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Статті в журналах з теми "Cyrenaic economy"
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Lorenz, Fredrick Walter. "The “Second Egypt”: Cretan Refugees, Agricultural Development, and Frontier Expansion in Ottoman Cyrenaica, 1897–1904." International Journal of Middle East Studies 53, no. 1 (2021): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743820000975.
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AbstractThis article investigates the Ottoman state's endeavor to create the “second Egypt” by consolidating its imperial authority along the coastline and hinterland of Cyrenaica from 1897 to 1904. It examines the strategic settlement of Cretan Muslim refugees in territories situated between Benghazi and Derna and in al-Jabal al-Akhdar following the Cretan insurrection of 1897–98. I argue that Cretan Muslim refugees-turned-settlers served as skilled agriculturalists and experienced armed sentries who were integral to the Ottoman state's plans for economic development and expansionism in Cyrenaica. Focusing particularly on ‘Ayn al-Shahhat and Marsa Susa, this article contends that the establishment of Cretan Muslim agricultural colonies served to undermine the political and economic position of the Sanusi order by appropriating the order's properties and access to resources. This work offers a new perspective on how the Ottoman state reasserted its sovereignty in its frontier territory in Cyrenaica by harnessing the power of migration.
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Buzaian, A., and J. A. Lloyd. "Early Urbanism in Cyrenaica: New Evidence from Euesperides (Benghazi)." Libyan Studies 27 (1996): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900002454.
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AbstractExcavations by the Department of Antiquities, Benghazi, Garyunis University, Benghazi and the Society for Libyan Studies took place at the site of Euesperides for a total of seven weeks in 1995 and 1996. Work was concentrated on the northern margins of the city, where much new evidence for its topography and development came to light. The discoveries include successive fortification walls (the earlier of which may belong to c. 600 BC), part of a necropolis, and a large extramural kiln complex of the fourth/third centuries. Evidence bearing on the infrastructure, economy, diet and cultural life of this early Cyrenaican city, which was abandoned by the mid third century BC, was also recovered.
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Zimi, Eleni, K. Göransson, and K. Swift. "Pottery and trade at Euesperides in Cyrenaica: an overview." Libyan Studies 50 (October 22, 2019): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2019.27.
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AbstractThe excavations conducted at Euesperides between 1999 and 2007 under the auspices of the Society for Libyan Studies, London, and the Department of Antiquities, Libya, and jointly directed by Paul Bennet and Andrew Wilson, brought to light private houses and a building complex, industrial areas related to purple dye production and part of the city's fortification wall. Among the finds was a highly significant body of local, regional and imported pottery (from the Greek and Punic world, Cyprus, Italy and elsewhere), dated between the last quarter of the seventh and the middle of the third century BC, when the city was abandoned.This archaeological project adopted an innovative approach to the study of pottery from the site, based on the total quantification of the coarse, fine wares and transport amphorae. This was supplemented by a targeted programme of petrographic analysis to shed light on production centres and thus questions about the trade and the economy of ancient Euesperides. The pottery study by K. Göransson, K. Swift and E. Zimi demonstrated that although the city gradually developed a significant industry of ceramics, it relied heavily on imports to cover its needs and that imported pottery reached Euesperides’ sheltered harbour either directly from the supplying regions or most often through complex maritime networks in the Mediterranean which changed over time.Cooking pots from Aegina and the Punic world, mortaria, bowls, jugs and table amphorae from Corinth as well as transport amphorae from various centres containing olive oil, wine, processed meat and fish were transported to the city from Greece, Italy/Sicily, Cyprus and elsewhere. The so-called amphorae B formed the majority, while Corinthian, Aegean (Thasian, Mendean, Knidian, etc.), Greco-Italic and Punic were adequatly represented. Regarding fine wares, East Greek, Laconian and Corinthian are common until the end of the sixth century; Attic black-glazed, and to a lesser extend, black-figure and red-figure pots dominate the assemblages between the fifth and the mid-third centuries BC, while Corinthian, Italian/Sicilian and Punic seem to have been following the commodities flow at Euesperides from the fourth century BC onwards. Finally, Cyrenaican pottery and transport amphorae have been also identified at Euesperides implying a considerable volume of inter-regional trade.
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Miski, Mahmut. "Next Chapter in the Legend of Silphion: Preliminary Morphological, Chemical, Biological and Pharmacological Evaluations, Initial Conservation Studies, and Reassessment of the Regional Extinction Event." Plants 10, no. 1 (2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010102.
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Silphion was an ancient medicinal gum-resin; most likely obtained from a Ferula species growing in the Cyrene region of Libya ca. 2500 years ago. Due to its therapeutic properties and culinary value, silphion became the main economic commodity of the Cyrene region. It is generally believed that the source of silphion became extinct in the first century AD. However, there are a few references in the literature about the cultivated silphion plant and its existence up to the fifth century. Recently, a rare and endemic Ferula species that produces a pleasant-smelling gum-resin was found in three locations near formerly Greek villages in Anatolia. Morphologic features of this species closely resemble silphion, as it appears in the numismatic figures of antique Cyrenaic coins, and conform to descriptions by ancient authors. Initial chemical and pharmacological investigations of this species have confirmed the medicinal and spice-like quality of its gum-resin supporting a connection with the long-lost silphion. A preliminary conservation study has been initiated at the growth site of this rare endemic Ferula species. The results of this study and their implications on the regional extinction event, and future development of this species will be discussed.
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Barker, Graeme. "Libyan landscapes in history and prehistory." Libyan Studies 50 (October 22, 2019): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lis.2019.24.
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AbstractAs a contribution to the Society for Libyan Studies’ 50th anniversary, the paper discusses three projects in which the author has been involved, with a focus on their different contributions to our understanding of Libya's landscape prehistory and history. The deep stratigraphy of the Haua Fteah cave in three projects are described in chronological order, but they contribute in reverse order to our understanding of how Libyans have changed and been changed by their landscapes. The deep stratigraphy of the Haua Fteah cave in Cyrenaica represents an intermittent history of landscape use, and the way people dealt with climate change impacts, from some 150,000 years ago to the Graeco-Roman period. The faunal assemblage from Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi, provides insights into how Graeco-Roman city-dwellers interacted with the people of the countryside. The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey changes the perspective, showing how tribal people in the pre-desert were drawn into the ambit of the coastal cities and the economy of imperial Rome, before returning to semi-mobile pastoral/arable lifeways not so dissimilar to the lives of many Libyans before the oil revolution. The principal linking finding is that there are no simple stories from the past in terms of people's relations to their landscape: the mix of structure and agency embodied in the archaeological record can be a record of failures, misguided decisions, bad luck etc. as much as of successful responses and adaptations to opportunities and challenges.
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Jones, G. D. B. "Town and City in Tripolitania: Studies in Origins and Development 1969–1989." Libyan Studies 20 (January 1989): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006622.
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The manifest achievement of the colonial epoch in the Maghreb was the clearance and, in places, restoration of the great archaeological heritage that awaited investigation in North Africa. To the near exclusion of other themes such as agriculture and the economy, the images of magnificent classical ruins have sprung from the pages of many books, and for better or worse, shaped the mentality of the previous generation and also of that which followed after the Second World War.Nowhere was this more true than the great coastal cities of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, unearthed and re-erected on a tide of pre-war cultural imperatives. To some extent the wealth of outstandingly well preserved urban remains (associated with an abundance of epigraphic evidence) at the time militated against the refinement of research objectives. It fell to archaeologists working in the colonial twilight of the post-war period, first, to assay the publication backlog and, second, to deepen the level of investigation along lines that were becoming familiar elsewhere through the increasingly sophisticated stratigraphic analysis of urban sites.In the post-war years the first strand saw, for example, the final publication of the Severan harbour and the market at Lepcis Magna (Degrassi 1951, Bartoccini 1958; for the city as a whole see Bianchi Bandinelli et al. 1966 and Squarciapino 1966); and this continues today with the publication of the work of Kenyon and Ward-Perkins (Kenrick 1986) and various Italian teams (Joly and Tomasello 1984) at Sabratha and at Lepcis (Caputo 1987; Ward-Perkins 1989). The Kenyon and Ward-Perkins excavation at Sabratha, with its sophisticated stratigraphic methods, marked a significant movement into the second area of increasingly searching analysis of archaeological sequences on multi-period sites. For a variety of reasons — logistical, financial and methodological — archaeological investigation effectively remained at that level until 1969, the starting point for this survey of the emporia and the less well-known towns of Tripolitania.
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Wright, J. "Colonial and Early Post-Colonial Libya." Libyan Studies 20 (January 1989): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006725.
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Libya at the beginning of this century had little to offer the would-be imperialist and coloniser. The true value of Turkey's last remaining African possessions was not — despite the insistence of the Italian nationalist lobby — as a settler-colony or as a gateway to the largely illusory wealth of central Africa, but as a strategic base on the central Mediterranean. The general poverty of Ottoman Tripolitania and Cyrenaica was reflected indeed in the poverty of the literature in any language on contemporary Libya.But growing Italian interest in these territories, by 1900 almost the last parts of Africa unclaimed by any European power, generated a series of books and articles by an imperialist-nationalist lobby eager to prove the case that Italy's political, strategic, economic and social wellbeing depended on the immediate possession of Turkish North Africa. Such writings naturally generated a rather less voluminous counter-flow of material, mainly from socialist sources, putting the opposite and (as events were to prove) essentially more realistic case.The outbreak of the Italo-Turkish war in September 1911 and the subsequent Italian occupation of bridgeheads at Tripoli, Horns, Benghazi, Derna and Tobruk first brought Libya to the notice of the international press. The British correspondents who reported one or other side of the conflict subsequently produced a number of surprisingly partisan books about the war and their own adventures in it, but had very much less to say about the little-understood country and its people. With the sudden end of the war in 1912 and the outbreak of more serious fighting in the Balkans, interest in Libya quickly waned. For the next 30 years nearly all the relevant literature was to be provided by Italians, in Italian and written from a purely Italian point of view — some of it later to be destroyed in the antifascist and anti-imperialist reaction from 1943 onwards.
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Stewart, Frank H. "ՙAbd ՙAlī Salmān ՙAbd Allāh, al-Mujtamaՙ al-rīfī fī al-ՙIrāq (Baghdad: Wizārat al-Thaqāfa w-a'l-Aՙlām, 1980). Pp. 193. - Roy H. BehnkeJr, The Herders of Cyrenaica: Ecology, Economy, and Kinship among the Bedouin of Eastern Libya, Illinois Studies in Anthropology, No. 12 (Urbana, Chicago, London: University of Illinois Press, 1980). Pp. 197. - Isaak Diqs, A Bedouin Boyhood (London: George Allen & Unwin; New York: Universe Books, 1984). Pp. 176. - William Lancaster, The Rwala Bedouin Today (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). Pp. 189. - Emanuel Marx and Avshalom Shmueli, eds., The Changing Bedouin (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Books, 1984). Pp. 209." International Journal of Middle East Studies 18, № 2 (1986): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800029901.
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El Taraboulsi-McCarthy, Sherine. "Solidarity and Fragmentation in Libya’s Associational Life." Economics of Peace and Security Journal 16, no. 2 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.15355/epsj.16.2.40.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article is a sociohistorical analysis of two regions of Libya, Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, following independence in 1951. Building on Pierson (2004), it focuses on path dependent trends in solidarity and the fragmentation of Libya’s associative space. It argues that associational life has played a twofold role in Libya’s political and social history. First, it actively contributed to the strengthening of resistance against colonialism and tyranny, the development of state institutions and the domestication of state power. Second, it contributed to processes of bonding within groups that compromised the development of a Libyan state, which was a factor in the onset of the Libyan civil war (2014–2020). This dual nature of the associative space is an important point of inquiry for Libyan historiography and something that is important for policymakers presiding over the country’s state, nation building and economic development to understand.
Дисертації з теми "Cyrenaic economy"
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Abdelhamed, Muna H. "The economic condition of the main Cyrenaican cities (north-eastern Libya) from the Hellenistic to the mid-Roman period : textual analysis." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/43061.
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This thesis investigates cereals, grapes and horses as key examples of Cyrenaica's agro-pastoral economic resources in the Hellenistic and early-mid Roman periods. These have been examined in three case studies to indicate the region's potential for producing annual crops, fruiting plants and animal products. Since cereals and horses are difficult to trace archaeologically and the archaeological data associated with grape cultivation and wine production is quite modest, the main database used in this thesis relates to textual evidence. This includes the literary documents of the Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Ottomans, and the first European travellers. The epigraphy and a papyrus relating to the period of study are also significant data used in this project. The epigraphic data collected from the Inscriptions of Greek Cyrenaica (IGCyr), Greek Verse Inscriptions of Cyrenaica (GVCyr) and Inscriptions of Roman Cyrenaica (IRCyr) projects are the principal sources of information. Using textual data required me to implement new approaches to test the region's agro-pastoral capacity. In order to demonstrate the region's connectivity, the thesis investigates some of the imported commodities and highlights things that were perhaps exported in return. It also discusses the reasons why Cyrenaican citizens received honours attested in external and local epigraphic evidence. The research suggests that these people were Cyrenaican cereal traders involved in Mediterranean commercial activities. Additionally, ancient geographical references to Cyrenaican coastal sites including harbours and anchorages receive close attention in this thesis. The 16 maritime points (9 are ports and anchorages) between Cherronesos (Χερρόνησος) and Catabathmus (Κατάβαθμος) mentioned in Stadiasmus, raises a question about the maritime connectivity between Cyrenaica and Egypt in the second century AD. Finally, the results also allow me to draw a clear picture of the economic contribution of Libyan groups to Cyrenaica's prosperity. This includes harvesting silphium, breeding animal and connecting Cyrenaica with the African Sahara.
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Zubi, Salah. "L’histoire de la cité d'Euhespérides, depuis sa fondation jusqu'à son abandon (fin du VIIe – milieu du IIIe siècle avant J.-C.)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040084.
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Euhespérides (Benghazi) en Cyrénaïque (Libye), est une ville grecque, fondée à la fin du VIIe ou début du VIe siècle avant J-C. La ville est purement grecque, elle a été fondée et habitée par les Grecs, jusqu'à ce qu'ils l'abandonnent. Abandonnée au milieu du IIIe siècle avant J-C., elle n'a jamais été réoccupée. La date de la fondation de la cité est plus ancienne qu'on ne le pensait, elle a été fondée par les Grecs venus de différentes régions de la Grèce. L'une des principales raisons de la fondation d'Euhespérides dans ce lieu est la présence du port naturel connecté au lac. Le noyau de la ville était situé sur la colline de Sidi Abeid, sur le bord nord de la sebkha Es-Selmani. Ensuite, la cité s'est étendue dans toutes les directions. La première mention de la ville est venue d'Hérodote à trois reprises. Les fouilles sur le site de la ville ont commencé en 1952, après avoir identifié son emplacement par la photographie aérienne.Par les grandes quantités de céramiques découvertes sur le site, de deux types – céramiques fines et communes– en plus des amphores de transport, il s'est avéré que le volume des échanges commerciaux de la cité était considérable, et que l'importation incluait différentes régions du monde méditerranéen.Euhespérides a été abandonnée au milieu du IIIe siècle avant J-C, et ses habitants ont alors été déplacés vers un autre site, Béréniké, situé à trois km à l'Ouest. La principale raison de l'abandon était une décision politique, mise en œuvre par la force. Cette décision a été prise par Ptolémée III et son épouse, Bérénice, pour punir la population de sa résistance à la nouvelle autorité, en démolissant la cité et imposant à sa population de quitter la cité par la force<br>Euesperides (Benghazi) in Cyrenaica, east of Libya is a Greek city, founded in the late seventh or early sixth century BC. The city is purely Greek; it was founded and inhabited by the Greeks, until they were abandoning it. Abandoned in the middle of the third century BC., It was never reoccupied. The date of the founding of the city is older than previously thought; it was founded by the Greeks from different regions of Greece. One of the main reasons of the foundation of Euesperides in this place is the presence of natural port connected with the lake. The nucleus of the city located on the hill of Sidi Abeid, on the northern edge of the Sebeka Es- Selmani. Then, the city has expanded in all directions. The first mention of the city came from Herodotus in three times. The excavations at the site began in 1952, after identifying its location by aerial photography. By large amounts of pottery discovered on the site of two types - fineware and coarseware , in addition to the amphorae of transport, it turned out that the volume of trade of the city was considerable, and that the importation included different regions of the Mediterranean world.Euesperides was abandoned in the mid-third century, and its inhabitants were then moved to another site, Berenice, located three kilometers to the west. The main reason for the abandonment was a political decision, implemented by force. This decision was taken by Ptolemy III and his wife, Berenice, to punish the people of his resistance to the new authority, demolishing the city and imposing its population to leave the city by force
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Bernardi, Davide. "CYRENAIC ECONOMIC EVOLUTION DURING FASCIST PERIOD (1922-1939)-The impact of Italian repression against Indigenous on local economy." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/1018034.
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This study wants investigate the impact of Italian dominion on Libyan economy during the period between 1922 and 1940. In particular, we attempt to understand if the repression in Cyrenaica in years between 1930-33, with the creation of concentration camps, caused a deconstruction of local economy. To make this, we reconstructed the events related to Italian colonialism until WWI and then we collected data about Libya between 1920 and 1940. Our work focused on the relationship between two primary indigenous goods: barley and sheep, although we also used other several control variables. Analysing this, we conclude that the dynamics of local economy, which showed a strictly negative correlation between agriculture products and breeding products before the Fascist Regime, and which are represented by the town of Barce in the Cyrenaic hinterland, changed in the period between 1926-39 compared to the three years between 1920 and 1922.
Книги з теми "Cyrenaic economy"
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Graeme, Barker, Lloyd John, and Reynolds Joyce Maire, eds. Cyrenaica in antiquity. B.A.R., 1985.
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Imports of post-archaic Greek pottery into Cyrenaica: From the end of the Archaic to the beginning of the Hellenistic period. Archaeopress, 2002.
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The Transport Amphorae from Euesperides: The Maritime Trade of a Cyrenaican City 400-250 BC. Lund University, 2007.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Cyrenaic economy"
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Lampe, Kurt. "The “New Cyrenaicism” of Walter Pater." In The Birth of Hedonism. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161136.003.0009.
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This chapter talks about a significant re-appropriation of mainstream Cyrenaic ethics: Walter Pater's “new Cyrenaicism.” It suggests that Pater casts light on four elements that remain obscure in ancient Cyrenaic doxography: “unitemporal pleasure,” the relation of hedonism to traditional virtues, the economy of pleasures and pains, and the Cyrenaic argument against the fear of death. The chapter also argues that the narrative framework of Pater's novel communicates how and why Cyrenaicism could attract someone better than arid doxography ever could. Cyrenaic ethics arises from the interaction of particular individuals' pre-philosophical inclinations with critical reasoning, and develops through the dynamic interaction of these two elements with the satisfying or dissatisfying feedback from experience.
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"Cyrenaica and the Late Antique Economy." In Ancient West & East. BRILL, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047405139_012.
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Wilson, Andrew. "Urban Economies of Late Antique Cyrenaica." In Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity. Oxbow Books, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dht2.5.
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