Книги з теми "Cyclic IMS"
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1
Ono, Yōko. Ima o ikiru. Tōkyō: Shūeisha intānashonaru, 2014.
2
Pischulov, Viktor, Viktor Ivanickiy, and Evgeniy Dyatel. Cyclical development of the economy and the financial sector. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1895266.
Анотація:
The monograph is devoted to certain difficult-to-understand issues of the cyclical development of the economy, the study of the features of the functioning of the system of economics and finance in the conditions of cyclical development. The forms of financial cycles are investigated, as well as their interrelation and interdependence with economic cycles in general. As a scientific novelty, it should be noted the identification and study of elementary financial cycles of various types. The study of the problems of the cyclical nature of the financial sphere allows us to penetrate into the essence of monetary relations and finance. The financial sphere is considered as an integral structure, united by various forms of interaction of its constituent parts or subjects.
It can be useful for scientists, practitioners in the field of finance and financial policy, as well as for students of all forms of training in the field of preparation 38.03.01 "Economics" in accordance with the profiles "Finance and Credit", "Banking", "Financial markets and exchange technologies".
3
Ivanickiy, Viktor, and Mihail Loginov. Financial cycles and financial policy. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2108542.
Анотація:
The monograph is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the functioning of the financial system, the main of which is the cyclical nature of the processes taking place in the financial sector. The forms of financial cycles are revealed, as well as their interrelation and interdependence with economic cycles in general. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the identification and disclosure of elementary financial cycles of various types. The study of the problems of the cyclical nature of the financial sphere allows us to understand the essence of monetary relations, in particular finance. The specificity of the author's approach is that the financial sphere is considered as an integral structure united by various forms of interaction of its constituent parts or subjects.
The presented scientific and methodological material can be useful for scientists, practitioners, as well as for anyone interested in finance and financial policy issues.
4
Grote, Lion. "Alles fährt Rad!": Das gesellschaftliche Phänomen Radfahren in der Sport im Bild 1895-1904. München: AVM, 2011.
5
Bobryshev, Artur, Marina Vitushkina, and Valeriy Tumin. Monitoring the sustainability of enterprises with a long production cycle. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1227744.
Анотація:
The monograph examines the practice of monitoring the sustainability of enterprises that are characterized by a high duration of the production (technological) cycle of manufacturing products. Such enterprises form such industries as ship and aircraft construction, heavy engineering, and radio electronics. Based on the identification of the features of economic behavior associated with the duration of the production cycle, the authors prove that monitoring and evaluation of the sustainability of such enterprises should be carried out using special methods and algorithms based on the use of the concept of business modeling. The monograph is based on the materials of shipbuilding as the most typical industry, which is formed by enterprises with a long production cycle. It can be useful for specialists in the evaluation of companies, accounting employees, managers of organizations, employees of scientific and consulting firms, students of business schools, teachers, graduate students and university students studying in the areas of training "Management" and "Economics", as well as in engineering and technology areas, and all students of the disciplines of economic, organizational and management cycles.
6
KOZLOVA, TAT'YaNA. Fundamentals of costume design theory. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1079849.
Анотація:
Theoretical questions of costume shaping, periodicity of its forms and cyclical structure development are presented. The process of creating industrial clothing collections is considered. The principles of designing individual parts of the costume are given.
For students studying in the direction of training 54.03.03 art of costume and textiles"."
7
Bouzouita, Miriam, Anne Breitbarth, Lieven Danckaert, and Elisabeth Witzenhausen, eds. Cycles in Language Change. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824961.001.0001.
Анотація:
The notion of ‘linguistic cycle’ has long been recognized as being relevant to the descriptions of many processes of language change. In a process known as grammaticalization, a given linguistic form loses its lexical meaning as well as some of its phonological content, and then gradually weakens, until it ultimately vanishes. This process of change becomes cyclic when the grammaticalized form is replaced by an innovative item, which can develop along exactly the same pathway. This volume unites thirteen chapters which address aspects of cyclical change from a wide variety of empirical perspectives. Couched in the generative framework, the contributions to this book bear witness to the rapidly growing interest among Chomskyan syntacticians in the phenomenon of grammaticalization. Topics touched upon include, but are not limited to, the diachrony of negation (in the context of, but also beyond, Jespersen’s Cycle), the syntax of determiners and pronominal clitics, the internal structure of wh-words and logical operators, cyclical changes in argument structure, and the relationship between morphology and syntax. One conclusion that transpires is that the correlation between cyclical change and grammaticalization—though undeniable—is perhaps less strong than sometimes assumed. Given its emphasis on empirical data description and theoretical analysis, Cycles in Language Change will be of interest to historical linguists working in formal and usage-based frameworks, and more broadly to scholars interested in language variation and change.
8
Speed, Cathy, and Laurence Berman. Bicycling injuries. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0045.
Анотація:
Cycling as a competitive sport actually preceded the invention of our familiar pedalled chain-driven two-wheeled device by almost two decades. Some traditionalists consider that cycle sport should be confined to the conventional iconic drop-handlebar ‘racing cycle’ in either its fixed-wheel guise on the track or its multi-geared superficially similar cousin used in road racing. The evolution of cycling as an Olympic event gives the lie to this narrow view and is a metaphor for the development of the sport....
9
Kölker, Stefan, Johannes Häberle, and Valerie Walker. Urea Cycle Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0017.
Анотація:
The urea cycle is the final pathway for removal of surplus nitrogen from the body, the major route in humans for irreversible detoxification of ammonia and a source of arginine.2,3 Patients with adult-onset urea cycle disorders present with clinical symptoms that have a broad differential diagnosis (e.g., protein aversion, inappetence, cyclic vomiting, epilepsy, psychiatric disease, migraine, liver dysfunction). Unlike infants and children some adult-onset patients may never develop acute hyperammonemic crises. Since symptoms are often fluctuating and the diagnosis can only be made if specific tests are made, the diagnosis is often delayed or missed. Earlier detection and intervention would improve the patients’ outcome, which currently is poor.
10
Ahmed, Ahmed I., Sarah Aldhaheri, and Allison Bannick. Inherited Metabolic Diseases (IMDs) and Pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0030.
Анотація:
Inherited metabolic diseases (IMDs) are rare genetic disorders: clinically heterogeneous, and they can present at any age. With the expanded newborn screening panels, many of the IMDs have been successfully screened. Early diagnosis and treatment of these conditions have led to improved neurological outcomes and overall survival of these individuals, and now many of them are reaching childbearing age. Despite treatment, the potential presence of preexisting organ involvement may not only impact their fertility potentials but also may impose a higher risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Pregnancy leads to an extra strain on maternal metabolism; this may result in the manifestation of symptoms of a previously unknown disease or a progression of a known disease. This chapter will address the possible complications of some inherited disorders of metabolism that are associated with maternal or fetal neurological manifestations such as disorders of energy metabolism (eg, mitochondrial disorders, adult onset urea cycle disorders, ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, amino acidopathies, phenylketonuria (PKU), and impaired fatty acid oxidation disorders). We will provide special emphasis on the available potential treatments and plan of care during pregnancy and postpartum periods.
11
Sammons, Benjamin. The Role of the Gods and the Divine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614843.003.0007.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the role of the gods, with emphasis on divine intervention as a compositional device. Of the cyclic epics, the Cypria shows the greatest divine activity, with many parallels to the Iliad in the range and function of divine interventions, though the notion of a controlling “will of Zeus” added much irony to the basic scheme. However, it is the Aethiopis that shows a clearer parallel to the Iliad in its mixture of divine aid and divine conflict. The other poems of the Cycle show a much closer affinity to the Odyssey. Divine intervention is used sparingly, with relatively few gods being involved; divine conflict is less emphasized; and gods mainly serve to inspire, advise, or hinder heroes to provide direction to the narrative. Also included is a discussion of the much freer use of prophecies and omens in the Cycle as compared with Homer.
12
Oldroyd, David. Earth Cycles. Greenwood, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400643132.
Анотація:
Humans have tried to figure out what formed the landscape of the earth for thousands of years. How were mountains created? Where did lakes and rivers come from? What lies under the surface of the earth? And one concept that greatly aided the scientific advance of the earth sciences was that of geological cycles. Once scientists understood that many geological actions are cyclic, the scientific knowledge of the earth exploded. These ideas are central to the nature of the earth sciences, and appreciating how scientists arrived at these ideas is essential for understanding the nature of the earth sciences.
13
Clift, Ben. The IMF and French Fiscal Rectitude amidst the Eurozone Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813088.003.0007.
Анотація:
This chapter provides the first account of IMF commentary on and interventions in the French economic policy debate following the crash to analyse how the Fund has sought to inflect French policy settings and approaches. It also situates French macroeconomic policy developments in the context of the European policy debate to demonstrate how the IMF has worked to influence reforms to the Eurozone’s architecture. Drawing on interviews with French policy elites and advisors, as well as members of Fund missions to France, it demonstrates how the French government, alongside the IMF, sought a less pro-cyclical approach and to open up ‘fiscal space’ for growth-oriented policies within European economic and monetary arrangements. However, key centres of power, notably the German government, the European Commission, and the European Central Bank prioritized ‘moral hazard’ and the ‘crisis of debt’ narratives, whose policy corollaries were ever-tighter fiscal discipline and ramped-up austerity.
14
Sammons, Benjamin. Device and Composition in the Greek Epic Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614843.001.0001.
Анотація:
From a corpus of Greek epics known in antiquity as the “Epic Cycle,” six poems dealt with the same Trojan War mythology as the Homeric poems. Though they are now lost, these poems were much read and much discussed in ancient times, not only for their content but for their mysterious relationship with the more famous works attributed to Homer. This study shows that these lost poems belonged, compositionally, to essentially the same tradition as the Homeric poems. It demonstrates that various compositional devices well-known from the Homeric epics were also fundamental to the narrative construction of these later works. Yet while the “cyclic” poets constructed their works using the same traditional devices as Homer, they used these to different ends and with different results. The essential difference between cyclic and Homeric epics lies not in the fundamental building blocks from which they are constructed, but in the scale of these components relative to the overall construction of poems. This sheds important light on the early history of epic as a genre, since it is likely that these devices originally developed to provide large-scale structure to shorter poems and have been put to quite different use in the composition of the monumental Homeric epics. This study includes many new suggestions about the overall form of lost cyclic epics and about the meaning and context of the few surviving verse fragments.
15
Arnold, Monica M., Lauren M. Burgeno, and Paul E. M. Phillips. Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry in Behaving Animals. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199939800.003.0005.
Анотація:
Gaining insight into the mechanisms by which neural transmission governs behavior remains a central goal of behavioral neuroscience. Multiple applications exist for monitoring neurotransmission during behavior, including fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). This technique is an electrochemical detection method that can be used to monitor subsecond changes in concentrations of electroactive molecules such as neurotransmitters. In this technique, a triangular waveform voltage is applied to a carbon fiber electrode implanted into a selected brain region. During each waveform application, specific molecules in the vicinity of the electrode will undergo electrolysis and produce a current, which can be detected by the electrode. In order to monitor subsecond changes in neurotransmitter release, waveform application is repeated every 100 ms, yielding a 10 Hz sampling rate. This chapter describes the fundamental principles behind FSCV and the basic instrumentation required, using as an example system the detection of in vivo phasic dopamine changes in freely-moving animals over the course of long-term experiments. We explain step-by-step, how to construct and surgically implant a carbon fiber electrode that can readily detect phasic neurotransmitter fluctuations and that remains sensitive over multiple recordings across months. Also included are the basic steps for recording FSCV during behavioral experiments and how to process voltammetric data in which signaling is time-locked to behavioral events of interest. Together, information in this chapter provides a foundation of FSCV theory and practice that can be applied to the assembly of an FSCV system and execution of in vivo experiments.
16
Green, Mark L. The Spread Philosophy in the Study of Algebraic Cycles. Edited by Eduardo Cattani, Fouad El Zein, Phillip A. Griffiths, and Lê Dũng Tráng. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161341.003.0010.
Анотація:
This chapter discusses the spread philosophy in the study of algebraic cycles, in order to make use of a geometry by considering a variation of Hodge structure where D is the Hodge domain (or the appropriate Mumford–Tate domain) and Γ is the group of automorphisms of the integral lattice preserving the intersection pairing. If we have an algebraic cycle Z on X, taking spreads yields a cycle Ƶ on X. Applying Hodge theory to Ƶ on X gives invariants of the cycle. Another related situation is algebraic K-theory. For example, to study Kₚsuperscript Milnor(k), the geometry of S can be used to construct invariants.
17
Sangare, Solomani, Alhamdou Tounkare, Diasse Tangara, and N'diaye assetou Keita. Genre Et Frequentation Scolaire Au Premier Cycle De L'enseignement Fondamental Au Mali (IDS Research Report). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2000.
18
International Monetary Fund. European Dept. IMF Multi-Country Report : Housing Recoveries: Cluster Report on Denmark, Ireland, Kingdom of the Netherlands--The Netherlands, and Spain. International Monetary Fund, 2015.
19
International Monetary Fund. European Dept. IMF Multi-Country Report : Housing Recoveries: Cluster Report on Denmark, Ireland, Kingdom of the Netherlands-The Netherlands, and Spain. International Monetary Fund, 2015.
20
Panzera, Robert. Cycling Fast. Human Kinetics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718218925.
Анотація:
Cycling Fast is the best resource for any rider with a firm grasp on biking basics and a desire for the thrill of competition. Armed with advice, insights, and instruction from renowned coach and cyclist Robert Panzera, you’ll be ready for every race and every challenge. From bike preparation to competitive tactics, Cycling Fast provides the essential information you’ll need in order to master each event: • Choosing the right race for your skills, talent, and experience • Preparing your body and preparing your mind • Nutrition for training, racing, and recovery • Bike-handling skills for various conditions, environments, and terrains • Race-day strategies Cycling Fast also includes the latest information on new high-tech racing frames, training with a power meter and heart rate monitor, and coordinating your tactics as part of a team. Whether you’re in a criterium, a time trial, or a stage race or simply looking to ride faster, Cycling Fast is packed with training plans, tips, charts, and checklists that will translate to success at the finish line.
21
Renfrew, Colin. Cycladic Figurines. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.032.
Анотація:
The marble sculptures of the Cycladic early bronze age (c.3200–2000 bc) are reviewed, with the schematic and the more detailed Plastiras and Louros forms of the Grotta-Pelos culture and the canonical folded-arm type of the Keros-Syros culture (some more than 1 m in height) with its five well-defined varieties (Kapsala, Spedos, Dokathismata, Chalandriani, and Koumasa), and the rare musicians and seated figurines. The possibility of specific workshop styles or subvarieties is discussed (and preferred to the hypothesis of potentially identifiable ‘master’ sculptors). The use of the sculptures in houses, in graves, and in the special deposits at the sanctuary at Keros is discussed. The aesthetic esteem in which the sculptures have been held by collectors since the early twentieth century has given rise to looting, the destruction of archaeological context, and the illicit traffic in Cycladic antiquities.
22
Cavey, J. Possible new introduction-- European spruce bark beetle. 1993.
23
Franks, Hallie M. The Journey Around. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863166.003.0005.
Анотація:
The four-spoked wheel that is the subject of this chapter has a number of associations: it is a children’s toy, a torture device, a love charm, and an emblem of the circle of fate. In each of these contexts, it is the wheel’s spinning that gives it resonance. In the andron, mosaic wheels draw attention to the living revolutions of wine and conversation that unfold in the andron and align sympotic circling with cyclic patterns of movement that carry a deep cultural association with universal rhythms and harmonies. The result of rhythmic turning elsewhere—in dancing or in the movements of the stars—is balance, unity, constancy, and order. These are also the values of the ideal symposium, and in highlighting the pattern of circular movement as a stable cycle, the wheel points drinkers to the promise of these results.
24
Jaques, Rod. Triathlon injuries. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0040.
Анотація:
Triathlon is an event that involves sequential swimming, cycling, and running. It first appeared on the Olympic programme in Sydney 2000. Competition distances vary (Table 4.7.1) but are based on approximate ratios of the three disciplines first established in 1979 by the Hawaii Ironman Championship which consists of a 3.8 km swim, 180.2 km cycle, and a 42.2 km run....
25
Vaughan, David. 4. Earth’s surface and the cycling of minerals. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199682843.003.0004.
Анотація:
‘Earth’s surface and the cycling of minerals’ considers the rock cycle, which has two parts. The first is driven by the heat coming from the Earth’s interior and involves interactions between the mantle and crust. The second is driven primarily by heat from the Sun and involves interactions between exposed crust and the waters of the hydrosphere or gases of the atmosphere. Minerals in these exposed rocks may be dissolved during weathering, or be transported in the flowing water of streams and rivers, by glaciers, or as fine mineral dusts in the atmosphere, eventually being deposited elsewhere as sediments. The rock cycle also impacts on pollution and global warming.
26
Robinson, Carol. Phytoplankton Biogeochemical Cycles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199233267.003.0005.
Анотація:
This chapter describes how the activity of phytoplankton, bacteria, and Archaea drive the marine biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and how climate driven changes in plankton abundance and community composition influence these biogeochemical cycles in the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are essential elements required for all life on Earth. In the marine environment, dissolved inorganic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are utilized during phytoplankton growth to form organic material, which is respired and remineralized back to inorganic forms by the activity of bacteria, Archaea, and zooplankton. The net result of the photosynthesis, calcification, and respiration of marine plankton is the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, its sequestration to the deep ocean as organic and inorganic carbon, and its availability to fuel all fish and shellfish production.
27
Voisin, Claire. Decomposition of the Diagonal. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691160504.003.0003.
Анотація:
This chapter explains the method initiated by Bloch and Srinivas, which leads to statements of the following: if a smooth projective variety has trivial Chow groups of k-cycles homologous to 0 for k ≤ c − 1, then its transcendental cohomology has geometric coniveau ≤ c. This result is a vast generalization of Mumford's theorem. A major open problem is the converse of this result. It turns out that statements of this kind are a consequence of a general spreading principle for rational equivalence. Consider a smooth projective family X → B and a cycle Z → B, everything defined over C; then, if at the very general point b ∈ B, the restricted cycle Z𝒳b ⊂ X𝒳b is rationally equivalent to 0, there exist a dense Zariski open set U ⊂ B and an integer N such that NZsubscript U is rationally equivalent to 0 on Xsubscript U.
28
Smith, Jennifer J. Tracing New Genealogies. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423939.003.0005.
Анотація:
Chapter four turns to a more intimate form of affiliation than either nation or community: family. The period from the 1970s onward has produced the greatest concentration of cycles since modernism, because writers embraced the cycle to express the contingency of being ethnic and American. Family, rather than community or time, is the dominant linking structure for many of these cycles, reflecting how immigration laws placed family and education above country of origin. This chapter focuses on the role of family in the production and reception of Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club (1989), Julie Alvarez’s How the García Girls Lost Their Accents (1991), and Jhumpa Lahiri’s Unaccustomed Earth (2008). These cycles argue that subjectivity—and by extension gender and ethnic attachments—derives not only from biological relationships but also from “formative kinship,” which originates in shared experiences that the characters choose to value.
29
Hughes, John, and Dan Kehlenbach. Distance Cycling. Human Kinetics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718218932.
Анотація:
Century, brevet, cross-state, ultradistance—there is only one book that covers them all. Distance Cycling is a comprehensive guide for planning, training, and competing in long-distance events. Long-time distance cycling great John Hughes, an endurance coach and sport science expert, and coach Dan Kehlenbach team up to cover the sport from every angle. Combining sport science, including the latest research on training and conditioning, with hands-on advice for planning and performance, Distance Cycling will ensure you get the most from every ride. With Distance Cycling, you will learn how to • select the distance events best suited to you; • prepare yourself for the physical and psychological demands of the sport; • train for century rides and brevets using the 8- and 15-week conditioning programs; and • conquer grueling ultradistance rides. You’ll also learn how to fuel properly before, during, and after events; how to select the best equipment for your ride; how to perform basic roadside maintenance on your bike; and how to avoid the most common injuries in distance cycling. Before you ride, read this book. As the ultimate guide for the ultimate sport, Distance Cycling will help you ride longer, stronger, and more comfortably in every event.
30
Howard, John. Mastering Cycling. Human Kinetics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718218949.
Анотація:
Learn from a legend! Trim seconds off your time, train more efficiently, or simply maximize your fitness workouts with Mastering Cycling. John Howard, three-time Olympian and 18-time national masters cycling champion, has created the ultimate cycling guide for serious riders, triathletes, and masters athletes. Cyclists from 18 to 88 will benefit from the targeted approach that covers these essentials: • Technique instruction and refinement for cornering, climbing, and descending • Workout plans for fitness and competition • Training for road races, time trials, and triathlons • Strategies that will shave seconds from your times In addition, Mastering Cycling guides you in equipment selection, event-specific training, motivational strategies, nutrition, hydration, and selecting cycling clubs, coaches, and competitive events. With such comprehensive coverage, it is the one resource you’ll turn to time and time again for a lifetime of serious cycling.
31
Sovndal, Shannon. Cycling Anatomy. Human Kinetics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718225091.
Анотація:
From steep inclines to slick terrains, Cycling Anatomy, Second Edition, will get you prepared for any challenge that comes your way. Cycling Anatomy will show you how to improve performance by increasing muscular strength and optimizing the efficiency of every movement. This invaluable resource features 89 of the sport’s most effective exercises, each with clear step-by-step descriptions and full-color illustrations to highlight the muscles in action. Cycling Anatomy goes beyond exercises by placing you on the bike and into the throes of competition. Illustrations of the active muscles involved in cornering, climbing, descending, and sprinting show you how the exercises are fundamentally linked to maximum performance. You’ll learn how to modify exercises to target specific areas and minimize common cycling injuries. You’ll also learn ways to pull it all together to develop training based on your individual needs and goals. Whether you’re training for an upcoming century ride or just want to top that killer hill with strength to spare, Cycling Anatomy will show you what it takes to reach top performance, avoid injury, and get the most out of every ride. Need continuing education? A companion continuing education exam is available for purchase. See the back page for details.
32
Smith, Jennifer J. The Persistence of Place. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423939.003.0003.
Анотація:
Building on correspondence, essays, and public statements, the second chapter examines the ongoing significance of place to contemporary cycles. Although Winesburg, Ohio did not originate the genre, it has had the most enduring and wide influence on cycles in recent decades, a period which has seen the resurgence of the cycle because community itself is being reimagined in response to the volatility of the economy. This chapter focus on texts whose authors explicitly cite Anderson’s influence: Russell Banks’s Trailerpark (1981), Cathy Day’s The Circus in Winter (2004), and Rebecca Barry’s Later, at the Bar (2007). Anderson hails Winesburg as enabling “a new looseness” in fiction; that sense of novelty and innovation recurs in authors’ statements about reading Winesburg for the first time, citing its transformative and revelatory power. These contemporary writers narrow even within the small town settings to focus on a particular, marginalized population, thereby amplifying the pervasiveness of alienation in contemporary America.
33
Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Cyclical vomiting syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0027.
Анотація:
Clinical features 200Diagnostic criteria 200Triggers 200Investigation 201Management 201Prophylaxis 202Cyclical vomiting was first described by Samuel Gee in 1882. It refers to intense periods of vomiting with symptom-free intervals. The incidence is unknown. It occurs principally in pre-school or early school age children. Epilepsy is a risk factor. Other risk factors include a history of recurrent headache, migraine (50%), travel sickness, and irritable bowel syndrome (50%) in children and their families....
34
Franzese, Robert J., and Karen Long Jusko. Political‐Economic Cycles. Edited by Donald A. Wittman and Barry R. Weingast. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199548477.003.0030.
Анотація:
This article provides a survey of the theoretical and empirical work on political-economic cycles, such as cycles in economic outcomes induced by electoral and partisan competition. It also reviews the literature on electoral cycles and emphasizes how electoral context may heighten or limit incentives to electioneer. Another survey, which focuses on the theoretical and empirical literature linking economic policy to partisan electoral motivations, is provided as well.
35
Muders, Thomas, and Christian Putensen. Pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0096.
Анотація:
Beside reduction in tidal volume limiting peak airway pressure minimizes the risk for ventilator-associated-lung-injury in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pressure-controlled, time-cycled ventilation (PCV) enables the physician to keep airway pressures under strict limits by presetting inspiratory and expiratory pressures, and cycle times. PCV results in a square-waved airway pressure and a decelerating inspiratory gas flow holding the alveoli inflated for the preset time. Preset pressures and cycle times, and respiratory system mechanics affect alveolar and intrinsic positive end-expiratory (PEEPi) pressures, tidal volume, total minute, and alveolar ventilation. When compared with flow-controlled, time-cycled (‘volume-controlled’) ventilation, PCV results in reduced peak airway pressures, but higher mean airway. Homogeneity of regional peak alveolar pressure distribution within the lung is improved. However, no consistent data exist, showing PCV to improve patient outcome. During inverse ratio ventilation (IRV) elongation of inspiratory time increases mean airway pressure and enables full lung inflation, whereas shortening expiratory time causes incomplete lung emptying and increased PEEPi. Both mechanisms increase mean alveolar and transpulmonary pressures, and may thereby improve lung recruitment and gas exchange. However, when compared with conventional mechanical ventilation using an increased external PEEP to reach the same magnitude of total PEEP as that produced intrinsically by IRV, IRV has no advantage. Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) provides a PCV-like squared pressure pattern by time-cycled switches between two continuous positive airway pressure levels, while allowing unrestricted spontaneous breathing in any ventilatory phase. Maintaining spontaneous breathing with APRV is associated with recruitment and improved ventilation of dependent lung areas, improved ventilation-perfusion matching, cardiac output, oxygenation, and oxygen delivery, whereas need for sedation, vasopressors, and inotropic agents and duration of ventilator support decreases.
36
Cohan, Steven. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865788.003.0001.
Анотація:
The introduction provides the theoretical argument of the book. It explains why the backstudio picture is not a cycle but a genre in its own right, and how the genre depicts Hollywood as a geographic place in Los Angeles, as an industry, and as a symbol. It goes on to show how the backstudio picture has historically served to brand the motion picture industry as “Hollywood,” working in much the same way as consumer brands do today. Additionally, the introduction provides a historical overview of the genre, focusing on its four major cycles of production, from the silent era to the present day. Finally, it briefly describes the content of the seven chapters.
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Allen, Hunter, and Stephen S. Cheung. Cutting-Edge Cycling. Human Kinetics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718218918.
Анотація:
Increase speed, power, endurance, and efficiency with Cutting-Edge Cycling. You’ll learn how to apply the latest in cycling research, science, and technology to train smarter, ride longer, and race faster. Renowned cycling coach Hunter Allen and leading scientist Stephen Cheung share the most recent biomechanical, physiological, and technical advances and research, why they matter, and how you can incorporate them for maximal training and optimal performance. From the latest information on periodization, lactate threshold, and recovery to bike fit, pedaling technique, and cadence, Cutting-Edge Cycling covers every aspect of conditioning, preparation, and competition in this physically demanding sport. Additional coverage includes interviews on a broad range of topics: interpreting lab results, fatigue, monitoring training, high-intensity training, prevention of and recovery from overtraining, pacing, power meter quadrant analysis, hydration, and cooling strategies. If you’re serious about gaining the edge on the competition, Cutting-Edge Cycling is one guide you shouldn't be without.
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Mandala, Elias. Food, Time, and History. Edited by Jeffrey M. Pilcher. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199729937.013.0020.
Анотація:
In the African countryside, food has a social biography which is both linear and cyclical. According to the golden-age theory, every member of the community deserves access to food, while the alternative perspective argues that not all members enjoy those rights. Both theories fall within what Stephen J. Gould called "time's cycle" or "the intelligibility of timeless order and lawlike structure." As components of time's cycle, the alternative vision and the golden-age theory address the problem of order and represent peasants' collective protest against what Mircea Eliade termed "terror of history," which refers to terrifying events such as famine. The linear nature of the social biography of food is part of Gould's "time's arrow." The old Mang'anja of Malawi referred to famine, a one-time event, as chaola, or moment of rottenness, which is different from recurrent hunger or njala. The history of Malawi's food system represents a story about irreversible change and about days and seasons.
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Yust, Jason. Graph Theory for Temporal Structure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696481.003.0014.
Анотація:
This chapter introduces mathematical graph theory and develops graph-theory concepts that are useful for temporal networks. By generating chord progressions from networks, the potential musical and temporal meaning of graph-theory concepts, especially cycles, is emphasized. A number of concepts related to trees are introduced to show hierarchical aspects of temporal structure, and to allow for a comparison of Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff’s prolongational trees to temporal structures. This suggests an enrichment of MOPs through spanning trees, and is channelled into a discussion of graph-theoretic algebras, cycle and edge-cut algebras, as they apply to temporal structures.
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Marat, Erica. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190861490.003.0010.
Анотація:
The concluding chapter brings together and recapitulates the findings of the case studies and their significance. It explains that reforms do not solve the issues of societies at large, but incremental change comes from responding to the issues of singled-out communities. As societies become more accepting toward previously invisible or nonexistent groups, the demand for police reform arises anew. The nature of violence and police reform is therefore cyclical. With each cycle of violence and reform, the police can become more receptive to outside influence. The chapter highlights the significance of understanding post-Soviet police in the broader studies of policing.
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Breitbarth, Anne, Christopher Lucas, and David Willis. The History of Negation in the Languages of Europe and the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199602544.001.0001.
Анотація:
The book constitutes the second volume of the two-volume work The history of negation in the languages of Europe and the Mediterranean. While the first volume united a rich collection of ten case studies, the current second volume turns to the patterns and processes in the historical development of the expression of negation and its interaction with indefinites from a more general theoretical perspective. The volume is subdivided into two parts, one dealing with Jespersen’s cycle and one dealing with developments affecting indefinites in the scope of negation (the quantifier and free-choice cycles), including the diachronic development of negative concord. In each case, there are relevant empirical observations across the languages of Europe and the Mediterranean. The book considers both language-internal and language-contact motivations for the changes observed, developing a generative account of the developments in terms of semantic change, reanalysis, and child-language acquisition, integrating insights from functionalist approaches that invoke language use as a motivation behind these cycles. Language contact is shown to have played a significant role in the spread of negation systems. The result is a holistic account of language change in the domain of negation, developed from comparing the diachronies of languages across Europe and incorporating insights from a wide range of theoretical perspectives.
42
Rayner, Mike, Kremlin Wickramasinghe, Julianne Williams, Karen McColl, and Shanthi Mendis, eds. An Introduction to Population-level Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198791188.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book is based on the content covered during the non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention short course at the University of Oxford. It provides theoretical background and ‘real life case studies’ helping readers to apply the learnings to their day-to-day work. It covers case studies from both high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries. This book is structured around the four stages of the policy cycle: (1) problem definition; (2) solution generation; (3) resource mobilization and implementation; and (4) evaluation. Chapters 2–7 focus on problem definition, which involves understanding the burden of NCDs, its risk factors, the sociopolitical landscape, the role of advocacy, and screening and surveillance. Chapters 8–10 are about solution generation, which involves examining the evidence for potential costs and benefits of interventions, while also considering contextual factors, including the ethical and political dimensions of different solutions. Chapters 11–13 are on implementation and the mobilization of resources, both the money needed for material aspects of the interventions and the people required to plan for and carry out the interventions. Chapter 14 is about evaluation and monitoring, which may be designed to assess whether interventions met their aims and objectives. Given the cyclical nature of the policy cycle, the final chapter is about returning to the various stages. NCD prevention does not always follow the stages of the policy cycle in a strict sequence and often, NCD interventions will need revisiting in light of the experiences and lessons learned from earlier stages.
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Rascaroli, Laura. Temporality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190238247.003.0005.
Анотація:
Opening with a discussion of the diptych form in film, seen as a dialogic structure activated in a spatiotemporal in-betweenness, this chapter focuses on films constructed around an interstice between incommensurable temporalities. In particular, it looks at filmic practices that spatialize time and at films that articulate the road as a palimpsest through which a diachronic way of thinking develops. The first case study is a diptych by Cynthia Beatt, Cycling the Frame (1988) and The Invisible Frame (2009), which follow the actor Tilda Swinton while she cycles the route along the Berlin Wall, before and after its fall, respectively. The second example, Davide Ferrario’s La strada di Levi (Primo Levi’s Journey, 2007), retraces the route traveled by the writer Primo Levi on his return to Italy after his release from Auschwitz. The temporal gaps carved and exploited by these films are at once material, historical, and ideological.
44
Kirchman, David L. The nitrogen cycle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0012.
Анотація:
Nitrogen is required for the biosynthesis of many cellular components and can take on many oxidation states, ranging from −3 to +5. Consequently, nitrogen compounds can act as either electron donors (chemolithotrophy) or electron acceptors (anaerobic respiration). The nitrogen cycle starts with nitrogen fixation, the reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonium. Nitrogen fixation is carried out only by prokaryotes, mainly some cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria. The ammonium resulting from nitrogen fixation is quickly used by many organisms for biosynthesis, being preferred over nitrate as a nitrogen source. It is also oxidized aerobically by chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and archaea during the first step of nitrification. The second step, nitrite oxidation, is carried out by other bacteria not involved in ammonia oxidation, resulting in the formation of nitrate. Some bacteria are capable of carrying out both steps (“comammox”). This nitrate can then be reduced to nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide during denitrification. It can be reduced to ammonium, a process called “dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium.” Nitrogen gas is also released by anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (“anammox”) which is carried out by bacteria in the Planctomycetes phylum. The theoretical contribution of anammox to total nitrogen gas release is 29%, but the actual contribution varies greatly. Another gas in the nitrogen cycle, nitrous oxide, is a greenhouse gas produced by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea. The available data indicate that the global nitrogen cycle is in balance, with losses from nitrogen gas production equaling gains via nitrogen fixation. But excess nitrogen from fertilizers is contributing to local imbalances and several environmental problems in drinking waters, reservoirs, lakes, and coastal oceans.
45
Dolman, Han. Biogeochemical Cycles and Climate. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779308.001.0001.
Анотація:
This book describes the interaction of the main biogeochemical cycles of the Earth and the physics of climate. It takes the perspective of Earth as an integrated system and provides examples of both changes in the current climate and those in the geological past. The first three chapters offer a general introduction to the context of the book, outlining the climate system as a complex interplay between biogeochemistry and physics and describing the tools available for understanding climate: observations and models. These chapters describe the basics of the system, the rates and magnitudes and the crucial aspects of biogeochemical cycles needed to understand their functioning. The second part of the book consists of four chapters that describe the physics required to understand the interaction of the climate with biogeochemistry and change. These chapters describe the physics of radiation, and that of the atmosphere, ocean circulation and thermodynamics. The interaction of aerosols with radiation and clouds is addressed in an additional chapter. The third part of the book deals with Earth’s (bio)geochemical cycles. These chapters focus on the stocks and fluxes of the main reservoirs of Earth’s biogeochemical cycles—atmosphere, land and ocean—and their role in the cycles of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, iron, phosphorus, oxygen, sulphur and water, as well as their interactions with climate. The final two chapters describe possible mitigation and adaptation actions, in relation to recent climate agreements, but always with an emphasis on the biogeochemical aspects.
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Farb, Benson, and Dan Margalit. Torsion. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147949.003.0008.
Анотація:
This chapter deals with finite subgroups of the mapping class group. It first explains the distinction between finite-order mapping classes and finite-order homeomorphisms, focusing on the Nielsen realization theorem for cyclic groups and detection of torsion with the symplectic representation. It then considers the problem of finding an Euler characteristic for orbifolds, to prove a Gauss–Bonnet theorem for orbifolds, and to use these results to show that there is a universal lower bound of π/21 for the area of any 2-dimensional orientable hyperbolic orbifold. The chapter demonstrates that, when g is greater than or equal to 2, finite subgroups have order at most 84(g − 1) and cyclic subgroups have order at most 4g + 2. It also describes finitely many conjugacy classes of finite subgroups in Mod(S) and concludes by proving that Mod(Sɡ) is generated by finitely many elements of order 2.
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Steigmann, David J. Mechanical power and hyperelasticity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198567783.003.0003.
Анотація:
This chapter covers the notion of hyperelasticity—the concept that stress is derived from a strain—energy function–by invoking an analogy between elastic materials and springs. Alternatively, it can be derived by invoking a work inequality; the notion that work is required to effect a cyclic motion of the material.
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Balkin, Jack M. The Cycles of Constitutional Time. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197530993.001.0001.
Анотація:
The constitutional system in the United States evolves through the interplay between three cycles: the rise and fall of dominant political parties, the waxing and waning of political polarization, and alternating episodes of constitutional rot and constitutional renewal. American politics seem especially fraught today because we are nearing the end of the Republican Party’s long political dominance, at the height of a long cycle of political polarization, and suffering from an advanced case of constitutional rot. Constitutional rot is the historical process through which republics become increasingly less representative and less devoted to the common good. Caused by increasing economic inequality and loss of trust, constitutional rot seriously threatens the constitutional system. But the United States has been through these cycles before, and will get through them again. The country is in a Second Gilded Age, slowly moving toward a Second Progressive Era, during which polarization will eventually recede. The same cycles shape the work of the federal courts and theories about constitutional interpretation. They explain why political parties have switched sides on judicial review not once but twice in the twentieth century. Polarization and constitutional rot alter the political supports for judicial review, make fights over judicial appointments especially bitter, and encourage constitutional hardball. The Constitution ordinarily relies on the judiciary to protect democracy and to prevent political corruption and self-entrenching behavior. But when constitutional rot is advanced, the Supreme Court is likely to be ineffective and may even make matters worse. Courts cannot save the country from constitutional rot; only political mobilization can.
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Cox, Peter, and Till Koglin, eds. The Politics of Cycling Infrastructure. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447345152.001.0001.
Анотація:
Academic texts on cycling research are expanding rapidly. A dominant theme among these is the use of infrastructure measures to assist promotion of cycling as part of a movement towards sustainable mobility. Physical infrastructure is currently posited as the primary key to unlock cycling’s potential as a primary mode of sustainable transport. Individual studies rarely stand together to be read back to back, in order to allow comparison between them. The privilege of academic conferences is that they allow the attendee to compare and contrast different academic agendas and concerns of researchers, and to engage in conversation between them. This volume provides a comparative assessment of existing and historic struggles over cycling infrastructure. The aim of this volume is to bring a selection of those parallel voices together and to initiate that dialogue for a wider audience. It is argued that planning is one element of the operation, but what results is often very different from even the most comprehensive strategic imagination. Underlying this chaos however, is a lurking sense that the broader lessons of infrastructure provision for cycling needs to be connected with the political analyses of infrastructuring that derive from wider studies. The book concludes that infrastructures are in constantly in flux, contentious and contended. Furthermore, it concludes that politics is also embodied; lived out in the spaces of mundane and everyday travel.
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Fojas, Camilla. Imperial Ruins and Resurgence. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040924.003.0007.
Анотація:
Detroit became a symbol of the economic freefall, and its ruins, deserted factories, abandoned houses, were a harbinger of the end of capitalism and a sign of “urban death.” Organic metaphors inform and drive the story of capitalism as the natural order of things, subject to the forces of entropy but always renewable. Even without infusions of capital, Detroit’s recovery was afoot, not in actual terms, but in the phantom speculations of storyville. The city became an emblem of death and rebirth in capitalism. Stories of recurrence and return are part of the mythos of capitalism. The boom and bust cycles of capitalism are merely moments in an ongoing and endless cycle of ruin and resurgence and of death and rebirth.