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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Darling River (N.S.W.)"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 20 лютого 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Darling River (N.S.W.)"

White, PJ, I. Vallis, and PG Saffigna. "The effect of stubble management on the availability of 15N-labelled residual fertilizer nitrogen and crop stubble nitrogen in an irrigated black earth." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 1 (1986): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860099.

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Field experiments on an irrigated alkaline black earth soil of the Darling Downs, south-east Queensland, examined transformations of nitrogen (N) and its subsequent availability for the growth of wheat after stubble had been removed, mulched or incorporated. Two crop sequences were used: sorghum-3- month fallow-wheat (S-W); and wheat-7-month fallow-wheat (W-W). The crops were grown in microplots enclosed by steel cylinders (75 cm diam. and 35 cm deep) to a depth of 30 cm. For the initial crop, some plots were fertilized with l5N-labelled ammonium sulfate and others with unlabelled ammonium sulfate (50 kg N/ha). After harvest of the initial crop, labelled stubble was added to unlabelled soil, either as a mulch or incorporated, and unlabelled stubble was similarly added to soil labelled with residual 15N from the fertilizer application. Uptake of 15N by a test wheat crop and distribution of 15N in the soil-plant system were then determined. In the test crop fertilized with unlabelled urea (50 kg N/ha), incorporation of stubble depressed plant growth and N uptake by 35% in the S-W sequence but had no effect in the W-W sequence. Residual fertilizer 15N in the soil was more available to the test crop than was 15N in retained stubble (6 v. 2% and 12 v. 6% for the S-W and W-W sequences respectively). However, the test crop obtained only 0.9-1.2% of its total N uptake from residual fertilizer N and 0.4-2.9% from the stubble of the initial crop. The effects of stubble management on the availability of N from these two sources were small. If suitable rates of N fertilizer are applied, it is unlikely that crop yields will be adversely affected by stubble retention in this subtropical environment.

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White, PJ, PG Saffigna, and I. Vallis. "Effect of stubble management during different fallow periods on nitrogen nutrition of wheat on an irrigated black earth." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 4 (1985): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850869.

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A series of field experiments was conducted on a black earth of the Darling Downs, in south-eastern Queensland, to examine nitrogen availability to irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum) after stubble of the previous crop had been either removed, mulched, or incorporated. Three crop sequences were considered: S-W, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), short (3-month) fallow, wheat; W-W, wheat, normal (7-month) fallow, wheat; LFW, sorghum, long (15-month) fallow, wheat. The effect of stubble management on the availability of nitrogen to the test crop of wheat in each sequence was assessed by the response of the test crop to urea applied at planting (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 kg N/ha). Soil mineral nitrogen was measured at the beginning and end of the fallow during the experiments. There was a little evidence that stubble management influenced plant growth in any of these cropping sequences. Responses to nitrogen were very large in the S-W sequence, moderate in the W-W and very slight in the LFW sequence. Apart from a slight effect in the S-W sequence, measured soil mineral nitrogen concentrations were unaffected by stubble treatments.

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ERWIN, TERRY L. "The beetle family Carabidae of Costa Rica: The genus Epikastea Liebke of the Plochonida Group, with new Neotropical species and notes on their way of life (Insecta: Coleoptera, Lebiini, Agrina)." Zootaxa 790, no. 1 (December 22, 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.790.1.1.

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Genus Epikastea Liebke 1936, of the Plochionida Group of Subtribe Agrina, Lebiini, with six species is revised. Subtribe Agrina consists of those species formerly included in the Subtribe Calleidina. The species of Epikastea Liebke 1936 are diagnosed, described, and illustrated. One species occurs in Costa Rica; five are new South American species and are here assigned to this genus. The five new species described are: Epikastea biolat Erwin, n. sp. (PER , MADRE DE DIOS, Rio Manu, BIOLAT Biodiversity Station, Pakitza Guard Station, 356m, 11 56 47 S, 071 17 00 W), Epikastea grace Erwin, n. sp. (PER , LORETO, Samiria River, Camp Manco Capac, 04 43 0 S, 074 18 0 W), Epikastea mancocapac Erwin, n. sp. (PER , LORETO, Samiria River, Camp Manco Capac, 04 43 0 S, 074 18 0 W), Epikastea piranha Erwin, n. sp. (ECUADOR. ORELLANA, Hauorani Territory, Camp Pira a, 0 39' 25.685" S, 76 27' 10.813" W), Epikastea poguei Erwin, n. sp. (PER , MADRE DE DIOS, Rio Manu, BIOLAT Biodiversity Station, Pakitza Guard Station, 356m, 11 56 47 S, 071 17 00 W). A definition of the Plochionida Group and an identification key to the Western Hemisphere genera included are provided. A key to the known species of Epikastea Liebke is given. Distribution data are provided for all species and a map is provided for the Costa Rican taxon. Adults of Epikastea Liebke have been found on rotting logs in rainforests and fogged from the canopy of tropical trees and palms.

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Yang, Suhang, Jie Liang, Xiaodong Li, Yuru Yi, Ziqian Zhu, Xin Li, Xuwu Chen, Shuai Li, Yeqing Zhai, and Ziming Pei. "The Impacts of Hydrology and Climate on Hydrological Connectivity in a Complex River–Lake Floodplain System Based on High Spatiotemporal Resolution Images." Water 14, no. 12 (June 7, 2022): 1836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14121836.

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The drivers that determine the hydrological connectivity (HC) are complex and interrelated, and disentangling this complexity will improve the administration of the river–lake interconnection system. Dongting Lake, as a typical river–lake interconnected system, is freely connected with the Yangtze River and their HC plays a major role in keeping the system healthy. Climate, hydrology, and anthropogenic activities are associated with the HC. In this study, hydrological drivers were divided into the total flow of three inlets (T-flow) and the total flow of four tributaries (F-flow). To elucidate the HC of the Dongting Lake, HC was calculated by geostatistical methods in association with Sentinel-2 remote sensing images. Then, the structural equation model (SEM) was used to quantify the impacts of hydrology (F-flow, and T-flow) and meteorology (precipitation, evaporation, and temperature) on HC. The geostatistical analysis results demonstrated that the HC showed apparent seasonal change. For East and West Dongting Lake, the dominant element was north–south hydrological connectivity (N–S HC), and the restricted was west–east hydrological connectivity (W-E HC), but the dominant element was E–W HC and the restricted was N–S HC in South Dongting Lake. The results of SEM showed that N–S HC was mainly explained by T-flow (r = 0.49, p < 0.001) and F-flow (r = 0.28, p < 0.05). T-flow, temperature (r = 0.33, p < 0.05), and F-flow explained E–W HC. The finding of this work supports the management of both the Dongting Lake floodplain and other similar river–lake floodplain systems.

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Stuart, Ivor G., Brenton P. Zampatti, and Lee J. Baumgartner. "Can a low-gradient vertical-slot fishway provide passage for a lowland river fish community?" Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 4 (2008): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf07141.

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Fishways are commonly used to restore native fish movements in regulated rivers. In the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, 14 fishways are to be built by 2011 to improve passage along 2225 km of the river. The first of these fishways, constructed in 2003, is a vertical-slot design with low water velocities (0.98–1.4 m s–1) and turbulence (average 42 W m–3). This design was selected to provide passage for individuals between 20 and 1000 mm long. To determine passage success, trapping and a remote automated passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag reading system was used from October 2003 to February 2006. In 57 24-h samples at the exit (upstream end) and entrance (downstream end), 13 species and 30 409 fish were collected at a maximum rate of 4415 fish per day. Fish between 31 and 1030 mm successfully ascended the fishway. However, significantly smaller (<31 mm) fish and small-bodied (<50 mm) carp gudgeons (Hypseleotris spp.), a species previously considered non-migratory, were sampled downstream from the entrance of the fishway. The remote PIT tag reading system revealed that 81% of native golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) and 87% of non-native common carp (Cyprinus carpio) successfully ascended the fishway. These data will help maximise the efficiency of future fishways against a series of pre-determined performance criteria.

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Campos, Paula Nepomuceno, Rosildo Santos Paiva, Ana Cristina Teixeira Bonecker, Nuno Filipe Alves Correia de Melo, Glauber David Almeida Palheta, Cristiane Teixeira Contente, and Caio Aguiar Rodrigues Ramos. "First occurrence of Dolicholagus longirostris larvae (Maul 1948) (Osmeriformes, Bathylagidae) near the mouth of the Amazon River." Biota Neotropica 7, no. 1 (2007): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032007000100026.

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The family Bathylagidae contains eight genera and 22 species, of which only five occur in the Southwest Atlantic. Until recently, only adult specimens of the bathylaginin Melanolagus bericoides had been recorded off southern Brazil, between the Santa Marta Cape and Rio Grande (31° S and 49° W). The present work reports the first occurrence of Dolicholagus longirostris larvae on the northern Brazilian coast, expanding its distribution in the Southwest Atlantic. The two specimens found were collected near the mouth of the Amazon River (02° 00' 19" N, 47° 03' 30" W, and 00° 49' 06" N, 46° 25' 09" W).

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GARRISON, ROSSER W., and NATALIA VON ELLENRIEDER. "New species of the damselfly genus Argia from Mexico, Central America and Ecuador with an emphasis on Costa Rica (Insecta: Odonata: Coenagrionidae)." Zootaxa 4235, no. 1 (February 20, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4235.1.1.

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Seven new species of Argia are described, five of which occur in Costa Rica: Argia calverti n. sp. (Holotype ♂, Costa Rica, Cartago Prov., Tapantí Reserve, 1,310 m, 6 vii 1963, F. G. Thompson leg., in FSCA); Argia carolus n. sp. (Holotype ♂, Costa Rica, San José Prov., El Rodeo Biological Reserve, 7 km W of Villa Colón, 9°54' N, 84°16' W, 561 m, 10–13 vii 1990, T. W. Donnelly leg., in FSCA); Argia elongata n. sp. (Holotype ♂, Costa Rica, Cartago Prov., Reventazón river, SE of Turrialba by highway 10, 9°52'56'' N, 83°38'49'' W, 561 m, 10 viii 1979, R. W. & J. A. Garrison leg., in CSCA); Argia haberi n. sp. (Holotype ♂, Costa Rica, San José Prov., Bosque del Tolomuco, km 118 on Pan American highway, in seeps and trickles through brushy pasture on forested hillside, 9°28'18'' N, 83°41'48'' W, 1,710 m, 27 iii 2006, F. Sibley leg., in FSCA); Argia schorri n. sp. (Holotype ♂, Costa Rica, Puntarenas Prov., 2.8 mi E of Golfito, 8°39' N, 83°7' W, 35 m, 4 vii 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr. & M. A. Ortiz B. leg., in USNM), and two which are so far only known from Mexico and Ecuador respectively: Argia rudolphi n. sp. (Holotype ♂, Mexico, Puebla State, Zihuateutla, Sierra de Huauchinango, La Unión, in drainage area, 20°14'25'' N, 97°53'38'' W, 596 m, 21 v 1987, R. Novelo & A. Gómez leg., in CSCA) and Argia schneideri n. sp. (Holotype ♂, Ecuador, Napo Prov., Las Palmas, on Anzu river in Napo river watershed, 11 xii 1936, W. Clark-MacIntyre leg., in UMMZ). All the new species, as well as closely related species needed for diagnosis including A. anceps Garrison, A. cupraurea Calvert, A. cuprea (Hagen), A. extranea (Hagen), A. fissa Selys, A. fulgida Navás, A. oenea Hagen in Selys, A. popoluca Calvert, A. rhoadsi Calvert, and A. westfalli Garrison, are illustrated and diagnosed from their congeners and their known distribution areas are mapped.

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Jung, Thomas S., Troy D. Pretzlaw, and David W. Nagorsen. "Northern Range Extension of the Pygmy Shrew, Sorex hoyi, in the Yukon." Canadian Field-Naturalist 121, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v121i1.402.

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A Pygmy Shrew, Sorex hoyi, was captured in a pitfall trap on the Blackstone River (65°04.6'N, 138°10.8'W) in central Yukon. This represents a northern range extension of about 110 km for S. hoyi in the Yukon.

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Wright, Daniel W., Brenton P. Zampatti, Lee J. Baumgartner, Steven Brooks, Gavin L. Butler, David A. Crook, Ben G. Fanson, et al. "Size, growth and mortality of riverine golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) across a latitudinal gradient." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 12 (2020): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf20056.

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Effective fisheries management requires fish size, growth and mortality information representative of the population and location of interest. Golden perch Macquaria ambigua is long lived, potamodromous and widespread in the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), Australia. Using a sample spanning 13 river systems and 10° of latitude, we examined whether the maximum size of golden perch differed by latitude and whether growth and mortality varied between northern and southern MDB regions. The length, weight and age ranges of golden perch sampled (n=873) were 52–559mm, 2–3201g and 0+ to 26+ years respectively, and maximum length and weight were unaffected by latitude. Length and age–length distributions represented by age–length keys varied by region, with greater variability in age-at-length and a larger proportion of smaller individuals in northern MDB rivers, which generally exhibit greater variability in discharge. Growth and mortality rates were similar between regions, and an MDB-wide von Bertalanffy growth model (L∞=447, k=0.32 and t0=–0.51) and instantaneous mortality rate (Z=0.20) best described the data. An MDB-wide length–weight equation also provided the best fit (W=6.76×10–6 L3.12). Our data suggest that the MDB can be treated as one management unit in terms of golden perch maximum size, growth and mortality parameters.

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Miller, J. J., T. W. Curtis, E. Bremer, D. S. Chanasyk, and W. D. Willms. "Evaluation of selected soil properties for indicating cattle activity at off-stream watering and river access sites in southern Alberta." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 93, no. 3 (August 2013): 343–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2012-074.

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Miller, J. J., Curtis, T. W., Bremer, E., Chanasyk, D. S. and Willms, W. D. 2013. Evaluation of selected soil properties for indicating cattle activity at off-stream watering and river access sites in southern Alberta. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 343–358. Off-stream watering troughs may reduce surface water pollution by shifting nutrient distribution from natural watering sites along the river to around artificial water troughs some distance from the river. The objective of our study was to evaluate the suitability of nine soil properties for assessing the impacts of cattle activity adjacent to eight watering sites. Nine surface (0–5 cm) soil properties were evaluated along four 100-m transects at the five off-stream water troughs and three river access sites along the Lower Little Bow River in southern Alberta over 4 yr (2007–2010). The properties included P (total P, soil test P or STP), N (total N, NO3-N, NH4-N), total C, total C:total N ratio (TC:TN), chloride (Cl), and soil bulk density. Soil test P was significantly (P≤0.05) enriched at 65% of site-year comparisons, followed by total C (63%), NO3-N (55%), total P and TC:TN (50%). This suggested that these soil properties were relatively good indicators of cattle activity at the majority (>50%) of watering sites. Chloride was a valid indicator only in non-saline areas (100% of four non-saline sites). Total C and TC:TN ratios were not valid indicators in the calcareous soils at all sites because of possible confounding influence of inorganic C. Overall, we recommend Cl as an indicator of cattle activity at watering sites not affected by soil salinity and high natural Cl levels, and STP as the best overall indicator of cattle activity at off-stream watering sites and river access sites. Certain soil properties were also influenced by distance from watering site, stocking rate, precipitation, and age of water trough.

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Частини книг з теми "Darling River (N.S.W.)"

James, Simon. "What and Where? Revised Overview of Base Extent." In The Roman Military Base at Dura-Europos, Syria. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743569.003.0025.

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Archaeological evidence indicates that, during the final halfcentury of the life of the city, the area directly annexed by the military was significantly larger than the original excavators realized. In addition to concentrations of soldiers around the gates and defences, and at various places within the ‘civil’ town, the military came to control a single continuous swathe of the urban interior, comprising the entire N part of the walled area from the W defences to the river cliffs, and extending as far as the S end of the Citadel, plus the floor of the inner wadi right down to Lower Main St opposite the (by Durene standards) showy C3 bath, which it also apparently built. This area totals c.13.5 ha (c.33 acres)—a literal quarter of the intramural area which today covers c.52 ha (c.118 acres, measured from the CAD plan of the city by Dan Stewart; both city and base were slightly bigger in antiquity, before loss of the River Gate and parts of the Citadel). In its final form, the base included several distinct zones (Pl. XXIII). The NW part of the city had become a military enclosure, bounded on the E side by a continuous wall down the W side of G St, incorporating the street facades of the E3 bath and E4 house. On the S it was defined by the ‘camp wall’ from the city defences to D St; with no sign of a wall across blocks F5 or F7, the perimeter between D and F Sts is inferred. It must be presumed that, as to the W, the 8th-St-fronting properties of the two blocks were taken over, but that the party walls comprising the boundary with civil housing to the S was not further elaborated. These lines converged on the amphitheatre, which formed the corner of the enclosure. This perimeter of the NW enclosure involved physically blocking Wall, A, C, D, and 10th Sts. A major entrance was on 8th St, at G St between the amphitheatre and the E4 house.

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James, Simon. "The Plateau Zone East of G St." In The Roman Military Base at Dura-Europos, Syria. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743569.003.0020.

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The N end of the city’s plateau zone E of G St, bounded by the N wadi, the river cliff, and the head of the inner wadi, comprising the remotest corner within the walls, also became part of the Roman military quarter. Here, as across the whole N part of the city, the stratigraphy is shallow, rarely deeper than a metre, with bedrock showing in places. Surface indications and magnetometry suggest that much of the region had been built up in pre-Roman times, although there may have been areas of open ground. The street grid had been substantially laid out here, especially H St which ran to the N city wall, but E of this line it seems partly to break down. In particular, in the nominal areas of projected block positions X1–X8, 10th St actually curved off-grid to the S, probably preserving the line of an early approach road to the N end of the Citadel before the stronghold was separated from the plateau by a great quarry and rebuilt. This far N region was presumably mostly residential before AD 165, except for two known sanctuaries beside H St: the so-called Dolicheneum in X7, and a temple of unknown dedication in X9. Under Roman rule it became dominated by insertion of the massive residence known as the ‘Palace of the dux ripae’, here referred to as the Roman Palace. Closures of both G and I Sts on the N side of 10th St, by the building of Roman structures across them, indicates that the zone N of this line became a military enclosure. This was accessible from the civil town only via an entrance on H St, and from the W part of the base area on the plateau, already enclosed by a boundary along the W side of G St, via a smaller entrance on the diverted line of ‘12th St’ at the N-most point of block E3. Within the re-entrant to the continuous base perimeter created by the G St and 10th St lines, more blocks appear to have been taken over by the military.

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James, Simon. "How Did the Base Work?" In The Roman Military Base at Dura-Europos, Syria. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743569.003.0028.

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We now consider how the military base area operated, as a zone where a large number of people lived and worked on a routine basis. On one hand, to function it required the affordances of its internal communications, connections with the civil town, and access to roads, river, and lands beyond the walls; on the other, there was a need for surveillance and control of activities within the base, and of movements across its boundary. The most obvious part of the base boundary (Plate XXII) is the substantial mud brick wall ploughed across four blocks from the city defences just S of Tower 21, and blocking Wall, A, C, and D Sts, with a gate established at B St. How the S boundary was defined E of D St has always remained an issue. If it was necessary to build a wall at the W end, why was this not simply continued all the way to, e.g., the S end of the Citadel? Across blocks F7 and F5 it seems that the boundary of the military zone simply comprised party walls between military and civilian-occupied structures. The same was true within block B2, by the Citadel, although the boundary probably comprised building frontages along Lower Main St. On the plateau, as the camp wall may have been a subsequent local enhancement, except where the amphitheatre formed part of it, the boundary may generally have comprised the rear walls of military-held houses lining the S side of 8th St—probably all properties from the city wall to H St. The course of the boundary along the W side of the inner wadi is unknown, but the base is suggested, as along 8th St, to have incorporated at least all properties lining the S side of the Wadi Ascent Road, if not encompassing all blocks on the wadi slope—in which case the boundary here may rather have comprised property frontages on K St. The base area was split by site topography into two major zones, the flat plateau, and the N branch of the inner wadi around the Citadel. Each was further subdivided.

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James, Simon. "The Wadi Zone Campus, Citadel, and C3 Bath." In The Roman Military Base at Dura-Europos, Syria. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743569.003.0021.

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From the junction of H and 8th Sts, which gave access to the twin main axes of the military base zone on the plateau, H St led S to the bulk of the civil town and ultimately to the Palmyrene Gate, the steppe plateau W of the city, and the roads W to Palmyra and NW up the Euphrates to Syria. The fourth side of the crossroads followed a curving course SE, down into the inner wadi, then snaking through the irregularly laid-out old lower town to the now-lost River Gate, portal to the Euphrates and its plain. Of most immediate significance is that the Wadi Ascent Road also linked the plateau military zone with what can now be seen as another major area of military control, in the old Citadel, and on the adjacent wadi floor. The N part of the wadi floor is now known to have accommodated two military-built temples, the larger of which, the A1 ‘Temple of the Roman Archers’, was axial to the long wadi floor, which in the Roman period appears to have comprised one of the largest areas of open ground inside the city walls. This is interpreted as the campus, or military assembly and training ground, extension of which was commemorated in an inscription found in the temple. In 2011, what is virtually certainly a second military temple was found in the wadi close by the first, built against the foundation of the Citadel. This is here referred to as the Military Zeus Temple. Behind the Temple of the Roman Archers was a lane leading from the Wadi Ascent Road to the N gate of the Citadel. It helped define a further de facto enclosure, effectively surrounded by other military-controlled areas and so also presumed to have been in military hands. The Citadel itself, while in Roman times already ruinous on the river side due to cliff falls, still formed part of the defences. Moreover the massive shell of its Hellenistic walls now also appears to have been adapted to yet more military accommodation, some of it two storeys or higher.

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Brunini, Orivaldo, and Alice M. Grimm. "Agricultural Drought Phenomenon in Latin America with Focus on Brazil." In Monitoring and Predicting Agricultural Drought. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162349.003.0020.

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Latin America encompasses a vast territory between 12°30'N and 55°30'S latitude and between 29°W and 82°W longitude. This subcontinent has 13 countries with complex climatic conditions. Extremely humid weather is typical closer to the equator, while semiarid, arid, and desertic conditions prevail in the Bolivian and Chilean high plains. The wide variation in climatic conditions leads to distinct agricultural conditions across Latin America. For example, forests, equatorial fruits, and perennial vegetation exist throughout the Amazonian region. Farther from the equator, toward the Andes and at higher latitudes, there is a noticeable change in agricultural systems. There is a greater emphasis on growing cereal/grain crops in Argentina and Brazil. The countries that compose the Amazon River basin experience a higher amount of annual precipitation, and drought is not a characteristic phenomenon there, except during high-intensity El Niño years (Marengo et al., 2001). In contrast, drought is a regular event commonly observed in parts of Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Argentina (Scian and Donnari, 1996), Uruguay, and Brazil. The Atacama Desert in Chile is one of the most arid regions on the earth, where the average annual precipitation is as low as 0.8 mm in Arika or even 0.5 mm in other regions of this desert. Figure 12.2 provides a more detailed description on climatic conditions of Brazil. Although the average annual precipitation in the northeastern region is less than 300 mm, it exceeds 2500 mm in some other regions of Brazil (Grimm, 2003). Agricultural operations take place during the rainy season (March–October). The northeast region is drought prone, but the central, west, and southeast regions are traditionally grain-producing regions. In the northeast and central-west regions, water deficiency is higher, which seriously affects food production. Table 12.1 shows production losses in Brazil due to climate anomalies including droughts that occurred during 1978–1986 (Mota, 1979) and 1991–1994 (Rossetti, 2001). About 33% (about 50% in the northeast region) of these losses were attributed to droughts. Maize production also significantly declined due to drought that occurred during 1990–91, 1993–94, 1996–97, and 1997–98.

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"W. Dahr, in Recent Advance in Blood Group Biohchemistrv, V. Vengelen-Tyler and W.J. Judd, eds. American Association of Blood Banks, Arlington, VA (1986) pp. 23-65. 32. J-P. Cartron, in Monoclonal antibodies against human red blood cell and related antigens. P. Rouger and C. Salmon, eds. Arnette, Paris (1987) pp. 69-97. 33. D.J. Anstee, Vox Sang., 58, 1-20 (1990). 34. P. Tippett, in Blood Group Systems: Rh. V. Vengelen-Tyler and S. Pierce, eds. American Association of Blood Banks, Arlington, VA (1987) pp. 25-53 35. C. Lomas, J. Poole, N. Salaru, M. Redman, K. Kirkley, M. Moulds, J. McCreary, G.S. Nicholson, H. Hustinx and C. Green, Vox Sang., 59, 39-43 (1990). 36. J. Poole, H. Hustinx, H. Gerber, C. Lomas, Y.W. Liew, and P. Tippett, Vox Sang., 59, 44-47 (1990). 37. M. Bizot, C. Lomas, F. Rubio and P. Tippett, Transfusion, 28, 342-345 (1988). 38. N.A. Ellis, T-Z. Ye, S. Patton, J. German, P.N. Goodfellow and P. Weller, Nature Genet., 6, 394-400 (1994). 39. C. Gelin, F. Aubrit, A. Phalipon, B. Raynal, S. Cole, M. Kaczorek and A. Bernard, EMBO J., 8, 3253-3259 (1989). 40. M.N. Dworzak, G. Fritsch, P. Buchinger, C. Fleischer, D. Printz, A. Zellner, A. Schollhammer, G. Steiner, P.F. Ambros and H. Gadner, Blood, 83, 415-425 (1994). 41. R. Levy, J. Dilley, R.l. Fox and R. Warnke, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76, 6552-6556 (1979). 42. G.S. Banting, B. Pym, S.M. Darling and P.N. Goodfellow, Mol Immunol., 26, 181-188 (1989). 43. P. Goodfellow, G. Banting, D. Sheer, H.H. Ropers, A. Caine, M.A. Ferguson-Smith, S. Povey and R. Voss, Nature, 302. 346-349 (1983). 44. S.M. Darling, G.S. Banting, B. Pym, J. Wolfe and P.N. Goodfellow, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83, 135-139 (1986). 45. P.N. Goodfellow and P. Tippett, Nature, 289. 404-405 (1981). 46. P. Tippett, M-A. Shaw, C.A. Green and G.L. Daniels, Ann. Hum. Genet., 50, 339-347 (1986). 47. G.S. Banting, B. Pym and P.N. Goodfellow, EMBO J., 4, 1967-1972 (1985). 48. F. Latron, D. Blanchard and J-P. Cartron, Biochem. J., 247, 757-764 (1987). 49. R. Herron and G.A. Smith, Biochem. J., 262. 369-371 (1989). 50. A.C. Petty and P. Tippett Submitted." In Transfusion Immunology and Medicine, 200–205. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273441-18.

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"upstream portion of a river basin can also extend For example, the supply of some economic good ldo ownstream as reduced streamflow may result in (e.g., water, hay, hydroelectric power) is weather n lo o c we tateirorxness , erevvoeinratnhdouggrhoum ndwater levels at downstream dependent. In most instances, the dema ist in this portion oef te tohreolboagsiicna . lRde ro duug ct h io tndsoe in sagn oo d d /o irsipnecrrecaasp in it gaacsoansru es mup lt tioofni . n T cr heearse in fo grnpd for tha e, opdu ro la utg io hnt reservoir and groundwater levels in downstream could be defined as occurring when the demand for tppuob rt liiocns of th duction, wraetcerre basin e at siuopnp , l ie msa , y h re ysdurlote in s transportati loenc , terr ic io us p o im w pacts on that good exceeds supply as a result of a weather-ot agricultu erre , parnod rceelpatteodfsdurpopu ly ghstho su rt p fa plol rt ( sSatnhde fo srtd ro n1g97s9y ) m . b T io hsiissctohn at m str heearms ectors. Conflicts between upstream and down exists between drought and human activities. Thus, 19 a9n4yfr wa o iv retrerb use an eaxsa in rss may mpl ienftrhree su U lt, as has been the case in the incidence of drought could increase be om th nei te MdisS so ta utreisR ( isveeerBOapsp in e ) r . cchha an ng gee in in so th ci e e ta flrevquu ln en er cayb il o it fytthoewpah te yrsischaolcaeuvseenot, faaw In h te errneartiivoen rs altrw an astceernddisnpau ti te osnaolfb te onrdaerriss , e su in chsiatsu atio rtages, or Middle East or between the United States ina th nesb ov o e th rg . r For example, nd increas aezs in o g il cea ro nsd io e n cr epao se oran la im nd a -l ucsaer ry pr in ac g tice , which exacerbates th ceaipsacsiu ty chanads Me T xi hceo . discussion up to this point has focused on the a es npdecviu al llnyerraeblielv it aynttoin fu t s ure droughts. This e m xa p m ac ptlseo is fodn is ste inctions between the types of drought during its Africa, Australia) and e in miaarre id a s re ogfiohnis ll y ( e o .g r ., sl Soopu in th g phase t or development pha drough otfd ty rpoeusgm ht a , y th deififnetre . rsree . l a During the termination terrain (e.g., Lesotho). understanding the termin Faitg io u ti roe nships between these During drought onset, agricul n tu p1h . a4se is sao ls fodurso ef uuglhitn ." In Droughts, 42. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315830896-30.

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