Дисертації з теми "Cylindrical pipe"

Nanofluids as an innovative class of heat transfer fluids created by dispersing nanometre-sizedmetallic or non-metallic particles in conventional heat transfer fluids displayed the potential toimprove the thermophysical properties of the heat transfer fluids. The main purpose of this study is toinvestigate the influence of the use of nanofluids on two-phase heat transfer, particularly on thethermal performance of the heat pipes. In the first stage, the properties of the nanofluids were studied,then, these nanofluids were used as the working fluids of the heat pipes. The thermal performance ofthe heat pipes when using different nanofluids was investigated under different operating conditionsexperimentally and analytically. The influences of the concentration of the nanofluids, inclinationangles and heat loads on the thermal performance and maximum heat flux of the heat pipes wereinvestigated.This study shows that the thermal performance of the heat pipes depends not only on thermophysicalproperties of the nanofluids but also on the characteristics of the wick structure through forming aporous coated layer on the heated surface. Forming the porous layer on the surface of the wick at theevaporator section increases the wettability and capillarity and also the heat transfer area at theevaporator of the heat pipes.The thermal performance of the heat pipes increases with increasing particle concentration in all cases,except for the heat pipe using 10 wt.% water/Al2O3 nanofluid. For the inclined heat pipe, irrespectiveof the type of the fluid used as the working fluid, the thermal resistance of the inclined heat pipes waslower than that of the heat pipes in a horizontal state, and the best performance was observed at theinclination angle of 60o, which is in agreement with the results reported in the literature. Otheradvantages of the use of nanofluids as the working fluids of the heat pipes which were investigated inthis study were the increase of the maximum heat flux and also the reduction of the entropy generationof the heat pipes when using a nanofluid.These findings revealed the potential for nanofluids to be used instead of conventional fluids as theworking fluid of the heat pipes, but the commercialization of the heat pipes using nanofluids for largescale industrial applications is still a challenging question, as there are many parameters related to thenanofluids which are not well understood.

QC 20170228

Starting with tensor calculus and the variational form of the Hamiltonian functional, a generalized theory is formulated for doubly curved thin shells. The formulation avoids geometric approximations commonly adopted in other formulations. The theory is then specialized for cylindrical and toroidal shells as special cases, both of interest in the modeling of straight and elbow segments of pipeline systems. Since the treatment avoids geometric approximations, the cylindrical shell theory is believed to be more accurate than others reported in the literature. By adopting a set of consistent geometric approximations, the present theory is shown to revert to the well known Flugge shell theory. Another set of consistent geometric approximations is shown to lead to the Donnell-Mushtari-Vlasov (DMV) theory. A general closed form solution of the theory is developed for cylinders under general harmonic loads. The solution is then used to formulate a family of exact shape functions which are subsequently used to formulate a super-convergent finite element. The formulation efficiently and accurately captures ovalization, warping, radial expansion, and other shell behavioural modes under general static or harmonic forces either in-phase or out-of-phase. Comparisons with shell solutions available in Abaqus demonstrate the validity of the formulation and the accuracy of its predictions. The generalized thin shell theory is then specialized for toroidal shells. Consistent sets of approximations lead to three simplified theories for toroidal shells. The first set of approximations has lead to a theory comparable to that of Sanders while the second set of approximation has lead to a theory nearly identical to the DMV theory for toroidal shells. A closed form solution is then obtained for the governing equation. Exact shape functions are then developed and subsequently used to formulate a finite element. Comparisons with Abaqus solutions show the validity of the formulation for short elbow segments under a variety of loading conditions. Because of their efficiency, the finite elements developed are particularly suited for the analysis of long pipeline systems.

Le besoin en traitement des eaux usées par la société est assurée en usine d’épuration par des traitements menant à la production de boues. Afin d’anticiper l’augmentation de ce besoin à l’avenir, les filières de traitement de ces boues doivent atteindre une certaine efficacité, en termes de traitement et de valorisation des boues. Parmi ces filières, le procédé de méthanisation permet de réduire significativement le volume des boues générées et permet par la suite une valorisation agronomique et énergétique, sous forme de digestat, de biogaz, d’électricité ou de chaleur. Il est néanmoins limité par un contrôle inefficace du transport des boues digérées en son sein, du fait de la méconnaissance de la thermo-rhéologie, en termes de connaissances et de méthodes de caractérisation et en termes d’hydrodynamique en conduite de ces boues très diverses. Cela se manifeste opérationnellement, en aval de la phase de dimensionnement et de conception, lors de l’opération par des pompages inefficaces, des hétérogénéités de la matrice ou des colmatages de composants.C’est dans cette optique d’apport des éléments scientifiques, de la caractérisation thermo-rhéologique des boues digérées d’une part et de la mise en évidence de l’hydrodynamique en conduite de ces fluides d’autre part, que le travail de recherche mené dans le cadre de cette thèse s’inscrit.Premièrement, des protocoles dédiés à caractériser spécifiquement chaque comportement non-newtonien sont établis pour cela. L’application de ces protocoles, au centre de recherche Energie Environnement de l’IMT Nord Europe et sur la plateforme Caractérisation du partenaire industriel, montre que les caractéristiques thermo-rhéologiques des boues digérées sont fidèlement modélisées par un modèle d’Herschel-Bulkley non modifié. En effet, la contrainte seuil et la rhéofluidification sont significativement pré-pondérantes devant les autres caractéristiques thermo-rhéologiques de thixotropie, de visco-élasticité et de thermo-dépendance. Le phénomène physique non anticipé de glissement aux parois est observé sur ces boues digérées, menant à une hydrodynamique hétérogène de l’écoulement en conduite de faible inertie et de faible rugosité des parois.Deuxièmement, un dispositif expérimental dédié à l’étude de l’écoulement en conduite de tels fluides est mis en place en vue de déterminer leurs comportements hydrodynamiques. Il permet de démontrer, à l’aide de fluides de travail (solution s de Carbopol), que ces fluides suivent une transition rhéo-inertielles (RIT) vers la turbulence. Cette transition se distingue par l’existence d’un régime de pré-transition, inexistant pour un fluide newtonien, au sein duquel l’écoulement présente une asymétrie, qui est observée par visualisation directe. Ces visualisations, couplées à la mesure des pertes de charges, permettent de quantifier l’intermittence de la RIT à partir des structures turbulents visualisées. Cela permet de contrôler le mouvement de tels fluides par la connaissance de la stabilisation de leurs écoulements et de l’augmentation du temps de séjour des structures turbulentes, du fait des caractéristiques non-newtoniennes (sans visco-élasticité).Ainsi, ce manuscrit synthétise les éléments scientifiques développés dans le cadre de cette thèse pour répondre aux problématiques opérationnelles rencontrées. Les verrous découlant du mande de connaissances fondamentales de la thermo-rhéologie et de l’hydrodynamique des boues qui y circule, l’étude axe sa recherche sur ces deux domaines pour apporter les fondamentaux qui pourront permettre l’amélioration de la maîtrise du transport des boues au sein du procédé de méthanisation en usine d’épuration
The society’s wastewater treatment needs are met by waste water treatment plants that produce sludges. In order to anticipate the increase in this requirement in the future, the sludge treatment processes must achieve a certain level of efficiency in terms of sludge treatment and recovery. The anaerobic digestion process significantly reduces the volume of sludge generated and can the be used for agricultural and energy purposes, in the form of digestate, biogas, electricity or heat. It is nevertheless limited by ineffective control of the transport of digested sludge within it, due to a lack of knowledge of thermo-rheology, in terms of understanding and characterisation methods, and of the hydrodynamics involved in handling these very diverse sludges. This manifests itself operationally, downstream of the sizing and design phase, in inefficient pumping, matrix heterogeneity or component clogging.It is in this context of providing scientific elements, on the one hand of the therm-rheological characerisation of digested sludge and on the other hand of the demonstration of the hydrodynamics of these fluids in operation, that the research work carried out within the framework of this thesis falls within the scope of.Firstly, protocols dedicated to the specific characterisation of each non-Newtonian behaviour have been established. The application of these protocols, at the ITM Nord Europe – Energy Environment research centre and on the industrial partner’s Characterisation plateform, shows that the thermo-rheological characteristics of digested sludge are accurately modelled by a non-modified Herschel-Bulkley model. Yield stress and shear-thinning are significantly more important than the other thermo-rheological characteristics of thixotropy, viscoelasticity and thermo-dependence. The unanticipated physical phenomon of wall slip is observed in these digested sludges, leading to heterogeneous flow hydrodynamics under conditions of low inertia and loaw wall roughness.Secondly, an experimental set-up dedicated to studying the flow of such fluids in pipe is being set up, with a visualisation to determining their hydrodynamic behaviour. Using working fluids (Carbopol solutions), it was demonstrated that these fluids undergo a rheo-inertial transition (RIT) towards turbulence. This transition is characterised by the existence of a pre-transition regime, non-existent for a Newtonian fluid, within which the flow exibits an asymmetry, which is observed by direct visualisation. These visualisations, coupled with the measurement of pressure drops, also make it possible to quantify the intermittency of the RIT on the basis of the turbulent structures visualised. This makes it possible to control the movement of such fluids through knowledge of the stabilisation of their flows and the increase in the residence time of turbulent structures, due to the non-Newtonian characteristics without viscoelasticity.Thus, this thesis manuscipt summarises the scientific elements developed within the framework of this thesis to respond to the problems of the operational obstacles encountered. As these problems stem from a lack of fundamental knowledge of the thermo-rheology and hydrodynamics of the sludge that flows through it, the study focuses its research on these two areas in order to provide the fundamentals that will make it possible to improve the control of sludge transport within the anaerobic digestion process in wastewater treatment plants

In this research the cylindrically guided wave inspection technique is proposed for detecting the anomalies in a pipe. Efficient inspection of pipelines for internal and external damages is a challenging task in the chemical and power industries where long pipelines are used and the pipes are coated by insulating materials. Under traditional methods insulation coatings are removed at selected places, then the pipe wall thickness at these spots is measured by ultrasonic transducers. This is a time-consuming and expensive operation since the operation requires point-to-point examination. Guided wave ultrasonics, proposed in this research, is a much more efficient technique because by this technique long pipes can be inspected by removing insulation at only limited places. Detecting anomalies inside the pipe wall at a specific depth can be realized by correctly selecting a cylindrical guided wave and propagating that mode through the pipe. A new transducer holder mechanism has been designed and fabricated for pipe inspection by cylindrical guided waves. A number of advanced coupling mechanisms developed recently for large plate and pipe inspection require the presence of a coupling fluid between the ultrasonic transducer and the pipe or plate specimen. These mechanisms can be used for inspecting horizontal pipes and plates. Commercially available ultrasonic transducers have been used to generate compressional ultrasonic waves in the coupling medium. Those waves are converted to cylindrical guided waves in the pipe by the new coupling mechanism. The new coupling mechanism presented in this research uses solid material as the coupler and can be used equally well for inspecting horizontal as well as inclined or vertical pipes. The new coupling mechanism has been designed to generate efficiently different guided wave modes in the pipe. Different kinds of anomalies in pipes have been successfully inspected. The preliminary results show that a number of Lamb modes when generated properly by the new coupling mechanism are very sensitive to pipe defects. These experimental results along with the new design of the coupling mechanism are presented in this dissertation.

Includes bibliography.
This thesis is a critical review of methods of predicting wave forces on vertical piles or groups of piles. It assigns different force prediction theories to different situations or flow regimes and analyses their advantages and disadvantages. The thesis is split into two sections: Section I reviewing the force prediction methods for single piles, and Section II for groups of piles.

The thesis deals with the modeling and prediction of corrosion of radiation tube snake in the heating furnace. Specifically it is focused on vertical cylindrical furnace which is included in the catalytic hydrocracking unit and serves for heating aggressive circulation gas which is the cause of high temperature corrosion. An important basis for the creation of computational models are available records about the operation of the furnace and about the corrosion and degradation mechanisms during the lifetime of the tube system in furnace. Such information enables the creation of a computational model which is based on the prediction of high-temperature corrosive damage of radiation tube snake. The computational model involving all relevant factors may serve as the basis for a predictive life management system of radiation snakes in the heating furnace.

The motivation for this study is to create a scaled laboratory model of a steel construction pile being driven by an impact hammer, which can provide controlled data to aid understanding and development of a structural acoustics numerical model simulating full-scale impact pile driving. The scaled model is approximately thirty times shorter than a typical 30-meter long Cast-in-Shell-Steel (CISS) pile. The relationship between the impact force, structural vibrations, and radiated sound field is analyzed. The time-domain acoustic intensity in the radial direction is found to be predominately negative immediately following excitation by the impact force. Analysis of the radial intensity shows that during the hammer strike, there is a net flow of energy from the structure into the water; however, because the structure and water are acoustically coupled a significant portion of the energy immediately flows back into the cylinder following hammer impact. This fluid-structure interaction results in a highly damped acoustic pulse in the water that propagates to the far field. In addition, the frequency spectra of the impact force, model pile wall acceleration in the radial direction in air and water, and underwater acoustic pressure are analyzed to find transfer functions between these variables. The transfer function between impact force and sound pressure is of particular interest because it can be used to calculate the system response for any other applied hammer force. This transfer function analysis has potential applications in mitigating noise generated by impact pile driving.

This dissertation concentrates on the development of two new tomographic techniques that enable wide-area inspection of pipe-like structures. By envisioning a pipe as a plate wrapped around upon itself, the previous Lamb Wave Tomography (LWT) techniques are adapted to cylindrical structures. Helical Ultrasound Tomography (HUT) uses Lamb-like guided wave modes transmitted and received by two circumferential arrays in a single crosshole geometry. Meridional Ultrasound Tomography (MUT) creates the same crosshole geometry with a linear array of transducers along the axis of the cylinder. However, even though these new scanning geometries are similar to plates, additional complexities arise because they are cylindrical structures. First, because it is a single crosshole geometry, the wave vector coverage is poorer than in the full LWT system. Second, since waves can travel in both directions around the circumference of the pipe, modes can also constructively and destructively interfere with each other. These complexities necessitate improved signal processing algorithms to produce accurate and unambiguous tomographic reconstructions. Consequently, this work also describes a new algorithm for improving the extraction of multi-mode arrivals from guided wave signals. Previous work has relied solely on the first arriving mode for the time-of-flight measurements. In order to improve the LWT, HUT and MUT systems reconstructions, improved signal processing methods are needed to extract information about the arrival times of the later arriving modes. Because each mode has different through-thickness displacement values, they are sensitive to different types of flaws, and the information gained from the multi-mode analysis improves understanding of the structural integrity of the inspected material. Both tomographic frequency compounding and mode sorting algorithms are introduced. It is also shown that each of these methods improve the reconstructed images both qualitatively and quantitatively.

In transport of fluids or even as structural elements, cylindrical shells are widely used in several segments of structure engineering. The understanding of the behavior of this type of structure along a trajectory of equilibrium resultant of a description of historical loading of different natures and, consequently, is important in the definition of the real load capacity of the ducts. In this work, a finite element for geometric and threedimensional nonlinear analyses of pipes is developed. Taking into account the nature of the analysis, proper measure of tension and deformation that are compatible with states of large deformations and displacements are studied. The Total Lagrangean formulation is adopted, but the constitutive relationships used are linear. The developed computational implementation uses a three-dimensional finite element of pipe with 2 or 3 nodes, compatible with the state of great deformations and displacements, and, also, incorporating the movements of rigid body of the structure.In order to map the nonlinear trajectories of equilibrium, using some methodologies proposed in the literature, a structure of Object-Oriented Programming is used. It allows the application of different techniques of incremental and iterative analysis integrated to the implementation of the aforementioned finite elements.Aiming to validate the formulation, the results obtained by using the program here developed are evaluated through their comparison with analytical solutions and previously published results.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
No transporte de fluidos ou mesmo como elementos estruturais as cascas cilíndricas são largamente utilizadas em diversos segmentos da engenharia civil. A compreensão do comportamento desse tipo de estrutura ao longo de uma trajetória de equilíbrio resultante de um histórico de carregamento de diferentes naturezas é importante na definição da real capacidade portante dos dutos. Neste trabalho, desenvolve-se um elemento finito para análises geometricamente não lineares tridimensionais de tubos. Levando-se em consideração a natureza da análise, são estudadas medidas adequadas de tensão e deformação, compatíveis com regimes de grandes deformações e deslocamentos. A formulação Lagrangeana Total é adotada, mas as relações constitutivas utilizadas são lineares. A implementação computacional desenvolvida emprega um elemento finito tridimensional de tubo com 2 ou 3 nós, compatível com o regime de grandes deformações e deslocamentos, incorporando, também, os movimentos de corpo rígido da estrutura. Com o objetivo de mapear as trajetórias não lineares de equilíbrio, utilizando-se algumas metodologias propostas na literatura, é usada uma estrutura de programação orientada a objetos, permitindo a aplicação de diferentes técnicas de análise incremental e iterativa integradas à implementação de elementos finitos supracitada. Visando validar a formulação, os resultados obtidos no programa desenvolvido são avaliados através da comparação com soluções analíticas e outras análises numéricas disponíveis na literatura.

L’infissione nel fondale marino di pali in acciaio di grandi dimensioni costituenti la sottostruttura delle turbine eoliche provoca la nascita e la propagazione di un campo di vibrazioni inquinanti. Tali vibrazioni, le quali possono raggiungere elevate distanze, se al di sopra di particolari soglie di intensità, possono causare danni temporanei o permanenti, di natura fisiologica o comportamentale, alle forme di vita acquatiche circostanti il sito di collocamento dell’elemento strutturale. Tuttavia, diverse soluzioni sono state ideate per ridurne gli effetti nocivi: una di queste è il sistema air-bubble curtain. Tramite questo elaborato, si procede, in un primo momento, allo studio ed all’approfondimento delle equazioni governanti il problema vibro-acustico unitamente all’interazione con il sistema di dissipazione. Successivamente, si sfrutta il software di calcolo COMSOL Multiphysics per la creazione dei modelli necessari allo studio delle caratteristiche del sistema dissipativo. L’indagine ha interessato i parametri di distanza dal palo di fondazione, spessore della cortina di bolle, frazione di volume d’aria nella miscela, numero degli strati attorno al palo e forma di modellazione. Si è così riscontrato che il fattore che incide maggiormente sull’attenuazione del segnale è la frazione di volume d’aria nella miscela acqua-aria (poco influiscono spessore ed il numero di strati). Tuttavia, un’adeguata distanza tra dispositivo e sorgente sonora garantisce un’efficace azione smorzante unitamente ad uno spazio di lavoro modesto. L’assunzione di una forma più prossima a quella reale lascia comunque dei dubbi relativamente ad una maggiore efficacia.

Flexible (non-bonded) polymeric sewer linings are used extensively to renovate both gravity and pressure pipes. Linings for both types of pipe are subject to collapse pressures, and in the case of gravity pipes this is the dominant source of loading; the efficient design of linings to sustain collapse pressures is therefore an important problem. In this paper, the buckling of an ideal thinwalled elastic lining in a rigid cylindrical cavity is first presented as a simple closed form solution, and The effect of a representative small imperfection shown to be significant. The different types of imperfection that can be encountered in practical lined pipe systems are identified, and the situations in which each can arise are discussed. A generalised procedure for obtaining the structural imperfections in, and hence buckling capacities of, practical systems is then presented and two example applications are used to illustrate its application in specific situations.

No
This paper considers both the linear elastic and creep buckling of polymeric pipe linings used for the rehabilitation of gravity pipes, for which external groundwater pressure has been identified as the prime source of loading. Theoretically perfect and imperfect conditions are considered, with the imperfections taken to be in the form of a concentric or eccentric annulus between the rigid host pipe (cylindrical constraint) and polymeric lining. Under these conditions two recently obtained mathematical procedures for the prediction of linearly and non-linearly elastic buckling are compared with the results of complementary laboratory testing. Linear elastic conditions are shown to be well approximated by undertaking short-term (¿30 min) testing under increasing pressure to failure. Controlled imperfections are introduced into the laboratory tests and excellent correlation with the theoretical predictions is obtained. In particular, the dominant geometrical imperfections are shown to be major influences on the obtained buckling pressure. The mathematical models are then adapted to simulate the creep buckling process under long-term constant pressure. The results obtained are again compared with those provided by complementary physical testing, and appropriate conclusions are made.

No
This paper considers both the linear elastic and creep buckling of polymeric pipe linings used for the rehabilitation of gravity pipes, for which external groundwater pressure has been identified as the prime source of loading. Theoretically perfect and imperfect conditions are considered, with the imperfections taken to be in the form of a concentric or eccentric annulus between the rigid host pipe (cylindrical constraint) and polymeric lining. Under these conditions two recently obtained mathematical procedures for the prediction of linearly and non-linearly elastic buckling are compared with the results of complementary laboratory testing. Linear elastic conditions are shown to be well approximated by undertaking short-term (¿30 min) testing under increasing pressure to failure. Controlled imperfections are introduced into the laboratory tests and excellent correlation with the theoretical predictions is obtained. In particular, the dominant geometrical imperfections are shown to be major influences on the obtained buckling pressure. The mathematical models are then adapted to simulate the creep buckling process under long-term constant pressure. The results obtained are again compared with those provided by complementary physical testing, and appropriate conclusions are made.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
92
The heat transfer characteristics of a loop heat pipe with cylindrical-shaped evaporator was studied experimentally. Thermocouples were used to measure temperatures along the loop. Trends of steady-state operating temperature are presented and explained at various operating conditions. The effects of different factors, such as the tilt angles of the loop, the cooling fan speed, the amount of charging capacity of the working fluid, and the type of working fluid, were studied in detail. Temperature hysteresis and low-power start-up problems were observed and discussed. The maximum heat transport capacity was up to 300 watts and the thermal resistance was only 0.035oC/W at 300W heat input, with a corresponding evaporator temperature at 69.3oC.

碩士
雲林科技大學
環境與安全工程系碩士班
98
There are sets of considerable numbers of pipes in the oil refining, petrochemical and other plants. The pipes are mostly used with metal as conduction pipes, using solder joints to form a piping system. The metal pipes demand for a layer of insulation coated in the pipe surface to achieve the purpose of insulation and corrosion, because of long-term transport of gas and liquid. Due to the space limits, the pipes are bent into a variety of angels or buried under the ground surface. Because the coated pipelines are not easy to disassemble and are buried under the ground surface, it is hard to observe the flaw of the pipelines. Once the pipeline defects occure, there will be an extreme threat for the industrial safety, causing significant loss of plant operating and personnel safety.As the non-destructive testing (NDT) technology was developed fastly, the fast and long-range ultrasonic testing technique is often used for pipeline inspection. Electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is non-contact, without coupling operation, and suitable for testing at high temperature or defects at rough pipeline surface. This study aimed to detect the artificial pipeline by using EMAT, and to explore the relation between the defect and signal. By measuring the signal amplitude, we discovered that the length of the defect increases with the amplitude attenuation and the depth of defect will affect the amplitude attenuation. In addition, the amplitude attenuation will increase with flat-bottomed hole area of the defect obviously. This study showed that the signal amplitude attenuation of EMAT can be affected by the defect depth, the defect length, and the hole area of the pipeline.

碩士
國立中興大學
土木工程學系所
97
Abstract The stress concentration at the tip of the crack in the penstock may ignite the fast crack growth and lead to the total failure of the penstock. In the study, the technique of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is applied to detect the strain distribution around the crack tip in a penstock subjected to the pressure of water. With the experiment results, the DIC solutions are in very good agreement with that of finite element within the elastic range of the material. This shows the technique of Digital Image Correlation is feasible in use for strain measurement for penstock.