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Статті в журналах з теми "DATA SET OF MAHARASHTRA STATE OF INDIA"
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Dr. Shridhar S Kumbhar, Bakul Rao, Sushma Kulkarni. "Water Quality Assessment and Nutrient Management by SWAT from Sanitation and Agricultural Sources in Warana River Basin, MH, India." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 4 (November 6, 2023): 4134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i4.1633.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Warana river watershed in Western Maharashtra, India has been recognized for exporting some of the highest nitrate-nitrogen loadings in western Maharashtra and is also a major source of sediment and other nutrient loadings. An integrated modeling framework has been constructed with Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and the interactive SWAT CUP. The simulation framework includes a detailed land use and management data such as different crop rotations and an array of nutrient and tillage management schemes, derived from the various source including the state department of Agriculture. This paper presents the calibration and validation of SWAT for the streamflow, sediment losses, and nutrient loadings in the watershed. Streamflow, sediment yield, and nitrate loadings were calibrated for the 1979-1984 period and validated for the 1984-2014 period. Secondary field data on organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and mineral phosphorus is used in model to validate for the 2007-2014 period. Model predictions generally performed very well on both an annual and monthly basis during the calibration and validation periods, as indicated by coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe simulation efficiency (E) values that exceeded 0.7 in most cases. The first scenario set with application of fertilizer and no sanitation practices and set of land use change scenarios based on taking cropland out of production indicated a significant benefit in reducing sediment yield at the watershed outlet. A second scenario set found that relatively small reductions in nutrient applications resulted in significant reductions in nitrate loadings at the watershed outlet, without affecting crop yields significantly.
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Anwar, Mohd, and Imlak Shaikh. "Banking Expansion and Income Growth in India." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 4, 2018): 2756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082756.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article, we examine the impact of banking expansion on income growth in India. The banking expansion indices have been calculated across the region and states/Union Territories, providing the insight that all the regions, excluding the western region, are exhibiting banking expansion indices in the low range. The state-wise analysis indicates that all states exhibit a low-range index, excluding the state of Maharashtra and the UTs of Delhi and Chandigarh. Further, for the examination of the linkage between banking expansion and income growth, a panel data set was prepared for the 23 states/UTs over the period from 1990 to 2015. The panel data regression analysis approach was applied for the estimation of the regression model. It is apparent from the results that the banking expansion has significant and positive effects on credit disbursement. The results indicate that a one crore increase in deposit mobility causes 0.81 crores of increase in credit disbursement. Moreover, credit disbursement and deposit mobilization have a substantial and positive effect on the Net State Domestic Product. Moreover, a 1 percent increase in credit causes a 0.46 percent increase in NSDP, and a 1 percent increase in deposits causes a 0.57 percent increase in NSDP. Further, Net State Domestic Product has a significant and positive effect on the income of individuals. It is evident that a 1 percent increase in NSDP causes a 0.54 percent increase in per capita NSDP, while a 1 percent increase in capital expenditure causes a 0.13 percent increase in per capita NSDP.
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Mahabal, Anil, Sanjay Thakur, and Rajgopal Patil. "Distribution records and extended range of the Sri Lanka Frogmouth Batrachostomus moniliger (Aves: Caprimulgiformes: Podargidae) in the Western Ghats: a review from 1862 to 2015." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 11 (September 26, 2016): 9289. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2775.8.11.9289-9305.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Sri Lanka Frogmouth (or Ceylon Frogmouth) Batrachostomus moniliger is an endemic resident bird confined to the evergreen and secondary forests of Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats of India. The earlier distribution range of the Frogmouth was from the Uttara Kannada District of Karnataka to the southern tip of India and most of Sri Lanka. Recently, the range has been extended further north to Goa and up to Mumbai in Maharashtra. A number of observations summarized into 202 distributional records (published reports and records uploaded to eBird basic data set, Oriental Bird Images, and GBIF.org from the years 1862 to 2015) of the Frogmouth have been tabulated with its maps, and reviewed for their state-wise distribution records. The need of undertaking surveys to fill up the gaps in their distribution range as well as any further northward extension till the culmination of the Western Ghats has been discussed. It is urged that taxonomical and molecular phylogenetic studies are required to be carried out in different populations of Frogmouths across the entire range.
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Ghosh, Palash, Rik Ghosh, and Bibhas Chakraborty. "COVID-19 in India: Statewise Analysis and Prediction." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 3 (August 12, 2020): e20341. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/20341.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background The highly infectious coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first detected in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and subsequently spread to 212 countries and territories around the world, infecting millions of people. In India, a large country of about 1.3 billion people, the disease was first detected on January 30, 2020, in a student returning from Wuhan. The total number of confirmed infections in India as of May 3, 2020, is more than 37,000 and is currently growing fast. Objective Most of the prior research and media coverage focused on the number of infections in the entire country. However, given the size and diversity of India, it is important to look at the spread of the disease in each state separately, wherein the situations are quite different. In this paper, we aim to analyze data on the number of infected people in each Indian state (restricted to only those states with enough data for prediction) and predict the number of infections for that state in the next 30 days. We hope that such statewise predictions would help the state governments better channelize their limited health care resources. Methods Since predictions from any one model can potentially be misleading, we considered three growth models, namely, the logistic, the exponential, and the susceptible-infectious-susceptible models, and finally developed a data-driven ensemble of predictions from the logistic and the exponential models using functions of the model-free maximum daily infection rate (DIR) over the last 2 weeks (a measure of recent trend) as weights. The DIR is used to measure the success of the nationwide lockdown. We jointly interpreted the results from all models along with the recent DIR values for each state and categorized the states as severe, moderate, or controlled. Results We found that 7 states, namely, Maharashtra, Delhi, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal are in the severe category. Among the remaining states, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Punjab, and Bihar are in the moderate category, whereas Kerala, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, and Telangana are in the controlled category. We also tabulated actual predicted numbers from various models for each state. All the R2 values corresponding to the logistic and the exponential models are above 0.90, indicating a reasonable goodness of fit. We also provide a web application to see the forecast based on recent data that is updated regularly. Conclusions States with nondecreasing DIR values need to immediately ramp up the preventive measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, the states with decreasing DIR can maintain the same status to see the DIR slowly become zero or negative for a consecutive 14 days to be able to declare the end of the pandemic.
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Rao, Chalapati, Aashish Gupta, Mamta Gupta, and Ajit Kumar Yadav. "Premature adult mortality in India: what is the size of the matter?" BMJ Global Health 6, no. 6 (June 2021): e004451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004451.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundReducing adult mortality by 2030 is a key component of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs). Monitoring progress towards these goals requires timely and reliable information on deaths by age, sex and cause. To estimate baseline measures for UNSDGs, this study aimed to use several different data sources to estimate subnational measures of premature adult mortality (between 30 and 70 years) for India in 2017.MethodsAge-specific population and mortality data were accessed for India and its 21 larger states from the Civil Registration System and Sample Registration System for 2017, and the most recent National Family and Health Survey. Similar data on population and deaths were also procured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 and the National Burden of Disease Estimates Study for 2017. Life table methods were used to estimate life expectancy and age-specific mortality at national and state level from each source. An additional set of life tables were estimated using an international two-parameter model life table system. Three indicators of premature adult mortality were derived by sex for each location and from each data source, for comparative analysisResultsMarked variations in mortality estimates from different sources were noted for each state. Assuming the highest mortality level from all sources as the potentially true value, premature adult mortality was estimated to cause a national total of 2.6 million male and 1.8 million female deaths in 2017, with Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal accounting for half of these deaths. There was marked heterogeneity in risk of premature adult mortality, ranging from 351 per 1000 in Kerala to 558 per 1000 in Chhattisgarh among men, and from 198 per 1000 in Himachal Pradesh to 409 per 1000 in Assam among women.ConclusionsAvailable data and estimates for mortality measurement in India are riddled with uncertainty. While the findings from this analysis may be useful for initial subnational health policy to address UNSDGs, more reliable empirical data is required for monitoring and evaluation. For this, strengthening death registration, improving methods for cause of death ascertainment and establishment of robust mortality statistics programs are a priority.
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Tapare, V. S., Malangori A. Parande, and Pradip S. Borle. "Unmet need for contraception among married women of reproductive age in rural Maharashtra." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 9 (August 23, 2017): 3365. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20173846.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: The concept of “unmet need” for contraceptive points to the gap between women’s reproductive intention and their contraceptive behavior. About 12.8% of currently married women in India have an unmet need for contraception. The present descriptive cross-sectional survey was initiated to address the research questions regarding unmet need for contraception among married women of reproductive age group in rural Maharashtra.Methods: 400 married women of reproductive age living in rural area of Sangli district of Maharashtra state interviewed. The survey based on women’s response to survey questions regarding family information, fertility profile and attitude and practice of contraceptive use. Expanded formulation used for surveys to assess the size and characteristics of unmet need group, dividing it into distinct subgroups and to explore the reasons for unmet need using in-depth qualitative research. Data analyzed with absolute number and percentage of women having unmet need which is useful to set priorities in program for effective fertility control. The data was tabulated and analyzed using MS Excel.Results: Total unmet need for contraception was found 27.50% women, which comprises need for ‘spacing’ in 12.25% women, need for ‘limiting birth’ in 13.25% women and need for ‘appropriate contraception’ in 2.0% women among 400 married women of reproductive age. Most unmet need among younger women is for spacing birth (67.18%) while in older women above age 30 year; most unmet need (68.18%) is for limiting birth. The education of women does not affect significantly the unmet need for spacing and limiting birth. After first child the unmet need for spacing decreases with each additional child. On the contrary unmet need for limiting birth increases with each additional child after first child and it was maximum (96.55%) among women having 3 or more children.Conclusions: The study group expresses multiple reasons for the unmet need. Many of the reasons are not directly related to contraception. Most women with unmet need desire to use contraception in future favours spacing methods. People should have access to good quality information and services. Health education and motivation is needed to overcome these causes.
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MOHANTY, S. K., and P. K. PATHAK. "RICH–POOR GAP IN UTILIZATION OF REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICES IN INDIA, 1992–2005." Journal of Biosocial Science 41, no. 3 (May 2009): 381–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200800309x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SummaryThis paper examines the trends in utilization of five indicators of reproductive and child health services, namely, childhood immunization, medical assistance at delivery, antenatal care, contraceptive use and unmet need for contraception, by wealth index of the household in India and two disparate states, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. The data from three rounds of the National Family and Health Survey conducted during 1992–2005 are analysed. The wealth index is computed using principal component derived weights from a set of consumer durables, land size, housing quality and water and sanitation facilities of the household, and classified into quintiles for all three rounds. Bivariate analyses, rich–poor ratio and concentration index are used to understand the trends in utilization of, and inequality in, reproductive and child health services. The results indicate huge disparities in utilization of these services, largely to the disadvantage of the poor. Utilization of basic childhood immunization among the poorest and the poor stagnated in India, as well as in both states, during 1998–2005 compared with 1992–1998. The use of maternal care services such as medical assistance at delivery and antenatal care remained at a low level among the poor over this period. However, contraceptive use increased relatively faster among the poor, even with higher unmet need. Of all these services, the inequality in medical assistance at delivery is consistently large, while that of contraceptive use is small. The state-level differences in service coverage by wealth quintiles over time are large.
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Prasad Mohapatra, Bishnu, Udaysinh Desai, and Arun Pawar. "Does Gender Based Representation Matters in Fostering Political Inclusion of Women in Local Governments? A Case of India." SocioEconomic Challenges 7, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.61093/sec.7(3).63-75.2023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
How does the legally established gender quota in local self-government bodies affect the level of representation of women in power? How does the representation of women in power increase effective political participation? Previous studies were devoted to studying the consequences of gender quotas in the authorities and management, but the issue of the model of gender political participation remained neglected. The introduction of gender quotas as a mechanism for ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women in politics and the decision-making process increases women’s political participation and political leadership. The success or failure of planning and decision-making largely depends on the level of political participation. The issues of this work correspond to Goal 5 of Sustainable Development, which provides equal opportunities for women’s leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and public life. The paper analyzes the representation of women in the authorities and management in different regions of the world. The study’s main goal is to determine the relationship between the representation of women in rural local self-government bodies and the consequences of this representation. The data sources were the results of local elections, reports of government ministries and agencies, United Nations reports on gender equality and the empowerment of women, as well as surveys of women representatives of political power in three Indian states (Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra ) — state election data analyzed over the past three decades. The results of this study show that the level of female representation increases annually, although this is not entirely related to political participation. Women’s electoral participation indicates that despite growing women’s participation in local elections, the expression remains unchanged within the established gender quota of 33 to 50 percent. Addressing the gender imbalance in the political environment of three states in India is a result of the introduction and enforcement of gender quotas in politics. The results of this study have practical value for local self-government bodies when developing state gender policy.
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Kishore, Kamal, Vidushi Jaswal, Madhur Verma, and Vipin Koushal. "Exploring the Utility of Google Mobility Data During the COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Digital Epidemiological Analysis." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): e29957. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/29957.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Association between human mobility and disease transmission has been established for COVID-19, but quantifying the levels of mobility over large geographical areas is difficult. Google has released Community Mobility Reports (CMRs) containing data about the movement of people, collated from mobile devices. Objective The aim of this study is to explore the use of CMRs to assess the role of mobility in spreading COVID-19 infection in India. Methods In this ecological study, we analyzed CMRs to determine human mobility between March and October 2020. The data were compared for the phases before the lockdown (between March 14 and 25, 2020), during lockdown (March 25-June 7, 2020), and after the lockdown (June 8-October 15, 2020) with the reference periods (ie, January 3-February 6, 2020). Another data set depicting the burden of COVID-19 as per various disease severity indicators was derived from a crowdsourced API. The relationship between the two data sets was investigated using the Kendall tau correlation to depict the correlation between mobility and disease severity. Results At the national level, mobility decreased from –38% to –77% for all areas but residential (which showed an increase of 24.6%) during the lockdown compared to the reference period. At the beginning of the unlock phase, the state of Sikkim (minimum cases: 7) with a –60% reduction in mobility depicted more mobility compared to –82% in Maharashtra (maximum cases: 1.59 million). Residential mobility was negatively correlated (–0.05 to –0.91) with all other measures of mobility. The magnitude of the correlations for intramobility indicators was comparatively low for the lockdown phase (correlation ≥0.5 for 12 indicators) compared to the other phases (correlation ≥0.5 for 45 and 18 indicators in the prelockdown and unlock phases, respectively). A high correlation coefficient between epidemiological and mobility indicators was observed for the lockdown and unlock phases compared to the prelockdown phase. Conclusions Mobile-based open-source mobility data can be used to assess the effectiveness of social distancing in mitigating disease spread. CMR data depicted an association between mobility and disease severity, and we suggest using this technique to supplement future COVID-19 surveillance.
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Nalawade, Revati R., S. D. Sawant, M. S. Joshi, P. M. Ingle, V. G. More, and J. J. Kadam. "Mango Anthracnose and Powdery Mildew Disease Detection Using Convolutional Neural Network and Artificial Neural Network." Journal of Plant Disease Sciences 18, no. 1 (2023): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/jpds.2023.1801.03.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mango is the third most important tropical fruit crop after banana and citrus. Konkan region is a large mango producing belt on the west coast of Maharashtra, accounts for around 10% of the entire land under mango in the country. Anthracnose and powdery mildew, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Oidium mangiferae, respectively, are two important diseases impeding mango export and inflicting drastic yield losses in India. During the heavy wet season, losses from this disease were estimated to be 60% or greater. The diseasesdirectly reduce the amount and quality of collected products. Similarly, Powdery mildew is a widespread predisposing disease of panicles, bloom clusters, fruits, and foliage. Because of its effect on fruit set and development, the disease can reduce output by up to 70%. With the goal of managing plant disease with few inputs at an early stage, the current study intends to build disease detection models for anthracnose and powdery mildew of mango using Convolution neural networks (CNN) and Artificial neural networks (ANN). The teachable machine models developed using RGB images for detection of anthracnose and powdery mildew of mango and ANN model developed using thermal data of mango leaves infected with anthracnose disease performed very goodascomparedto the existing plant disease detectionmodels.
Дисертації з теми "DATA SET OF MAHARASHTRA STATE OF INDIA"
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KUMAR, PRADEEP. "COVID-19 USING NUMERICAL METHOD." Thesis, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/20443.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The SIR model is used to discuss the spread of the covid-19 epidemic in the Indian state of
Maharashtra and its eventual end. Here we have examined about the spread of Coronavirus
pandemic in extraordinary profundity utilizing Runge-kutta fourth-order method. The Runge kutta fourth-order method is a solving of the non-linear ordinary differential. We have used the
data of covid-19 Outbreak of state Maharashtra on 29 April, 2021. The total population of
Maharashtra is 122153000, according to this data. For the initial stage of experimental
purposes, we used 113814181 susceptible cases, 4539553 infectious cases, and 3799266
recovered cases. The SIR model was used to analyse data from a wide range of infectious
diseases. As a result, several scientists and researchers have thoroughly tested this model for
infectious diseases. As a result of the research and simulation of this proposed covid-19 model
using data on the number of covid-19 outbreak cases in state Maharashtra of India, show that
the covid-19 epidemic infection cases rise for a period of time after the outbreak decreases, and
then the covid-19 outbreak ends in Maharashtra cases. The model's findings also show that the
Runge-kutta fourth-order method is used for forecast and avoid the covid-19 outbreak in India's
Maharashtra state. Finally, we determine that the outbreak of the covid-19 epidemic in
Maharashtra will peak on 11 May 2021, after which it will progress steadily and will likely end
in the fourth week of October 2021.
Книги з теми "DATA SET OF MAHARASHTRA STATE OF INDIA"
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Narayanamoorthy, A. Farm Income in India. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190126131.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Green Revolution resulted in spectacular advancements in Indian agriculture. Having achieved food security for its citizens, the country has now become a net exporter of different agricultural commodities. But sadly, this does not reflect the real state of the Indian agricultural sector. In truth, our farmers are plagued by crop failures, poor income, and indebtedness. Such is their misery that they are of late driven to commit suicide. In this book, the author identifies poor returns from crop cultivation as the root cause of farmers’ problems. Using vast temporal and spatial data, the author explores further and attempts to address some very pertinent questions facing Indian agriculture today: What is the current trend in farm income? Are the returns from irrigated crops better than un-irrigated crops? Does increased productivity guarantee increased income? Has the agricultural price policy benefitted farmers? To what extent does rural infrastructure development help in increasing farm income? Has the rural employment guarantee scheme affected farm profitability? The answers will help us determine if we can double farm income by 2022–3, a target set by the present union government.
Частини книг з теми "DATA SET OF MAHARASHTRA STATE OF INDIA"
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Gulati, Ashok, Pallavi Rajkhowa, Ranjana Roy, and Pravesh Sharma. "Performance of Agriculture in Madhya Pradesh." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 145–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9335-2_6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractMadhya Pradesh emerged as the state with the highest growth rate in agriculture. Long clubbed with the so-called BIMARU group of poor northern, central and eastern states, MP successfully broke ranks to set a scorching pace of growth, which has been unparalleled in the past quarter-century. Understanding the factors that helped to drive this growth and drawing lessons for other states at similar levels of development is the main objective of this chapter. Madhya Pradesh’s agricultural GDP increased at 8.1% per annum during 2005–06 to 2016–17, surpassing even record holder Gujarat’s 6% agricultural growth in the same period. The last three years have been even more spectacular: agricultural GDP increased at 11.8% per annum. Keeping this background in mind, this chapter has used secondary data published by the government to study the composition, sources and drivers of agriculture growth in Madhya Pradesh and the lessons that can be drawn for developing states. Although MP has recorded a significant decline in poverty rates from 53.6% in 2004–05 to 35.7% in 2011–12, there is still much to be done to improve the livelihood of the rural population. Moreover, MP’s per capita income is low, standing at Rs. 51,798 per annum (FY14 at current prices) as compared to the national annual average income of Rs. 74,380. Although it is much better than that of Bihar (Rs. 31,199) and Uttar Pradesh (Rs. 36,250), it remains way below top-performing states like Sikkim (Rs. 176,491), Maharashtra (Rs. 114,392), Haryana (Rs. 133,427) and Gujarat (Rs. 106,831). Therefore, the study also makes policy suggestions to bolster agricultural growth in MP.
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Jaglal Untwal, Nitin. "A State-Wise Assessment of Greenhouse Gases Emission in India by Applying K-mean Clustering Technique." In Advanced Mathematical Applications in Data Science, 162–76. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815124842123010014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
India is a vast country with variations in geography as well as in population density. The pollution in India is increasing day by day. The Greenhouse gas emission is on the rise due to various activities like agriculture, industry, power generation, transportation, etc. Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Methane (CH4 ) are the major elements in greenhouse gases. The emission of greenhouse gases causes various threats to the environment and health. The states in India have been under development since independence. Various activities are on the rise. The states are not having balanced growth as far as the industrial and agriculture sectors are concerned. The powerhouse of industrial growth is the state of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The population density is also scattered in India. The states contribute differently to greenhouse gases emission and it is difficult for the government to make policy category-wise for the control of greenhouse gases emissions. The classification of states into different categories will help in the strategic formulation of policy and strategy for different states depending on their greenhouse gases emission and per capita analysis of these emissions. The per capita greenhouse gas emission is calculated by dividing the total emissions by the total population. After analyzing the above problem, the researchers have decided to conduct the study titled A state-wise Assessment of greenhouse gas emission in India by applying the K-mean Clustering Technique using Python Programming. Research is carried out in Five steps -Feature extraction and engineering, Data extraction, Standardizing and Scaling, Identification of Clusters, Cluster formation. The study period is 2020. The data selected for analysis is yearly data state-wise of different Indian states. Data taken for the study is from the Kaggle database. Findings - The k- mean algorithm (cluster analysis using Python Programming) classifies the states of India into three clusters. Cluster one includes 16 states of India viz. Arunachal, Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Odisha, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand. Cluster two includes 8 states of the India. Viz Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, West Bengal. Cluster three includes 4 states of India Viz Haryana, Nagaland, Punjab, Chhattisgarh. The major contributors to greenhouse gase emission are in cluster three.The medium-range emission for greenhouse gases emission are grouped in cluster two and Minimum Range greenhouse gase emission states are included in cluster one.
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Nayak, Sushma, and Abhishek Behl. "Role of Organizational Culture in Quality Management." In Cases on Quality Initiatives for Organizational Longevity, 324–50. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5288-8.ch013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this intensely competitive world, an organization can survive in business only as long as it is consistently able to deliver quality products and services. The impulse for higher quality has brought about far-reaching changes in the way business is conducted. Likewise, studies in recent years are attempting to establish the interrelationship between organizational culture and total quality management. An organization is likely to attain a set of core managerial standards, norms, and practices that distinctively identifies the way it runs business; such standards give rise to a culture that may confer the organization a persistent competitive advantage, particularly if it is nifty, atypical, and imperfectly replicable. The present study explores the case of Bhagini Nivedita Sahakari Bank Ltd., Pune, functioning in the state of Maharashtra in India. The bank serves as a classic example of business excellence through continuous quality improvement; it has a unique organizational culture realized by the adoption of a customer-centric business model.
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Jain, Prabhat, Abhay Soni, and Rahul Shende. "Management of Hard Rock Basaltic Aquifer through Aquifer Mapping: A Case Study of Nashik District, Maharashtra, India." In Environmental Sciences. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111644.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the Maharashtra State of India, Deccan Trap basaltic lava flows are spread over around 82% of the area and form the most prominent aquifer in the entire state. Nasik district occurring in the northern part of Maharashtra also known as Khandesh represents a typical area of Deccan Trap basalt. The storage and transmission capabilities of the basaltic lava flow aquifer are very limited due to the inherent absence of primary pore spaces. These basaltic rocks act as aquifers only when they are weathered, jointed or fractured, thus giving rise to secondary porosity and permeability. Due to wide variations in secondary openings, the potential areas for groundwater are generally localized. In this way, Deccan Trap basalt possesses a unique challenge to aquifer mapping, both spatially and vertically due to its hydrogeological heterogeneity. In the current study, this challenge of aquifer mapping and management in basalt was tackled through a multidisciplinary, multipronged approach involving data integration of various thematic layers viz., geomorphology, soil, drainage, land use-land cover, hydrometeorology, and geophysical techniques etc., as indirect tools and combining it with direct tools such as drilling, well inventory, water level monitoring, groundwater quality checks, and aquifer pumping tests for obtaining reliable results. By following the above methodology, the 3-D aquifer geometry, lithological sections, fence diagrams, aquifer characteristics, yield potentials, and aquifer-wise resources were deciphered. The results showed that the area has two aquifer systems comprising of Aquifer-I, that is. shallow aquifer, which is generally tapped by the dug wells of 8 to 32 m depth with water levels of 1.2 to 15 meters below ground level (m bgl) and yield varies from 10 to 100 m3/day. Whereas, the Aquifer-II, that is, deeper aquifer is being tapped by bore wells with a depth ranging from 30 to 200 m bgl and a water level from 8 to 55 m bgl. However, their pumping sustainability was limited to 0.5 to 3 hours due to low storage potential resulting in overexploitation. The given aquifer maps indicate that major parts of the area have limited yield (Aquifer-I: between the depth of 10 m - 15 m bgl and Aquifer-II: between the depth of 80 m −140 m bgl). In hard rock areas, especially basaltic aquifers due to their low storage potential, groundwater development is always a challenging task unless it is combined with the management of the resources. Considering the issues plaguing the area, the aquifer management plan encompassing supply and demand-side interventions, and groundwater development has been devised. It is concluded that 139.30 MCM of groundwater resources can be augmented by artificial recharge under supply-side interventions. Whereas the groundwater demand for irrigation can also be reduced by 272 MCM by adopting drip irrigation in 117 sq. km. of sugarcane and 790 sq. km. of onion cultivated areas under the demand-side interventions. The implementation of these measures will minimize the stress on groundwater by bringing down the stage of groundwater development from 88–55% (safe category) in six water-stressed blocks/taluka, whereas the overall stage of groundwater development will be reduced from 58.45% to 40.70%. Thus, the adoption of both supply-side and demand-side interventions interlinked with water budgeting through community participation will provide long-term solutions to combat the overexploitation, water level decline, low storage potential, recurring droughts and other issues of the area and also help in improving socioeconomic conditions of the area.
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Chauhan, Mukesh. "Travel and Tourism Sector in India." In Corporate Social Responsibility in the Hospitality and Tourism Industry, 119–37. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9902-1.ch010.
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The travel and tourism industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors contributing significantly to global economic growth and development. While traditionally Europe and America have remained among the tourism markets, new emerging markets are expected to witness high growth in international tourist visits over the next decade. India has significant potential to become a preferred tourist destination globally. Its rich and diverse cultural heritage, abundant natural resources and biodiversity provides numerous tourist attractions. The total tourist visits in India have been growing at a steady rate of about 16 per cent over the past five years. The travel and tourism sector in India provides significant socio economic benefits. Several industry drivers such as government initiatives, diverse product offerings, growing economy, increasing disposable income levels and marketing initiatives along with key trends such as increasing number of women and senior citizen travellers, multiple short trips and weekend holidays, introduction of innovative tourism concepts and customised tour packages are playing a pivotal role in shaping the Indian tourism sector. Total tourist visits in various states of India over a five year period reveal that while states of Karnataka, Delhi, Punjab, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu and Jammu and Kashmir have improved their positions in 2012 as compared to 2008, those of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala have witnessed decline. Key attributable reason to the success of tourism in states is the increase in state investments towards the tourism sector. While the key commercial and leisure destinations of Delhi and Maharashtra enjoy good quality transport and accommodation infrastructure, states of Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jharkhand may need significant improvements in their rail, road and airport infrastructure. Abundant natural and cultural resources in the northern states provide ample opportunities for development of diverse tourism products along with a single integrated tourism circuit. While an array of ancient and modern temples may provide an opportunity for developing states in northern India to emerge pilgrimage destinations, presence of palaces, forts and historical monuments help define their multi-cultural heritage. Also, wildlife sanctuaries with a wide variety of flora and fauna, mighty Himalayas, rivers, deserts, climate and diverse landscape provide attractive opportunities for thrill and adventure activities. It is worthwhile to mention here that tourism sector cannot develop without support of travel. Both are closely linked to each other and hence both the sector should be studied together. The research paper is intended to cover the potential, opportunities and framework for sustainable growth of travel and tourism industry in India. The main source of data will be of secondary type collected through various reliable sources.
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Chandel, Jyoti Kumar, and Priyanshu Sharma. "Cultural Heritage and Tourism Development." In Examining a New Paradigm of Heritage With Philosophy, Economy, and Education, 194–204. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3636-0.ch014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter aims to offer valuable insight into different aspects of cultural heritage, heritage tourism, and status of cultural tourism development in the state of Rajasthan, India. Status of UNESCO World Heritage sites has been examined from the trends of visitors and revenue generation. Results of data analysis indicate the very slow annual average growth rate of international tourists to UNESCO World Heritage sites while for domestic tourists, this rate is encouraging and progressive. Institutional set up to manage heritage in Rajasthan has been examined. Important challenges faced by heritage have been described.
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Prasad, Purendra. "Health Care Reforms." In Equity and Access, 50–74. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199482160.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
How do 35 crore people in India survive on Rs 32 per person per day in urban areas and Rs 26 per person per day in rural areas? The data from National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector indicates that 79 per cent of workers in the unorganised sector live on an income of less than Rs 20 a day. The growing recognition of the devastating effect of illnesses on the capacity of the labouring poor to work, and the rising cost of medical treatment prompted the Indian state to propose a new set of reforms to provide social protection for the unorganized workers. This chapter critiques these reforms, focusing on the possible strategies of inclusion and greater access to the vulnerable groups.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "DATA SET OF MAHARASHTRA STATE OF INDIA"
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Kumarwad, Laxman L., Rajendra D. Kumbhar, and Sumalatha D. Bandari. "Present Status of Common Service Centre in Satara District of Maharashtra State (India)." In 2018 8th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering (Confluence). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/confluence.2018.8442748.
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Naik, Monisha, Pablo Cotera Rivera, Meghraj Garad, Digvijay P. Patil, Bakul Rao, and Amy M. Bilton. "Understanding the State of Sanitation in India Through Qualitative Methods and a Septic Tank Sensing Device." In ASME 2023 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2023-116908.
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Abstract Worldwide, 3.6 billion people lack access to safely managed sanitation. India bears the brunt of this statistic, with over 395 million citizens lacking access today. Currently, Phase 2 of the Clean India Mission program focuses on connecting septic tanks to treatment facilities. However, according to previous studies, households only empty their septic tanks once they become completely full. A septic tank can only function properly until it is at approximately 70% of its capacity, and it is recommended that tanks should be emptied every 3 to 5 years. The authors hypothesize that a device to detect when a septic tank should be emptied could encourage households to empty their tanks on time. To gain a better understanding of how such a device would fit into the broader sanitation chain and the requirements of this device, a field study encompassing interviews, questionnaires, and septic tank data collection was conducted in three municipalities along the Warna River in Maharashtra, India. The results of the study reveal that the proposed device should only be introduced once a municipality has access to a functional fecal sludge treatment facility. Once a treatment plant has been built, depending on the municipality, different stakeholders need to be engaged in the device’s installation. Finally, the proposed device should detect a septic tank’s hydraulic retention time rather than the number of years since it was last emptied. This device will enable the Indian government to successfully implement Phase 2 of the Clean India Mission by alerting households to empty their tanks.
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Hahn, W., and Jyoti K. Sinha. "Comparative Study Between In-Situ Measured Vibration Data at Bearing and BTT on a LP Turbine Last Stage Blades in a Steam Turbo-Generator Set." In ASME 2013 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2013-3614.
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Cracking of the last stage blades of the low pressure (LP) turbines has been observed after 2007 in the 2 steam turbo-generator (TG) units out of the 4 units at the West Burton Power Plant UK. These 2 units were retrofitted with the new design LP rotor including blades in 1995 and 1997. Recent vibration measurements during machine transient and steady state operations confirms that the TG sets are running close to the machine critical speed and the blades are expected to have high vibration. Now the Unit 3 is fitted with the blade tip timing (BTT) system to monitor the LP1 last stage blades. Hence the present effort to compare the vibration of the blades by the BTT system with the bearing vibration to establish the correlation such that the status of the blade vibration can be accessed even without BTT measurement and the correlation may be used for other units with similar dynamics. The paper presents the comparison of the in-situ vibration measurement on bearings during machine run-up with online BTT data, observations, and possible correlation.
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Kannan, Ramesh, Bhamidi Prasad, and Sridhara Koppa. "Transient Response of Mixed Flow Variable Geometry Turbine for a Turbocharger." In ASME 2015 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2015-1372.
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A specific design of mixed flow variable geometry turbine for an automotive sub 1.5 litre diesel engine turbocharger is proposed in this paper. An experimental set up is developed for measuring the steady state and transient response behaviour of the turbine at different nozzle vane opening positions. The rotor speed, pressure and temperature before and after the turbine are measured and recorded using high frequency data logging system. The steady state performance for mass flow, efficiency, velocity ratio, specific speed and the transient response behaviour of the mixed flow variable geometry turbine (MFVGT) are compared against the same parameters of a radial flow variable geometry turbine (RFVGT) of similar dimensions. Typical result indicates that the transient response of the MFVGT is faster by about 350 milliseconds than the radial at turbine inlet pressure of 0.2 bar (g).
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Ramanan, Vikram, S. R. Chakravarthy, Soumalya Sarkar, and Ashok Ray. "Investigation of Combustion Instability in a Swirl-Stabilized Combustor Using Symbolic Time Series Analysis." In ASME 2014 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2014-8280.
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A laboratory-scale swirl-stabilized combustor is experimentally characterized for various configurations involving variable air flow rates and different fuel injection locations. Unsteady pressure and heat release rate measurements were obtained simultaneously in order to determine the stability map of the combustor for the experimented configurations. It is observed that a sharp rise in pressure amplitude coincides with a break in the dominant spectral content variation with the inlet Reynolds number. The time series data were analyzed by using the tools of symbolic dynamic filtering and the divergences among the outputs of each sub-class of observations were obtained as anomaly measures. In the proposed method, symbol strings are generated by partitioning the (finite-length) time series to construct a special class of probabilistic finite state automata (PFSA) that have a deterministic algebraic structure. The anomaly measures are defined based on the probabilistic state vectors distribution across each sub class. The method which is based on representing a given time series data as a set of PFSA is observed to be capable of predicting an impending combustion instability as well as to distinguish between the symbol-state distribution among various instability conditions. The measure also successfully captures changes in the thermoacoustic regime as a function of the fuel injection location.
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Shetty, Devdas, Rakshith Kotian, Steevan Loyd Sequeira, Pavithra N. R., Umesh Pruthviraj, and K. V. Gangadharan. "An Economical Approach Towards Bathymetric Mapping of Shallow Water Basins Using Unmanned Surface Vessel." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-97015.
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Abstract In recent years, the use of unmanned vehicles has advanced because of a growing number of civil applications such as firefighting or non-military security work, such as surveillance of pipelines etc. The application of these technologies with decreased cost and size has received attention in both civil and military applications. Recent advances in sensors, modeling and simulation and availability of open-source software and hardware for data integration has created an environment of remotely monitoring that was not possible a few years ago. This paper examines a niche cost-effective, portable Unmanned Surface Vessel that has been designed to capture the bathymetric profile of shallow water basins using single beam echosounder. Bathymetry is the measurement of the depth of water in oceans, rivers, or lakes. Bathymetric maps look a lot like topographic maps, which use lines to show the shape and elevation of land features. Today, echo sounders are used to make bathymetric measurements. Global shallow water bathymetry maps offer critical information to inform activities such as scientific research, environment protection, and marine transportation. Accurate mapping of shallow bathymetry is critical for understanding and characterizing coastal environments providing a foundation for measuring underwater light density, mapping and monitoring and planning marine operations and transportation. Methods for estimating shallow water bathymetry have suffered from a variety of trade-offs and limitations. Conventional methods such as shipborne sounding or airborne LiDAR have limited spatial coverage. The unit described in this paper has been designed and has been trained to acquire data in a predefined set path, minimizing the human intervention and the associated errors. A successful trial run was done for mapping the bed profile of the river basin in India. The vessel has been upskilled for capturing sonar data sets, with water quality parameters and soil samples using an automated auger. The vessel functions using the combined various open-source software and hardware tools for data assimilation, while the captured data sets are real-time transferred using IOT to Ground Controlled Station. The tropical river basin chosen is a part of Netravati River located in Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka, India. This area is a part of the monsoon belt, and the Netravati riverbed is subjected to heavy sand deposition during a part of the year. The data on the excessive sand deposition is of immense value to the district and state administration. This study has been carried out at a frequency of 30 days and is provided as an input during non-monsoon period for district administration for outlining removal of excessive sand deposition monitoring of water quality in the estuarine ecosystem. The work done is a one-of-a-kind pilot study developed in-house using the recent advances seen in the world of open-source platforms. This paper demonstrates a unique application that is of value to the state administration in decision making and in addition contributes to environmental monitoring of the riverbed.
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Mullick, Ankan. "Exploring Multilingual Intent Dynamics and Applications." In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/818.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Multilingual Intent Detection and explore its different characteristics are major field of study for last few years. But, detection of intention dynamics from text or voice, especially in the Indian multilingual contexts, is a challenging task. So, my first research question is on intent detection and then I work on the application in Indian Multilingual Healthcare scenario. Speech dialogue systems are designed by a pre-defined set of intents to perform user specified tasks. Newer intentions may surface over time that call for retraining. However, the newer intents may not be explicitly announced and need to be inferred dynamically. Hence, here are two crucial jobs: (a) recognizing newly emergent intents; and (b) annotating the data of the new intents in order to effectively retrain the underlying classifier. The tasks become specially challenging when a large number of new intents emerge simultaneously and there is a limited budget of manual annotation. We develop MNID (Multiple Novel Intent Detection), a cluster based framework that can identify multiple novel intents while optimized human annotation cost. Empirical findings on numerous benchmark datasets (of varying sizes) show that MNID surpasses the baseline approaches in terms of accuracy and F1-score by wisely allocating the budget for annotation. We apply intent detection approach on different domains in Indian multilingual scenarios - healthcare, finance etc. The creation of advanced NLU healthcare systems is threatened by the lack of data and technology constraints for resource-poor languages in developing nations like India. We evaluate the current state of several cutting-edge language models used in the healthcare with the goal of detecting query intents and corresponding entities. We conduct comprehensive trials on a number of models different realistic contexts, and we investigate the practical relevance depending on budget and the availability of data on English.
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Koduru, Nitish, Nandini Nag Choudhury, Vineet Kumar, Dhruva Prasad, Rahul Raj, Debaditya Barua, Aditya Kumar Singh, Shakti Jain, Abhishek Kumar Gupta, and Amitabh Pandey. "Bhagyam Full Field Polymer Flood: Implementation and Initial Production Response." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208164-ms.
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Abstract Bhagyam is an onshore field in the Barmer basin, located in the state of Rajasthan in Western India. Fatehgarh Formation is the main producing unit, comprising of multi-storied fluvial sandstones. Reservoir quality is excellent with permeability in the range of 1 to 10 Darcy and porosity in the range of 25-30%. The crude is moderately viscous (15 – 500 cP) having a large variation with depth (15 cP – 50 cP from around 270 m TVDSS to 400 m TVDSS and then rising steeply to 500 cp at the OWC of 448m TVDSS). Lab studies on Bhagyam cores show that the reservoir is primarily oil wet in nature. Bhagyam Field was developed initially with edge water injection and with subsequent infill campaigns, prior to polymer flood development plan implementation, the Field was operating with 162 wells. Simple mobility ratio and fractional flow considerations indicate that improving the mobility ratio (water flood end-point mobility ratio is 30-100) in Bhagyam would substantially improve the sweep efficiency. Early EOR screening studies recommended chemical EOR (polymer and ASP flood) as the most suitable method for maximizing oil recovery. The lab studies further demonstrated good recovery potential for Polymer flood. Bhagyam's first Polymer flood field application started with testing in one injector which was later expanded to 8 wells. Extended polymer injection in these wells continued for four years. Observing a very encouraging field response, field scale polymer expansion plan was designed which included drilling of 28 new infill wells (17 P+ 11 I) and 24 producer-to-injector conversions. Modular skid-based polymer preparation units were installed to meet the injection requirements of the expansion plan. Infill producers were brought online in 2018 as per the plan but polymer injection was delayed due to various external factors. The production rate, however, was sustained without significant decline, aided by continuous polymer injection in initial 8 injectors, continuing water flood and good reservoir management practices. First polymer injection in field scale expansion started in Oct’20 and was quickly ramped up to the planned 80000 BPD in 4 months, supported by analyses of surveillance data, indicating very encouraging initial production response. Laboratory quality check program was designed to check quality of polymer during preparation and to ensure viscosity integrity till the well head. The paper discusses modular polymer preparation unit set-up and the additional installations designed to reduce pipeline vibrations during pumping of polymers., Experience gained while bringing online the polymer injection wells and the lab quality checks employed to ensure good polymer quality during preparation and pumping have also been discussed. The paper also discusses reservoir surveillance program adopted at the start of polymer injection like spinner survey, Pressure fall-off surveys and the stimulation activities that worked in improving the injectivity of polymer injectors. The paper further outlines the observations from the production response and the surveillance data collected to ensure good polymer flow in this multi-darcy reservoir.
Звіти організацій з теми "DATA SET OF MAHARASHTRA STATE OF INDIA"
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Jameel, Yusuf, Paul West, and Daniel Jasper. Reducing Black Carbon: A Triple Win for Climate, Health, and Well-Being. Project Drawdown, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55789/y2c0k2p3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Black carbon – also referred to as soot – is a particulate matter that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. As a major air and climate pollutant, black carbon (BC) emissions have widespread adverse effects on human health and climate change. Globally, exposure to unhealthy levels of particulate matter, including BC, is estimated to cause between three and six million excess deaths every year. These health impacts – and the related economic losses – are felt disproportionately by those living in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, BC is a potent greenhouse gas with a short-term global warming potential well beyond carbon dioxide and methane. Worse still, it is often deposited on sea ice and glaciers, reducing reflectivity and accelerating melting, particularly in the Arctic and Himalayas. Therefore, reducing BC emissions results in a triple win, mitigating climate change, improving the lives of more than two billion people currently exposed to unclean air, and saving trillions of dollars in economic losses. Today, the majority of BC emissions stem from just a handful of sectors and countries. Over 70% of BC comes from the residential and transportation sectors, with the latter being the dominant source in high-income countries and the former driving emissions in low- and middle-income nations. On a country-level, China and India are the biggest emitters accounting for one-third of global BC emissions. When combined with Brazil, Indonesia, and Nigeria, these five countries alone emit 50% of all BC. While BC emissions trends over the past 20 years have been inconsistent globally, there has been a notable decline in Europe, North America, and China. Conversely, emissions have been rising in regions like Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommends deep reductions in BC emissions by 2030 to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goal of limiting warming to below 1.5°C, yet very few countries have addressed BC in their climate plans. Fortunately, solutions that can rapidly reduce BC emissions by the end of this decade are readily available. By implementing the right policies, deploying targeted interventions in hotspots, and redirecting climate finance, policymakers and funders can mitigate the climate effects of BC while saving millions of lives and trillions of dollars. Below are key recommendations to achieve these aims based on the findings of this report: Urgently implement clean cooking solutions Providing clean cooking fuels and technologies in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, especially in the hotspots of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, Nigeria, and Uganda, can significantly reduce BC emissions. Countries with low penetration of clean cooking fuel must urgently develop policies that make clean cooking a priority for health and climate. Target transportation to reduce current – and prevent future – emissions Retrofitting older diesel engines with diesel particulate filters can remove up to 95% of BC. Countries around the world must implement policies to phase out polluting vehicles, set emission standards, and accelerate the uptake of EVs and hybrids, especially in urban regions where transportation demand is growing rapidly. A successful shift to EVs demands national investments complemented with international financing and private capital. Multilateral development banks need to play a pivotal role in this transition, with strategies like concessional finance to fast-track key projects and stimulate private sector investment. Reduce BC from the shipping industry BC emissions from the shipping industry must be urgently reduced to protect the Arctic ecosystem. Shifting shipping away from heavy fuel oil and equipping ships with diesel particulate filters is a cost-effective approach that would quickly and significantly reduce emissions. Regulate air quality Stringent emissions standards, clean air laws, baselines, and mandatory monitoring programs can effectively reduce BC emissions. Such policies have already resulted in large reductions in Europe, North America, and, more recently, China. However, several low- and middle-income countries have no legal protection for ambient air quality and lack legislatively-mandated standards. Implementing strong and legally binding policies can result in a large decrease in BC emissions, particularly across the transportation and industry sectors. Include BC in nationally determined contributions and the UNFCCC Only 12 countries have explicitly addressed BC in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This limited focus on BC is partly due to its omission from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) list of climate pollutants, an oversight that should be reconsidered given that reducing BC would save countless lives and slow global warming. As nations review their NDCs by 2025, they must incorporate BC reduction efforts to meet climate and well-being targets. Improve BC measurements and estimates BC estimates are plagued by uncertainties. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more accurate inventories in order to develop better emission reduction plans. Stakeholders must collaborate to develop a consistent BC measurement protocol, prioritize the collection of high-quality data, and use state of the art models to enhance estimates and reduce uncertainties.
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Patterns and implications of male migration for HIV prevention strategies in Maharashtra, India. Population Council, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv16.1003.
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Maharashtra was one of the first states to be affected by HIV in India. Results from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) in 2005–06 indicate that 0.62 percent of men and women aged 15–49 years were infected with HIV, as compared to the national average of 0.28 percent. HIV sentinel surveillance data from sites across Maharashtra indicate that 1.3 percent of pregnant women receiving antenatal care (ANC) and 10.4 percent of patients receiving treatment for sexually transmitted infections in 2005 were infected with HIV. At the same time, Maharashtra ranks first nationally in the proportion of total migrants, and there is a growing consensus among policymakers and program managers that migration could be a major contributor in the spread of HIV in the state. However, empirical evidence to support or refute this conjecture is limited. To address this research gap, the Population Council studied the patterns and motivations related to the migration of male laborers and their linkages with HIV risk. The purpose of the research, as stated in this brief, was to document patterns of male migration and determine whether there was a relationship between migration and HIV prevalence.