienko kaptonowe, powietrze, komory jonizacyjne, folie rozpraszająca oraz kolimator końcowy.
Pakietu GEANT4 okazał się użytecznym narzędziem, pozwalającym na zbadanie, od czego zależy przestrzenny rozkład dawki w radioterapii protonowej oka. Zdeponowanie odpowiedniej dawki w obszarze guza nowotworowego oraz ograniczenie dawki w narządach krytycznych jest ważnym czynnikiem, od której zależy sukces radioterapii.
19
Staszak, Ewa. "Wpływ zróżnicowanych dawek pokarmowych pasz objętościowych na skład chemiczny, wybrane cechy fizykochemiczne oraz przydatność technologiczną mleka krowiego." Rozprawa doktorska, [Nakł.aut.], 2006. http://dlibra.utp.edu.pl/Content/318.
Анотація:
Celem podjętych badań było określenie wpływu zróżnicowanego poziomu pasz objętościowych w dawkach pokarmowych dla krów mlecznych na skład chemiczny mleka, wybrane cech fizyczne i fizykochemiczne mleka, jakość, przydatność technologiczną i wydajność
20
TARDITI, SPAGNOLI GIORGIO. "Nurture becomes nature: the evolving place of psychology in the theory of evolution." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/80377.
Анотація:
The thesis here presented establishes a triple parallelism between biology and psychology. First, through Haeckel's recapitulation theory as the source of freudian and jungian psychology. Second, from the reductionist view of science to the new phenomenology of evolutionary developmental biology. Third, by overcoming the reductionist paradigm in biology through the Extended Synthesis and in psychology though the revisited archetype theory. By establishing these parallelisms, the thesis faces the nature vs. nurture debate on three epistemological levels, in which the external and internal levels are being mediatied by a middle one. This turns the dualistic debate into a heuristic paradigm aimed to resolve any irreducible dualism inherent in the reductionist view
21
Bzymek, Ewelina. "Badanie możliwości wytwarzania radioizotopów za pomocą liniowych akceleratorów medycznych i analiza procedury zwiększenia dawki terapeutycznej poprzez zaaplikowanie do napromienianego obszaru nanocząstek zawierających radioizotop o dużej liczbie atomowej." Doctoral thesis, Katowice : Uniwersytet Śląski, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12128/6650.
Анотація:
Radioisotopes play an important role in nuclear medicine, both in medical diagnostics
and in the development of isotope - targeted therapy. At present, there is a crisis in world
radioisotope production mainly because of the exploitation of nuclear research reactors which
global production of radioisotopes is based on. The answer to this situation is the search for
alternative ways of making radionuclides for nuclear medicine. Within this work the
possibilities of the use of the medical linear accelerators for the aforementioned purposes was
checked. The high-energy photons generated in such medical linac cause photonuclear
reactions (γ,n) and (γ,2n) which except of radioactve isotopes, neutrons are also produced in.
These neutrons with the broad energy spectrum are the contamination of the therapeutic
beam. The secondary neutron radiation can also be a source of nuclear reactions leading to the
production of radioisotopes.
The main aim of the thesis was to test a possibility of production of medical isotopes
such as: 99Mo/99mTc, 198Au, 186Re and 188Re. The targets made of the natural elements were
irradiated with the use of high-energy therapeutic 20 MV X-ray beam generated by the
Varian medical linacs (Clinac 2300 and TrueBeam). The irradiations were performed at the
Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology in Gliwice. The
produced activity was determined on the base of the gamma energy spectra measured during
decay of specific radioisotopes. The spectral measurements were carried out by means of the
germanium detector. The research is completely innovative, there are no scientific reports
with similar experiments.
In this thesis the research associated with therapeutic dose enhancement was also
described. The dose enhancement is obtained when the high atomic number metal
nanoparticles are introduced to a target volume. This dose enhancement is caused by the
increase of the photoelectric effect due to irradiation with the therapeutic megavoltage
X-rays. The additional increase of a dose can be reached by means of the nanoparticles with
radioactive gold atoms. Simulations were carried out using GEANT4 in version 4.9.2
installed on the Linux platform.
The first part of the thesis is based on literature and available scientific publications. In
the introduction the most important problems that make it possible to understand the research
presented in this work were discussed. The literature section presents possible applications of
radionuclides. I tested methods of their production, and briefly discribed their basic physical
properties. What is more, this section describes important issues related to knowledge of
current methods of production of radioisotopes and techniques of nanoparticle synthesis
including gold nanoparticles.
The methodology of measurements and calculations is described in the second part of
the thesis. This section presents an innovative radionuclide production technique using
medical linear accelerators available in each oncology center. Moreover, this chapter
summarizes qualitative data analysis methods in a brief manner, including computational
methods. The experimental part presents the spectra of gamma radiation emitted by
radioactive isotopes recorded by means of semiconductor detectors, decay schemes of
radionuclide, and cross sections for typical reactions occurring in target materials during the
emission of high energy therapeutic beams. The rest of this chapter includes the results of
experiments based on well known production methods. A discussion of the results of
experiments taken from the specialist literature has the advantage that in the following part of
this thesis facilitates the interpretation of the obtained results. It allows to estimate the
effectiveness of the proposed method of production of radioactive isotopes used in nuclear
medicine.
The six chapter presents the structure of simulation programs based on the Monte Carlo
techniques. A separate chapter (the chapter seven) presents the results of experiments and
calculations. The obtained results were compared with literature data and summarized in the
chapter eight.
22
Han, Wu Chih, and 吳志漢. "A point About Human Nature From Richard Dawkins' "MEME"." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40325835920621723563.
23
Fryar, Randall Scott. "The Non-Ending Search for a Pre-DNA Replicator: Richard Dawkins and the Problem of Abiogenesis." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10392/4613.
Анотація:
This dissertation provides a rebuttal to the claims of Richard Dawkins in explaining the origin of life. The bulk of the ensuing analysis challenges his philosophical assumptions as it notes his vacillation between several models over time. The study further details Dawkins's multifaceted approach to the problem as it points out a number of errors permeating his general methodology and reasoning.
24
Šafránek, Jakub. "Evoluce morálky, morálka evoluce, aneb, Frans de Waal, Richard Dawkins a teorie dvojí dědičnosti." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-295911.
Анотація:
The goal of this work is to present attitudes of two contemporary authors who are in the center of the evolutionary-origin-of morality debate, that is theories of Richard Dawkins and Frans de Waal. The critical reflection of their works on this topic will center around the building blocks of morality and the supposed "moral sense", which according to the dutch primatologist humans to some extent share with some of their living evolutinary relatives. In case of Richard Dawkins we are about to review his meme theory and parasytical character of some elements of culture. Morevoer there will be presented accounts of the dual inheritance theorists, which in authors opinion can reunite both presented authors and thier attitudes, i.e. put the parasytic/independent character of memes in accordance with the building blocks of morality approach. This approach in turn can explain many phenomena of human contemporary morals and their limits. Keywords: Morality, evolution, dual inheritance theory, coevolution, memes
25
Dawkins, SL. "New directions in Psychological Capital research: A critical analysis and theoretical and empirical extensions to individual- and team-level measurement." Thesis, 2014. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/18223/1/Dawkins%2C_Sarah___991745.pdf.
Анотація:
Background: The construct of Psychological Capital (PsyCap) encapsulates an individual’s state of psychological development comprised of the resources of hope, self-efficacy, resilience and optimism (Luthans, Youssef & Avolio, 2007). Research accumulated over the past decade has demonstrated that PsyCap is positively related to a variety of desirable job attitudes and behaviors, and negatively related to undesirable organizational outcomes. However, the literature is currently bereft of critical and systematic analysis of the construct in terms of its theoretical and psychometric foundations at both the individual- and team-levels of analysis.
Aims: This thesis aimed to critically assess the theoretical and psychometric foundations of the PsyCap construct. Additionally, it investigated the added utility of an alternative factor model of PsyCap in relation to criterion variables at the individual-level. The thesis also sought to review and extend current conceptualizations and measurement approaches of PsyCap at higher-levels of analysis (i.e. team-level). Finally, it aimed to compare the relationships between measures using different operationalizations of collective PsyCap and outcomes at the individual- and team-level.
Methods: A systematic review of extant literature was used to provide a comprehensive critical analysis of the PsyCap construct in terms of its theoretical and psychometric properties (Chapter 3). The first empirical study of 193 owner/managers of small-medium-enterprises examined the criterion validity of a four-factor model of PsyCap (compared with the higher-order factor model recommended in prior research) in relation to job satisfaction and job tension(Chapter 4). A theoretical analysis and development approach was employed to expand the conceptual framework for collective versions of the PsyCap construct (Chapter 5). A second empirical study of 193 employees from a cross-section of industries tested a multilevel model comparing observed relationships between different approaches to operationalizing team PsyCap and indicators of employee and work team performance and functioning (Chapter 6).
Results: The systematic review revealed several theoretical and psychometric shortcomings pertaining to the PsyCap construct. Consequently, six directives are proposed as part of an integrated research agenda aimed at strengthening the conceptualization and measurement of the construct (Chapter 3). A four-factor model of PsyCap provided greater criterion validity in relation to outcome variables at the individual-level than a second-order model, whereby the components of PsyCap were merged into a single factor. A four-factor model also provided greater insight into the differential effects of PsyCap components on job satisfaction and job tension (Chapter 4). Analysis of collective PsyCap research revealed that studies are divergent in their conceptualization and measurement of team-level PsyCap and relatively void of a supporting theoretical model (Chapter 5). This analysis resulted in the development of a multilevel-multireferent framework for conceptualizing different forms of collective PsyCap and a set of eleven testable research propositions to guide future research. Finally, multilevel analyses comparing different compositional models of aggregation to represent team-level PsyCap demonstrated stronger associations between team PsyCap and individual- and team-level outcomes when a referent-shift operationalization of team PsyCap was employed (Chapter 6).Conclusions: PsyCap has been purported as a measurable and developable positive organizational behavior construct which impacts employee and team functioning. However, review of the construct highlighted critical opportunities for theoretical refinement and psychometric development in order to enhance its utility in the workplace. This critique guided the key contributions of this thesis, fostering greater alignment between theory, conceptualization and operationalization of PsyCap, including expansion to a multilevel approach. This contribution also has implications for the development of training interventions aimed at bolstering team PsyCap. These interventions may not only enhance team performance and functioning, but also individual employee functioning and well-being.
26
Dawkins, E. "Role of Phosphoinositides in the biology of the amyloid precursor protein." Thesis, 2014. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/18274/1/front-Dawkins-thesis.pdf.
Анотація:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. In
countries with aging populations, such as Australia, the prevalence of AD is
projected to increase substantially. AD is characterised by two distinctive
pathological lesions in the brain, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The
major component of amyloid plaques is an aggregating protein termed the betaamyloid
protein (Aβ). Aβ is formed normally from a larger precursor protein,
known as the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Although APP is centrally
involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and the production of Aβ,
relatively little is known about its normal function. Deciphering the function of
APP in the brain may be essential for the development of effective AD
therapeutics.
APP is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein that can be proteolytically processed
by α, β- and γ-secretases to produce a number of secreted ectodomain fragments
termed sAPPβ, sAPPα, Aβ and p3. Many studies have suggested that sAPPα may
act in the maintenance and development of the central nervous system, by acting
as a paracrine factor. In vitro, sAPPα has been reported to modulate the
proliferation and differentiation of a variety of cell types. However, the
mechanistic basis for these effects is unclear. In part, this uncertainty has arisen
because the cell-surface receptor molecules that interact with sAPPα are not
known.
Previous studies have reported that sAPPα may interact with a novel lipid-raft
type membrane domain in the cell. Furthermore, sAPPα has been reported to bind
to the lipid GM1-ganglioside. On the basis of these reports, the work in this thesis
explored the hypothesis that an interaction of APP with cell surface lipids could
facilitate binding and/or signalling by sAPPα. To determine if sAPPα is able to interact with a sub-group of lipids. The relative
ability of sAPPα to bind to 27 physiological lipids was examined using a proteinlipid
overlay assay. This assay identified that sAPPα could bind selectively to
phosphoinositide lipids (PIPs). Further, a recombinant fragment of APP
corresponding to the E1 N-terminal domain (APP-E1) also bound selectively to
PIPs, suggesting there is a PIP-binding region within the E1 domain of APP.
To investigate whether APP and PIP could interact on the cell surface, it was first
necessary to demonstrate that PIPs are present on the cell surface. A live cell
immunolabelling method was used to examine the location of cell surface PIPs.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) immunoreactivity was found to
be present on the surface of cells in primary murine hippocampal cultures in
discrete puncta <1 μm in size. This observation was also confirmed using a
recombinant PI(4,5)P2 biosensor protein.
To examine whether APP could interact with cell-surface PIP, studies were
performed to examine the degree of colocalisation of exogenous APP-E1 and cellsurface
PI(4,5)P2. APP-E1 that was added to primary hippocampal cultures bound
to the surface of neurons in discrete puncta <1 μm in size. The cell-bound APPE1
and the cell-surface PI(4,5)P2 were highly co-localised on the surface of
neurons. However, cell-surface PI(4,5)P2 was also present on glial cells in culture
where APP-E1 did not bind. Furthermore the binding of APP-E1 to cells could
not be inhibited using a water soluble analogue of PI(4,5)P2. Therefore, these data
suggested that APP-E1 interacts with cell-surface PI(4,5)P2, but the interaction
was not sufficient to explain why APP-E1 binds to the cell surface.
As the APP E1 domain contains a heparin-binding site, the role of this region was
investigated in the binding of APP-E1 to PIP and also the binding of APP-E1 to
cells. Heparin did not block the binding of APP-E1 to PIP in vitro, suggesting the
heparin-binding region and the PIP-binding region in the APP E1 domain are distinct. However, heparin did inhibit the binding of APP-E1 to cells, suggesting
that the heparin-binding region of APP is required for binding to cells.
Furthermore, heparitinase treatment of cells significantly reduced cell surface
heparan sulfate immunoreactivity, but did not affect the binding of APP-E1 to
cells. These results suggest that APP may interact with PIP on the cell surface
along with another cell surface component that binds to the heparin-binding site,
which is not heparan sulfate.
As PIPs are involved in many aspects of cellular physiology, it was hypothesized
that APP may signal through modulation of levels of PIPs. To address this
hypothesis, levels of PIPs were measured in primary cortical cultures by two
methods. Firstly, a mass-spectroscopy based method was developed to measure
total levels of cellular PIP. No change in total PIP levels upon sAPPα treatment
could be detected using this method. Secondly, levels of cell-surface PIPs were
determined using an array of anti-PIP biosensors and antibodies. Under resting
conditions, only PI(4,5)P2 was present on the surface of cells. However, in the
presence of APP-E1, there was an increase in the level of cell surface PI(3,4,5)P3
and an increase in the level of PI(4,5)P2, indicating that APP binding to cells may
result in an increase level of cell surface PIPs.
The data presented in this thesis demonstrate that APP has a novel N-terminal
PIP-binding domain. This domain may play a role in the normal function of APP,
by facilitating PIP-dependent signalling.
27
Larouche, Maltais Pier-Yves. "La nécessité d'une multiplicité de concepts de gène en biologie." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14010.
Анотація:
Le concept de gène est central en biologie. Certains ont avancé (Ruse (1971, 1976)) que la génétique classique pouvait être réduite à la génétique moléculaire. Dans le même ordre d'idée, Richard Dawkins, dans The Extended Phenotype, offre une double définition de son concept de gène qui présuppose qu'il soit possible d'opérer cette réduction. Nous comptons montrer que la génétique moléculaire et la génétique des populations ont chacune leurs problématiques propres en reconstituant l'histoire de la génétique depuis Darwin. Ensuite, nous expliciterons la position de Dawkins et soulignerons les contradictions auxquelles il parvient en raison de cette réduction infondée. À la suite de quoi, nous nous attarderons aux nouvelles découvertes moléculaires qui montrent qu'il n'est pas possible d'opérer la réduction d'un des concepts à l'autre. Nous terminerons en soulignant que la thèse génocentriste de Dawkins n'est pas mise en péril par l'abandon de la réduction, mais qu'il est nécessaire de tempérer ces prétentions. La conclusion globale de ce mémoire est qu'il est possible d'admettre le concept de Dawkins, mais pas la manière dont il l'utilise. Le concept est bon, il n'est tout simplement pas dans le bon cadre théorique.The concept of gene is of great importance in biology. Some philosophers asserted (Ruse (1971, 1976)) that classical genetics can be reduce to molecular genetics. Similarly, in The Extended Phenotype, the definition of the gene Richard Dawkins is giving presupposes such a reduction. By reconstituting the history of genetics since Darwin, we will show that population genetics and molecular genetics are interested in problems of their own. Then, we will explain Dawkins' position and stress contradictions which follow from that illegitimate reduction. Afterward, we'll show that new molecular researches refute the possibility of reducing the concept of population genetics to a concept of molecular genetics. One of our conclusion is that the gene's eye view has not to be dropped out. It is only necessary to temper these claims. The most important conclusion of this memoire is that the concept Dawkins is using is legitimate, but not the way he is using it. The concept does not fit in Dawkins' conceptual framework.
28
Koranda, David. "Ateismus v Americe." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-267882.
Анотація:
This diploma work analyzes the contemporary rise of the number of atheists in the United States of America, basing this presupposition on numerous nation-wide surveys, primarily conducted by Gallup Poll and Pew Research Center. It goes into depth on the definition of atheism and strictly delineates the meaning of this word and the use of its alternatives in the work. Given the fact that the thesis is written by a Czech author, it also provides necessary background covering the differences between Czech atheism and American atheism. Since the work is purposely not one of literary analysis but rather of socio-political and cultural nature, reasons for this decision are given in a separate subchapter analyzing Flannery O'Connor's novel Wise Blood. History of atheism in America is touched upon in the beginning of Chapter 3, but since the fundamental focus of this work is on the contemporary state of affairs, the roots of modern atheism in America are sought after mainly in the twentieth century. In particular, the greatest causes of the weakening of church's power and the rise of secularism (or atheism, for that matter) are given as following: Madalyn Murray O'Hair's fights against church's influence in public schools and against its public funding; the argument about the non-scientific nature of belief...
29
Borys, Damian. "Wyznaczanie rozkładu dawki w terapii 131I przy użyciu techniki SPECT/CT." Rozprawa doktorska, 2009. https://repolis.bg.polsl.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?showContent=true&id=8018.
30
Borys, Damian. "Wyznaczanie rozkładu dawki w terapii 131I przy użyciu techniki SPECT/CT." Rozprawa doktorska, 2009. https://delibra.bg.polsl.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?showContent=true&id=8018.