Дисертації з теми "Cycle de vie d'un bâtiment"
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Lasvaux, Sébastien. "Étude d'un modèle simplifié pour l'analyse de cycle de vie des bâtiments." Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00712043.
Повний текст джерелаEnergy and environmental aspects are more and more integrated in the design process of buildings. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is generally used to assess the environmental performance of buildings. This method uses to date a high number of data which can be a limiting aspect for its application. For instance, it can be difficult for some manufacturers to give life cycle inventory (LCI) gathering several hundreds of flows. In addition, the interpretation of the results with about ten environmental indicators can be complex for the building practitioners. In this context, the aim of this research is to study a simplified model for the LCA of buildings. A simplified life cycle inventory (LCI) database gathering building materials, products and processes is first developed. It is composed of data from the Ecoinvent and INIES database with the help of a homogeneous nomenclature. The use of statistical methods then enables to assess the relevance of simplification of the LCA model. Simplified life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) model are built between the LCI flows and the LCIA indicators. They enable previously to the applications using the database to identify the flows that are the most significant in the environmental impact of a building. The understanding of the consequences of the simplification of the LCA model and the statistical methods used in this work enable to better appreciate the reliability of simplified LCA applied to building products and buildings as a whole
Lasvaux, Sébastien. "Étude d'un modèle simplifié pour l'analyse de cycle de vie des bâtiments." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00712043.
Повний текст джерелаNassif, Abdou. "Développement d'un outil d'étude et de simulation de l'organisation et de la production sur les chantiers de bâtiment." Chambéry, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CHAMS036.
Повний текст джерелаOptimization and organization of production resources on bulding sites go through the different phases of the life cycle of a construction project. The application of optimization methods on a construction site is a complex problem. This complexity is due to different factors that control the production site and to a great number of partners involved during the construction operation, while their divergent interests. Our present work focuses on the description of production operations on bulding sites and the management of associated information. It aims to develop and implement a prototype for the organization and efficency of operations on building sites. This prototype allows the description of preparation and organization of construction works, and of site equipments and production teams. Different treatments are performed to verify the feasibility, in comparison with structural and implementation constraints. The database managed by the prototype is used to leverage all information from projects in a general base that maybe used for any bulding project. The user in this way has a comparative basis of time and cost required for the dlfferent kinds of construction works, a definition of the installation site, a daily frameworks programming, and a module for determining logistics and construction activites in order to provide an optimal schedule using a technique based on genetic algorithms
Salazar, Claudia. "Elaboration d'une méthode de prévision du gisement des déchets générés par le cycle de vie des bâtiments : amélioration de la traçabilité des composants du bâtiment." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0101/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаNowadays, the great amount of resources consumed by the building sector, the great quantity of Construction and Demolition Waste (C&DW) and their less than optimal management are major problems at a worldwide level. For instance, in Europe, only 25% of the 180Mt of C&DW estimated per annum are recycled (despite its major recycling potential). The remaining 75% are landfilled (in some cases illegally). In order to improve the management of C&DW, it is necessary to know the current and future quantities and characteristics of the C&DW that is generated, as well as their period and location of generation. Unfortunately, at the moment, these flows are poorly known. Consequently, it is difficult to implement an environmentally sound and optimal management while abiding by regulations. Bearing this in mind, our contribution to the improvement of the knowledge about these flows could be summarized as follows: - Establishment of the state of the art of the current sources of information about these flows; -Proposition of a new method, called ELDORADO, which allow the traceability of buildings components and provides a long term forecasting of C&DW. The forecasting is done both, at a micro level and at a macro level. The micro level corresponds to the forecasting of the C&DW for a building. The macro level concerns a set of buildings. This forecasting is made from the construction of the building until the end of its service life. In contrast with other researches, the description of the materials flows is given by addressing not only quantities but also relevant technical characteristics, period and location. Both levels of the method are based on the acquisition of data about the components that go into the building (by establishing their traceability) and on a static and a behavioural building model. This model allows the simulation of the possible evolution of the building as well as the generation of C&DW. The simulation of the building evolution is based on scenarios proposed by the users of the method. - The application of this method is tested partially on 4 real cases and fully tested on one building. The latter has allowed to: - note the importance of maintaining information about the flows inside buildings (traceability); -establish the need of the implementation of a software tool for applying the method and introducing the Industry Foundation Classes in this software; -identify the strong and weak points of the building models proposed for the application of the method. -Additionally, in this document we discuss the present difficulties related to the implementation of the method, the necessary tools that should be created and the prospects of our work
Jaouen, Cédric, and Cédric Jaouen. "Méthodologie de dimensionnement sur cycle de vie d'une distribution en courant continu dans le bâtiment : applications aux câbles et convertisseurs statiques DC/DC." Phd thesis, École normale supérieure de Cachan - ENS Cachan, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00752354.
Повний текст джерелаAndrošević, Renata. "Vers les systèmes constructifs à faible production de déchets : l'enveloppe des bâtiments résidentiels du XXIème siècle en Bosnie-Herzégovine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PESC1005.
Повний текст джерелаThis research is inspired by the visionary projects which are trying to find the way to create built environment with low impact on the nature and all living creatures, especially human beings. It will help decision making process for all stakeholders to choose the best option when considering the materials, building technologies and building systems, which will have the lowest negative environmental impact, providing all necessary data.Analysing the existing methods and tools with their barriers and opportunities, the research attempts to find the way to overcome observed obstacles.Existing methodologies point out the importance of environmental impact predictions and they can show the differences between compared systems. Existing tools give precise numerical data of environmental impact.The approach proposed here shows that symbiosis of methodologies and tools can give the result that reaches the goal - to achieve low or no waste building construction.The new method includes building system evaluation (with comparison and ranking) and quantification of environmental impact. This provides a picture of the chosen system's impact and facilitates decision making. At the end of the process, it is evidently clear what could and should be changed and upgraded in order to have better performance and lower impact.This new method provides comparison, evaluation and quantification in terms of generation of the construction waste and contributes in lowering negative environmental impact
Tchana, De Tchana Yvan. "Proposition d’un jumeau numérique pour soutenir la gestion de l'exploitation d'une infrastructure linéaire." Thesis, Troyes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TROY0012.
Повний текст джерелаThe digital growth of the construction industry led to BIM (Building Information Modeling). Developed for buildings, BIM is later used on linear infrastructure projects. Such projects require end-to-end control of information. PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) supports digital continuity in the manufacturing industry. Studies evaluate the relevance of a complementary use of the BIM and PLM approaches for linear infrastructure projects. With an adaptation of methods used for building construction, those studies are mostly restricted to the implementation of data repositories. This makes it difficult to consider the infrastructure post-construction phase, where the 3D model is no longer a digital model, but a digital twin. This research work consists in developing a strategy for the design, the implementation and the operations and maintenance of a linear infrastructure. The digital twin of the infrastructure is the target of our approach. It will take into consideration not only BIM and PLM methodologies, but also any other data source positioning the infrastructure in its geographical environment. Data aggregator, our digital twin should make it possible to manage the lifecycle of a linear infrastructure. This system is tested on a specific linear infrastructure, a level crossing. Digital continuity and data traceability are important factors for those constructions. Through the digital twin, our proposal helps to follow the data, and thus to link operational data to the design and construction data of the linear infrastructure
Arja, Mohamed. "Approche en coût global : Etude de scénarios de cycle de vie du bâtiment." Chambéry, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CHAMS044.
Повний текст джерелаOverall cost is a significant consideration in any decision-making process. In the building sector, this cost could be a crucial stake for the manager, while it influences all of his choices at the design phase as well as during the operational period. Although a body of knowledge exists on overall cost in construction, little exists on the uncertainties during the operational period or on the real life cycle development. On the basis of several case studies, a feedback process was performed on the historical data of studied buildings. This process enabled to identify some factors causing uncertainty during the building operational period. As a result, a new method for assessing the overall cost during a part of the building's life cycle was proposed. This new method takes account of the building actual value, its end-of-life value and the influence of the identified life cycle uncertainty factors such as regulatory changes, functional evolution and technological development. The development of this method was based on the analysis of two packages of buildings: 1 ) high-rise social housing, and 2) industrial buildings. Then, the method was examined on an example of office buildings. The aim was to choose between several rehabilitation scenarios with different study periods. The findings of this research are a step towards a higher level of reliability in overall cost evaluation taking account of some usually unexpected uncertainty factors
Derghazarian, Alec. "Les méthodes d'évaluation du bâtiment et du cadre bâti durable." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5462.
Повний текст джерелаMartinez, Simon. "Études expérimentales et numériques d'un micro-cogénérateur solaire : intégration à un bâtiment résidentiel." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS019/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis work consists of the experimental and numerical study of the energy performance of a prototype of solar micro-cogeneration. The facility, located on the campus of the University of La Rochelle, operates by coupling a 46.5 m² parabolic trough solar collector field with an oil-free piston steam engine operating according to the Hirn thermodynamic cycle. The solar tracking system is carried out in two axes and the water is evaporated directly into the absorber of the parabolic trough collectors. Electricity generation is provided by a generator and the recovery of fatal heat must make it possible to meet the heating and domestic hot water needs of a building. The first part of this work presents the tests performed. The objective is to carry out additional tests to characterize the solar concentrator, to study the conditions of steam overheating, as well as the operation of the complete installation in winter. This work has allowed the development of models for the parabolic trough sensor, the tests in overheated mode have shown the need for an extra charge for the operation of such an installation while the tests with motor present productions compatible with the electricity and heat consumption of a residential building. The second part concerns the modelling of the elements constituting the micro-cogenerator as well as the integration of this installation into the building using dynamic thermal simulation software (TRNSYS©). This study proposes two integration options depending on the positioning of the auxiliary heater. For both configurations, weekly and annual reviews are presented to discuss the advantages/disadvantages of each provision. It appears that the positioning of the auxiliary on the primary circuit makes it possible to control the electrical production. The addition of back-up boiler on the distribution seems more easily achievable but prevents the control of power generation
Negishi, Koji. "Development of a methodology of Dynamic LCA applied to the buildings." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ISAT0013/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe building sector is a key actor to meet the reduction targets in terms of energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the most used method for assessing the environmental impacts of a system. In the building sector, the LCA method was adapted with appropriate and simplified tools in order to encourage stakeholders to evaluate the environmental performance of their building products. However, LCA method has some limitations, one of which being the lack of “time dimension” that particularly concerns three points: (i) Lack of consideration of temporal evolution of the system under LCA study, “building system” in our case, (ii) Lack of consideration of temporal discrepancy of activities and associated emissions, (iii) Lack of consideration of dynamic characteristics of environmental impacts (stationary conditions, fixed time horizon, etc.). In this context, the primary objective of the thesis is to develop a dynamic LCA methodology applied to the building sector, on the basis of DyPLCA ANR project. The application of the new dynamic method to a case study with three attached single houses demonstrated that dynamic LCA provides important information on the temporal profile of impacts. The same amount of GHG emissions has a lower effect on temperature peaks when emissions are spread over a long period. The distinction is made between the various GHG, especially according to their lifetime. Instantaneous and cumulated effects (indicators) should be considered in a complete analysis. Actions for mitigation and adaptation need to be decided according to different types of construction product families. Besides, it is necessary to adapt the impact reduction efforts according to the chemical substances
Romani, Zaid. "Développement d'une méthode d'aide à la décision multicritère pour la conception des bâtiments neufs et la réhabilitation des bâtiments existants à haute efficacité énergétique." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS034/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe building sector is the largest consumer of energy in the world. In Mediterranean region, facing the economic crisis and commitments for climate change, the reduction of energy consumption for both new and existing buildings is more necessary. Against this background, seeking optimal technical solutions taking into account the economic, environmental and societal criteria is a very complex problem due to the high number of parameters to consider. In order to solve this problem, a state of the art of multi-criteria optimization method has been achieved. We found that many constraints exist when using these methods such as high time calculation and no absolute assurance to find the global optimum. Thus, the main objective of the present work is to propose a new method that allows overcome these difficulties. This method is based on the development of polynomial models for the prediction of heating energy needs, cooling energy needs, final energy needs and summer thermal comfort. To establish these models, we used the design of experiments method and dynamic thermal simulations using TRNSYS software. From these models, a sensitivity analysis has been achieved in order to identify the leading parameters on energy requirements and thermal comfort in summer. A database associating each parameter for its cost and environmental impact on its lifetime was generated from CYPE software and INIES database. Then, a detailed parametric study was performed using polynomial functions for determining a set of optimal solutions using the Pareto front approach. This new method was applied to design new buildings with high energy efficiency at controlled costs for the six Moroccan climate zones. The validation of polynomial models through a comparison with random simulations gave very satisfactory results. With a polynomial model of the second order, the maximum error on the energy needs and the adaptive thermal comfort did not exceed 2 kWh/m².an and 9% respectively. The developed models were used for multiple-criteria decision analysis. The results showed that buildings with very low energy needs can be built with a reasonable cost. On the other hand an effort should be focused on more efficient solutions for adaptive thermal comfort in summer especially for Marrakech and Errachidia. Finally, we also implemented our method to a project of energy rehabilitation of an existing building located in La Rochelle (France). Environmental criteria were also taken into account in the optimization process. The selected technical solutions procured approximately 15 kWh/m².year of heating energy needs. The developed multicriteria decision method showed a great potential for both designing new and existing buildings with high energy efficiency. It allows a very fast operational optimization of sustainable buildings at reasonable cost and low energy consumption
Pannier, Marie-Lise. "Étude de la quantification des incertitudes en analyse de cycle de vie des bâtiments." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM070/document.
Повний текст джерелаBuilding life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool used to assess the environmental impact of a construction over its entire life cycle, and to help choosing the most sustainable building alternative in an ecodesign context. Many uncertainty sources arise in the environmental modelling of buildings. The aim of this thesis is to propose a methodology to take them into account and to progress towards more reliable building LCA tools. Model inputs and parameters having the most influence on the results and that should be more precisely known were identified using sensitivity analysis (SA) methods. The calculation time required for the application of these methods may be long, whereas a limited time is generally available to conduct a building LCA study. Several SA methods were therefore compared in terms of a calculation time / precision compromise. The effect of uncertainties on the choice of a built alternative was studied using SA and uncertainty analysis (UA) that are suitable in the context of variants comparison. In that way, the environmental improvements of a project are chosen at a given level of confidence and focusing on the environmental indicators for which the choice of an alternative affects the results significantly. The proposed uncertainty quantification process is applicable to the whole building life cycle and makes it possible to take into account various uncertainty sources arising in building LCA. The used methods were integrated into an ecodesign platform consisting in a dynamic building energy simulation (DBES) and an LCA tool
Lebreton, Morgane. "Caractérisation des effets d'un anxiolytique (oxazépam) sur le cycle de vie d'un gastéropode d'eau douce, Radix balthica." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30291.
Повний текст джерелаFreshwater contamination by pharmaceuticals is becoming a major concern over the last decades. Antibiotics and hormonal treatments have been the focus of attention but some pharmaceutical families are not subject to many studies yet. This is especially true for psychoactive drugs, and particularly anxiolytics. Among anxiolytics, oxazepam is one of the most frequently detected psychotropic in surface waters in connection with its high consumption but also to its status of metabolite of many benzodiazepines. This molecule has been subject to some ecotoxicological studies mainly focused on behavioural disturbance in fish. However, very few studies are interested in its effects on aquatic invertebrates. Thus, this thesis aims to assess the impact of environmental relevant oxazepam concentrations on the life cycle of a freshwater gastropod widespread in Europe, Radix balthica. We asked if and how oxazepam affected three important steps of the life of this organism: reproduction, embryonic development and growth, coupling physiological, behavioural and molecular approaches. This work consists into three parts, corresponding to the three steps previously described (reproduction, embryonic development and growth). For each of these stages, organisms have been exposed to relevant oxazepam concentrations: 10 µg/L corresponding to the maximal concentration found in STEP effluents and 0.8 µg/L corresponding to the maximal concentration found in river. Numerous physiological (e.g. reproductive apparatus state, fertility, hatching rate, growth, feeding rate) and behavioral parameters (e.g. social interactions, locomotion) have been tested to answer the question raised. Studies on embryogenesis and growth have been completed by a transcriptomic analysis to bring information on potential toxicity mechanisms at molecular level. Results showed that, at the adult stage (reproduction), oxazepam increased spermatozoa density at high concentration (10 µg/L) and decreased the number of eggs per eggmass at low concentration (0.8 µg/L). A decrease of the locomotor activity has also been observed for both oxazepam concentrations. Studies led on the embryonic stage showed a high inter-population variability which did not allow conclusions on potential effects of oxazepam. Finally, concerning the juvenile stage, results showed a significant effect of oxazepam on feeding rate with an activator effect at low concentration and an inhibitory effect at high dose. A reduction of mortality after exposure has also been demonstrated at the lowest concentration. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a global under-expression of genes involved in neural transmission linked to many functions, such as feeding behavior, growth, locomotion or chemoreception. Taken together, these results enhance the ecotoxicological knowledge of oxazepam impact on an aquatic invertebrate
Wirbel, Ducoulombier Laure. "Conception d'un nouveau système d'isolation par l'exterieur pour le bâtiment." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECLI0013/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn France, the building industry represents 40% of the total energy consumption and 25% of the total carbon dioxide emissions. In the objective of decreasing those impacts, a new thermal regulation called “Réglementation Thermique 2012” (RT2012), has been applied. In that context, the Ecole Centrale de Lille and the company Norpac, have chosen to engage a CIFRE thesis in order to develop a new external thermal insulation system for buildings. It was chosen to use textile materials to compose that system called “Isolpac”, in partnership with Dickson, PEG and the CLUBTEX association. At first, the research work was devoted to the hygrothermal, mechanical and chemical characterisation of the different materials composing the new insulation panel, to define the intrinsic properties of different materials, to compare them with conventional materials, in order to validate the choice of materials for the new insulation system. Two accelerated ageing methods were applied on the fabrics.Then, a particular interest is focused on the hygrothermal equilibrium of the panel by using a dynamic simulation on the software Wufi® following the previous characterization. Moreover, a work on the fire reaction of the panel and on the perspectives of other tests needed to guarantee the mechanical strength was carried out.Finally, the search of fixation and assembling techniques for the panels is presented. Installation in situ at scale one were made. The perspectives of tests for qualifying the mechanical strength and the fire resistance are described. A project of a demonstrating façade is presented to be the support for a demand of an Experimental Technical Agreement of the CSTB
Godin, David. "Analyse environnementale et économique du cycle de vie d'un système d'épuration des eaux usées." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23528.
Повний текст джерелаDans le cadre de ce mémoire, les méthodologies de l’analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) et de l’analyse du cycle de coûts (ACC) sont appliquées à un système d’épuration des eaux usées municipales (STEP) afin de réaliser une évaluation intégrée du profil environnemental et économique du système. Suite à la revue de la littérature des ACVs portant sur des STEPs, des limitations ont été décelées en ce qui a trait à la définition de la fonction du système lors de la première étape de la réalisation de l’ACV. Les limitations dénotées ont mené au développement d’une méthodologie reposant sur le concept de bénéfice environnemental net (BEN) afin d’y pallier. La mise en application du concept de BEN requiert de réaliser des ACVs afin d’évaluer les impacts environnementaux potentiels évités et induits par l’épuration des eaux. Les impacts évités correspondent alors à la différence d’impacts potentiels entre un scénario hypothétique de rejet des eaux usées brutes et un scénario de rejet des eaux usées épurées par la STEP. Les impacts induits correspondent aux impacts générés par le cycle de vie du système d’épuration. Il est à noter que la présentation du concept de BEN ainsi que son application à une l’étude de cas font l’objet d’une publication (Godin et coll., 2012). Les méthodologies du BEN et de l’ACC sont appliquées à l’étude de cas d’un système d’épuration constitué d’étangs aérés facultatifs. Des inventaires des charges des polluants de l’affluent et de l’effluent de la STEP sont compilés afin d’évaluer les impacts potentiels évités en considérant les charges en matières organiques, en nutriments et en métaux lourds ainsi qu’en estimant les émissions potentielles de gaz à effet de serre des rejets directs de matière organique et d’azote au milieu récepteur. Les inventaires de caractérisation des impacts du cycle de vie du système incluent la phase de construction, l’opération ainsi que l’évaluation des impacts induits par une disposition des boues par épandage sur sol agricole et sur sol forestier. L’ACVI réalisée en ayant recours à la méthode ReCiPe et en mettant de l’avant le concept de BEN permet de constater le compromis environnemental fourni par le système d’épuration. L’évaluation comparée de l’ACC et de l’ACV du cycle de vie du système permet d’évaluer la contribution relative des différents éléments du cycle de vie sous les aspects environnementaux et économiques. La comparaison des variantes de disposition des boues permet, quant à elle, de comparer les effets sur les catégories d’impacts potentiels liées à la toxicité du choix du milieu récepteur des boues. L’application de la méthodologie du BEN lors de la réalisation d’ACV portant sur des STEPs permet de définir plus clairement la fonction principale de la STEP et permet d’éviter de considérer la STEP comme une source majeure de pollution. Elle fait de plus ressortir le manque de suivi des eaux usées en ce qui a trait à l’affluent ainsi qu’aux micropolluants.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methodologies are applied to a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in order to conduct an integrated environmental and economic assessment of the system. A Literature review showed that the system function definition has received little attention despite its great importance in past LCA studies applied to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This has led to some limitations in the interpretation of LCA results. A new methodology to perform LCA on WWTPs is proposed to avoid those limitations. It is based on net environmental benefit (NEB) evaluation and requires assessing the potential impact of releasing wastewater without and with treatment besides assessing the impact of the WWTP’s life cycle. Interested readers can find a presentation of the NEB methodology and its application to a case study of a small municipal WWTP consisting of facultative aerated lagoons in Godin et al., (2012). This thesis presents the life cycle inventories (LCI) conducted to perform the LCAs required to estimate the NEB and also shows the inventory and results of the LCC performed on the case study. LCIs include wastewater characterization (i.e. organic matter, phosphorus, nitrogen and heavy metals load), potential greenhouse gas emissions, WWTP construction and operation inventories including sludge removal and disposal. Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was conducted using the ReCiPe impact assessment method. LCIA and LCC results allow comparing the relative contribution to environmental potential impacts and economic cost of the life cycle steps of the WWTP. The NEB allows showing the environmental trade-offs between avoided impact due to wastewater treatment and induced impact by the WWTP’s life cycle.
Jellid, Jihed. "Suivi du cycle de vie d'un composite CFRP hybride par mesure de résistance électrique." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ECDL0014.
Повний текст джерелаThis Thesis investigates the use of the electric resistance measurement technique in hybrid carbon fibre reinforced polymer/shape memory alloy (TiNiCu). The electric conductivity of the unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced epoxy will be treated by studying the effect of some parameters: carbon fibre orientation against current direction, carbon fibre volume fraction, dimensions of the sample… Since the most important factor which controls the properties of the matrix and of the fibre-matrix interface is the cross-linking density resulting from the manufacturing process, carbon fibres are used as sensors for the cure monitoring of the epoxy matrix. The results were compared to classical DMA technique. Another test consists in using the electric resistance variation of the SMA as a sensor for the cure monitoring. In the last part, the research dealt with the possibility to detect damage in the hybrid composite under bending stress by measuring the electric resistance variation and acoustic emission on the stretched side of the sample, and how to slow down the damage propagation by activating the memory alloy, heated by joule effect
Jaouen, Cédric. "Méthodologie de dimensionnement sur cycle de vie d’une distribution en courant continu dans le bâtiment : applications aux câbles et convertisseurs statiques DC/DC." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DENS0037/document.
Повний текст джерелаSince the development of roof PV systems and electric vehicles, the use of DC distribution for building has to be explored. However, an objective criterion has to be used to evaluate the interest of such distribution. While energy consumption and environmental impact criteria gain in importance, the performance quantification of such system over the use phase is not sufficient to illustrate its whole impact. That’s why we propose to tackle this evaluation through the eco-sizing of distribution component. In order to simplify this complex problem, based on a multi-criterion approach, we propose to size the components based on the minimization of their primary energy consumption over their entire life cycle. The resulting Gross Energy Requirement GER includes the embodied energy and the losses during the use phase. The objectives are to propose a methodology to determine the optimal voltage level for the building DC distribution, and also to illustrate the proposed approach from case studies. This methodology is applied on wiring and DC/DC converters
Marconot, Johan. "Fonction Physique Non-clonable pour la Sécurité du Cycle de Vie d'un Objet Cyber-physique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALT011.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis focus on the conception of solutions to secure, all along its lifecycle, the assets and the functions which are embedded into a connected object. The lifecycle induces multiple interactions which expose the assets. Still, each actor may need private access in order to perform technical operations which have to be done. The solution has to securely manage the access requests but also takes account of the fact that most of the connected object are resources constraints system.We provide two main contributions: the analysis of security requirements for the device lifecycle and a new model of extraction circuit for strong digital PUF. The identified configuration for the extraction circuit offer trade-off between the circuit area, the frequency and the security metrics. It allows to conceive an efficient DPUF which could be integrated at fabrication chip, ensuring authentication property and performance requirements for lifecycle
Saint-Pierre, Nicolas. "Mise en œuvre de l'implant piézoélectrique : application au suivi du cycle de vie d'un matériau composite." Lyon, INSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ISAL0077.
Повний текст джерелаThe ultrasonic technics have shown their utility for the mechanical characterisation of materials. Velocity and attenuation of ultrasonics depends on the microstructure and so, they are linked to the mechanical properties of the propagating medium. But for very attenuative materials, classical methods such as impulsive spectroscopy are not very efficient. So, we have developed an original method based on the measurement of the electric impedance of a piezoelectric element inserted in the material to be characterized. It is also possible, with this technic, to monitor the properties of a polymer material during its different physical states (liquid, glass or gel). We have developed and validated an analytical model and we show that the electrical impedance of the piezoelectric implant depends on the properties of the surrounding materials. Then, by using an identification algorithm, we can deduce the values of velocity and attenuation of the material by minimising the difference between experimental and simulated values. In this theoretical approach unidimensional model suppose that the piezoelectric element and the materials have parallel faces and that the different media are well coupled. In practical case, parallelism or bonding defects can appear. We take in account these defects in the numeric simulation and we validate these simulations by comparison of the simulated and measured spectra. Considering the Kramers Kronig relationships that link the acoustical parameters (velocity and attenuation) of the material, we determine for each defect, the tolerances that doesn't affect the result of the optimisation algorithm. The last part of this study concerns the monitoring of the properties of a composite during its polymerisation and to its hydrolytic degradation
Lessard, Yannick. "Modélisation de l’influence de la sélection des matériaux sur le profil environnemental du cycle de vie d’un bâtiment à bureaux : évaluation critique de LEED v4." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10131.
Повний текст джерелаAbstract : Buildings being one of the highest contributors to environmental impacts globally, various Green Building Rating Systems (GBRS) have been proposed in support to reduce their impacts. Primarily oriented towards energy consumption from use stage, their application in low impact energy contexts can result in some undesirable side effects. While some GBRS focus only on few aspects of the building, like Passive House, others like LEED v4, the most present in North America, have a broader scope. However, this GBRS grants more importance to energy consumption than material selection. Based on a office building case study in Quebec (Canada), the aim of this study is to compare the material effects on building LCA impacts and their considerations in LEED v4. Here, the term material is used, for simplicity purpose, to mean construction material used to build the building. Thus, the material effects can be reflected by the material contribution on building LCA impact and their potential to vary these impacts from the adoption of different material configurations. The environmental impacts are evaluated using the attributional LCA approach with SimaPro 8.2 software, ecoinvent 3.1 database and IMPACT 2002+ method. Building LCA results indicate the high environmental impact contribution from materials (> 50 %) and their good potential to vary LCA impacts (0 % to more than 50 %). By comparison, the LEED v4 rating system did not seem to be as effective in capturing the effects of materials in low impact energy context like the one of Quebec (where the electricity generation is hydro-based). As a matter of fact, material selection represents 13 points (or 30%) by comparison with 33 points (or 70%) for energy consumption. Conclusions drawn from this research project will help stakeholders from the building sector in their efforts to improve building environmental profiles providing answers about the implication of material selection and GBRS to this end and the complementarity between LCA and GBRS.
Coovi, Byblice. "Management du cycle de vie du client : proposition d'un modèle conceptuel d'évaluation de l'utilisation des logiciels CRM." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00719535.
Повний текст джерелаKibamba, Yannick Privat. "Spécification et développement d'un environnement collaboratif de gestion du cycle de vie des données de simulation numérique." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1997.
Повний текст джерелаThe proposed research work deals with the issues of Simulation Lifecycle Management (SLM). Nowadays numerical simulation plays a major role in the product development process. Indeed, reducing the need for physical prototypes and providing a relevant analysis of system behavior, numerical simulation has became a major lever for improving the development process. Faced to an increased competition, manufacturing companies rely heavily on numerical simulation to improve the technical performances of their products. According to this increasing use of numerical simulation, some issues related to data management and information sharing between simulation disciplines and with other phases of the development process has emerged. This PhD thesis presents a study of improvement of simulation activities based on an application of PLM approach. This study suggests two main areas of improvement. The first one concerns the definition of product structure for better integration of the needs of the numerical simulation, specifically in relation to the definition of fluid and structure domains and also related interactions. The second area is related to the management of dependencies between simulation data for a better traceability and an easier capitalization. This research work finally resulted in the implementation of a SLM prototype based on the solution Smar Team of Dassault Systèmes and coupled with two expert applications : CATIA, a CAD solution of Dassault Systèmes, and Workbench, a Pre/Post-processing solution of Ansys
Camps, Guillaume. "Etude des interactions chemo-mécaniques pour la simulation du cycle de vie d'un élément de stockage en béton." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/324/.
Повний текст джерелаIn order to achieve acceptable safety condition during the concrete package handling and to ensure the nuclear waste confinement over several decades, Andra plans to develop fibre reinforced concrete package. The research program presented in this work aims to develop the chemo-mechanical constitutive model for the fibre reinforced concrete. The model considers both the early age behaviour of the concrete and the long term behaviour. The first part of this study consists in performing an experimental program to characterise the physical properties of concrete. The second part was devoted to the development of behaviour laws for plain and fibre-reinforced concrete in a finite element code. We are now able to predict the complete life cycle of nuclear waste packages
Boosten, Manon. "Conséquences génomiques et écologiques de la perte d'un stade du cycle de vie : Pelagia noctiluca comme cas d’étude." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS177.
Повний текст джерелаCnidaria, the sister group to bilaterians, are mainly marine invertebrates divided into two classes: the Anthozoa, composed of benthic organisms such as sea anemones and corals, and the Medusozoa, characterized by the presence of a swimming stage, the medusa. Medusozoans are ubiquitous organisms. They exhibit a great diversity of forms, development and life cycle. Their ancestral meroplanktonic life cycle alternates between a planula larva, an asexually reproducing benthic polyp stage, and a pelagic medusa ensuring sexual reproduction. During evolution, many medusozoan taxa have acquired a holoplanktonic life cycle by loss of the benthic stage. This is the case of the scyphozoan species Pelagia noctiluca, the most abundant jellyfish in the Mediterranean Sea, whose juvenile medusae called ephyrae develop directly from a fertilized egg without passing through a polyp stage. During my thesis, I investigated the ecological and genomic consequences of the loss of the fixed stage using P. noctiluca as a case study. To determine the ecological impact of the loss of the in Medusozoa, I exploited the metabarcoding and environmental data generated during the Tara Oceans expedition. By integrating these data into a phylogenetic context, we were able to show that each independent acquisition of a holoplanktonic life cycle is correlated with the colonization of the open ocean. We also found that holoplanktonic medusozoans represent a higher relative abundance, but lower diversity than meroplanktonic medusozoans and are also less central in the plankton co-occurrence network. In order to study the genomic consequences of the loss of the benthic stage, I focused on the loss of the polyp stage in Pelagia noctiluca. I generated genomic and transcriptomic resources at different developmental stages in P. noctiluca as well its closest relative comprising a polyp stage, Chrysaora colorata. Comparing these data, we could demonstrate that the genome of P. noctiluca has not undergone significant inter-chromosomal rearrangements, despite numerous intra-chromosomal rearrangements. The analysis of lost genes in P. noctiluca revealed a privileged loss of genes specifically expressed at the polyp stage across Scyphozoa. I also studied the temporal and spatial expression of genes involved in cnidarian development during P. noctiluca embryogenesis and ephyra development. The integration of all these data in a comparative context, notably with related species exhibiting a polyp stage, made it possible to propose hypotheses on the developmental mechanisms acting during embryogenesis and formation of the medusa in scyphozoans. The work carried out during this PhD thesis provides a better understanding the ecological, development and genomic pattern and processes underlying life cycle simplification in animals
Pelay, Ugo. "Intégration d'un procédé de stockage thermochimique à un cycle de Rankine, sous énergie solaire concentrée (in-stores)." Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT4026/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe integration of a thermal energy storage (TES) system in a concentrated solar power (CSP) plant increases the daily production time and permits to overcome solar energy’s intermittent character. Among the three types of existing thermal storage technology (sensible, latent, thermochemical), thermochemical storage receives an increasing attention in recent years. Indeed, its high energy density and its capacity to store energy without heat losses during a long period of time make it the most promising candidate for CSP application. The principal objective of this PhD dissertation is to study the innovative thermochemical storage process, to propose conceptions for its integration into a CSP plant and to optimize the CSP plant’s overall efficiency. Various methodologies were used, including energy and exergy analyses based on the first and second law of thermodynamics, dynamic numerical simulations for the operation cycle and the life cycle analysis. Three integration configurations have been firstly proposed, studied and compared based on the energy and exergy analyses. Dynamics models for individual component of the system and the CSP plant as a whole were created and tested. These simulations made it possible to carry out a comparison or the integration configurations taking into account the inertia of the components and the variable solar irradiation. Several electricity production modes have also be tested (base production, peak production). Finally, a life cycle analysis was carried out in order to compare the three integration configurations based on environmental criteria
Hadji, Rezai Sara. "Méthode d’évaluation de l’impact des composants de construction sur la performance globale (énergétique & environnementale, économique et sociale) d’un bâtiment tout au long de son cycle de vie." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS014/document.
Повний текст джерелаCurrent expectations in terms of energy, environmental, economic and social performance, are increasingly higher, making more complex the act of building and complicating decision-making in the design phase. Therefore, tomorrow's challenge includes the support of construction stakeholders in the choice of the least risky and most appropriate construction components for a given construction project. This PhD was born of the desire to respond to this challenge. The objective being to develop a method for assessing the impact of the integration of a construction component on the overall performance (energy, environmental, economic and social) of a building throughout its life cycle. The appropriation of the risk culture, its assessment (identification, analysis and evaluation), and its management in the field of construction is a new phenomenon, still mainly in the state of research. However, other fields such as nuclear, aeronautics or finance have already acquired knowledge. Tools, methods and techniques were developed and highlighted good practices and precautions to be followed. This robust basis was used to develop our method and in particular, the classical method of Cooke (1991) was used to weigh the expert judgments in order to ensure a better representativeness of reality. The proposed method is composed of three steps. The first is a preliminary step that allows to define the objectives of performance to be achieved for an efficient building by building-up a family of performance indicators. It also allows to choose between the two next steps. Either the construction component is largely distributed and the main process is implemented, or it is innovative component and the secondary process is implemented. In fine the method enables : 1) to identify the 'hazard/risk' pairs associated with the component studied (largely distributed or innovative component) ; 2) to highlight, by weighting the performance indicators representing the overall performance to be achieved for a particular building : a) the most sensitive indicators regarding this component (largely distributed component) ; b) the impact of the integration of this component through the 'hazard/risk' pairs identified throughout the life cycle of the building at the component scale and at the building scale (largely distributed component). It was tested on two construction components, one largely distributed, the other innovative, which has highlighted the method advantages, limits, prospects and improvements from a theoretical point of view. But also to identify good practices, risks and learning associated with its implementation. Its strength lies in its large-scale deployment. The more it will be implemented on a large number of construction components of the same family, the more it will bring an interest in design assistance by comparing these components to choose the most appropriate and least risky for a given construction project
Chevalier, Jacques. "Élaboration d'un protocole d'analyse de cycle de vie des procédés : application aux traitements des fumées d'incinération des déchets ménagers." Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0077.
Повний текст джерелаThis work consisted 1n making a protocol for life cycle assessment application to processes. This thesis enabled : *to demonstrate the feasibility of processes LCA, *to state that LCA is a decision making tool, *to propose a protocol to complete a process's LCA, *to apply this protocol to gas treatment processes. This protocol meets the following requirements: *it makes LCA easier to understand and more operational, *it respects the IS014040 standards, *it integrates multicriteria tool for decision making, *it proposes new methods to fill sorne LCA's gaps
Vaugeois, Maxime. "Modélisation du cycle de vie d'un appendiculaire : évalutation des conséquences écologiques de la singularité de son processus d'acquisition d'énergie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4054.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we studied the appendicularian, specifically the species Oikopleura dioica, which are members of the mesozooplankton group. Their particular features are due to their anatomical and physiological characteristics: they secrete an extra-corporal structure, called house, where they live and use as food reservoir. As such, they control its qualitative and quantitative content. We developed a model detailing the processes of filtration, ingestion and assimilation. We formulated an original mathematical representation of the physiology of this organism which integrates the current knowledge about the above-mentioned processes. The simulations results were used to investigate the mechanisms involved in the production of fecal pellets. The results suggest that the proportionality between fecal pellet size and organism size is not the same for low and high values of environmental food concentration. Moreover the house could delay of about one and half hours the organism perception of the beginning of an alimentary interruption.Using the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory, we developed a standard model which does not take into account the house production nor its impacts on energy acquisition processes. We then proposed a second version of the model which explicitly represents the houses and their effects on energy acquisition process. The results about sizes simulations are significantly different between the two model versions
Bertin, Ingrid. "Conception des bâtiments assurant leur réversibilité, leur déconstruction et leur réemploi, méthodologie de suivi et évaluation environnementale sur les cycles de vie." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC1041.
Повний текст джерелаIn a context of strong environmental pressure in which the construction sector has the greatestimpact, the reuse of the load-bearing elements is the most promising as it significantly avoidswaste production, preserves natural resources and reduces greenhouse gas emissions by cuttingdown on embodied energy.This thesis consequently covers three main areas of research:1. Improvement of structural design through expedient typologies by defining the DfReu(Design for Reuse) in order to anticipate the use of load-bearing elements (vertical andhorizontal), that can be dismantled and reused at the end of their service life to extendtheir lifespan, ultimately increasing the stock of available elements for reuse.2. Development of a methodology for the implementation of a reinforced and long-lastingtraceability centered on a materials bank with the use of BIM in order to secure all thecharacteristics, in particular physico-mechanical, of the load-bearing elements and tofacilitate the reuse processes as well as the commitment of a new responsibility for thereuse engineer.3. Identification of the key parameters influencing the environmental impacts of reuse anddevelopment of sensitivity study, allowing a better comprehension of the consequencesof this process and its consideration in design to support to decision making.An experiment based on reinforced concrete demonstration portals frames has enabledcorroboration of these three lines of research by generating missing data in literature. Thispractical analysis of column-beam assembly has generated technical data on the structuralbehavior after reuse, but also environmental data for implementation and deconstruction.This research offers subsequently a methodology based on a chain of tools to enable engineersto design reversible construction assemblies within a reusable structure, to secure the necessaryinformation in the BIM model coupled with physical traceability, to build a bank of materials andto enhance design through a stock of load-bearing elements. The study thus distinguishes"design with a stock" which aims to combine as many available elements as possible, from"design from a stock" which leads to the reuse of 100% of the elements and thus presents a newparadigm for the designer.At the same time, the environmental impacts of the reuse process are studied using a life cycleassessment (LCA). A sensitivity study, based among other things on the number of uses and thelifespan, in comparison to equivalent new constructions, provides a better understanding of theareas of interest of the DfReu. Consideration of criteria specific to the circular economy inbuildings completes the definition of reuse criteria. In the end, environmental studies establishunder which conditions reuse reduces the impact of a building and identify the key parameters.The results obtained are primarily intended for structural engineers but more broadly fordesigners part of the project management: architects, engineers and environmental designoffices, in order to offer and encourage the study of variants anticipating the reusability of newlydesigned buildings. By extension, the results can also be used in projects involving existingbuildings
Prinçaud, Marion. "Développement d'un outil d'aide à la décision environnementale basé sur l'analyse de cycle de vie intégré au processus de conception." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00589315.
Повний текст джерелаBeudon, Camille. "Conception et analyse de cycle de vie d'un pont routier à platelage en aluminium sur poutres en bois lamellé-collé." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67779.
Повний текст джерелаThe Quebec Gouvernment wishes to promote the use of wood and aluminium in the construction and rehabilitation of structures. In the context of the short-term vision of construction projects, wood and aluminium are clearly disadvantaged. However, aluminium and glued laminated timber could become competitive materials for the rehabilitation of the Quebec roadway bridges, in particular thanks to their local production in Quebec and their possibility of recycling. In order to avoid a biased short-term view, the method of arbitration used is that of life cycle analysis. This holistic method makes it possible to take into account all life-cycle stages. Two analyzes are carried out in parallel. The first concerns life cycle costs and the second concerns environmental impacts. These two studies complement each other and add a environmental dimension, which is not negligible today, on decision-making. The first stage of this project consists of the design of the hybrid bridge deck aluminium on glued laminated timber beams using the CAN / CSA S6-14 standard. The bridge-type thus designed is subsequently used during life cycle analyzes. The economic analysis is done using the ISO 15686-5 standard (2017). The environmental impact analysis is done using the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards (2006). The use of wood and aluminium as well as the low number of maintenance operations make the aluminum/wood deck more economically advantageous over its entire lifespan. Conventional concrete/steel decks provide a clear reduction in initial construction costs, but this trend is reversed very quickly. The possible prefabrication of aluminium/steel and aluminium/ wood bridge decks reduces indirect construction costs. Thus aluminium/ wood bridge decks reduce 86 % of the total cost of the conventional bridge deck. In terms of environmental indicators, the aluminium wood/decki s also to be favored
Wignacourt, Alex. "Caractérisation, mesure et évaluation des indicateurs techniques, économiques et financiers des éco-matériaux : application au secteur du bâtiment." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00581767.
Повний текст джерелаMequignon, Marc-André. "Comment la durée de vie des bâtiments peut-elle influencer les performances en termes de développement soutenable?" Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ISAT0032/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this thesis is to highlight the importance of the lifespan of the buildingand its components and and as well as to see it in the light of constraints imposed bysustainable development criterias. The focuse of our paper is to characterize the behavior inthis approach, namely environmental, economic and social features.After presenting and analyzing the state of art concerning the lifespan of the building andapproach the building in terms of sustainable development, we characterize the impact of theformer on the latter. Our method is based on two objects of study :- The first is a wall unit outside. This allows us to define precisely the function of useand the technical solutions more specifically for this function;- The second study is a housing-type building. This method is based on that of the wallunit, but we can check behaviour of each technical solutions in the use stage. Thus, we caneasily produce results commensurate.The first approach involves assumptions of lifetimes of technical solutions with which wemake the simulations. In a second step, the analysis takes into account the lifespan as avariable and we analyze the consequences in terms of sustainable development.To promote the exploitation of knowledge produced and to situate them within theproject approach, we propose a schematic modification of current tools for assessingperformance
Tsang, Michael. "Cycle de vie de systèmes photovoltaïques organiques 3ème génération : élaboration d'un cadre pour étudier les avantages et les risques des technologies émergentes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0331/document.
Повний текст джерелаOrganic photovoltaics present an emerging technology with significant potential for increasing the resource efficiencies and reducing the environmental and human health hazards of photovoltaic devices. The discipline of life-cycle assessment is applied to assess how various prospective manufacturing routes, device characteristics, uses and disposal options of organic photovoltaics influences these potential advantages. The results of this assessment are further compared to silicon based photovoltaics as a benchmark for performance. A deeper look is given to the potential human health impacts of the use of engineered nanomaterials in organic photovoltaics and the appropriateness of life-cycle assessment to evaluate this impact criteria. A newly developed life-cycle impact assessment model is presented to demonstrate whether the use of and potential hazards posed by engineered nanomaterials outweighs any of the resource efficiencies and advantages organic photovoltaics possess over silicon photovoltaics
El, Bouazzaoui Ibtissam. "L'EMPREINTE ECOLOGIQUE : Proposition d'un modèle synthétique de représentation des empreintes à l'échelle " Micro " d'une organisation ou d'un projet." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00776465.
Повний текст джерелаWignacourt, Alex. "Caractérisation, mesure et évaluation des indicateurs techniques, économiques et financiers des éco-matériaux : application au secteur du bâtiment." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Lille, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ECLI0020.
Повний текст джерелаEco-materials, have revealed a number of interesting characteristics compared with more traditional technical or architectural solutions. The criteria so far used to differentiate them were often related to the preservation of the environment or health. The main research objective has been to study the technical, economic and financial advantages of such more environmentally friendly materials by collecting selected referential information- assessment indicators and criteria- inside a proposed system of reference. The first part of my work has been devoted to identifying eco-materials in the broader context of the conception of high environmental quality buildings. The position of eco-materials in international and European Environmental Quality Management Systems for Buildings- SMQEB- has then been reviewed in a second part. The third part of this work has consisted in designing a technical, economic and financial prescription decision tool for eco –materials. In the final part, the main concern has been to implement this designed and tested methodology within the Nord Pas De Calais region. An elaborate construction system - a flat roof - has been selected to compare a set of eco-built solutions with more conventional ones. The technical, economic, financial, environmental and health criteria have in-fine been used in easily understood language: the cost/profit ratio
Boufateh, Ben Arari Inès. "Contribution à l’évaluation de la supply chain pour la filière textile : définition de critères de développement durable : application de la méthode de surclassement PROMETHEE à l'analyse du cycle de vie d'un tee-shirt." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10017/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the context of sustainable development, new materials are used, new processes are developed and new strategies are implemented. However, it is important to check whether the desired improvement is achieved. This consists in comparing multiple design alternatives considering all impacts simultaneously. Our research has contributed to formulate some way of answers to these questions. The analysis of the textile industry in particular has led us to adopt a systemic and multicriteria approach which is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This method takes into account all stages of the life cycle of products and quantifies different environmental impacts. However, the interpretation of LCA results of different scenarios for the same textile product is not an easy task. Indeed, in addition to the large number of scenarios, including lack of ecological knowledge about the relative importance of each environmental impact and the uncertainties in the lifecycle inventory data do not let to establish rational classification scenarios in relation to their ecological profiles. Our proposal consists in defining a comprehensive multicriteria decision model specific to the textile field from an existing method of multicriteria analysis. The case studies have explained the complexity related to the textile sector on the one hand and to the LCA methodology on the other hand. An important parameter in the textile LCA has also been shown which is the lifetime of textile products. The application of the proposed methodology has led to significant results in terms of environmental impacts. In addition, the variety of scenarios showed that the analysis of textile LCA results is a conflictual and complex decision-making context. Indeed, the number of possible scenarios can be very large and the amount of data to be processed can be close to infinity for human brain which requires the use of a multicriteria decision support system
Laurent, Achille Benjamin. "Développement d'un modèle d'aide à la décision basé sur l'optimisation multicritère, intégrant l'analyse de cycle de vie conséquentielle : application à une entreprise forestière." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27933.
Повний текст джерелаHow can forest harvesting entrepreneurs consider environmental impacts in their business decisions? What technologies can reduce environmental impacts while making the company more profitable? To answer these questions, we developed a strategic decision support tool which integrated the minimization of environmental impacts with economic objectives environmental based on multi-criteria optimization. The consideration of environmental and economic impacts on the entire logistics network requires a holistic vision. That why a life-cycle approach was adopted all long of this thesis. Thus, the multi-criteria model is powered by environmental Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life-Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA). The first contribution of this thesis is to present a LCA of the product portfolio of a forestry company. LCA is a standardized and recognized method for quantifying the environmental impacts of a product or service. This analysis was realized with the IMPACT 2002+ method, which quantify damages on human health, ecosystem quality, climate changes and resource consumption, which are the four environmental criteria in this entire research project. The second contribution is the realization of an Activity-Based Life-Cycle Costing (AB-LCC) covering all the harvesting and processing activities of the same forestry company. The cost structure of the company was analyzed for each product of the portfolio along with an analysis of the life-cycle of each Harvested Wood Product (HWP) in the North American market context. With a consequential LCA approach, it is possible to consider the consequences of a change by integrating the substitution effects. Substition of building materials, such as steel or concrete, and of fossil fuels by HWP has positive greenhouse gas emission impacts. The third contribution, presented in chapter 4, use results of the previous analyzes to incorporate them in a multi-criteria optimization model which considers both profitability and environmental impacts. The decision support model provides optimization from an environmental, economic and all compromises between these criteria, on material flux and new technology acquisition. A graphical representation of the proposed network accompanies the calculation of expected annual profits and net GHG emissions of solutions. The case study is based on primary and historical data of the company activities as well as set of new technologies considered, for both environmental and economic criteria. The mathematical model is linear integer programming that is resolved by the exact method and a posteriori approach, by varying weights between 0 and 1 for each criterion, to generate 150 solutions. Several prospective technologies are proposed in the model while respecting the constraints of supplies, recipes and specific capacity to the context of the studied forestry company. A final contribution of this thesis is about the HWP delivery system, presented in chapter 5. The routing of prefabricated building systems directly on construction sites has several advantages, but it is a source of GHG emissions. CarbonRoadMap is a multicriteria and multimodal model supporting decisions about alternatives to truck only transport. The forestry company can suggest different routes based on the priorities of its customers, who may be the time, cost or carbon emissions. This whole thesis demonstrates that the integration of environmental criteria in the decision support tools allows a wider vision. In the applications, specific to forestry business, the solutions with an environmental impacts reduction are mostly a source of additional profit simultaneity.
Divay, Mathilde. "De l'identification d'un processus de developpement a la specification de l'entreprise de taille moyenne : une approche par la theorie du cycle de vie." Caen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CAEN0584.
Повний текст джерелаThe identification of the middle sized organization as an intermediate firm asks the question of the enterprise's development process. The research of useful concepts in order to help the understanding of the firm's development can be implemented through a transversal approach to the management science, with the using of biological analogy. The evolutionary theory of the firm also integrate the life cycle theory as a level of observation of the organization development. It allows then a better understanding of its components. A model is then developed which study the dynamic relation between age, size and rate of growth of the firm. It is tested on a population of 1427 firms in basse- normandie with the integration of qualitative variables. Different behaviour can be found between growing-stage firms and maturity stage firms
Hoxha, Endrit. "Amélioration de la fiabilité des évaluations environnementales des bâtiments." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1054/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe work of this thesis focused on the improvement of the reliability of environmental assessments of buildings by a better control of the origin and amplitude of uncertainties. This thesis has permitted:-The development of a methodology for evaluating the uncertainties in the LCA of building;-The construction and enrichment of a database capitalizing uncertainties in material and product scale used in support of the assessment of building's uncertainties;-Development of a contribution and sensitivity analysis, which allowed the identification of key parameters influencing on the LCA results and in the robustness of study;-The development of a methodology for robust comparisons of projects based on contribution analysis and sensitivity analysis.-Identification of optimal environmental dimensions of reinforcing concrete structures. This study also identified the evolution of environmental impacts on function of building's dimensions. The methodologies used are suitable to developers of LCA software to enhance the functionality of using comparisons of projects (this work can be implemented in the ELODIE software).The results can be used by architects, civil engineers, thermal engineers, statisticians, environment and life cycle Engineers, enabling the identification of the most impacting contributors and those influencing most the outcome's uncertainties
Mahé, Mathilde. "La gestion durable d'une ressource halieutique à l'aide d'un modèle : exemple de Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams et Reeve, 1850) dans l'étang de Berre." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0045.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this thesis is the sustainable management of a fishery resource, with the example of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams and Reeve, 1850) in the Berre lagoon (France). To adapt a fishery management model, it is necessary to improve the knowledge on this species in the Berre Pond based on in situ experiments. The SL_50 is 20 - 23 mm. Clams spawn between March and October when water temperatures are above 11°C. VBGF parameters are L∞=35.70 mm and K=3.90.10^(-3) days^(-1). Natural mortality ranged from 0.64 and 2.85 days^(-1) depending on the size of the individuals, predation and disease were negligible. In 2019, abundance was 552.07 million individuals for a biomass of 2,903.62 tons (between 0 and 5 m); with a strong disparity in distribution: two areas accounted for 69% of total abundance and 80% of total biomass. These areas, monitored regularly, show a decrease in abundance of 10%, probably due to poaching. Foot fishing was addressed through counts. All of these in situ data are integrated into a management model that includes an individual DEB model feeding a population model in three size categories (juvenile, adult between 20 and 30 mm and adult with mesh size). The model allows for the comparison of professional fishing scenarios and assists in decision making. The methodology developed in this thesis can be transposed to other species and environment pairs. The originality of this thesis is to have carried out all these works in parallel. Each study was fed by the others and vice versa
Cluzel, François. "Mise en oeuvre de l'éco-conception pour des systèmes industriels complexes : de l'ACV par scénarios à la définition d'un portefeuille de projets de R&D éco-innovants." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECAP0037/document.
Повний текст джерелаFace to the growing awareness of environmental concerns issued from human activities, eco-design aims at offering a satisfying answer in the products and services development field. However when the considered products become complex industrial systems, there is a lack of adapted methodologies and tools. These systems are among others characterised by a large number of components and subsystems, an extremely long and uncertain life cycle, or complex interactions with their geographical and industrial environment. This change of scale actually brings different constraints, as well in the evaluation of environmental impacts generated all along the system life cycle (data management and quality, detail level according to available resources…) as in the identification of adapted answers (management of multidisciplinary aspects and available resources, players training, inclusion in an upstream R&D context…). So this dissertation aims at developing a methodology to implement ecodesign of complex industrial systems. A general methodology is first proposed, based on a DMAIC process (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control). This methodology allows defining in a structured way the framework (objectives, resources, perimeter, phasing…) and rigorously supporting the ecodesign approach applied on the system. A first step of environmental evaluation based on Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is thus performed at a high systemic level. Given the complexity of the system life cycle as well as the exploitation variability that may exist from one site to another, a scenario-based approach is proposed to quickly consider the space of possible environmental impacts. Scenarios of exploitation are defined thanks to the SRI (Stanford Research Institute) matrix and they include numerous elements that are rarely considered in LCA, like preventive and corrective maintenance, subsystems upgrading or lifetime modulation according to the economic context. At the conclusion of this LCA the main impacting elements of the system life cycle are known and they permit to initiate the second step of the eco-design approach centred on environmental improvement. A multidisciplinary working group perform a creativity session centred on the eco-design strategy wheel (or Brezet wheel), a resource-efficient eco-innovation tool that requires only a basic environmental knowledge. Ideas generated during creativity are then analysed through three successive filters allowing: (1) to pre-select and to refine the best projects; (2) to build a R&D projects portfolio thanks to a multi-criteria approach assessing not only their environmental performance, but also their technical, economic and customers’ value creation performance; (3) to control the portfolio balance according to the company strategy and the projects diversity (short/middle/long term aspect, systemic level…). All this work was applied and validated at Alstom Grid on electrical conversion substations used in the primary aluminium industry. The methodology deployment has allowed initiating a robust eco-design approach recognized by the company and finally generating a portfolio composed of 9 eco-innovative R&D projects that will be started in the coming months
Moalla, Néjib Bouras Abdelaziz Ouzrout Yacine Neubert Gilles. "Amélioration de la qualité des données du produit dans le contexte du cycle de vie d'un vaccin une approche d'interopérabilité dirigée par les modèles /." Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2007/moalla_n.
Повний текст джерелаMartinez, Sylvain. "Evaluation du coût global d'un produit par le couplage de ses performances environnemnetales et économiques." Troyes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TROY0013.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is to analyze the economic aspects of eco-design, so as to develop tools with the purpose of initiating a discussion between the people in charge of eco-design, top management and financial executives, as well as developing a business case for customers. If eco-design can improve the ecological footprint of a product, by acting directly at the design stage, the additional costs are usually the only elements visible at first. Eco-design couples an intelligent and an ecological redesign; it is thus possible that a eco-designed product will yield economic gains at one or all of the life cycle stages of for society as a whole. Conversely if its global cost is higher than the cost of a standard product, one can legitimately want to know what stages of the life cycle are concerned. This thesis proposes a methodology which combines tools which provide answers to these questions, by comparing a standard product with an eco-designed one. The following tools are combined with each other: manufacturing cost calculations, life cycle costing, life cycle analysis, external cost evaluation. The methodology was tested on two Schneider Electric products: an insulating tie rod, and a medium voltage circuit breaker. For each case study, a standard product was compared to an eco-designed one
Jacquemin, Leslie. "Production d'hémicelluloses de pailles et de sons de blé à une échelle pilote. Etude des performances techniques et évaluation environnementale d'un agro-procédé." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0140/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this work was to evaluate the technical and environmental performance of a fractionation and purification process of hemicelluloses from wheat straw and bran. The approach used was first to assess the feasibility of the process on a pilot scale. This implied setting up twin-screw extrusion, concentration steps by ultrafiltration and a purification step by ion exchange chromatography. It was compared to a more traditional process where the extruded extract was treated by evaporation and ethanol precipitation. Study of the chemical composition of extracts and powders produced at each stage of the process, showed that the twin-screw extrusion gave lower yields than other extraction techniques, but had the advantage in terms of scale, continuity of the process and low water consumption. Furthermore, ultrafiltration is an interesting technique because it allows simultaneous purification and concentration of the extracts, and ion exchange chromatography proved to be an attractive solution for the removal of coloured compounds. In a second step, the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was applied to the process. This highlighted the strong environmental impact generated by some unit operations, and resulted in the identification of priorities to improve the process. Thus, the scenario involving a combination of ultrafiltration with ion exchange chromatography appears to be more advantageous than that involving vacuum evaporation combined with ethanol precipitation. The approach used also provides methodological answers for LCA applied to processes: the importance of taking into account different characterization methods, testing the sensitivity of the study to the functional unit, and reconsidering the initial assumptions, has been stressed. Finally, in order to demonstrate its high potential in the field of processes, LCA has been applied to some unit operations. The interest of studying the influence of process operating conditions on environmental impacts has been demonstrated. In addition, the need to develop tools for modelling processes that can be coupled to those of LCA in order to fully integrate environmental criteria into process design, has been highlighted
Vialle, Claire. "Etude du comportement hydraulique, physico-chimique et microbiologique d'un système de récupération d'eaux de toiture. Evaluation de l'empreinte environnementale." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPT0060/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work is to contribute to knowledge on roof runoff reuse. A private house located in rural area with a tiled sloping roof and a research building located in suburban zone with a bituminous flat roof were studied. The collected rainwater is reused for toilet flushing. An analytical monitoring allowed the study of water quality in several points of the systems. Stored rainwater is clearly non drinkable and reveals a very variable microbiological contamination. Pathogenic agents were quantified on several occasions. Distributed water quality cannot thus be guaranteed over the year and a disinfection before distribution is recommended. A hydraulic follow-up made it possible to determine substituted volumes of drinking water by collected rainwater and water saving efficiencies. A model of the hydraulic behaviour of systems was developed then used to discuss dimensioning of the tanks. In the presence of disinfection, the installations are economically not profitable. In the absence of disinfection, the economic assessment is positive but the payback period is longer than the lifespan of the installation. A first life cycle assessment was carried out to compare the two studied scales. In both cases, the more impacting processes are related to electricity consumptions of possible ultra-violet disinfection and the pumps. In the presence of disinfection, the scale of the building presents weaker impacts. A second life cycle assessment was carried out to study the relevance of the substitution of drinking water by rainwater on a private individual scale. It is not convincing of an environmental point of view
Ayagapin, Leslie. "L’Analyse de Cycle de Vie au défi de l’urgence climatique : une analyse multi-échelle de la qualité environnementale des bâtiments en milieu subtropical insulaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LARE0030.
Повний текст джерелаEnvironmental impacts from anthropogenic activities remain significantly present in the atmosphere. A large part of these environmental impacts is attributable to the construction sector. This thesis was developed in the context of the ecological transition at the scale of Reunion Island. The objective of this work is to understand the factors of the environmental quality of buildings in an insular subtropical environment and to propose alternative approaches to these assessments. The environmental performance of buildings can allow a significant reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at both structural and functional scales. In this thesis, a first evaluation of the environmental impacts of the built single-family houses (SFH) allowed us to identify and define the total ratios while considering the representative share of the structural, functional, and end-of-life scales. For this, it was necessary to build a regional database that regionalizes the emission factors (EF) specific to the island. This holistic approach allowed us to highlight the environmental over cost of the island due to its geographical location. Furthermore, we considered another constraint: the impact of the local electricity production mix, which contributes strongly to the operational phase. For this purpose, a prospective approach was carried out through decarbonization scenarios and allowed to determine the decrease of the impact of local electricity generation for the next to 2040, thanks to the integration of new technologies. Finally, the local database having been primarily developed, two approaches, "simplified" and "synthesized," were proposed : the simplified approach was initiated to make LCA affordable to professionals so that they have simplified tools for evaluating their projects. Then, the synthesized approach (ICE) allowed us to simplify the information and propose an impact threshold applicable to the constructions in an insular environment. Finally, given all these works, we bring to the first light the importance of integrating a new paradigm of building sustainability. This definition must incorporate the capacity of the building recycling capacity. But it must be considered a short economic chain of revalorization at the scale of India-Oceania
Méry, Yoann. "Développement d'un outil intégré pour la Modélisation de Procédés et l'Analyse de Cycle de Vie - Ecoconception d'usines de procédés et application à la production d'eau potable." Phd thesis, INSA de Toulouse, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00780607.
Повний текст джерелаCherqui, Frédéric. "Méthodologie d'évaluation d'un projet d'aménagement durable d'un quartier - méthode ADEQUA." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012089.
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