Статті в журналах: "Current load"

1

Ullah, Ibrar, Irshad Hussain, Khalid Rehman, Piotr Wróblewski, Wojciech Lewicki, and Balasubramanian Prabhu Kavin. "Exploiting the Moth–Flame Optimization Algorithm for Optimal Load Management of the University Campus: A Viable Approach in the Academia Sector." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 3741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103741.

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Unbalanced load condition is one of the major issues of all commercial, industrial and residential sectors. Unbalanced load means that, when different loads are distributed on a three-phase four-wire system, unequal currents pass through the three phases. Due to it, a heavy current flows in the neutral wire, which not only adds the losses, but also puts constraints on three phases’ loads. In this paper, we have presented a practical approach for load balancing. First, we have considered the existing three-phase load system where the supply is a three-phase unbalanced supply. Before balancing the load, it is necessary to compensate the current in neutral wire. A nature-inspired moth–flame optimization (MFO) algorithm is used to propose a scheme for balancing of current in neutral wire. The information of a distributed single-phase load was used to balance the currents in a three-phase system. The feeder phase and load profiles of each single-phase load are used to reconfigure the network using an optimization process. By balancing the current of three phases, the current of the neutral conductor in substation transformers was reduced to almost zero.

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2

Zhuikov, V. J., I. V. Verbytskyi, and A. G. Kyselova. "REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION APPROACH WITH DYNAMIC MODE OF LOAD CURRENT." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2018, no. 4 (May 15, 2018): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2018.04.047.

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3

Wu, Sheng, and Kwok L. Lo. "Non-Intrusive Monitoring Algorithm for Resident Loads with Similar Electrical Characteristic." Processes 8, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111385.

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Non-intrusive load monitoring is a vital part of an overall load management scheme. One major disadvantage of existing non-intrusive load monitoring methods is the difficulty to accurately identify loads with similar electrical characteristics. To overcome the various switching probability of loads with similar characteristics in a specific time period, a new non-intrusive load monitoring method is proposed in this paper which will modify monitoring results based on load switching probability distribution curve. Firstly, according to the addition theorem of load working currents, the complex current is decomposed into the independently working current of each load. Secondly, based on the load working current, the initial identification of load is achieved with current frequency domain components, and then the load switching times in each hour is counted due to the initial identified results. Thirdly, a back propagation (BP) neural network is trained by the counted results, the switching probability distribution curve of an identified load is fitted with the BP neural network. Finally, the load operation pattern is profiled according to the switching probability distribution curve, the load operation pattern is used to modify identification result. The effectiveness of the method is verified by the measured data. This approach combines the operation pattern of load to modify the identification results, which improves the ability to identify loads with similar electrical characteristics.

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4

Bendig, M., M. Ksoll, A. Kalter, M. Schaak, K. Ermeler, and A. Schnettler. "Synthetic Testing of Load Current Interruption in Medium Voltage Load Break Switches." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 4, no. 3 (2017): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2017.3.241.

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To conduct the mainly active load current test duty according to IEC 62271-103, a directly powered test circuit and therefore a medium voltage connection or a power generator is needed. A newly developed synthetic test circuit allows to replicate the current as well as the full transient recovery voltage (TRV) and the power frequent recovery voltage (RV) of the direct test circuit up to its crest value. It is dimensioned for voltage classes up to 52 kV and can be adapted to test currents between 630 A and 1250 A. The test circuit allows a detailed investigation of load break switches without costly high power sources and loads. Many parameters, like current and voltage steepness at current zero, as well as different parameters defining the TRV steepness can be varied individually.

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5

Et. al., Venkatesh E. ,. "Current Harmonics Reduction In Microgrids Using Dual Interfacing Converters." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 1647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.1450.

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The Growing Installation of Distributed Generation (DG) units in low voltage conveyance frameworks has promoted the idea of nonlinear load symphonious current remuneration utilizing multi-utilitarian DG interfacing converters. In appropriation frameworks, the load has been an unexpected increment or diminishes and it resembles as nonlinear loads so the load draw non-sinusoidal flows from the AC mains and causes the load sounds and responsive power, and over the top impartial flows that give contamination in power frameworks. It is investigated in this paper that the pay of neighborhood load symphonious current utilizing a solitary DG interfacing converter may make the intensification of supply voltage sounds touchy loads, especially when the primary framework voltage is profoundly twisted. To address this impediment, in contrast to the activity of customary unified power quality conditioners (UPQC) with arrangement converter, another concurrent stock voltage and matrix current symphonious pay technique is proposed utilizing composed control of two shunt interfacing converters. Through the presentation of staggered control destinations, it is delineated that the proposed framework could ride through voltage unsettling influences and proceed with the power move between the nearby generation and the matrix, while an excellent voltage is kept up for the neighborhood loads. By utilizing this proposed regulator, the lattice voltage stage bolted circle and the identification of the load current and the stockpile voltage music are superfluous for both interfacing converters. In this manner, the computational load of interfacing converters can be fundamentally decreased. Mimicked and test results are caught to approve the exhibition of the proposed geography and the control technique.

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6

Shurupov, Alexei, Alexander Kozlov, Mikhail Shurupov, Valentina Zavalova, Anatoly Zhitlukhin, Vitalliy Bakhtin, Nikolai Umrikhin, and Alexei Es’kov. "Pulse-Current Sources for Plasma Accelerators." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2018): 3057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113057.

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The pulse source for plasma-accelerators supply operates under the conditions of nonlinear growth of load inductance, which complicates the matching of the source and the load. This article presents experimental studies of the use of both traditional pulse-energy sources based on capacitive storage and alternative ones based on explosive magnetic generators (EMG). It is shown that the EMG with the special device of the current-pulse formation more effectively matches with such a plasma load as the pulse plasma-accelerator (PPA). This device allows a wide range to manage the current-pulse formation in a variable load and, consequently, to optimize the operation of the power source for the specific plasma load. A mathematical model describing the principle of operation of this device in EMG on inductive load was developed. The key adjustable parameters are the current into the load, the residual inductance of the EMG, and the sample time of the specified inductance and the final current in the load. The device was successfully tested in experiments with the operation on both one and two accelerators connected in parallel. In the experiments, the optimal mode of device operation was found in which the total energy inputted to a pair of accelerators in one pulse reached 0.55 MJ, and the maximum current reached about 3.5 MA. A comparison with the results of experiments performed with capacitive sources of the same level of stored energy is given. The experiments confirmed not only the principal possibility of using EMG with a special device of current-pulse formation for operation with plasma loads in the MJ energy range but also showed the advantages of its application with specific types of plasma load.

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7

Xia, Minghe, Fengping Li, Ce Ji, Bing Wei, Shuping Feng, Meng Wang, and Weiping Xie. "Current pulse shaping of the load current on PTS." AIP Advances 6, no. 2 (February 2016): 025319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4942816.

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8

Cortes, Patricio, JosÉ Rodriguez, Daniel E. Quevedo, and Cesar Silva. "Predictive Current Control Strategy With Imposed Load Current Spectrum." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 23, no. 2 (March 2008): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2007.915605.

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9

Sadeghi, J. M. "Experimental evaluation of accuracy of current practices in analysis and design of railway track sleepers." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 9 (September 2008): 881–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l08-026.

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This research investigates the accuracy of the assumptions made in the current method of analysis and design of railway track sleepers. This study consists of a comprehensive field investigation into the response of sleepers in a railway track system to static and dynamic loads. In the experiments, several load cells (load gauges) are installed under a rail seat and beneath a B70 concrete sleeper for the purpose of monitoring the response of the sleeper to vertical loads. The dynamic coefficients factor, the ratio of the rail seat load to the wheel load and the pressures between the sleeper and the ballast are measured. The results are used to evaluate the current approaches for the analysis and design of concrete sleepers, in particular those proposed by the Americans (AREMA) and Europeans (UIC). New models are proposed for the calculation of dynamic load factors, correlations between wheel loads and rail seat loads, and load distribution patterns beneath sleepers.

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10

Shcherbinin, A. G., N. M. Trufanova, and V. G. Savchenko. "Method of determining cable-current load." Russian Electrical Engineering 81, no. 6 (June 2010): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068371210060118.

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11

Bourkas, P. D., E. A. Kayafas, and A. V. MacHias. "Specified current in emergency load switches." IEE Proceedings C Generation, Transmission and Distribution 135, no. 4 (1988): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-c.1988.0046.

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12

Lambert, W. J., M. J. Hill, and R. Ayyanar. "Estimation of Microprocessor Instantaneous Load Current." IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging 32, no. 4 (November 2009): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tadvp.2009.2022844.

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13

Graf, Paul, Meike Flebbe, Detlef Utzat, Hermann Nienhaus, and Rolf Möller. "Electrometer with sub-attoampere current load." Review of Scientific Instruments 88, no. 8 (August 2017): 084702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4998979.

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14

Nagumo, Toshihiro, Hirokazu Ito, and Tsuneyo Sano. "Load current forecasting using statistical analysis." CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal 2017, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 1274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0304.

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15

Wang, Shu-qi, Ying Zhang, Yang-yang Xie, Gang Xu, Kun Liu, and Yuan Zheng. "Hydrodynamic Analysis of Horizontal Axis Tidal Current Turbine under the Wave-Current Condition." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8 (July 26, 2020): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080562.

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To take advantage of the high tidal current velocity near the free surface, the horizontal axis turbine is installed, which inevitably causes hydrodynamic characteristics to effect the turbine by the waves. In this article, we established a numerical calculation method for the hydrodynamic load of a horizontal axis turbine under wave-current conditions. Based on the numerical calculation results, the hydrodynamic loads were decomposed and the influence rules of wave parameters and blade tip immersion depth on the hydrodynamic load were obtained. The study found the following: (1) the multi-frequency fluctuations based on the rotation frequency and incident wave frequency occurred in instantaneous values of the axial load coefficients and energy utilization ratios, and the fluctuation amplitude decreased with the increase of the blade tip immersion depth; (2) the fluctuation amplitude, according to rotation frequency, changed less with the increase of wave period and wave height, and was smaller according to wave frequency; (3) the fluctuation amplitude based on wave frequency increased linearly with the increase of wave height and wave period. The research results can provide the basis and reference for the design and engineering application of tidal current power station.

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16

Poutanen, Tuomo Tapani, Sampsa Pursiainen, Jari Mäkinen, and Tim Länsivaara. "Load combination of permanent and variable loads." Rakenteiden Mekaniikka 51, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23998/rm.65175.

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This paper concentrates on the combination of permanent and variable loads in the structural probability theory and its implementation in codes. In the current codes, the permanent and variable loads are sometimes combined independently, and sometimes they are combined dependently. We propose that, for the safest outcome in the standardized load estimation, the actual permanent and variable loads should be combined dependently without any load reduction. The load reduction arising from the independent combination leads to an unsafe design. For example, when the permanent and variable loads are both equal to 1, the combination load is 2 if the dependent combination is applied. However, the value predicted by the model for independent load combination is only ca 1.8. Although the load formation processes are independent, the dependent combination is applied since the load formation and the load combination are different processes. To support our view, we present arguments and examples based on probability theory, physics and statics and relate them with the current codes.

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17

Kim, Wooho, Yong-Jung Kim, and Hyosung Kim. "Arc Voltage and Current Characteristics in Low-Voltage Direct Current." Energies 11, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 2511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102511.

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Recently, Low-Voltage DC (direct current) distribution systems have received high lights according to the expansion of DC generations and DC loads such as photovoltaics (PV) generations, electric vehicles (EVs), light emitting diodes (LEDs), computers, DC homes, etc. Low-Voltage DC distribution systems have optimistic perspectives since DC has various good aspects compared to alternating current (AC). However, ensuring safety of human and electric facility in Low-Voltage DC is not easy because of arc generation and difficulty of arc-extinguishing. This paper constructs a low-voltage DC circuit and studies the arc interruption that occurs when separating electrodes from where load currents flow. Also, arc extinguishers are experimented upon and analysed in various levels of source voltage and load currents conditions. Voltage and current characteristics for arc interruption are identified based on experimental results, and we establish the electric generation for arc interruption. Further, the voltage–current characteristics and the correlation of arc during arc duration time arc are verified, and the voltage–current equation and DC arc resistance model for the breaking arc are developed.

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18

Zamzami, Mochamad Ilham, Eka Prasetyono, Dimas Okky Anggriawan, and Mike Yuliana. "Inrush Current Based on Fast Fourier Transform." INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 8, no. 2 (November 12, 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v8i2.2940.

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Advances in technology have caused the use of electricity to increase rapidly. With advances in technology, this is followed by the use of increasingly efficient electrical components or equipment. This more efficient electrical equipment causes the impedance of the component to be smaller, causing a surge in current when it is turned on. This current surge, if not followed by appropriate safety precautions, will be damage other components. Each load has different waveform characteristics and current transient peaks. For this reason, it is necessary to analyze the transient condition of a load to overcome this. This paper will explain the characteristics of the inrush current of the load due to ignition. There are three loads used in this study, namely resistive, capacitive and inductive loads. Then the use of this load is simulated by giving different ignition angle values, namely 0, 60, and 90 degrees. The analysis used is the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method which is a derivative of the Discrete Fourier Transform. The inrush current spectrum in this simulation is simulated using Simulink MATLAB with switching system modeling using TRIAC. This inrush current simulation data collection uses a sampling frequency of 100 Khz and will be analyzed in the first of 5 cycles. For each load in this paper, the harmonic values for each ignition angle will be presented. The simulation results show that the inrush current is caused by the ignition angle value used and because of components that can deviate energy such as inductors and capacitors as well as components which at the time of starting have a low impedance value such as incandescent lamps. The simulation also shows that the use of switching components for setting the ignition angle causes an increase in the value of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) but the peak current in the first cycle when the ignition angle is set decreases.

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19

Lin, Hsiung-Cheng, Heng-Chuan Zo, and Bo-Rong He. "Advanced Fast Large Current Electronic Breaker Using Integration of Surge Current Suppression and Current Divider Sensing Methods." Journal of Sensors 2019 (January 13, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6256735.

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Electronic breakers or fuses are most widely used tools to protect the electric-driven facilities from overload or short circuit. However, they may suffer from two major drawbacks: (1) it normally takes more than 0.1 s to react, resulting in facilities not sufficiently protected, and (2) a higher rating size of breakers or fuses is demanded than expected due to lack of a surge current suppression mechanism. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes a fast large current electronic breaker based on the integration of current divider sensing and surge suppressing methods. The load surge current can be effectively suppressed by series negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors. The load current is then divided into a small portion and converted to a voltage signal for amplification and comparison with the predefined threshold value, i.e., the maximum load tolerance current. AC power will be disconnected immediately by the switching circuit once the load current exceeds the tolerance value. The disconnection of power supply will continue for a period of time set by the timer. The experimental results verify that the proposed electronic breaker can provide a large load current protection up to 20 A under effective surge suppression within 10 ms.

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20

Maizana, Dina, Emi Zurima Bt Ismail, and Nuriziani Hussin. "Harmonic Current Effect on Three Phase 100kVA Transformer Losses under Static Load and Dynamic Load." Applied Mechanics and Materials 679 (October 2014): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.679.261.

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This paper describes the harmonic current effect under static and dynamic load on 3 phase 100kVA transformer model. The methodology that used to measure a harmonic current is using power analyzer with different excitation. The experiment is conducted by changing input voltage with different flux density. A waveform can be obtained by using the data collected. 3rdorder of harmonic gives a high impact to the complex waveform. At 0.6 Tesla, 50 Hz, the 3rdorder of harmonic current under static load and dynamic load is 0.00196A and 0.26746A respectively. Therefore, both static and dynamic load were give an effect to harmonic current effect on transformer. This is because when the transformer connected to the load, more current and voltage induced in order to energize the load. Moreover, the loads itself have their own harmonic effect because of the functional mechanism.

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21

Sabat, M. B., N. G. Maltseva, M. Y. Oliinyk, and V. G. Fedishin. "CALCULATION OF CURRENT LOADING OF THREE-PHASE BRIDGE RADIATION IN NON-SUPERMEAL MODES UNDER THE FILTRATION AVAILABILITY." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 1(42) (June 27, 2019): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2019-1(42)-65-69.

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The curves of the rectified voltage of the non-ventilated modes of the three-phase bridge rectifier circuit have in their composition a number of non-canonical higher harmonics, which results in significant pulsations of the load current. Hence the problem of choosing the optimal composition of filters in order to prove the load current pulsation coefficient to allowable values. The analysis of the current state of the problem is carried out by studying the latest publications. The analytical expressions and forms of load current curves are obtained based on the results of mathematical modeling of the resonant and inductive filters higher harmonics influence on the outputs and rectifier loads, respectively, on the leads and in the rectifier load cell. The value of the current ripple coefficient in the load cell for the individual cases of the non-ventilated mode of the three-phase bridge rectifier is calculated. The curves of the currents given in this article are valid for those forms of rectified voltage that arises in non-blunt modes of the three-phase bridge rectifier scheme, and can be obtained under the condition of a known composition of higher harmonics of the output voltage of the rectifier. It is shown that the establishment of a resonance filter at the frequency of the largest harmonic significantly reduces the current pulsation coefficient in the load cell. In the case of a real resonance filter at the output of the rectifier in the current of the load circuit there will be a harmonic, which will proceed under the action of a voltage drop on the active resistance of the filter. However, its effect will be negligible, since the active resistance of the filters is usually small. The level of harmonic components in the load current will also diminish somewhat as a result of the branching of a certain value of these currents through the branches of the resonant filters. The proposed method allows to calculate the current in the recirculation load cell in non-ventilated modes, taking into account a certain composition of resonant parallel and inductive serial filters to achieve the desired level of current pulsations.

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22

Трушляков, Євген Іванович. "МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД К ЭНЕРГОСБЕРЕГАЮЩЕМУ ХЛАДОСНАБЖЕНИЮ СИСТЕМ КОНДИЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ВОЗДУХА АДАПТАЦИЕЙ К ТЕКУЩИМ КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИМ УСЛОВИЯМ". Aerospace technic and technology, № 4 (14 жовтня 2018): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2018.4.08.

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The methodological approach was suggested to define a rational heat load of the air conditioning system (ACS) with taking into consideration the current climatic conditions of operation. The proposed approach is based on the hypothesis of sharing the current changeable heat load on the relatively stable share as the basic one for choosing installed (designed) refrigeration capacity of the refrigeration machine, operating with high energy efficiency in nominal or similar modes, and unstable heat load, corresponding to ambient air precooling at changeable current temperatures. To prove the methodological approach to defining a rational heat load of the ACS was carried out the analysis of current values of heat loads of the refrigeration machine ACS during cooling ambient air from its changeable current temperature to the temperature of 10, 15 and 20 ºС . It is shown that due to the different rates of annular refrigeration capacity production increment to cover the current heat loads with increasing the installed refrigeration capacity of the refrigeration machine, caused by the changes in heat load according to current climatic conditions during all the year round, it is necessary to choose a such heat load on the refrigeration machine of ACS (its installed refrigeration capacity), that provides a maximum or similar annular refrigeration capacity production at relatively high rates of its increment. Therein, the value of heat load for ambient air precooling is calculated according to remained principle as the difference between the rational total heat load and its basic relatively stable share. The proposed method is useful for defining a basic installed refrigeration capacity of the refrigeration machine of ACS with the accumulation of excessive (unapplied) refrigeration capacity at lowered current heat loads on ACS and its application for ambient air precooling, that is for covering unstable heat load share on ACS

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23

SOLJAN, Zbigniew. "Part 1: Decomposition of the Load’s Current in Three-phase Four-wire Systems Supplied with Asymmetrical Sinusoidal Voltage Following Currents’ Physical Components Theory." AUTOMATYKA, ELEKTRYKA, ZAKLOCENIA 11 (September 30, 2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17274/aez.2020.41.03.

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Electricity receivers in low-voltage networks are mainly single-phase loads, which, when grouped within a given consumer, create a three-phase load. Such a replacement three-phase load works in a four-wire system. Besides, under real conditions, the supply voltage has some amplitude and phase asymmetry. Voltage unbalances, load's imbalances are issues that not simultaneously included in the power equation in four-wire systems. This article eliminates the limitations of electrical engineering in this area by deriving the power equation for three-phase loads supplied with unbalanced voltage.

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Poutanen, Tuomo, Sampsa Pursiainen, and Tim Länsivaara. "Combination of Permanent and Variable Load Is Dependent." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 4434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104434.

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This study concerns the combination of the permanent and the variable loads in the structural design. The Eurocodes are used as a reference. Three new findings are presented: (1) In each physical structure, and in every load pair of the permanent load and the variable load, the maximum variable load is the service time load, the 50-year load, i.e., the high value of the variable load. Therefore, no load reduction should be applied in the combination. (2) The governing hypothesis is the independent load combination (ILC) with random load pairs and random single loads. However, the load pairs are not independent as normally one variable load occurs simultaneously in multiple structures and in multiple load pairs inducing correlation between the loads, ultimately full correlation, and the dependent load combination (DLC). (3) In the current Eurocodes, the design load combination applies to one load pair only. However, one design load combination virtually always applies to multiple load pairs which demands using the DLC. The authors have explained earlier that the permanent and variable loads should be combined dependently as the ILC contradicts the physics. The new findings support this conclusion. Changing the current codes towards the DLC approach would simplify them and eases their use in the structural design work.

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25

Singh, Bhim, and Sabha Raj Arya. "Adaptive Control of Four-Leg VSC Based DSTATCOM in Distribution System." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 15, no. 1 (January 18, 2014): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2013-0145.

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Abstract This work discusses an experimental performance of a four-leg Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) using an adaptive filter based approach. It is used for estimation of reference supply currents through extracting the fundamental active power components of three-phase distorted load currents. This control algorithm is implemented on an assembled DSTATCOM for harmonics elimination, neutral current compensation and load balancing, under nonlinear loads. Experimental results are discussed, and it is noticed that DSTATCOM is effective solution to perform satisfactory performance under load dynamics.

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26

Sirtoli, Vinicius G., Kaue F. Morcelles, and Volney C. Vincence. "Design of current sources for load common mode optimization." Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance 9, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/joeb-2018-0011.

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Abstract Bioimpedance measurement systems often use the Howland current sources to excite the biological material under study. Usually, difference or instrumentation amplifiers are used to measure the resulting voltage drop on this material. In these circuits, common mode voltage appears as artifacts in the measurement. Most researches on current sources are focused on improving the output impedance, letting other characteristics aside. In this paper, it is made a brief review on the load common mode voltage and output swing of various topologies of Howland current sources. Three circuits are proposed to reduce load common mode voltage and enhance load capability by using a fully differential amplifier as active component. These circuits are equated, simulated and implemented. The three proposed circuits were able to deliver an output current with cut-off frequency (-3dB) higher than 1 MHz for loads as big as 4.7 kΩ. The worst measured load common mode voltage was smaller than 24 mV for one of the circuits and smaller than 8 mV for the other two. Consequently, it could be obtained increases in the Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) up to 60 dB when compared to the Enhanced Howland Current Source (EHCS).

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27

Wu, Chi Jui, and Yu Wei Liu. "Reactive Power Compensation for Unbalanced Fluctuating Loads by Using Two-Dimensional Instantaneous Space Vector Approach." Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 1444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.1444.

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To improve the power quality and efficiency on feeding unbalanced loads, this paper proposes a scheme of instantaneous current compensation that can modify the power factor and balance the three-phase currents simultaneously. The method of instantaneous space vectors can compensate the reactive power effectively, but the problems of unbalanced load currents remains. This paper suggests a method that can mitigate the unbalanced load currents by setting the active power as a constant for each cycle. Field measurement data were analyzed. Simulation results confirmed the feasibility of correcting the power factor and balancing load currents simultaneously using the proposed method.

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28

Bouhouras, Aggelos, Paschalis Gkaidatzis, Konstantinos Chatzisavvas, Evangelos Panagiotou, Nikolaos Poulakis, and Georgios Christoforidis. "Load Signature Formulation for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Based on Current Measurements." Energies 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2017): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en10040538.

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29

Hasan, Md Mehedi, Dhiman Chowdhury, and Md Ziaur Rahman Khan. "Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Using Current Shapelets." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 8, 2019): 5363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245363.

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Using a single-point sensor, non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) discerns the individual electrical appliances of a residential or commercial building by disaggregating the accumulated energy consumption data without accessing to the individual components. To classify devices, potential features need to be extracted from the electrical signatures. In this article, a novel features extraction method based on current shapelets is proposed. Time-series current shapelets are determined from the normalized current data recorded from different devices. In general, shapelets can be defined as the subsequences constituting the most distinguished shapes of a time-series sequence from a particular class and can be used to discern the class among many subsequences from different classes. In this work, current envelopes are determined from the original current data by locating and connecting the peak points for each sample. Then, a unique approach is proposed to extract shapelets from the starting phase (device is turned on) of the time-series current envelopes. Subsequences windowed from the starting moment to a few seconds of stable device operation are taken into account. Based on these shapelets, a multi-class classification model consisting of five different supervised algorithms is developed. The performance evaluations corroborate the efficacy of the proposed framework.

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30

Giorgi, Simone, and John Ringwood. "Can Tidal Current Energy Provide Base Load?" Energies 6, no. 6 (June 14, 2013): 2840–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en6062840.

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31

Jovanović, G. S., and M. K. Stojčev. "Current starved delay element with symmetric load." International Journal of Electronics 93, no. 3 (March 2006): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207210600560078.

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32

Kapat, Santanu, Amit Patra, and Soumitro Banerjee. "Improving load regulation in current mode control through inductor current filtering." International Journal of Power Electronics 4, no. 1 (2012): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpelec.2012.044148.

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33

Anggriawan, Dimas Okky, Aidin Amsyar, Eka Prasetyono, Endro Wahjono, Indhana Sudiharto, and Anang Tjahjono. "Load Identification Using Harmonic Based on Probabilistic Neural Network." EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology 7, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24003/emitter.v7i1.330.

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Due to increase power quality which are caused by harmonic distortion it could be affected malfunction electrical equipment. Therefore, identification of harmonic loads become important attentionÂ in the power system. According to those problems, this paper proposes a Load Identification using harmonic based on probabilistic neural network (PNN). Harmonic is obtained by experiment using prototype, which it consists of microcontroller and current sensor. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method to analyze of current waveform on loads become harmonic load data. PNN is used to identify the type of load. To load identification, PNN is trained to get the new weight. Testing is conducted To evaluate of the accuracy of the PNN from combination of four loads. The results demonstrate that this method has high accuracy to determine type of loads based on harmonic load

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34

Gorantla, Satyanarayana, and Goli Ravi Kumar. "Harmonic Elimination Using STATCOM for SEIG Fed Induction Motor Load." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v8.i3.pp1026-1034.

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Non-linear loads connected to distribution system induce harmonics in to source components and the presence of harmonics in source components affects the performance of other sensitive loads connected at the same point. Induction motor load for drive system should be operated with variable frequency and variable voltage for its speed control. To vary the voltage and frequency, induction motor is fed from an inverter. This total drive set-up constitutes non-linear load type and will be the source of harmonics. This paper depicts the suppression of harmonics with STATCOM in distribution system when induction motor load is fed from SEIG (singly excited inductin generator). STATCOM is controlled with simple synchronous reference frame theory and the results are shown for source current, load current. THD in source current and load current was also shown for the said system. System for single-phase and three-phase induction motor drive was developed and results are shown using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

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35

Costa Jr., Ana Cristina S., Patrícia Costa Fernandes Menezes, A. J. V. Andrade, Thiago Silva, E. G. Costa, and A. C. F. M. Costa. "Evaluation of Current in Composites PVAL/Ceramics for Detection of Leakage Current Generated in Electrical Insulators." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.308.

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This research aims to prepare composites of polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL) with ceramic nanoparticles loads (NPs) of Ti1.95Eu 0.05O2; ZnAl2O4 and Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 to evaluate the detection of leakage current generated in electrical insulator. The composites were prepared in the proportion of 6/1.5 g of the PVAL/ceramics and characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM and measurements of the current as a function of applied voltage. The results show for the composites with Ti1.95Eu0.05O2 and ZnAl2O4 a homogeneous morphology, while the structure of the composite formed by Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 resulted in a heterogeneous and porous morphology. The determination of the current as a function of the applied voltage has shown that there is a dependence of morphology and the semiconductor characteristic of the load used and the best results are therefore assigned for the composite produced with the Ti1.95Eu0.05O2 load with homogeneous morphology and high current values as a function of the applied voltage.

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36

S., Khadarvali, T. Naresh, R. Lakshmi Narayana, M. Murali, and K. Rajasekhar. "Enhancement in the Quality of Power of a Grid Tied Solar PV System Using Recursive Digital Filter Based Control." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 19655–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.19655ecst.

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The primitive intent of this project is to establish a governing strategy for transmission of active power between a solar photo-voltaic (PV) array and the load or the grid, simultaneously to improve power efficiency by abolishing harmonics and compensation of reactive-power needed by the attached load in the network of distribution. Due to the integration of renewable energy sources, low Power-Quality (PQ) issues at the Point-Of-Intersection (PIC) are becoming more prominent in terms of voltage and current harmonics. The controlling by Recursive-Digital-Filter is incorporated here for PV-grid connected device upgrades indices of PQ by running around clock and maintaining transmission of power between the grid of utility and loads which are associated. The strength of governing algorithm relies in its ability to switch VSC efficiently by generating currents of grids as reference using an indirect-current-control-technique. The currents of load are processed using a Recursive-Digital-Filter, which extracts active power portion. In this method, the components of load current’s active power are used to generate currents reference of grid. The output of system is noted for changing loads, altering insolation of solar, and Voltage-Swell, Voltage-Sag, and distortion situations of voltage in a laboratory prototype.

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37

VOLCHKOV, YURI D. "ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF THE THREE-PHASE SHORT CIRCUIT MODE IN THE 10 KV ELECTRIC NETWORK TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE INFLUENCE OF LOAD CURRENTS." Agricultural engineering, no. 6 (2021): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-6-74-83.

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Abstract. The load current aff ects the value of the short-circuit current in the electric network and, consequently, the voltage value. In some cases, this infl uence must be taken into account for the correct choice of switching devices, remote monitoring the operating modes of electric networks, and determining the modes. It is possible to disconnect loads connected through magnetic starters and contactors. Failure to consider the infl uence of the load current can lead to an incorrect interpretation of the identifi ed grid operating modes during remote monitoring and, as a result, incorrect dispatcher’s decisions. In addition, it is also insuffi cient to specify the choice of switching devices in the 10 kV feed network. The article describes a method for analyzing the three-phase short circuit mode in a 10 kV feed network, taking into account the infl uence of load currents. The method is exemplifi ed by the case of an actual electric network – the 10 kV ring feed network containing reclosers and receiving power from diff erent sections of lowvoltage buses of the “Kulikovskaya” 110/35/10 kV substation, belonging to the Branch of PJSC «DGC of Center”-“Orelenergo.” For this network, the values of the three-phase short-circuit currents at points with diff erent distances from the substation buses have been determined. The authors have fi guredout the values of the load currents and their shares in the total short-circuit current. The voltage values at different points of the network in the case of short circuits have also been determined. The research proves that the effect of the load current on the total short-circuit current should be taken into account for the case of remote short circuits.

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38

Manikandan, P., and B. Bindu. "High-PSR Capacitorless LDO with Adaptive Circuit for Varying Loads." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, no. 11 (January 30, 2020): 2050178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620501789.

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A capacitorless low-drop-out (LDO) regulator with an NMOS pass transistor-based adaptive network to achieve high and constant power-supply rejection (PSR) for varying loads is presented. The proposed LDO does not require an external capacitor making it suitable for System-on-Chip (SoC) applications. The low-frequency PSR of the LDO varies with load current as the transconductance and output conductance of the power transistor depend on the load current. The proposed LDO is capable of maintaining a constant and high PSR for varying loads by using an adaptive network. The NMOS pass transistor in the adaptive network tracks the power-supply noise through the power transistor and bypasses this noise current through it to the ground. This helps to avoid the flow of this noise current through the load and thus the circuit can achieve high and constant PSR for varying loads. The LDO with adaptive network achieves very high power-supply rejections of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dB at low frequencies and [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dB at 1[Formula: see text]MHz, for a load current of 4[Formula: see text]mA. This LDO is implemented in 0.18-[Formula: see text]m CMOS technology and consumes 1.35-mW quiescent power over the range of 1–10[Formula: see text]mA of the load current.

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39

Agus Semara Putra, I. Putu, I. Ketut Wijaya, and I. Made Mataram. "PEMERATAAN BEBAN PADA GARDU KD 056 PENYULANG TABANAN PT PLN (PERSERO) DISTRIBUSI BALI AREA BALI SELATAN." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 5, no. 1 (June 25, 2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2018.v05.i01.p12.

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Load balancing is a routine done by PLN to manage a distribution substation. It is done on Peak Load Time (WBP) only. Initial load measurements and load data on a distribution transformer need to be done for balancing as input of simulation software. The load imbalance in a power distribution system is due to an imbalance in single phase loads in the R, S and T phases in low voltage networks due to the imbalance of the load the current in the neutral transformer arises. The current flowing in the neutral of the transformer causes losses, i.e. losses due to neutral currents in the neutral conductor of transformers and losses due to neutral currents flowing to the ground. In this research load equalization in substation KD 056 was done by making a simulation on the ETAP program by measuring the value of the voltage on the KD 056 substation. The result of load balancing in KD 056 substation with the simulation ETAP program i.e. the voltage drop obtained from the percentage of KD 056 substation after being balanced by voltage drop on phase R which decreased from 7.30% to 1.36% from the 219VA source voltage. Once the KD 056 substation is balanced, it can lower the voltage drop and power losses, thus the system voltage meets the standards of PLN.

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40

Van, Chi Nguyen, and Hoang Dang Danh. "Control shunt active filter based on dq frame using current model prediction." IAES International Journal of Robotics and Automation (IJRA) 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijra.v8i4.pp301-312.

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The nonlinear loads present more in the power systems in the practice today by developing of electronic technology and using the small distributed power sources (solar power, wind power etc.), this causes the increasing the high frequency switch devices etc. in the power network. Nonlinear loads cause non-sinusoidal currents and voltages with harmonic components, increasing the reactive power, overload of power lines and electrical devices, low power factor and affecting badly to the networks. Shunt active filters (SAF) with current controlled voltage source inverters (CCVSI) are used effectively to reduce the harmonics and to balance the phases sinusoidal source currents by generating the currents to compensate the harmonic currents caused by the nonlinear loads. In this paper we suppose a control strategy to generate the compensation currents of SAF by using the current model predictive engineering. This method is better than the control strategy using PI controller in term of transient time. The desired compensation currents can track exactly the reference compensation currents on the dq frame. The simulation results implemented on the nonlinear load, a full bridge rectifier and 3 phase unbalance load, show that the transient period decrease from 0.1s to 0.02s in comparing with PI controller. The experimental results proof that the THD of source currents decrease from 24.8% to 5.4% when using the proposed method.

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41

Gemmen, Randall S., and Christopher D. Johnson. "Effect of load transients on SOFC operation—current reversal on loss of load." Journal of Power Sources 144, no. 1 (June 2005): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.027.

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42

Peterchev, Angel V., and Seth R. Sanders. "Load-Line Regulation With Estimated Load-Current Feedforward: Application to Microprocessor Voltage Regulators." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 21, no. 6 (November 2006): 1704–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2006.882932.

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43

Pollock, H. "Simple constant frequency constant current load-resonant power supply under variable load conditions." Electronics Letters 33, no. 18 (1997): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19971063.

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44

Chen, Ting, Chenwen Cheng, Hong Cheng, Cong Wang, and Chris Mi. "A Multi-Load Capacitive Power Relay System With Load-Independent Constant Current Outputs." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 37, no. 5 (May 2022): 6144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2021.3123542.

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45

Veinović, Slavko, Žarko Janda, Đorđe Stojić, Jasna Dragosavac, Dušan Joksimović, Ilija Klasnić, and Milan Đorđević. "Load angle estimation of synchronous generator." Zbornik radova Elektrotehnicki institut Nikola Tesla 30, no. 30 (2020): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zeint30-29158.

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In this paper a load angle estimation method of round rotor synchronous generator is presented, for load angle limiter in AVR systems design purpose. To get information of load angle, it is necessary to have values of the one terminal voltage, one phase current and q-axis reactance Xq. Mentioned values are acquired by synchronous sampling technique and processed by discrete Fourier transformation. The accuracy of presented method highly depends on quality of zero-crossing detection of the input voltage signal and on the calculation estimation of the fundamental frequency. This method is of reduced sensitivity to higher harmonics presence contence in voltages and current waveforms. Another advantage, when compared to other dq or ab based calculations estimations, is the necessity of use only two measurement channels. Drawback of described approach is lack of immunity to current asymmetry. However, a solution to overcome this problem is offered by introducing the additional measurements into the algorithm to extract the synchronous sampled direct components of all three phase currents.

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46

Geddada, Nagesh, and Mahesh Kumar Mishra. "Improved Load Compensation using Harmonic Compensator in dq0 Current Controller for DSTATCOM." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2014): 569–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2014-0059.

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Abstract This paper presents distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) with dq0 current controller and sine pulse width modulation (SPWM) switching for compensation of unbalanced nonlinear load in distribution system. DSTATCOM, connected in parallel to load at the point of common coupling (PCC), is used for supplying reactive and harmonic components of load current demand. This dq0 current controller is implemented in synchronous reference frame (SRF) rotating at fundamental frequency and consists of harmonic compensation (HC) regulator along with proportional integrator (PI) regulator. HC regulator is realized by number of sinusoidal signal integrators (SSIs) in parallel. The SSI provides high gain for tuned harmonic frequency and helps in minimizing filter current tracking error while compensating for load harmonic currents. Zero-axis controller, which compensates load neutral current and helps in obtaining balanced utility currents, is provided along with d, q controllers. SPWM switching generates inverter gating pulses at constant frequency, which reduces stress levels on VSI switches and simplifies the design of interface filter. Simulation studies of DSTATCOM load compensation with dq0 current controller are carried out in Matlab/Simulink and experimental verification is done using dSpace 1104 with Matlab real-time interface (RTI).

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47

Varlamov, V. V., M. V. Kipervasser, and A. V. Gerasimuk. "Modeling of overloads of raising mechanism in metallurgical overhead cranes." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 8 (September 13, 2019): 646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-8-646-651.

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Electromechanical processes occurring when the load is lifted by an overhead crane are considered. The main idea of the work is to identify emergency mode (crane overload) by a method based on control of stator current of lift motor. To obtain stator current diagrams of electric motor, mathematical model of overhead crane (three-mass circuit) has been developed, which includes equations describing elastic properties of crane beams and its rope. A system of (α, β) coordinates, fixed relative to electric motor stator, is adopted to describe the drive asynchronous motor. Lifting cycle is considered as sequence of three steps: choice of the rope “slack”; rope tension; separation of cargo lifting. For each stage, a system of differential equations has been compiled describing motion of masses of overhead crane elements and electrical parameters of electric motor. Initial and boundary conditions for each of the stages were determined. Preliminary transformations of the system of equations to their solution by numerical methods and subsequent modeling of stages of lifting loads were carried out for different weights. Sequential solution of three boundary value problems allows obtaining values of stator currents at time of load separation. Diagrams of stator phase currents of an electric motor were obtained for loads of different mass. Simulation results indicate the presence of fixable difference in magnitudes of stator currents after the load is separated from the support surface. On basis of the developed model and the study results, a functional diagram of crane overload protection device is proposed and its principle of operation is described. It consists in controlling lifted load mass and stator current when liftingthe load. Conclusion is made about feasibility and effectiveness of monitoring electrical values of lifting motor for development of overhead crane protection against overloads. Effectiveness of the proposed system was evaluated.

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48

Wu, Chi Jui, Hsien Shun Huang, and Je Hsiung Too. "Using Phase Shifter and OLTC to Improve Reliability during Load Transferring and System Protection." Advanced Materials Research 732-733 (August 2013): 976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.732-733.976.

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When the system requires reconfiguring or repairing, the load on one of distribution feeder needs to be transferred to another feeder without interrupting. However, there are several conditions which affects the load transfer on distribution feeder, including substation types, feeder loads, and primary side voltage of transformer. Those conditions will result in abnormal high current on load transferring, and the high current will lead to the operation of overcurrent relay. This paper uses ASPEN and Matlab/Simulink to simulate the load transfer of distribution feeder, and investigate the factor that will affect protection relay. An OLTC and a phase shifter is used to improve the high current during load transfer. It will avoid the action of protection relay, and improve reliability in power supply.

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49

Zhao Shen, 赵屾, 邹晓兵 Zou Xiaobing, 朱鑫磊 Zhu Xinlei, 石桓通 Shi Huantong, 罗海云 Luo Haiyun, and 王新新 Wang Xinxin. "Current distribution in load cavity between X-pinches and current-return rods." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 26, no. 4 (2014): 45045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20142604.45045.

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50

Taxt, Henning, Kaveh Niayesh, and Magne Runde. "Self-Blast Current Interruption and Adaption to Medium-Voltage Load Current Switching." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 34, no. 6 (December 2019): 2204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2018.2890306.

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