Статті в журналах: "CURRENT MODE BLOCK"

1

Li, Fu Jiang, and Qing Chang. "The Improved AVS Intra Prediction Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 1730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.1730.

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AVS introduces intra-prediction coding technique to improve the intra-coding efficiency. There are 5 candidate modes for luminance intra-prediction and 4 candidate modes for chrominance. The method of intra prediction for the current video coding standard mainly uses the pixels of the left, the top, the upper right neighboring blocks, and doesnt use the pixels of the right and bottom blocks. It is not because there is low correlation between the current block and the right and bottom blocks, but the right and bottom blocks need to refer to the data of current block to decode the display. If the mode of the right block is the vertical mode, it can use the data of right block to predict the current block and a new prediction mode of mean-left-right is presented, and if the mode of the bottom block is the horizontal mode, it can use the data of bottom block to predict the current block and a new prediction mode of mean-top-bottom is presented. The corresponding adjustment is implemented for AVS encoder and decoder. Experimental results show that the PSNR increases about 0.03db and the coding bit rate decreases by about0.73% with small complexity increasing.

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2

Hwang, Y. S., S. H. Tu, W. H. Liu, and J. J. Chen. "New building block: multiplication-mode current conveyor." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds:20080156.

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3

Che, Sheng Bing, and Han Gao. "The Research Based on Fast Motion Estimation of H.264." Advanced Materials Research 562-564 (August 2012): 2153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.562-564.2153.

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A optimization algorithm is put forward based on the brightness and frequency domain characteristics of macro block, including the algorithm of model segmentation and the prediction algorithm of starting motion vectors(MV). The basic idea of the mode segmentation is that to the unit of 16×16 block, discrete wavelet transform to frames, the after low frequency coefficients as the research object, define the coefficients sum ∑. If ∑ is greater or equal to threshold, the corresponding areas will be divided into texture areas, or smooth areas. The current block is compared with the corresponding block in reference frames. If the result is equal, the current block will be marked to background block, or sport block, and the corresponding segmentation mode is selected at the same time. The basic idea of prediction starting motion vectors algorithm is that base on the marked sport blocks, the starting MV of current block is the median value of MV to adjacent sport blocks in initial MV prediction. The experimental results show that the efficiency of algorithm in this paper has been improved.

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4

Wang, Yue Yue, and Yu Bin Cui. "An Adapted Intra and Inter Prediction Algorithm for H.264." Applied Mechanics and Materials 740 (March 2015): 830–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.740.830.

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An adapted prediction algorithm for H.264 is proposed in this paper. For I frames, a new intra algorithm is proposed in which a novel Intra_4×4 mode selection method is designed. Nine Intra_4×4 modes are divided into three classes, the suitable mode class for current 4×4-block is predicted using the mode classes of neighboring left and up blocks. For inter frames, a new inter prediction algorithm is proposed, and two matrixes which are composed of sum of absolute values of the integer transform coefficients in 4×4-residual-block contained in luminance 16×16-block and 8×8-block are defined respectively, the novel MB and sub-MB mode selection criteria which use the derived gradients of the two matrixes are then proposed.

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5

Kircay, Ali, and Selim Borekci. "Electronically-Tunable Current-Mode Biquad Design Using MO-OTAs." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 09 (June 21, 2016): 1650107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616501073.

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In this paper, electronically-tunable, current-mode biquad is proposed by using multiple-output operational transconductance amplifiers (MO-OTAs). The proposed circuit has one input and two outputs. Without changing the circuit topology, low-pass (LP), and band-pass (BP) responses can be realized. The filter is realized by using two MO-OTAs, a single-output OTA (SO-OTA), a two-output OTA and two grounded capacitors. The biquad is designed based on first-order LP filter or lossy integrator blocks. The feedback block is applied to the filter circuit in order to obtain high quality factor values greater than 1/2. The center frequency and the quality factor of the LP and BP filters can be electronically tuned by DC current of OTAs. The total power dissipation of the proposed biquad is approximately 10[Formula: see text]mW at [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]V supplied voltage. The theoretical analysis is also confirmed with SPICE simulations.

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6

Ayten, Umut E., Mehmet Sagbas, and Herman Sedef. "Current mode leapfrog ladder filters using a new active block." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 64, no. 6 (June 2010): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2009.03.012.

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7

Guo, Hongwei, Xiangsuo Fan, and Lei Min. "Euclidean Distance-Based Weighted Prediction for Merge Mode in HEVC." Advances in Multimedia 2019 (September 22, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8202385.

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Merge mode can achieve a considerable coding gain because of reducing the cost of coding motion information in video codecs. However, the simple adoption of the motion information from the neighbouring blocks may not achieve the optimal performance as the motion correlation between the pixels and the neighbouring block decreases with their distance increasing. To address this problem, the paper proposes a Euclidean distance-based weighted prediction algorithm as an additional candidate in the merge mode. First, several predicted blocks are generated by motion compensation prediction (MCP) with the motion information from available neighbouring blocks. Second, an additional predicted block is generated by a weighted average of the predicted blocks above, where the weighted coefficient is related to Euclidean distances from the neighbouring candidate to the pixel points in the current block. Finally, the best merge mode is selected by the rate distortion optimization (RDO) among the original merge candidates and the additional candidate. Experimental results show that, on the joint exploration test model 7.0 (JEM 7.0), the proposed algorithm achieves better coding performance than the original merge mode under all configurations including random access (RA), low delay B (LDB), and low delay P (LDP), with a slight coding complexity increase. Especially for the LDP configuration, the proposed method achieves 1.50% bitrate saving on average.

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8

Kushwaha, Ajay K., Ashok Kumar, and Prakash Pareek. "Current Mode and Voltage Mode Third Order Sinusoidal Oscillator Using CCDDCCTA." Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia 10, no. 4 (August 26, 2020): 486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210681209666190820102339.

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Objective: In this paper, a novel third order sinusoidal oscillator based on current controlled differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifier (CCDDCCTA) is proposed. Methods: The proposed circuit configuration consist of single CCDDCCTA, two grounded resistor and three capacitors. It can concurrently yield output voltage and current. The amplitude of output current can be easily tuned by the bias current. The non-ideality and Monte-Carlo analysis are discussed and presented. Results: The stated results agree well with the theoretical estimation. Conclusion: The performance ofa proposed oscillator are analyzed with ORCAD 16.6 simulator and the analog block has been depicted using 0.25 μm CMOS TSMC technology parameters.

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9

Chen, Chang Nian, and Rui Zhu. "An Improved Direct Current Prediction Method for Intra Coding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.749.

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Direct current mode is one of the primary prediction modes for intra coding. In the coding standard, it has not concerned the spatial correlations between neighboring pixels, which limits its coding performance. To address this problem, an improved prediction method is proposed in this paper. In the prediction scheme, prediction pixel uses its available neighbor samples and its value is set to be the mean of the references. The reference samples are not only from other encoder blocks but also pixels predicted in current block. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method advances in both coding performance and coding efficiency, compared with the existing method.

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10

Pankiewicz, Bogdan. "Programmable Input Mode Instrumentation Amplifier Using Multiple Output Current Conveyors." Metrology and Measurement Systems 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2017-0017.

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Abstract In this paper a programmable input mode instrumentation amplifier (IA) utilising second generation, multiple output current conveyors and transmission gates is presented. Its main advantage is the ability to choose a voltage or current mode of inputs by setting the voltage of two configuration nodes. The presented IA is prepared as an integrated circuit block to be used alone or as a sub-block in a microcontroller or in a field programmable gate array (FPGA), which shall condition analogue signals to be next converted by an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC). IA is designed in AMS 0.35 µm CMOS technology and the power supply is 3.3 V; the power consumption is approximately 9.1 mW. A linear input range in the voltage mode reaches ± 1.68 V or ± 250 µA in current mode. A passband of the IA is above 11 MHz. The amplifier works in class A, so its current supply is almost constant and does not cause noise disturbing nearby working precision analogue circuits.

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11

Roy, Suvajit, Tapas Kumar Paul, Saikat Maiti, and Radha Raman Pal. "Voltage Differencing Current Conveyor Based Voltage-Mode and Current-Mode Universal Biquad Filters with Electronic Tuning Facility." International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/ijeti.2021.6821.

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The objective of this study is to present four new universal biquad filters, two voltage-mode multi-input-single-output (MISO), and two current-mode single-input-multi-output (SIMO). The filters employ one voltage differencing current conveyor (VDCC) as an active element and two capacitors along with two resistors as passive elements. All the five filter responses, i.e., high-pass, low-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass responses, are obtained from the same circuit topology. Moreover, the pole frequency and quality factor are independently tunable. Additionally, they do not require any double/inverted input signals for response realization. Furthermore, they enjoy low active and passive sensitivities. Various regular analyses support the design ideas. The functionality of the presented filters are tested by PSPICE simulations using TSMC 0.18 µm technology parameters with ± 0.9 V supply voltage. The circuits are also justified experimentally by creating the VDCC block using commercially available OPA860 ICs. The experimental and simulation results agree well with the theoretically predicted results.

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12

Shaterian, Mostafa, Christopher M. Twigg, and Javad Azhari. "An MTL-Based Configurable Block for Current-Mode Nonlinear Analog Computation." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 60, no. 9 (September 2013): 587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2013.2268660.

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13

SUMMART, SAKSIT, CHANCHAI THONGSOPA, and WINAI JAIKLA. "DUAL-OUTPUT CURRENT DIFFERENCING TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIERS-BASED CURRENT-MODE SINUSOIDAL QUADRATURE OSCILLATORS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 23, no. 06 (May 14, 2014): 1450084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126614500844.

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This paper presents three current-mode quadrature oscillator (QO) circuits based on dual-output current differencing transconductance amplifier (DO-CDTA) which is designed from block diagram. The proposed circuits consist of two DO-CDTAs and two grounded capacitors. The circuits can provide two sinusoidal output currents with 90° phase difference. The condition of oscillation (CO) can be adjusted independently from the frequency of oscillation (FO) by adjusting the bias currents of the DO-CDTA. The proposed circuits have high output impedance appropriate for cascade connection application in current mode which is capable to directly drive load. The circuits use only grounded capacitors without any external resistor which is very appropriate for further development into an integrated circuit. Moreover, the oscillator circuits can also adjust amplitude of the output signal. The results of PSPICE simulation program are corresponding to the theoretical analysis.

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14

Šotner, Roman, Josef Slezák, Tomáš Dostál, and Jiří Petržela. "Universal Tunable Current-Mode Biquad Employing Distributed Feedback Structure with MO-CCCII." Journal of Electrical Engineering 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10187-010-0007-6.

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Universal Tunable Current-Mode Biquad Employing Distributed Feedback Structure with MO-CCCIIOne possible application of the multiple-output electronically-tunable active building block as a universal filter with distributed feedback structure is presented. The suggested structure is less conventional than the well-known state-variable Kerwin-Huelsman-Newcomb but allows the same filter configurations with the similar properties. The major current-mode design approach disadvantage,ie, the necessity of multiple current outputs, is demonstrated. To date even a rather big line of the commercially available devices do not solve this problem. Some features of the active block used for modelling and transistor-level simulation are briefly discussed. The obvious chance for electronic tuning of the proposed filter is verified.

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15

Cao, Mingyuan, Lihua Tian, and Chen Li. "A Secure Video Steganography Based on the Intra-Prediction Mode (IPM) for H264." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 5242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185242.

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Recently, many video steganography algorithms based on the intra-prediction mode (IPM) have been adaptive steganography algorithms. These algorithms usually focus on the research about mapping rules and distortion functions while ignoring the fact that adaptive steganography may not be suitable for video steganography based on the intra-prediction mode; this is because the adaptive steganography algorithm must first calculate the loss of all cover before the first secret message is embedded. However, the modification of an IPM may change the pixel values of the current block and adjacent blocks, which will lead to the change of the loss of the following blocks. In order to avoid this problem, a new secure video steganography based on a novel embedding strategy is proposed in this paper. Video steganography is combined with video encoding. Firstly, the frame is encoded by an original encoder and all the relevant information is saved. The candidate block is found according to the relevant information and mapping rules. Then every qualified block is analyzed, and a one-bit message is embedded during intra-prediction encoding. At last, if the IPM of this block is changed, the values of the residual are modified in order to keep the optimality of the modified IPM. Experimental results indicate that our algorithm has good security performance and little impact on video quality.

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16

Qiu, Yongxiao, Guanghui Du, and Song Chai. "A Novel Algorithm for Distributed Data Stream Using Big Data Classification Model." International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering 15, no. 4 (October 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitwe.2020100101.

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In order to solve the problem of real-time detection of power grid equipment anomalies, this paper proposes a data flow classification model based on distributed processing. In order to realize distributed processing of power grid data flow, a local node mining method and a global mining mode based on uneven data flow classification are designed. A data stream classification model based on distributed processing is constructed, then the corresponding data sequence is selected and formatted abstractly, and the local node mining method and global mining mode under this model are designed. In the local node miner, the block-to-block mining strategy is implemented by acquiring the current data blocks. At the same time, the expression and real-time maintenance of local mining patterns are completed by combining the clustering algorithm, thus improving the transmission rate of information between each node and ensuring the timeliness of the overall classification algorithm.

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17

Serrano-Gotarredona, T., and B. Linares-Barranco. "Current-mode fully-programmable piece-wise-linear block for neuro-fuzzy applications." Electronics Letters 38, no. 20 (2002): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20020831.

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18

Nikseresht, Sasan, and Seyed Javad Azhari. "A new current-mode computational analog block free from the body-effect." Integration 65 (March 2019): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vlsi.2018.10.008.

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19

Siriphuchyanun, Montree, Phamorn Silapan, and Winai Jaikla. "Low-offset BiCMOS Current Controlled Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier (CC-CDBA) and Applications." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 6, no. 1 (August 1, 2007): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.200861.171766.

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This article presents the design for a basic current mode building block for analog signal processing, called Current Controlled Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier (CC-CDBA). Its parasitic resistances at two current input ports can be controlled by an input bias current. The output current and voltage offset are quite low. The proposed element was realized in a BiCMOS technology and the voltage follower in the element is modified to achieve high performance properties. Its performances are examined through PSPICE simulations. In addition,examples as a current-mode multiplier/divider and current amplifier are included, compared to the conventional CC-CDBA implementation. They disclose performances of the proposed CC-CDBA superior to previous CC-CDBA.

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20

Pandey, Neeta, and Sajal K. Paul. "Differential Difference Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier: A New Analog Building Block for Signal Processing." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/361384.

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A new active building block for analog signal processing, namely, differential difference current conveyor transconductance amplifier (DDCCTA), is presented, and performance is checked through PSPICE simulations which show the usability of the proposed element is up to 201 MHz. The proposed block is implemented using 0.25 μm TSMC CMOS technology. Some of the applications are presented using the proposed DDCCTA, namely, a voltage mode multifunction filter, a current mode universal filter, an oscillator, current and voltage amplifiers, and grounded inductor simulator. The feasibility of DDCCTA and its applications is confirmed via PSPICE simulations.

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21

Azarov, Olexiy, Yevhenii Heneralnytskyi, and Nataliia Rybko. "MULTI-CHANNEL DIGITAL-ANALOG SYSTEM BASED ON CURRENT-CURRENT CONVERTERS." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 10, no. 4 (December 19, 2020): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.2082.

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An approach to building a multi-channel digital-analog system is proposed, in which, unlike the known ones, a code-current converter, a controlled current generator, and also a current communication block are used. For a given accuracy, this saves on the analog system equipment. It has been shown that the proposed principle of building a controlled current source in the form of a highly linear push-pull amplifier – current scalar on bipolar transistors with a grounded load – has a high output resistance and wide bandwidth, which allows the use of current switching to implement the multi-channel system mode.

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22

Tomilov, V. S. "The effect of a ballast resistor block on the efficiency of an electric circuit of the ac electric locomotive." Herald of the Ural State University of Railway Transport, no. 3 (2022): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/2079-0392-2022-3-138-144.

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In order to reduce electricity consumption when handling heavy freight trains, it is necessary to increase the performance characteristics of a regenerative braking mode of electric locomotives, the energy performance characteristics of which are currently unsatisfactory. In this article, the effect of the ballast resistor block on the efficiency indicator of the electric circuit of an alternating current electric locomotive is considered. The ballast resistor block is designed to ensure the static stability of the regenerative braking mode when organizing the inversion process of a thyristor rectifier-inverter converter with a constant margin angle δ = const. However, the use of ballast resistors in the anchor chain of traction electric engines negatively affects the energy performance characteristics of the electric locomotive in the regenerative braking mode. In order to eliminate this drawback, a method is proposed to ensure the stable operation of the regenerative braking mode without the block of ballast resistors of the alternating current electric locomotive with a rectifier-inverter converter based on IGBT transistors. The calculation of the efficiency performance characteristics of the electric circuit of an alternating current electric locomotive for the regenerative braking mode is presented both in the presence of the ballast resistor block in the power circuit and in the absence of it.

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23

Sinurat, Santana, and Maranatha Pasaribu. "Text Encoding Using Cipher Block Chaining Algorithm." Jurnal Info Sains : Informatika dan Sains 11, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54209/infosains.v11i2.42.

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. Data confidentiality and security are critical in data communication, both for the purpose of shared security, and for individual privacy. Computer users who want their data unknown to unauthorized parties are always trying to work out how to secure the information that will be communicated or that will be stored. Protection against data confidentiality is increasing, one way is by applying cryptographic science. Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), this mode is a feedback mechanism on a block, and in this case the result of the previous block encryption is feedback into the current block encryption. The trick is to block the current plaintext in XOR first with the ciphertext block of the previous encryption result, then the result of this XOR-ing goes into the encryption function. With CBC mode, each ciphertext block is calculated not only on its plaintext block but also on the entire previous plaintext block. The author tries to co-create a text encoding to secure the data with the Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) cryptographic method.

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24

Horrigan, F. T., and W. F. Gilly. "Methadone block of K+ current in squid giant fiber lobe neurons." Journal of General Physiology 107, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.107.2.243.

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Voltage-dependent ionic currents were recorded from squid giant fiber lobe neurons using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. When applied to the bathing solution, methadone was found to block IK, I Na and I Ca. Both I Na and I Ca were reduced without apparent change in kinetics and exhibited IC(50)'s of 50-100 and 250-500 mu M, respectively, at +10 mV. In contrast, IK was reduced in a time-dependent manner that is well fit by a simple model of open channel block (K(D)= 32+/- or 2 mu M, +60 mV, 10 degrees Celsius). The mechanism of I(K) block was examined in detail and involves a direct action of methadone, a tertiary amine, on K channels rather than an opioid receptor-mediated pathway. The kinetics of I(K) block resemble those reported for internally applied long chain quaternary ammonium (QA) compounds; and recovery from I(K) block is QA-like in its slow time course and strong dependence on holding potential. A quaternary derivative of methadone (N-methyl-methadone) only reproduced the effects of methadone on I(K) when included in the pipette solution; this compound was without effect when applied externally. I(K) block thus appears to involve diffusion of methadone into the cytoplasm and occlusion of the open K channel at the internal QA blocking site by the protonated form of the drug. This proposed mode of action is supported by the pH and voltage dependence of block as well as by the observation that high external K+ speeds the rate of drug dissociation. In addition, the effect of methadone on I(K) evoked during prolonged (300 ms) depolarizations suggests that methadone block may interfere with endogenous K+ channel inactivation. The effects of temperature, methadone stereoisomers, and the methadone-like drugs propoxyphene and nor-propoxyphene on IK block were examined. Methadone was also found to block I(K) in GH3 cells and in chick myoblasts.

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25

Singh, S. V., R. S. Tomar, and D. S. Chauhan. "Single CFTA Based Current-Mode Universal Biquad Filter." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 13, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol13iss2pp172-186.

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This paper introduces a new current-mode (CM) universal biquad filter structure with optimum number of active and passive elements. In the design, the proposed circuit uses a single active element namely, current follower trans-conductance amplifier (CFTA) and two grounded capacitors as passive elements. The main feature of the proposed circuit is that it can realize all five standard filtering functions such as low pass (LP), band pass (BP), high pass (HP), band stop (BS) and all pass (AP) responses across an explicit high impedance output terminal through the appropriate selection of three inputs. In addition, the same circuit is also capable to simultaneously realize three filtering functions (LP, BP and HP) by the use of single current input signal. Moreover, the proposed structure is suited for low voltage, low power operations and offers the feature of electronic tunability of pole-frequency and quality factor. Further to extend the utility of the proposed circuit block higher order current-mode filters are also realized through direct cascading. A detailed non-ideal and parasitic study is also included. The performance of the circuits has been examined using standard 0.25 μ m CMOS parameters from TSMC.

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26

Pandey, Neeta, and Sajal K. Paul. "VM and CM Universal Filters Based on Single DVCCTA." Active and Passive Electronic Components 2011 (2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/929507.

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A universal voltage-mode filter (VM) and a current-mode filter (CM) based on recently proposed active building block, namely, differential voltage current conveyor transconductance amplifier (DVCCTA) are proposed. Both the circuits use a single DVCCTA, two capacitors, and a single resistor. The filters enjoy low-sensitivity performance and low component spread and exhibit electronic tunability of filter parameters via bias currents of DVCCTA. SPICE simulation using 0.25 μm TSMC CMOS technology parameters is included to show the workability of the proposed circuits.

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27

Chenchireddy, Kalagotla, and Varghese Jegathesan. "Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter-based DSTATCOM with an artificial neural fuzzy inference systembased controller." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 32, no. 1 (October 1, 2023): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v32.i1.pp43-51.

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In this paper, a voltage source inverter is utilized as a distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM). The DSTATCOM is used for the elimination of harmonics caused by the nonlinear load. The reference currents of DSTATCOM were estimated with a synchronous reference frame (SRF). Conventionally, the SRF uses voltage, load current and filter current to compute the reference current to track desired source current for DSTATCOM. The sliding mode controller and feedback linearization are used to design the current controller. The feedback linearization technique and sliding mode control are used to cancel nonlinearities and offer invariant stability due to modeling uncertainties due to the DSTATCOM parameter and external load disturbance. The sliding mode controller requires a rigorous mathematical model of the system. To overcome this, an artificial neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is devised for the control of DSTATCOM. The training data of the ANFIS controller is generated from the sliding mode controller algorithm. The overall system of DSTATCOM including the ANFIS algorithm is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink SimPower block sets. The simulated response of DSTATCOM was found to be improved and better than the sliding mode controller scheme.

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28

Maryan, Mohammad Moradinezhad, and Seyed Javad Azhari. "A MOS translinear cell-based configurable block for current-mode analog signal processing." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 92, no. 1 (April 6, 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-017-0959-6.

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29

Chen, Gengxin, Weiqing Han, Xiaolin Zhang, Linlin Liang, Huijie Xue, Ke Huang, Yunkai He, Jian Li, and Dongxiao Wang. "Determination of Spatiotemporal Variability of the Indian Equatorial Intermediate Current." Journal of Physical Oceanography 50, no. 11 (November 2020): 3095–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-20-0042.1.

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AbstractUsing 4-yr mooring observations and ocean circulation model experiments, this study characterizes the spatial and temporal variability of the Equatorial Intermediate Current (EIC; 200–1200 m) in the Indian Ocean and investigates the causes. The EIC is dominated by seasonal and intraseasonal variability, with interannual variability being weak. The seasonal component dominates the midbasin with a predominant semiannual period of ~166 days but weakens toward east and west where the EIC generally exhibits large intraseasonal variations. The resonant second and fourth baroclinic modes at the semiannual period make the largest contribution to the EIC, determining the overall EIC structures. The higher baroclinic modes, however, modify the EIC’s vertical structures, forming multiple cores during some time periods. The EIC intensity has an abrupt change near 73°E, which is strong to the east and weak to the west. Model simulation suggests that the abrupt change is caused primarily by the Maldives, which block the propagation of equatorial waves. The Maldives impede the equatorial Rossby waves, reducing the EIC’s standard deviation associated with reflected Rossby waves by ~48% and directly forced waves by 20%. Mode decomposition further demonstrates that the semiannual resonance amplitude of the second baroclinic mode reduces by 39% because of the Maldives. However, resonance amplitude of the four baroclinic mode is less affected, because the Maldives fall in the node region of mode 4’s resonance. The research reveals the spatiotemporal variability of the poorly understood EIC, contributing to our understanding of equatorial wave–current dynamics.

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Prakriya, Murali, and Richard S. Lewis. "Regulation of CRAC Channel Activity by Recruitment of Silent Channels to a High Open-probability Gating Mode." Journal of General Physiology 128, no. 3 (August 28, 2006): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200609588.

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CRAC (calcium release-activated Ca2+) channels attain an extremely high selectivity for Ca2+ from the blockade of monovalent cation permeation by Ca2+ within the pore. In this study we have exploited the blockade by Ca2+ to examine the size of the CRAC channel pore, its unitary conductance for monovalent cations, and channel gating properties. The permeation of a series of methylammonium compounds under divalent cation-free conditions indicates a minimum pore diameter of 3.9 Å. Extracellular Ca2+ blocks monovalent flux in a manner consistent with a single intrapore site having an effective Ki of 20 μM at −110 mV. Block increases with hyperpolarization, but declines below −100 mV, most likely due to permeation of Ca2+. Analysis of monovalent current noise induced by increasing levels of block by extracellular Ca2+ indicates an open probability (Po) of ∼0.8. By extrapolating the variance/mean current ratio to the condition of full blockade (Po = 0), we estimate a unitary conductance of ∼0.7 pS for Na+, or three to fourfold higher than previous estimates. Removal of extracellular Ca2+ causes the monovalent current to decline over tens of seconds, a process termed depotentiation. The declining current appears to result from a reduction in the number of active channels without a change in their high open probability. Similarly, low concentrations of 2-APB that enhance ICRAC increase the number of active channels while open probability remains constant. We conclude that the slow regulation of whole-cell CRAC current by store depletion, extracellular Ca2+, and 2-APB involves the stepwise recruitment of silent channels to a high open-probability gating mode.

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Faseehuddin, Mohammad, Norbert Herencsar, Musa Ali Albrni, and Jahariah Sampe. "Electronically Tunable Mixed-Mode Universal Filter Employing a Single Active Block and a Minimum Number of Passive Components." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010055.

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A recently developed active building block, namely Voltage Differencing Extra X Current Conveyor (VD-EXCCII), is employed in the design of multi input single output (MISO), electronically tunable mixed-mode universal filter. The filter provides low pass (LP), high pass (HP), band pass (BP), band reject (BR) and all pass (AP) responses in current-mode (CM), voltage-mode (VM), trans-impedance-mode (TIM) and trans-admittance-mode (TAM). The filter employs a single VD-EXCCII, three resistors and two capacitors. Additionally, a CM single input multi output (SIMO) filter can be derived from the same circuit topology by only adding current output terminals. The attractive features of the filter include: (i) the ability to operate in all four modes, (ii) the tunability of the Q factor independent of pole frequency, (iii) the low output impedance for the VM filter, (iv) the high output impedance current output for CM and TAM filters and (v) no requirement for double/negative input signals (voltage/current) for response realization. The VD-EXCCII and its layout is designed and validated in Cadence Virtuoso using 0.18 µm pdk from Silterra Malaysia with a supply voltage of ±1.25 V. The operation of the filter is examined at the 8.0844 MHz characteristic frequency. A non-ideal parasitic and sensitivity analysis is also carried out to study the effect of process and components spread on the filter performance.

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MONIRI, MANSOUR, and BASHIR AL-HASHIMI. "Systematic generation of current mode dual-output OTA filters using a building block approach." International Journal of Electronics 83, no. 1 (July 1997): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002072197135625.

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Yang, Ming Hui, and Xiao Dong Xie. "An Efficient Hardware-Oriented Algorithm of Spatial Motion Vector Prediction for AVS HD Video Encoder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 4365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.4365.

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Motion Vector Prediction (MVP) plays an important role in improving coding efficiency in HEVC, H.264/AVC and AVS video coding standard. MVP is implemented by exploiting redundancy of adjacent-block optimal coding information under the constraint that MVP must be performed in a serial way. The constraint prevents parallel processing and MB pipeline based on LevelC+. In multi-stage pipeline, to some extent, adjacent-block best mode-decision information can hardly be obtained. In this paper, we propose a new hardware-oriented method to improve the coding performance at a cost of few hardware resources. When adjacent block is not available, spatial motion vector prediction (SMVP) for integer motion estimation (IME) and fraction motion estimation (FME) will take the IME best mode information and FME best mode information of left block as best information to derive PMV (Predicted Motion Vector) for current macro-block or block. Experimental results shows that the method we propose can achieve a better performance than the existing methods by 0.1db for the cases with intense movement and a non-degrading performance for flat cases.

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Liu, Meifeng, Guoyun Zhong, Yueshun He, Kai Zhong, Hongmao Chen, and Mingliang Gao. "Fast HEVC Inter-Prediction Algorithm Based on Matching Block Features." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 9, no. 1 (January 2018): 40–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmcmc.2018010103.

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A fast inter-prediction algorithm based on matching block features is proposed in this article. The position of the matching block of the current CU in the previous frame is found by the motion vector estimated by the corresponding located CU in the previous frame. Then, a weighted motion vector computation method is presented to compute the motion vector of the matching block of the current CU according to the motions of the PUs the matching block covers. A binary decision tree is built to decide the CU depths and PU mode for the current CU. Four training features are drawn from the characteristics of the CUs and PUs the matching block covers. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves average 1.1% BD-rate saving, 14.5% coding time saving and 0.01-0.03 dB improvement in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), compared to the present fast inter-prediction algorithm in HEVC.

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Ma, Zixin, and Ziwei Xia. "Exploration of University Library Management Mode from the Perspective of Blockchain Technology." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 3, no. 2 (March 17, 2022): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v3i2.262.

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The rapid development of the Internet technology has boosted the exponential growth of the library collection resources and the reader data of the university libraries, and the university libraries are facing a new development situation. This paper analyzes the current situation of university library in book circulation service, resource construction and data storage information security; then expounds the concept and characteristics of block chain technology, and further explores the innovative application of university library management mode under the perspective of block chain technology, in order to provide new thinking for the intelligent development of university library.

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van der Borden, Arnout J., Hester van der Werf, Henny C. van der Mei, and Henk J. Busscher. "Electric Current-Induced Detachment of Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms from Surgical Stainless Steel." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (November 2004): 6871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6871-6874.2004.

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ABSTRACT Biomaterial-centered infections of orthopedic percutaneous implants are serious complications which can ultimately lead to osteomyelitis, with devastating effects on bone and surrounding tissues, especially since the biofilm mode of growth offers protection against antibiotics and since removal frequently is the only ultimate solution. Recently, it was demonstrated that as a possible pathway to prevent infections of percutaneous stainless steel implants, electric currents of 60 to 100 μA were effective at stimulating the detachment of initially adhering staphylococci from surgical stainless steel. However, initially adhering bacteria are known to adhere more reversibly than bacteria growing in the later stages of biofilm formation. Hence, the aim of this study was to examine whether a growing Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm can be stimulated to detach from surgical stainless steel by the use of electric currents. In separate experiments, four currents, i.e., 60 and 100 μA of direct current (DC) and 60 and 100 μA of block current (50% duty cycle, 1 Hz), were applied for 360 min to stimulate the detachment of an S. epidermidis biofilm that had grown for 200 min. A 100-μA DC yielded 78% detachment, whereas a 100-μA block current under the same experimental conditions yielded only 31% detachment. The same trend was found for 60 μA, with 37% detachment for a DC and 24% for a block current. Bacteria remaining on the surface after the current application were less viable than they were prior to the current application, as demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In conclusion, these results suggest that DCs are preferred for curing infections.

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Guan, L., Y. Ding, J. Ge, H. Yang, X. Feng, and P. Chen. "THE RESEARCH AND EVALUATION OF ROAD ENVIRONMENT IN THE BLOCK OF CITY BASED ON 3-D STREETSCAPE DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-417-2018.

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This paper focus on the problem of the street environment of block unit, based on making clear the acquisition mode and characteristics of 3D streetscape data，the paper designs the assessment model of regional block unit based on 3D streetscape data. The 3D streetscape data with the aid of oblique photogrammetry surveying and mobile equipment，will greatly improve the efficiency and accuracy of urban regional assessment, and expand the assessment scope. Based on the latest urban regional assessment model, with the street environment assessment model of the current situation, this paper analyzes the street form and street environment assessment of current situation in the typical area of Beijing. Through the street environment assessment of block unit, we found that in the megacity street environment assessment model of block unit based on 3D streetscape data has greatly help to improve the assessment efficiency and accuracy. At the same time, motor vehicle lane, green shade deficiency, bad railings and street lost situation is still very serious in Beijing, the street environment improvement of the block unit is still a heavy task. The research results will provide data support for urban fine management and urban design, and provide a solid foundation for the improvement of city image.

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Pandey, Rajeshwari, Neeta Pandey, Sajal K. Paul, Kashish Anand, and Kranti Ghosh Gautam. "Voltage Mode Astable Multivibrator Using Single CDBA." ISRN Electronics 2013 (April 7, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/390160.

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This paper aims at presenting three voltage mode square wave generator circuits using single current differencing buffered amplifier (CDBA), a recently proposed mixed mode building block. The first proposed circuit produces a variable frequency output having fixed duty cycle, whereas the rest of the circuits have variable duty cycle. One of the circuits uses passive element adjustment to control the duty cycle, whereas electronic control is used in the other circuit. The workability of the proposed circuits is confirmed through SPICE simulations and experimental work.

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39

Mandelbaum, Yaakov, Ilan Gadasi, Avraham Chelly, Zeev Zalevsky, and Avi Karsenty. "Small Signals’ Study of Thermal Induced Current in Nanoscale SOI Sensor." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1961734.

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A new nanoscale SOI dual-mode modulator is investigated as a function of optical and thermal activation modes. In order to accurately characterize the device specifications towards its future integration in microelectronics circuitry, current time variations are studied and compared for “large signal” constant temperature changes, as well as for “small signal” fluctuating temperature sources. An equivalent circuit model is presented to define the parameters which are assessed by numerical simulation. Assuring that the thermal response is fast enough, the device can be operated as a modulator via thermal stimulation or, on the other hand, can be used as thermal sensor/imager. We present here the design, simulation, and model of the next generation which seems capable of speeding up the processing capabilities. This novel device can serve as a building block towards the development of optical/thermal data processing while breaking through the way to all optic processors based on silicon chips that are fabricated via typical microelectronics fabrication process.

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40

Aleksandrov, Eugene, Tetiana Aleksandrova, Iryna Kostianyk, and Yaroslav Morgun. "SIMULATION OF RANDOM EXTERNAL DISTURBANCE ACTING ON THE CAR BODY IN THE URGENT BRAKING MODE." Advanced Information Systems 7, no. 1 (March 13, 2023): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2023.1.02.

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Topicality. When creating ESP (Electronic Stability Program) car stability systems, the main task is to determine the values of the varied parameters of the EBD (Electronic Brake Distribution) electronic block, which ensure the required accuracy of stabilization of the car body in urgent braking mode relative to the given direction of movement. The purpose of the article. To solve the problem of parametric synthesis of the EBD block, it is necessary to create a simulation model of external disturbances acting on the car body from the side of the road surface. Well-known simulation models are created for car movement modes on a random surface with a constant speed. At the same time, random external disturbances are stationary in nature. The urgent braking mode is characterized by an intense decrease in the current speed of the car. Results. The paper proposes a method of constructing a random function of an external disturbance acting on the car body in urgent braking mode. It is proved that this perturbation is non-stationary in nature; the forming dynamic link, the input of which is supplied with single "white noise", and the output of which is an external disturbance, is an oscillating dynamic link, the gain and time constants of which depend on the current value of the car's speed during urgent braking.

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41

Cam Taskiran, Zehra Gulru, Herman Sedef, and Fuat Anday. "Voltage Differencing Gain Amplifier-Based nth-Order Low-Pass Voltage-Mode Filter." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 06 (February 22, 2018): 1850089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618500895.

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In this paper, a new active-C filter realizing the general [Formula: see text]th-order low-pass voltage transfer functions using [Formula: see text] voltage differencing gain amplifiers (VDGAs) is presented. In this realization minimum number of equal-valued grounded capacitors and [Formula: see text] active elements are used. Due to the adjustability of the transconductance of the VDGA with current, different gains can be realized using the same building block and a simple filter structure can be created. The filter which is composed of VDGA building blocks is suitable for integration and advantageous in terms of eliminating parasitic effects because all capacitors are grounded and the filter structure has no resistors. All simulations are performed on SPICE and the accuracy of this method is validated experimentally with commercially available products upon on-board circuit.

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42

Vera Casañas, César William, Thainann Henrique Pereira de Castro, Gabriel Antonio Fanelli de Souza, Robson Luiz Moreno, and Dalton Martini Colombo. "Review of CMOS Currente References." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 17, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v17i1.592.

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A current reference is able to provide a precise and accurate current for other circuits inside a chip. This type of electronic circuit is employed as a building block in numerous analog and mixed-signal circuits. Moreover, it is a fundamental component of current-mode circuits. This work discusses the basic and essential concepts of designing CMOS integrated current references. A review of conventional topologies is presented, including current mirrors and current references. Temperature dependence is discussed, along with PTAT and CTAT topologies, and some low-power/low-voltage implementations are also presented.

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43

Shahzad, Ebrahim, Adnan Umar Khan, Muhammad Iqbal, Ahmad Saeed, Ghulam Hafeez, Athar Waseem, Fahad R. Albogamy, and Zahid Ullah. "Sensor Fault-Tolerant Control of Microgrid Using Robust Sliding-Mode Observer." Sensors 22, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 2524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072524.

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This work investigates sensor fault diagnostics and fault-tolerant control for a voltage source converter based microgrid (model) using a sliding-mode observer. It aims to provide a diagnosis of multiple faults (i.e., magnitude, phase, and harmonics) occurring simultaneously or individually in current/potential transformers. A modified algorithm based on convex optimization is used to determine the gains of the sliding-mode observer, which utilizes the feasibility optimization or trace minimization of a Ricatti equation-based modification of H-Infinity (H∞) constrained linear matrix inequalities. The fault and disturbance estimation method is modified and improved with some corrections in previous works. The stability and finite-time reachability of the observers are also presented for the considered faulty and perturbed microgrid system. A proportional-integral (PI) based control is utilized for the conventional regulations required for frequency and voltage sags occurring in a microgrid. However, the same control block features fault-tolerant control (FTC) functionality. It is attained by incorporating a sliding-mode observer to reconstruct the faults of sensors (transformers), which are fed to the control block after correction. Simulation-based analysis is performed by presenting the results of state/output estimation, state/output estimation errors, fault reconstruction, estimated disturbances, and fault-tolerant control performance. Simulations are performed for sinusoidal, constant, linearly increasing, intermittent, sawtooth, and random sort of often occurring sensor faults. However, this paper includes results for the sinusoidal nature voltage/current sensor (transformer) fault and a linearly increasing type of fault, whereas the remaining results are part of the supplementary data file. The comparison analysis is performed in terms of observer gains being estimated by previously used techniques as compared to the proposed modified approach. It also includes the comparison of the voltage-frequency control implemented with and without the incorporation of the used observer based fault estimation and corrections, in the control block. The faults here are considered for voltage/current sensor transformers, but the approach works for a wide range of sensors.

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Roy, Suvajit, Tapas Kumar Paul, and Radha Raman Pal. "Simple Current-Mode Squaring and Square-Rooting Circuits: Applications of MO-CCCCTA." Trends in Sciences 18, no. 23 (November 15, 2021): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2021.721.

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This work provides new designs of simple current-mode squaring and square-rooting circuits using multiple-output current controlled current conveyor transconductance amplifier (MO-CCCCTA) as an active building block. Since the proposed circuits need no other external components, they are capable of high-frequency operation and well fitted for IC fabrication. Furthermore, they are insensitive to ambient temperature and their gains can be controlled easily by adjusting the bias currents of MO-CCCCTA. Additionally, the effects of MO-CCCCTA non-idealities on the designed circuits have also been investigated and discussed. Simulation results generated through PSPICE software using TSMC 0.18 µm CMOS process parameters have been presented to justify the theoretical analysis. The static power consumption, bandwidth, and maximum linearity error in dc transfer characteristic measurement for the square-rooting circuit are found to be 0.17 mW, 445.63 MHz and 1.12 %, while for the squaring circuit they are 0.326 mW, 61.15 MHz and 2.38 %, respectively. The application of the reported circuits as a 2-input vector summation circuit has also been included to strengthen the design ideas. HIGHLIGHTS Simple structures of fully integrable current-mode squarers and square-rooters with low component count and lower power dissipation The circuits are insensitive to temperature drift and their gains can be controlled easily by adjusting the bias currents of MO-CCCCTA Bandwidth, static power dissipation, linearity error of square-rooter are 445.63 MHz, 0.17 mW & ≤ 1.12 %; and for the squarer 61.15 MHz, 0.326 mW & 2.38 %, respectively GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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45

Scarsella, Massimo, Gianluca Barile, Vincenzo Stornelli, Leila Safari, and Giuseppe Ferri. "A Survey on Current-Mode Interfaces for Bio Signals and Sensors." Sensors 23, no. 6 (March 16, 2023): 3194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063194.

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In this study, a review of second-generation voltage conveyor (VCII) and current conveyor (CCII) circuits for the conditioning of bio signals and sensors is presented. The CCII is the most known current-mode active block, able to overcome some of the limitations of the classical operational amplifier, which provides an output current instead of a voltage. The VCII is nothing more than the dual of the CCII, and for this reason it enjoys almost all the properties of the CCII but also provides an easy-to-read voltage as an output signal. A broad set of solutions for relevant sensors and biosensors employed in biomedical applications is considered. This ranges from the widespread resistive and capacitive electrochemical biosensors now used in glucose and cholesterol meters and in oximetry to more specific sensors such as ISFETs, SiPMs, and ultrasonic sensors, which are finding increasing applications. This paper also discusses the main benefits of this current-mode approach over the classical voltage-mode approach in the realization of readout circuits that can be used as electronic interfaces for different types of biosensors, including higher circuit simplicity, better low-noise and/or high-speed performance, and lower signal distortion and power consumption.

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46

Maryan, Mohammad Moradinezhad, and Seyed Javad Azhari. "Ultra low-power low-voltage FGMOS based-configurable analog block for current-mode fractional-power functions." Microelectronics Journal 64 (June 2017): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2017.05.001.

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47

Oliveira, Fernanda D. V. R., Hugo L. Haas, José Gabriel R. C. Gomes, and Antonio Petraglia. "CMOS Image Sensor Featuring Current-Mode Focal-Plane Image Compression." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 8, no. 1 (December 27, 2013): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v8i1.369.

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The interest in focal-plane processing techniques, by which image processing is carried out at the pixel level, has increased since the advent of active pixel sensors in the middle 90’s. By sharing processing circuitry by a group of neighboring pixels such techniques enable high-speed imaging operation and massive parallel computation. Focal-plane image compression is particularly interesting, because it allows for further reduction in data rates. The proposed approach also benefits from processing currents rather than voltages, which not only suits current-mode APS imagers, but also enables the circuits to operate at low voltage supply levels and achieve high speed. Moreover, arithmetic computations such as additions and scaling are easily implemented in current mode. Whereas current-mode imaging architectures produce higher fixed pattern noise (FPN) figures than their voltage-mode counterparts, low FPN can be achieved by applying correlated double sampling (CDS) and gain correction techniques. This work presents a 32 × 32 gray-level imaging integrated circuit featuring focal plane image compression, such that for each 4 × 4 pixel block, analog circuits implement differential pulse-code modulation, linear transform, and vector quantization. Other processing functions implemented in the chip are CDS and A/D conversion. Theoretical details are described, as well as the test setup of the chip fabricated in a 0.35 μm CMOS process. To validate the proposed technique, experimental results and captured photographs are shown. The CMOS imager compresses captured images at 0.94 bits/pixel for an overall power consumption below 40 mW (white image), which is equivalent to approximately 36 μW per pixel. Using photographs taken from bar-target pattern inputs, it is shown that details up to 2 cycles/c mare preserved in the decoded images.

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48

Cummins, T. R., D. F. Donnelly, and G. G. Haddad. "Effect of metabolic inhibition on the excitability of isolated hippocampal CA1 neurons: developmental aspects." Journal of Neurophysiology 66, no. 5 (November 1, 1991): 1471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1991.66.5.1471.

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1. The effects of brief exposures to hypoxia on the membrane currents of isolated hippocampal CA1 neurons were studied with the use of the whole-cell variation of the patch-clamp technique. Neurons were acutely dissociated from immature (day 2–7) and mature (day 21–43) rats. 2. In the current-clamp mode, Na-cyanide (CN) hyperpolarized both mature and immature neurons. In the voltage-clamp mode, CN decreased the magnitude of the hyperpolarizing holding current in both age groups. 3. CN did not have a consistent effect on the voltage-dependent calcium and potassium currents of immature and mature CA1 neurons but decreased the voltage-dependent inward current of neurons at both ages. This effect was age dependent: the inward current of immature neurons decreased by only 10%, but that of mature neurons decreased by approximately 40%. 4. The decrease in the magnitude of the hyperpolarizing holding current and the depression of the voltage-dependent inward current of mature neurons were observed during brief exposure to N2 (PO2 = 0), indicating that the electroresponses observed with CN were the result of blocking oxidative respiration. 5. The hypoxia-sensitive inward current was blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) but was not blocked by cadmium or cesium + tetraethylammonium (TEA). Therefore this current was identified as the voltage-dependent, fast-inactivating sodium current (INa). 6. The isolated sodium current was studied with the use of cadmium to block calcium and TEA + cesium to block potassium currents. In mature neurons, CN left-shifted the steady-state inactivation curve for INa and slowed the deactivation kinetics of INa. CN caused little or no change in INa activation, fast inactivation, recovery from inactivation, or current-voltage (I-V) relationship. 7. We conclude that brief exposures to CN and hypoxia alter the intrinsic excitability of CA1 neurons by at least two mechanisms: 1) alterations in leakage currents and 2) alterations in the fast Na+ conductance that are maturationally dependent. We propose that the alterations in the Na+ conductance may play an adaptive role by reducing O2 demands and thus possibly delaying neuronal injury.

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Moradi, Mona. "Two state-of-the-arts current-mode ternary full adders based on CNTFET Technology." International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v9.i1.pp19-27.

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Adder core respecting to its various applications in VLSI circuits and systems is considered as the most critical building block in microprocessors, digital signal processors and arithmetic operations. Novel designs of a low power and complexity Current Mode 1-bit Full Adder cell based on CNTFET technology has been presented in this paper. Three major parts construct their structures; 1) the first part that converts current to voltage; 2) threshold detectors (TD); and 3) parallel paths to convey the output currents flow. Adjusting threshold voltages which are significant factor for setting threshold detectors switching point has been achieved by means of CNTFET technology. It would bring significant improvements in adjusting threshold voltages, regarding to its unique characterizations. Simple design, less transistor counts and static power dissipation and better performance comparing previous designs could be considered as some advantages of the novel designs.

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50

Najah, Maulidyah Lailatun, and Kiswara Agung Santoso. "KOMBINASI CAESAR CIPHER DAN REVERSE CIPHER BERDASARKAN CIPHER BLOCK CHAINING." Majalah Ilmiah Matematika dan Statistika 21, no. 2 (September 25, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/mims.v21i2.26978.

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Communication in the current era of globalization is very developed. Many applications that can be used to facilitate communication. However, because of this convenience, the security of the information contained in it will be more easily hacked by irresponsible people. Cryptography is the science or art for security message. In cryptography there are two important processes, namely encryption and decryption. The sender's job is to encrypt the message and the receiver's job is to decrypt the message. The key used for this cryptographic process is the Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) operation mode. CBC mode is a very simple operation mode, so additional techniques are needed to make it more secure. The plaintext will be replaced with new plaintext resulting from a combination of Caesar Cipher and Reverse Cipher techniques. The results obtained indicate that the application of plaintext modifications to CBC can improve message security because the keys used are increasingly complex.

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