Статті в журналах: "Current flow reactor"

1

Rehman, Asim, Muhammad Nawaz, Arshad Chughtai, Muhammad Arif Butt, and Abdul Sattar. "Catalytic Hydrodechlorination of 2,4-Dichlorophenol Using Co-Current Down Flow Contactor Reactor." Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences 58, no. 1 (April 25, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.phys.sci.58.1.2015.1.7.

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In this study, a new prospective regarding application of gas liquid reactions in the presence of catalyst was studied for pollution abatement in the novel reactor. Catalytic hydrodechlorination (CHDC)of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in aqueous system was carried out under the operating conditions at 25- 75 °C, 1 atm in co-current down flow contactor reactor. Under these reaction conditions complete conversion of 2,4-DCP into less toxic products (phenol and cyclohexanone) was achieved using 5% Pd/C catalyst. At typical temperature the hydrodechlorination reaction of 2,4-DCP was completed after 10 min. 2,4-DCP was converted to 96.19% of phenol and 3.81% of cyclohexanone using 0.4 g/L of 5% Pd/C catalyst. The increase in initial concentration of 2,4-DCP resulted in the increase in time for the dechlorination of 2,4- DCP. The calculated activation energy values amounted to 43 KJ/mol for the CHDC of 2,4-DCP exhibiting that this reaction occurs mainly under the surface reaction rate controlled condition.

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2

Luo, Minghan, Wenjie Xu, and Taeseop Jeong. "Development and numerical modelling of a novel UV/H2O2 rotating flow reactor for water treatment." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 5 (February 12, 2021): 1217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.063.

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Abstract The ultraviolet photochemical degradation process is widely applied in wastewater treatment due to its low cost, high efficiency and sustainability. In this study, a novel rotating flow reactor was developed for UV-initiated photochemical reactions. The reactor was run in a continuous flow mode, and the tangential installation of the inlet and outlet on the annular reactor improved reaction rates. Numerical modelling, which combined solute transport, radiation transfer and photochemical kinetic degradation processes, was conducted to evaluate improvement compared to current reactor designs. Methylene Blue (MB) decomposition efficiency from the modelling results and the experimental data agreed well with each other. The model results showed that a rotational motion of fluid was well developed inside the designed reactor for a wide range of inflow rates; the generation of ·OH radicals significantly depended on UV irradiation dose, and thus the degradation ratio of MB showed a strong correlation with the UV irradiation distribution. In addition, the comprehensive numerical modelling showed promising potential for the simulation of UV/H2O2 processes in rotating flow reactors.

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3

Nazanskiy, S. L., and A. V. Solokhin. "Influence of reactor temperature conditions on the recycle flow rate." Fine Chemical Technologies 14, no. 5 (November 14, 2019): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2019-14-5-31-38.

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Objectives. The problem of optimizing chemical flow sheets according to energy costs associated with recycling flows is at present quite relevant. The current article investigates the influence of temperature conditions on the recycle flow rate, securing the specified conversion of the recycled flow sheet “reactor – separation unit.”Methods. The study’s main method is the mathematical simulation of a recycled flow sheet based on material balance and chemical kinetics equations. This model assumes that the separation unit can form the recycle and outlet flows of any specified compositions.Results. The mathematical model recycle flows provides the full reagent conversion of recycled flow sheet depends on the reactor type and the temperature conditions in it. It was established that the dependence of the recycle flow rate on the reactor temperature for endothermic reactions has monotonously decreasing shape. The most interesting are exothermic reactions for which the dependence of the recycle flow rate on the reactor temperature curve has a minimum. It is proved that the “reactor – separation unit” system with the plug flow reactor has lower optimal recycle flow rate than the recycled system with the continuous stirred tank reactor. For the adiabatic reactor the dependence of total conversion recycle flow rate on the inlet reactor temperature was investigated. It has been proven that the optimal recycle flow rate is equal to the minimum recycle flow rate for total conversion in the “reactor – separation unit” system.Conclusions. It has been established that isothermal operation conditions are the best in terms of the recycle flow rate, securing the specified conversion for the system.

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4

Fox, David, Noel W. Dunn, Peter P. Gray, and Warwick L. Marsden. "Saccharification of bagasse using a counter-current plug-flow reactor." Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. Biotechnology 33, no. 2 (April 16, 2008): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.280330206.

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5

Cisneros, Juan F., Manuel Raul Pelaez-Samaniego, Verónica Pinos, Ingmar Nopens, and Andrés Alvarado. "Development of an Automated Tracer Testing System for UASB Laboratory-Scale Reactors." Water 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131821.

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Residence time distribution (RTD) curves play an essential role in the hydraulic characterization of reactors. Current approaches for obtaining RTD curves in laboratory-scale reactors are time-consuming and subject to large errors. Thus, automated systems to obtain RTD curves in laboratory-scale reactors are of great interest for reducing experimental errors due to human interaction, minimizing experimentation costs, and continuously obtaining experimental data. An automated system for obtaining RTD curves in laboratory-scale reactors was designed, built, and tested in this work. During the tests conducted in a cylindrical upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, the system worked properly using the stimulus–response pulse technique with sodium chloride as a tracer. Four main factors were found to affect the representativeness of the RTD curves: flow stabilization time, test water conductivity, temperature, and surface tension. A discussion on these factors and the corresponding solutions is presented. The RTD curves of the UASB reactor are left-skewed with a typical tank reactor’s flow shape with channeling and dead zones. A transitory flow behavior was evidenced in the reactor, which indicates the influence of internal turbulent flow structures. The system proposed herein is expected to help study the hydraulics of reactors using laboratory-scale models more efficiently.

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6

Kim, Young Ho, Hyo Sub Kim, Sang Jin Han, Chu Sik Park, Ki Kwang Bae, and Jong Gyu Lee. "Bunsen Reaction Using a Counter-Current Flow Reactor in Sulfur-Iodine Hydrogen Production Process: Effects of Reactor Shape and Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3238.

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The sulfur-iodine (SI) cycle, thermochemical water splitting using heat energy from nuclear, is one of the most promising methods for massive hydrogen production. For continuous operation of Bunsen reaction section in SI process, the reactants (SO2, I2 and H2O) were fed to the reactor and the products (a H2SO4 phase and a HIx phase) were sent to storage tanks continuously during the reaction. In this study, we investigated the phase separation characteristics of continuous Bunsen reaction on the reactor shape and temperature. It was found that the reactor shape has little affected on the composition of Bunsen products. It was also observed that the phase separation characteristics of the continuous Bunsen reaction were similar to those for the semi-batch Bunsen reaction.

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7

Thomson, Christopher G., Ai-Lan Lee, and Filipe Vilela. "Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 16 (June 26, 2020): 1495–549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.16.125.

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The synergy between photocatalysis and continuous flow chemical reactors has shifted the paradigms of photochemistry, opening new avenues of research with safer and scalable processes that can be readily implemented in academia and industry. Current state-of-the-art photocatalysts are homogeneous transition metal complexes that have favourable photophysical properties, wide electrochemical redox potentials, and photostability. However, these photocatalysts present serious drawbacks, such as toxicity, limited availability, and the overall cost of rare transition metal elements. This reduces their long-term viability, especially at an industrial scale. Heterogeneous photocatalysts (HPCats) are an attractive alternative, as the requirement for the separation and purification is largely removed, but typically at the cost of efficiency. Flow chemical reactors can, to a large extent, mitigate the loss in efficiency through reactor designs that enhance mass transport and irradiation. Herein, we review some important developments of heterogeneous photocatalytic materials and their application in flow reactors for sustainable organic synthesis. Further, the application of continuous flow heterogeneous photocatalysis in environmental remediation is briefly discussed to present some interesting reactor designs that could be implemented to enhance organic synthesis.

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8

Mukimin, Aris. "The Energy Production and Efficiency Treatment of ML-MFC Using High Organic Content Wastewater." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 10005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020210005.

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Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a technology that is not only able to produce energy but also treats wastewater. The membraneless microbial fuel cell (ML-MFC) system was developed to avoid the use of membranes that are prone to clogging and are less applicable. The reactor was made and arranged in two chambers connected by pipes and the fluid flow rate is set using a peristaltic pump. Three anodes (carbon cloth) were paired with a carbon-Pt cathode GDL (Gas Diffusion Layer) type. The reactor was applied to wastewater taken from the industrial WWTP unit at the point before and after UASB. ML-MFC reactors can produce currents of 0.2 mA (before UASB) and 0.25 mA (after UASB). Current production is strongly influenced by the flow rate and characteristics of wastewater. Increased flow rates and complex character of wastewater will reduce current production. The electric power produced is 0.035 mwatt for wastewater before UASB and 0.086 mwatt after UASB with a COD removal is close to the same, which is 21% at a flow rate of 11 L / min1

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9

Mukimin, Aris. "The Energy Production and Efficiency Treatment of ML-MFC Using High Organic Content Wastewater." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 10006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020210006.

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Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a technology that is not only able to produce energy but also treats wastewater. The membraneless microbial fuel cell (ML-MFC) system was developed to avoid the use of membranes that are prone to clogging and are less applicable. The reactor was made and arranged in two chambers connected by pipes and the fluid flow rate is set using a peristaltic pump. Three anodes (carbon cloth) were paired with a carbon-Pt cathode GDL (Gas Diffusion Layer) type. The reactor was applied to wastewater taken from the industrial WWTP unit at the point before and after UASB. ML-MFC reactors can produce currents of 0.2 mA (before UASB) and 0.25 mA (after UASB). Current production is strongly influenced by the flow rate and characteristics of wastewater. Increased flow rates and complex character of wastewater will reduce current production. The electric power produced is 0.035 mwatt for wastewater before UASB and 0.086 mwatt after UASB with a COD removal is close to the same, which is 21% at a flow rate of 11 L / min1

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10

Tighe, Christopher J., Robert I. Gruar, Cai Y. Ma, Tariq Mahmud, Xue Z. Wang, and Jawwad A. Darr. "Investigation of counter-current mixing in a continuous hydrothermal flow reactor." Journal of Supercritical Fluids 62 (February 2012): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2011.11.027.

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11

Shimamoto, Seishu, Seiji Kanazawa, Toshikazu Ohkubo, Yukiharu Nomoto, Jerzy Mizeraczyk, and Jen-Shih Chang. "Flow visualization and current distributions for a corona radical shower reactor." Journal of Electrostatics 61, no. 3-4 (July 2004): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2004.02.009.

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12

Nemitallah, Medhat, Mohamed A. Habib, and Rached Ben-Mansour. "Investigations of an Ion Transport Membrane Reactor Specially Designed for a Power Cycle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 302 (February 2013): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.302.440.

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This work is aiming to investigate the dependence of the performance of a 3-D ITM reactor depends on the operating conditions and flow configuration. This work is a design problem, where the oxygen separation requirements of the ITM reactor are specified, and then the reactor is designed to meet them. The effect of subdividing the total reactor length into a number of parallel subunits rather than only one unit on the flow characteristics and membrane stability is studied. The results indicate that the average wall temperature is higher in the case of counter current flow than in the case of co-current flow; this is attributed to the effective heat transfer in the case of counter-current flow, and as a result, the average partial pressure driving force was found to be much lower in the case of counter current flow in order to get the same average flux for both flow configuration. The present results indicate that the use of parallel design instead of series design will result in shorten the channel length, reduce pressure drop through the system and will result in more stable operation of the membrane. Also, this design takes the benefit of high oxygen permeation flux at channel inlet which will reduce the total size of the reactor.

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13

Hu, Guannan, Nikolay Cherkasov, and Evgeny V. Rebrov. "Design of a Compact Microreactor/Heat-Exchanger for a Distributed Production of Liquid Hydrocarbons from Methanol." Reactions 2, no. 4 (October 18, 2021): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reactions2040027.

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The paper compares conceptual designs of a microstructured reactor/heat-exchanger for the small-scale production of C8+ range hydrocarbons from methanol over H-ZSM-5 catalytic coatings. In these designs, air was used as a cooling fluid in the adjacent cooling channels. The heat transfer characteristics of a single-zone reactor (with channels 500 μm in diameter) and a two-zone reactor (with an additional coolant inlet) have been compared. A single reaction zone was not able to reduce the temperature gradient below 15 K, while a two-zone configuration, with a counter-current fluid flow in the upstream section and co-current flow in the downstream section, demonstrated a near-isothermal behaviour, with a mean temperature of 653 K.

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14

Zeyer, K. P., G. Dechert, W. Hohmann, R. Blittersdorf, and F. W. Schneider. "Coupled Bistable Chemical Systems - Experimental Realization of Boolean Functions Using a Simple Feedforward Net." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 49, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 953–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1994-1010.

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AbstractWe use the BZ-reaction and the MBO-reaction to implement the Boolean functions AND, OR, NAND , and NOR by the coupling of three chemical reactors. The experimental setup is analogous to a simple neural feedforward network with two reactors serving as the input layer and one reactor as the output layer. Coupling between the input and output reactors is carried out through the flow rate (BZ- and MBO-reaction) and through the electrical current by the use of Pt working electrodes (BZ-reaction). The XOR- and XN OR functions may be realized with 5 reactors using combinations of the AND, NOR, NOR - and the AND, NOR, Or-chemical gates, respectively.

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15

Nápoles-Armenta, Juan, Juan Antonio Vidales-Contreras, Luis Alonso Leyva-Soto, Edna Rosalba Meza-Escalante, Lourdes Mariana Díaz-Tenorio, Celestino García-Gómez, Edgardo Martínez-Orozco, Celia De La Mora-Orozco, Pablo Gortáres-Moroyoqui, and Lilian Alejandra Salcedo-Gastelum. "The Influence of the Configuration of Two Electrochemical Reactors on the Process of Removing Atrazine from Water." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 8, 2021): 5267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095267.

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In Mexico, atrazine is widely used in agriculture to control broadleaf weeds. The objective of this research was to compare atrazine removal in water and energy consumption between an up-flow cylinder electro-oxidation reactor (UCER) and an up-flow rectangular electro-oxidation reactor (URER) using the response surface methodology. In each reactor, two titanium (Ti) mesh electrodes (cathodes) and one Titanium-Lead Dioxide (Ti-PbO2) mesh electrode (anode). Current intensity effects, electrolysis treatment time, and recirculation flow were evaluated. Synthetic water with 5 mg/L atrazine content was used. Optimum atrazine removal values were obtained at 2 A electric current, 180 min of treatment time, and 200 mL/min recirculation rate for both reactors: in these conditions an atrazine removal of 77.45% and 76.89% for URER and UCER respectively. However, energy consumption showed a significant difference of 137.45 kWh/m3 for URER and 73.63 kWh/m3 for UCER. Regarding energy efficiency, a 60% atrazine removal was reached in both reactors using less energy for UCER at (1.5 A–135 min–150 mL/min–25.8 kWh/m3) and for URER at (0.66 A–135 min–150 mL/min–20.12 kWh/m3).

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16

López-Montoya, Tatiana, Carlos Andrés Bustamante, Cesar Nieto-Londoño, and Natalia Gómez-Velásquez. "Computational study of particle distribution development in a cold-flow laboratory scale downer reactor." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.172.

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The use of downer reactors (gas-solid co-current downward flow) in the Fluid Catalytic cracking (FCC) process for the upgrading of heavy crude oil into more valuable products has gradually become more common in the last decades. This kind of reactor is characterized by having homogeneous axial and radial flow structures, no back mixing, and shorter residence times as compared with the riser reactor type. Although downer reactors were introduced a long time ago, available information in literature about the multiphase hydrodynamic behavior at FCC industrial scale is scarce. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct experimental and computational studies to enhance the understanding of the hydrodynamics of two-phase co-current downward flow. The Computational Fluids Dynamics (CFD) software, Ansys Fluent, is used to study two-dimensional gas (air) and solid (catalyst particle) flow in a downer section of a cold-flow circulation fluidized bed (CFB) system at a laboratory scale. The implemented computational model is validated by comparing numerical results for solid velocity and volume fraction with measurements carried out on a CFB system using a fiber-optic probe laser velocimeter. According to numerical results obtained for different gas velocity and solid flux, flow development cannot only be estimated by considering solid axial velocity changes along the reactor; it is also necessary to take into account solid volume fraction axial variations as radial profiles can change even when velocity profiles are developed.

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17

Lau, Cornwall, Kellen Oleksak, Sacit M. Cetiner, Paul Groth, Craig Mauer, Dustin Ottinger, Michael J. Roberts, Bruce Warmack, and Aly E. Fathy. "Eddy current flow meter model validation with a moving solid rod ^*." Measurement Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (April 4, 2022): 075301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac6145.

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Abstract The eddy current flow meter (ECFM) has been used to measure velocities and temperatures of conductive flows, such as liquid metal flows in a nuclear fission reactor. The goal of this paper is to develop a finite element electromagnetic model that can characterize the ECFM sensor performance and validate this finite element model with detailed velocity measurements of a controlled, well-characterized moving conductive solid rod. Both measurements and modeling were performed for various parameters that are important for ECFM performance such as rod velocity, rod material, ECFM sensor coil length, number of sensor coils, applied alternating current (AC) current amplitude, and applied ECFM AC frequency. For all parametric scans, the measurement and modeling agree well in both magnitude and trend. The normalized root-mean-square error between measurement and modeling is less than 10% for all cases. These results suggest that electromagnetic modeling could eventually be used to cost-effectively design future ECFM sensors in arbitrary geometry for more challenging applications such as liquid metal nuclear fission reactors.

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18

Abbasi, Mohsen, Mehdi Farniaei, Sedigheh Kabiri, Mohammad Reza Rahimpour, and Saeid Abbasi. "Performance Study of a Thermally Double Coupled Multi-Tubular Reactor by Considering the Effect of Flow Type Patterns." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2015-0098.

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AbstractIn this study, a steady-state heterogeneous one-dimensional model predicts the performance of a thermally double coupled auto-thermal multi-tubular reactor for simultaneous production of hydrogen, benzene, methanol and dimethyether (DME) in an economical approach for both co- and counter- current modes of operation. Reversed flow of cyclohexane has been considered for the counter-current flow regime. The simulation results for co- and counter-current modes have been investigated and compared with corresponding predictions for conventional methanol reactor and traditional coupled methanol reactor. In addition, various operating parameters along the reactor have been studied. The simulation results present that methanol yield in co- and counter- current modes are reached to 0.3735 and 0.3363 in a thermally double coupled reactor, respectively. Also, results for counter-current mode show a superior performance in hydrogen and benzene production. Finally, the results of simulation illustrate that the coupling of these reactions could be beneficial.

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19

Briceño Mena, Luis, and Esteban Durán Herrera. "Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation of Phenol over Iron-based Catalysts in a Trickle Bed Reactor." Revista Ingeniería 30, no. 2 (April 16, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ri.v30i2.39236.

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The use of continuous reactors for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation is yet to be investigated in order to develop a viable technology for industrial applications. This paper presents hydrodynamic and degradation studies on the use of a co-current down flow trickle bed reactor for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of phenol (as model pollutant) over Fe-Diatomite pellets and Fe-coated glass beads. It was found that the reactor can operate under trickle or pulsing flow regimes, promoting mass transfer augmentation. Residence time distribution data, fitted with n-CSTR and axial dispersion (ADM) models, showed low axial dispersion and high flow distribution. Just the Fe-diatomite pellets showed important phenol adsorption (16 %). Degradation experiments demonstrated that phenol conversion was substantial when using both catalysts, up to 19,7 % pollutant conversion with liquid-phase space times of just 6 s. Compared to direct ozonation, the use of the Fe-diatomite pellets and Fe-coated glass beads enhanced the reactor performance by 48 % and 23 %, respectively. It was confirmed that mass transfer is an important factor that restricts this reaction system performance; consequently, further improvement in mass transport rate is necessary for system optimization.

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20

D’Auria, F., N. Aksan, and H. Glaeser. "Physical Phenomena in Nuclear Thermal Hydraulics and Current Status." Tecnica Italiana-Italian Journal of Engineering Science 65, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ti-ijes.650101.

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116 nuclear Thermal-Hydraulic Phenomena T-HP are identified in the present paper, following documents issued during the last three decades by the Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations of Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD/NEA/CSNI) and by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The derived T-HP list includes consideration of experiments performed in Separate Effect Test (SET) and Integral Effect Test (IET) facilities relevant to reactor coolant system and containment of Water Cooled Nuclear Reactors (WCNR). We consider a dozen WCNR types: Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR), Boiling Water Reactors (BWR), Russian reactors (VVER-440, VVER-1000 and RBMK), pressure tube heavy water reactors by Canada (CANDU) and India (PHWR) and so-called ‘advanced’ reactors (e.g. AP-1000 and APR-1400 designed in US and Korea, respectively). We envisage a variety of applications for the T-HP list. Four of the phenomena are helpful to characterize the current state of art in nuclear thermal-hydraulics: Counter Current Flow Limitation (CCFL), Critical Heat Flux (CHF), reflood and Two-Phase Critical Flow (TPCF). Furthermore, the T-HP identification contributes to addressing the scaling issue, performing uncertainty evaluations, developing constitutive equations and ‘special models’ in codes and prioritizing the research.

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21

König, S., M. R. Suriyah, and T. Leibfried. "A plug flow reactor model of a vanadium redox flow battery considering the conductive current collectors." Journal of Power Sources 360 (August 2017): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.05.085.

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22

Elaragi, Gamal. "DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF GLIDING ARC PLASMA REACTOR WITH ARGON/NITROGEN." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 7, no. 1 (January 12, 2015): 1316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v7i1.1736.

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Gliding Arc Discharge plasma has properties of both thermal and non-thermal plasma conditions. Gliding arc discharge plasma in the atmospheric pressure with argon/nitrogen and its characteristics are described. Some experimental results about alternating current gliding arc plasma generator have been obtained. It seems that the current density strongly depends on the gas, and increased with increasing discharge current and gas flow rate. Also, the discharge current of gliding arc Discharge plasma in Nitrogengas is greater than one in Argon gas because of Nitrogen gas need to higher breakdown voltage than Argon gas. The intensity of gliding arc discharge plasma increased with increasing the gas flow rate. In addition to the oscillograms of discharge current in each case of Argon & Nitrogen were obtained. Electron temperatures of Argon and Nitrogen plasma were calculated to be 22800 K, 8400 K. The characteristics of both Argon & Nitrogen gases in atmospheric pressure were investigated like current density, electron density with flow rates (5, 10, 20, and 40) Standard Cubic foot per Hour. All the experimental results were tabulated.

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23

Doppalapudi, R., D. Palaniswamy, G. Sorial, and S. Maloney. "Electrochemical pilot scale study for reduction of 2,4-DNT." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 9 (May 1, 2003): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0519.

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An electrochemical pilot scale reactor was used to treat simulated munitions wastewater containing 100 mg/L of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT). Experiments were conducted by using a glassy carbon (zero porosity) coated graphite cylinder as the cathode and a platinum wire as the anode. All experiments were conducted under dissolved oxygen concentration of less than 1.5 mg/L. Initially, experiments simulating batch conditions were conducted to obtain the optimum operating conditions for the reactor. During this batch-mode study, the effects of various parameters such as applied current, electrolyte concentration, and type of electrolyte on the reduction of DNT were evaluated. Results obtained showed that the rates of reduction of DNT increased with an increase in current or concentration of electrolyte. Based on the results obtained from the batch simulation experiments, continuous flow experiments were conducted at three different currents. The ionic strength of the feed solution was maintained at 0.027 M. A current of 200 mA was found to provide a stable reduction of DNT at the 80% level for a period of 14 days after which reactor cleaning is necessary for removal of solids that were formed within the reactor. End products determined for the continuous flow experiments showed 100% molar balance conversion.

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24

Mohsen Garajehdaghi and Kambiz Seyyedi, Mohsen Garajehdaghi and Kambiz Seyyedi. "Removing of the Dye Pollutant Acid Red 1 from Contaminated Waters by Electrocoagulation Method Using a Recirculating Tubular Reactor with Punched Anode." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 41, no. 1 (2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000715/jcsp/41.01.2019.

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In the present study the removal of Acid red 1 (AR1), as a pollutant of contaminated waters, was investigated by the electrocoagulation method using a recirculating tubular reactor with punched anode. The role of the parameters affecting removal efficiency including current density, electrolysis time, electrolyte concentration and type, pH, the flow rate of the solution, and dye concentration was studied. Spectrophotometric results indicated that for 2500 ml of the dye solution containing 30 mg L-1 AR1 more than 95% of the dye was removed under the following conditions: current density of 1.3 mA cm-2, electrolysis time of 20 min, pH of 6, electrolyte dosage of 0/08 g L-1 , and the flow rate of 2 L min-1. Results showed that with an increase the electrolyte concentration and current density, color removal efficiency increases. Increasing of the flow rate of solution in the reactor due to decrease the retention time, decreases the removal efficiency. According to nature of electrocoagulation process, neutral range of pH is suitable for decolorization process.

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25

Ren, Shaoxuan, Dorian Joulié, Danielle Salvatore, Kristian Torbensen, Min Wang, Marc Robert, and Curtis P. Berlinguette. "Molecular electrocatalysts can mediate fast, selective CO2 reduction in a flow cell." Science 365, no. 6451 (July 25, 2019): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax4608.

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Анотація:

Practical electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion requires a catalyst capable of mediating the efficient formation of a single product with high selectivity at high current densities. Solid-state electrocatalysts achieve the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) at current densities ≥ 150 milliamperes per square centimeter (mA/cm2), but maintaining high selectivities at high current densities and efficiencies remains a challenge. Molecular CO2RR catalysts can be designed to achieve high selectivities and low overpotentials but only at current densities irrelevant to commercial operation. We show here that cobalt phthalocyanine, a widely available molecular catalyst, can mediate CO2 to CO formation in a zero-gap membrane flow reactor with selectivities > 95% at 150 mA/cm2. The revelation that molecular catalysts can work efficiently under these operating conditions illuminates a distinct approach for optimizing CO2RR catalysts and electrolyzers.

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26

Jarvis, Autin, Goslan, and Hassard. "Application of Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes (UV-LED) to Full-Scale Drinking-Water Disinfection." Water 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 1894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091894.

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Анотація:

Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) have recently emerged as a viable technology for water disinfection. However, the performance of the technology in full-scale drinking-water treatment systems remains poorly characterised. Furthermore, current UV disinfection standards and protocols have been developed specifically for conventional mercury UV systems and so do not necessarily provide an accurate indication of UV-LED disinfection performance. Hence, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that a full-scale UV-LED reactor can match the Cryptosporidium inactivation efficiency of conventional mercury UV reactors. Male-specific bacteriophage (MS2) was used as the Cryptosporidium spp. surrogate microorganism. The time-based inactivation efficiency of the full-scale reactor was firstly compared to that of a bench-scale (batch-type) UV-LED reactor. This was then related to mercury UV reactors by comparing the fluence-based efficiency of the bench-scale reactor to the USEPA 90% prediction interval range of expected MS2 inactivation using mercury UV lamps. The results showed that the full-scale UV-LED reactor was at least as effective as conventional mercury UV reactors at the water-quality and drive-current conditions considered. Nevertheless, comparisons between the bench- and full-scale UV-LED reactors indicated that improvements in the hydraulic flow profile and power output of the full-scale reactor could help to further improve the efficiency of UV-LED reactors for municipal drinking water disinfection. This represents the world’s first full-scale UV-LED reactor that can be applied at municipal water treatment works for disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms from drinking water.

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27

Ionescu, Gabriela, Raluca Nicoleta Tirtea, Cora Gheorghe-Bulmau, and Cosmin Marculescu. "Gas yield variation in wood biomass co-current air gasification process – continuous operation." E3S Web of Conferences 180 (2020): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018002017.

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The purpose of this work was to study the gas yield variation resulted from the cherry wood gasification with air using a lab-scale rotary kiln gasifier. The feedstock was continuously fed into the preheated reactor at 600°C, in co-current configuration, using atmospheric air as a gasifying agent. The results indicate the importance of oxidation reaction control, through the feeding flow rates of biomass and air and the reactants mixing rate. From the experiment, the hydrogen yields were about 2-4%, while the carbon monoxide varied between 8-21%. Additionally, the paper provides process observations based on the continuous monitoring of gas composition. The specific flow rates of substances and installation operating conditions were linked to process run through syngas composition.

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28

Greene, D. J., C. N. Haas, and B. Farouk. "Numerical simulation of chlorine disinfection processes." Water Supply 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0099.

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Анотація:

The efficacy of disinfection processes in water purification systems is governed by several key factors including reactor hydraulics, disinfectant chemistry and microbial inactivation kinetics. The objective of this work was to develop a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to predict flow structure, mass transport and chlorine decay in a continuous flow pilot scale reactor. These predictions were compared with experimental measurements for model validation. The current research demonstrates that inlet configurations can significantly impact reactor hydrodynamics.

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29

Du, Li-Hua, Miao Xue, Meng-Jie Yang, Yue Pan, Ling-Yan Zheng, Zhi-Min Ou та Xi-Ping Luo. "Ring-Opening of Epoxides with Amines for Synthesis of β-Amino Alcohols in a Continuous-Flow Biocatalysis System". Catalysts 10, № 12 (4 грудня 2020): 1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10121419.

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Анотація:

An efficient method for the preparation of β-amino alcohols catalyzed by lipase TL IM from Thermomyces lanuginosus in a continuous-flow reactor was developed. The eco-friendly biocatalyst combined with continuous-flow reaction technology displayed high efficiency in the synthesis of β-amino alcohols. The benign reaction conditions (35 °C) and short residence time (20 min), together with the use of low cost and readily available starting materials, make this synthetic approach a promising alternative to current β-amino alcohol synthesis.

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30

Vernières-Hassimi, L., M. A. Abdelghani-Idrissi, and D. Seguin. "Experimental and Theoretical Steady State Maximum Temperature Localization along an Exothermic Tubular Chemical Reactor." Open Chemical Engineering Journal 2, no. 1 (April 7, 2008): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874123100802010057.

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Анотація:

This article deals with the experimental and theoretical localization of steady state maximum temperature along an exothermic tubular reactor in counter current flow configuration; which represents a key parameter for safety in the chemical engineering processes. The fluid flowing in the inner tube is a mixture of sodium thiosulfate solution in reaction with hydrogen peroxide. To control the reactive fluid temperature, the inner tube is cooled with a refrigerant fluid flowing through the annular space. The steady state is obtained from the resolution of the nonlinear partial differential equations with the McCormack numerical method. The steady state temperature of the reactive fluid along the tubular reactor presents a maximum value due to the exothermic chemical reaction. The maximum temperature value which represents the critical point of the reactor is investigated. In particular its localization is studied for the first time according to various parameters such as flow rates, reactant concentrations and inlet temperatures.

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31

Sun, Liyan, Kun Luo, and Jianren Fan. "3D Unsteady Simulation of a Scale-Up Methanation Reactor with Interconnected Cooling Unit." Energies 14, no. 21 (October 30, 2021): 7095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217095.

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Анотація:

The production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) via methanation has been demonstrated by experiments in bench scale bubbling fluidized bed reactors. In the current work, we focus on the scale-up of the methanation reactor, and a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is designed with variable diameter according to the characteristic of methanation. The critical issue is the removal of reaction heat during the strongly exothermic process of the methanation. As a result, an interconnected bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) is utilized and connected with the reactor in order to cool the particles and to maintain system temperature. A 3D model is built, and the influences of operating temperature on H2, CO conversion and CH4 yield are evaluated by numerical simulations. The instantaneous and time-averaged flow behaviors are obtained and analyzed. It turns out that the products with high concentrations of CH4 are received at the CFB reactor outlet. The temperature of the system is kept under control by using a cooling unit, and the steady state of thermal behavior is achieved under the cooling effect of BFB reactor. The circulating rate of particles and the cooling power of the BFB reactor significantly affect the performance of reactor. This investigation provides insight into the design and operation of a scale-up methanation reactor, and the feasibility of the CFB reactor for the methanation process is confirmed.

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32

Mamet, J. C., and O. Moselhi. "Outline of current analysis procedure for CANDU 600 MW reactor buildings." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 4 (December 1, 1985): 796–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-093.

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Анотація:

Reactor buildings of 600 MW CANDU nuclear power plants consist of a prestressed concrete containment structure, cylindrical in shape with a double spherical dome, and of a reinforced concrete internal structure with heavy walls and slabs that support the nuclear reactor, the primary heat transport system, control and safety mechanisms, etc. Both structures are supported on a common circular slab.In this paper, an outline of the static and seismic response analyses performed for these buildings is presented. Several computer models and codes are used and advantage is taken of the symmetry of revolution of part of the structure.By combining the results produced by the various models and accounting for discontinuities caused by openings, etc., a complete picture of the forces, displacements, or accelerations existing in the reactor building under operating conditions and during postulated accidents or seismic events may be drawn.This process has been partly automated by the development of relevant software. A flow chart of the whole analysis process is given. Key words: nuclear power plants, reactor building, containment, analysis, static, seismic, finite elements.

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33

Pavón-Silva, Thelma Beatriz, Hipólito Romero-Tehuitzil, Gonzálo Munguia del Río, and Jorge Huacuz-Villamar. "Photovoltaic Energy-Assisted Electrocoagulation of a Synthetic Textile Effluent." International Journal of Photoenergy 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7978901.

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Анотація:

The feasibility of using photovoltaic modules to power a continuous 14 L electrochemical reactor applied to remove an azo dye with an efficiency of 70% is reported. The photovoltaic modules were directly connected, and the system efficiency was observed properly maintained when currents were applied in the range of 2.5 to 7.9 A. This value depends on solar radiation. Likewise, it was found that the efficiency depends mainly on the current density and the flow rate prevailing in the reactor.

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34

Komarzyniec, Grzegorz, and Michał Aftyka. "Operating Problems of Arc Plasma Reactors Powered by AC/DC/AC Converters." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (May 9, 2020): 3295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093295.

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Анотація:

The scientific objective was to investigate the cooperation of three-electrode plasma reactors with gliding arc discharge powered from multi-phase AC/DC/AC converters. In order to achieve the scientific and practical goal of the project, a test stand was designed and built, which included: a multi-electrode GlidArc type plasma reactor; a power-electronic AC/DC/AC converter, working as a source of voltage or current with regulated parameters of energy transferred to the discharge space; reactor operation diagnostics systems; and a process gas feeding and flow control system. The GlidArc Plasma Reactor has shown high sensitivity to changes in many electrical as well as gas chemical, gas-dynamic and mechanical parameters. The AC/DC/AC converter turned out to be a system sensitive to interference generated by the plasma reactor. It can be noticed that the operation of the reactor in certain conditions causes bigger interferences of the converter. However, it is difficult to systematise the influence of particular parameters of the reactor’s operation on the operation of the AC/DC/AC converter and vice versa due to mutual correlations of many parameters. The correct operation of a plasma reactor depends on the characteristics of the power supply system; on the other hand, the power supply system reacts to such an untypical receiver as a plasma reactor.

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35

Dandy, David S., and Michael E. Coltrin. "A simplified analytical model of diamond growth in direct current arcjet reactors." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 8 (August 1995): 1993–2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.1993.

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Анотація:

A simplified model of a direct current arcjet-assisted diamond chemical vapor deposition reactor is presented. The model is based upon detailed theoretical analysis of the transport and chemical processes occurring during diamond deposition, and is formulated to yield closed-form solutions for diamond growth rate, defect density, and heat flux to the substrate. In a direct current arcjet reactor there is a natural division of the physical system into four characteristic domains: plasma torch, free stream, boundary layer, and surface, leading to the development of simplified thermodynamic, transport, and chemical kinetic models for each of the four regions. The models for these four regions are linked to form a single unified model. For a relatively wide range of reactor operating conditions, this simplified model yields results that are in good quantitative agreement with stagnation flow models containing detailed multicomponent transport and chemical kinetics. However, in contrast to the detailed reactor models, the model presented here executes in near real-time on a computer of modest size, and can therefore be readily incorporated into process control models or global dynamic loop simulations.

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36

KHOSHBIN, S., and K. SEYYEDI. "REMOVAL OF ACID RED 1 DYE POLLUTANT FROM CONTAMINATED WATERS BY ELECTROCOAGULATION METHOD USING A RECIRCULATING TUBULAR REACTOR." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 47, no. 3 (July 31, 2017): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2017.308.

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Анотація:

Different types of the dye are considered as the major environmental pollutants, and even their very low concentration can affect the transparency and aesthetic quality of the surface waters. Acid Red 1 (AR1) is one of the synthetic azo dyes extensively used in textile industries. The present study aims to examine the efficiency of electrocoagulation method on the removal of AR1 from contaminated waters in a recirculating tubular reactor using iron electrodes. Numerous parameters such as current density, pH, electrolyte concentration, flow rate, and the concentration of dye pollutants were studied. The obtained spectrophotometric results indicated that with an increase in current density and electrolyte concentration, the percentage of dye removal increases, but with an increase in dye concentration, pH, and the flow rate of solution into the reactor, the rate of pollutant removal decreases. For 2 litters of the solution containing 30 mg/L AR1 with a current density of 0.011 A/cm2, pH of 6.8, electrolysis time of 20 minutes, flow rate of 45.45 ml/s, and electrolyte concentration of 0.08 g/L, dye removal percentage of about 95% was obtained by electrocoagulation in a recirculating tubular reactor.

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37

Suharti, Profiyanti Hermien, Yogi Wibisono Budhi, and Yazid Bindar. "Kajian pemanfaatan reverse flow reactor untuk oksidasi katalitik uap bensin." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 10, no. 1 (October 2, 2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2011.10.1.4.

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Анотація:

Study of utilization of reverse flow reactor for the catalytic oxidation of gasoline vapor Catalytic oxidation of gasoline vapor is one of methods to reduce the gasoline vapor emission at fuel station. This reaction is exothermic with large heat of reaction, so that the heat released can be used for heating the feed gas, leading to auto thermal condition.. The auto thermal conditions with low feed concentration, like gasoline vapor emission, can be achieved by using a reverse-flow reactor (RFR), a kind of fixed bed reactor in which flow direction is periodically changed. The objective of this research is to develop the using of a RFR to reduce the gasoline vapor emissions at fuel station, based on simulations using FlexPDE version 6 and later used as the basis for the experimental development. The model of RFR was developed, by using iso-octane as a model component. The simulation consists of: (1) RFR with one way direction, which was used as the basis for the determination of RFR operating conditions and (2) RFR at current start-up conditions. The simulations were conducted using a software package FlexPDE version 6. The kinetic parameters and physical properties were taken from literature. The simulation results of the RFR at one way direction show that catalytic oxidation of gasoline vapor can conducted best at temperature of 773 K, while the RFR shows the accumulation of heat in the reactor bed that can be utilized for process start-up. Time to reach 100% conversion of gasoline for reverse flow operation mode is faster than one way operation mode. Thus the operation of gasoline emission catalytic oxidation reaction in reverse flow reactor can be developed experimentally. Keywords: Dynamic reactor, Catalytic oxidationAbstrakOksidasi katalitik uap bensin adalah salah satu cara untuk mengurangi emisi uap bensin di stasiun pengisian bahan bakar umum. Reaksi ini adalah reaksi eksotermik, sehingga panas reaksi yang timbul dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memanaskan umpan agar reaktor dapat berperilaku ototermal. Kondisi ototermal dengan umpan emisi uap bensin yang berkonsentrasi rendah dapat tercapai dengan menggunakan reverse flow reactor (RFR), yaitu reaktor unggun tetap yang arah alirannya diubah secara periodik. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji pemanfaatan RFR untuk menurunkan emisi uap bensin di SPBU, berdasarkan simulasi menggunakan FlexPDE versi 6 dan nantinya digunakan sebagai dasar pengembangan secara eksperimental. Model RFR dikembangkan dengan menggunakan iso-oktana sebagai komponen model. Simulasi terdiri dari (1) simulasi RFR satu arah, yang digunakan sebagai dasar penentuan kondisi operasi RFR dan (2) simulasi RFR dengan konfigurasi start-up tertentu. Parameter kinetika dan sifat–sifat fisik yang diperlukan diambil dari literatur. Hasil simulasi RFR satu arah menunjukkan bahwa reaksi oksidasi katalitik uap bensin dapat terselenggara dengan baik pada suhu 773 K, sedangkan simulasi RFR kondisi aliran bolak-balik menunjukkan adanya akumulasi panas di unggun reaktor yang dapat dimanfaatkan saat proses start-up. Waktu untuk mencapai konversi 100% untuk simulasi mode operasi bolak-balik lebih cepat daripada mode operasi satu arah. Dengan demikian penyelenggaraan reaksi oksidasi katalitik emis uap bensin di reverse flow reactor secara eksperimental dapat dikembangkan.Kata Kunci: Reaktor dinamik, Oksidasi katalitik

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38

Ni, Jin, Huimin Shi, Yuansheng Xu, and Qunhui Wang. "A Comparison of the Mechanism of TOC and COD Degradation in Rhodamine B Wastewater by a Recycling-Flow Two- and Three-dimensional Electro-Reactor System." Water 12, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 1853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071853.

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Анотація:

Dye wastewater, as a kind of refractory wastewater (with a ratio of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of less than 0.3), still needs advanced treatments in order to reach the discharge standard. In this work, the recycling-flow three-dimensional (3D) electro-reactor system was designed for degrading synthetic rhodamine B (RhB) wastewater as dye wastewater (100 mg/L). After 180 min of degradation, the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of RhB wastewater were both approximately double the corresponding values in the recycling-flow two-dimensional (2D) electro-reactor system. Columnar granular activated carbon (CGAC), as micro-electrodes packed between anodic and cathodic electrodes in the recycling-flow 3D electro-reactor system, generated an obviously characteristic peak of anodic catalytic oxidation, increased the mass transfer rate and electrochemically active surface area (EASA) by 40%, and rapidly produced 1.52 times more hydroxyl radicals (·OH) on the surface of CGAC electrodes, in comparison to the recycling-flow 2D electro-reactor system. Additionally, the recycling-flow 3D electro-reactor system can maintain higher current efficiency (CE) and lower energy consumption (Es).

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39

Safonyk, Andrii, Anna Burduk, and Ivan Targoniy. "Research of simulation model of electrocoagulation process." Modeling, Control and Information Technologies, no. 3 (November 5, 2019): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31713/mcit.2019.67.

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Анотація:

A mathematical model of the electrocoagulation process has been constructed, taking into account the geometric dimensions of the reactor, the volumetric flow rate of the liquid and the applied current. A simulation model has been developed that describes the processes occurring in a coagulator, on the basis of which was studied the influence of current, changes in the concentration of inlet contamination on the concentration of the target component at the outlet of the reactor.

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40

Bisara, Daniya, Rofiq Iqbal, and Syarif Hidayat. "Treatment of surface water contaminated arsenite using continuous flow air-cathode electrocoagulation." E3S Web of Conferences 148 (2020): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014802008.

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Анотація:

Air-cathode Electrocoagulation (ACEC) is a new emerging technology that combines the concepts of electrocoagulation and fuel cell technology for treating water contaminated by pollutants without the addition of external energy. In this study, the ACEC reactor was used for the removal of Arsenite (As3+) contained in river water. The effects of the different anode materials and hydraulic retention time (HRT) to the performance of the reactor were investigated. The water containing 3,5 ppm of arsenite was used as a representation of river water contaminated by heavy metal. Three types of metal plates (magnesium, iron, and aluminum) were used as anode materials, while a wet-proof (30%) carbon cloth used as a cathode electrode. The reactor performance was evaluated by measuring the removal efficiency of arsenite, metal hydroxide concentration, current density, and maximum power density of the reactor. The result showed that the ACEC reactor with iron, aluminium, and magnesium anode were able to remove 99%, 17%, and 73% of arsenite respectively. In further experiments, the reactor was conducted in continuous mode with 4, 8, and 12 hours of HRT. The ACEC reactor with 12 hours HRT was able to remove arsenite up to 99% for 24 hours. This result indicated that ACEC process is a promising technology for the effective removal of arsenite from aqueous solution without additional energy.

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41

Schlange, Alicja, Antonio Rodolfo dos Santos, Ulrich Kunz, and Thomas Turek. "Continuous preparation of carbon-nanotube-supported platinum catalysts in a flow reactor directly heated by electric current." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 7 (October 14, 2011): 1412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.7.165.

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In this contribution we present for the first time a continuous process for the production of highly active Pt catalysts supported by carbon nanotubes by use of an electrically heated tubular reactor. The synthesized catalysts show a high degree of dispersion and narrow distributions of cluster sizes. In comparison to catalysts synthesized by the conventional oil-bath method a significantly higher electrocatalytic activity was reached, which can be attributed to the higher metal loading and smaller and more uniformly distributed Pt particles on the carbon support. Our approach introduces a simple, time-saving and cost-efficient method for fuel cell catalyst preparation in a flow reactor which could be used at a large scale.

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42

Fedorovich, V., S. D. Varfolomeev, A. Sizov, and I. Goryanin. "Multi-electrode microbial fuel cell with horizontal liquid flow." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 2 (July 1, 2009): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.139.

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Анотація:

A plug flow multi-electrode bioelectrochemical reactor for wastewater treatment and simultaneous generation of electricity has been developed and its efficiency investigated. It employs a horizontally located anodic zone in which the anodic electrodes comprise porous graphite plates coated with palladium. The aerated immersed cathodic electrodes contain iron(II) phthalocyanine as a catalyst. The parameters of the device were obtained using glycerol and acetate as fuels and anaerobic sludge as an inoculum. The maximal volumetric power and current densities obtained, relative to the total volume of the anodic zone, were: glycerol: 73±1 mA/L; 43±1 mW/L; acetate: 75±1 mA/L; 40±1 mW/L. It was shown that biotransformation of glycerol into volatile fatty acids does not depend on the presence of anodic electrodes in the reaction zone, while acetate degradation takes place only if the reaction zone contains anodic electrodes as a final electron acceptor.

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43

Jiang, Youkai, Yaheng Zhang, Jie Zhang, and Zhiyong Tang. "Characteristics of Gas–Liquid Slug Flow in Honeycomb Microchannel Reactor." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041465.

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Анотація:

The gas–liquid slug flow characteristics in a novel honeycomb microchannel reactor were investigated numerically and experimentally. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was carried out with Comsol finite element software using the phase-field method, and the simulation results were verified by micro-particle image velocimetry (micro-PIV) analysis. The breakups of liquid slugs at the bifurcations of current honeycomb microchannel followed a complex behavior, leading to non-uniformity in each branch. The pressure distribution inside the microreactor was closely related to the phase distribution. The increasing inlet gas velocity increased the gas phase volume fraction, as well as the gas slug length. Higher gas velocity resulted in stronger turbulence of the liquid phase flow field and a deviation of residence time distribution from normal distribution, but it was favorable to even more residence time during the liquid phase. There also exists a secondary flow in the gas–liquid interface. This work reveals the intrinsic intensified effect of honeycomb microchannel, and it provides guidance on future microreactor design for chemical energy conversion.

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44

TEH, HUEY-FANG, NAVEEN RAMALINGAM, HAI-QING GONG, and SWEE-NGIN TAN. "MICROFLUIDIC FLOW-THROUGH REACTOR WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR ARRAY FOR REAL-TIME PCR." Modern Physics Letters B 23, no. 03 (January 30, 2009): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984909018424.

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Анотація:

We developed an integrated microfluidic flow-through EC-PCR (EC-PCR) microdevice for the concurrent DNA amplification, PCR products EC detection and PCR products quantification instead of the current available fluorescence detection scheme. The microfluidic flow-through EC-PCR microdevice was fabricated with the state-of-the-art microfabrication technology, by bonding a bottom glass substrate having a microelectrode array to a top glass cover having the microchannels made of PDMS material. Both the amplification of the target DNA sequence and the subsequent EC detection of the PCR products were carried out concurrently on the integrated device by real-time monitoring. The underlying principle of the microfluidic flow-through EC-PCR method was based on the changes of current signal of methylene blue (MB), which worked as an electrochemically active species DNA intercalator in the PCR mixture, during the amplification process at the extension phase. The results shown in this work indicated that the nucleic acid analysis could be performed in a fast thermal cycling and true real-time quantitative electrochemical detection. The signal variation trends of the EC detection and the fluorescence detection were the same in our verification measurements for both methods, which suggested that the EC detection method was feasible for this application.

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45

Vallée, Christophe, Toshifumi Nariai, Takashi Futatsugi, Akio Tomiyama, Dirk Lucas, and Michio Murase. "Experimental Characterisation of the Interfacial Structure during Counter-Current Flow Limitation in a Model of the Hot Leg of a PWR." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/298452.

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Анотація:

In order to investigate the two-phase flow behaviour during counter-current flow limitation in the hot leg of a pressurised water reactor, dedicated experiments were performed in a scaled down model ofKobe University. The experiments were performed with air and water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. At high flow rates, CCFL occurs and the discharge of water to the reactor pressure vessel simulator is limited by the formation of slugs carrying liquid back to the steam generator. The structure of the interface was observed from the side of the channel test section using a high-speed video camera. An algorithm was developed to recognise the stratified interface in the camera frames after background subtraction. This method allows extracting the water level at any position in the image as well as performing further statistical treatments. The evolution of the interfacial structure along the horizontal part of the hot leg is shown by the visualisation of the probability distribution of the water level and analysed in function of the liquid and gas flow rates. The data achieved are useful for the analysis of the flow conditions as well as for the validation of modelling approaches like computational fluid dynamics.

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46

Kim, Hyo Sub, Young Ho Kim, Sang Jin Han, Chu Sik Park, Ki Kwang Bae, and Jong Gyu Lee. "Continuous Bunsen reaction and simultaneous separation using a counter-current flow reactor for the sulfur–iodine hydrogen production process." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 14 (May 2013): 6190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.12.139.

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47

Jaroszewicz, Janusz, Zuzanna Marcinkowska, and Krzysztof Pytel. "Production of Fission Product 99Mo using High-Enriched Uranium Plates in Polish Nuclear Research Reactor MARIA: Technology and Neutronic Analysis." Nukleonika 59, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2014-0009.

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Abstract The main objective of 235U irradiation is to obtain the 99mTc isotope, which is widely used in the domain of medical diagnostics. The decisive factor determining its availability, despite its short lifetime, is a reaction of radioactive decay of 99Mo into 99mTc. One of the possible sources of molybdenum can be achieved in course of the 235U fission reaction. The paper presents activities and the calculation results obtained upon the feasibility study on irradiation of 235U targets for production of 99Mo in the MARIA research reactor. Neutronic calculations and analyses were performed to estimate the fission products activity for uranium plates irradiated in the reactor. Results of dummy targets irradiation as well as irradiation uranium plates have been presented. The new technology obtaining 99Mo is based on irradiation of high-enriched uranium plates in standard reactor fuel channel and calculation of the current fission power generation. Measurements of temperatures and the coolant flow in the molybdenum installation carried out in reactor SAREMA system give online information about the current fission power generated in uranium targets. The corrective factors were taken into account as the heat generation from gamma radiation from neighbouring fuel elements as well as heat exchange between channels and the reactor pool. The factors were determined by calibration measurements conducted with aluminium mock-up of uranium plates. Calculations of fuel channel by means of REBUS code with fine mesh structure and libraries calculated by means of WIMS-ANL code were performed.

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48

Bun, Saret, Penghour Hong, Nattawin Chawaloesphosiya, Sreynich Pang, Sreyla Vet, Phaly Ham, Rathborey Chan, and Pisut Painmanakul. "Development of Integrated Electrocoagulation-Sedimentation (IECS) in Continuous Mode for Turbidity and Color Removal." ChemEngineering 6, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering6010003.

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The present work focused on the development and evaluation of a compact electrocoagulation (EC) reactor, combined between EC and clarifier processes in continuous modes for decolorization and turbidity removal, named the integrated electrocoagulation-sedimentation reactor (IECS). The experiments were firstly conducted in the four-liter batch column in order to optimize the EC configuration and operation condition. The removal kinetics were also investigated and predicted for kinetic correlations. After various optimization steps, the IECS reactor was conducted, consisting of EC and clarifier compartments. Liquid flow pattern in EC compartment was examined through resident time distribution technique for defining the number of EC units and divided baffles. In summary, four units of EC were placed in the EC compartment of the IECS reactor with 90% in the width of three baffles. Each EC unit had two pairs of aluminum electrode plats in monopolar arrangement with a 1.5 cm gap and required a current density of 13.5 mA/cm2. For the clarifier compartment, it was mainly designed based on the batch settling test for separating the precipitated particles. The treatment performance of the IECS reactor was tested at different liquid flows in order to reduce the pollutant to a certain level. For the individual condition, liquid flow rates of 3 and 1 L/min were defined for turbidity and color, respectively. If both pollutants are presented simultaneously, a liquid flow rate of 1–2 L/min can be used for decreasing turbidity from 250 to <20 NTU and color from 6000 to <300 ADMI.

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Kim, Myong-Seop, Byung-Gun Park, and Gi-Doo Kang. "Self-Powered Neutron Detector Calibration Using a Large Vertical Irradiation Hole of HANARO." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817004013.

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A calibration technology of the self-powered neutron detectors (SPNDs) using a large vertical irradiation hole of HANARO is developed. The 40 Rh-SPNDs are installed on the polycarbonate plastic support, and the gold wires with the same length as the effective length of the rhodium emitter of the SPND are also installed to measure the neutron flux on the SPND. They are irradiated at a low reactor power, and the SPND current is measured using the pico-ammeter. The external gamma-rays which affect the SPND current response are analyzed using the Monte Carlo simulation for various irradiation conditions in HANARO. It is confirmed that the effect of the external gamma-rays to the SPND current is dependent on the reactor characteristics, and that it is affected by materials around the detector. The current signals due to the external gamma-rays can be either positive or negative, in that the net flow of the current may be either in the same or the opposite direction as the neutron-induced current by the rhodium emitter. From the above procedure, the effective calibration methodology of multiple SPNDs using the large hole of HANARO is developed. It could be useful for the calibration experiment of the neutron detectors in the research reactors.

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50

Mukimin, Aris, Nur Zen, Hanny Vistanty, and Purwanto Agus. "High Electric Production by Membraneless Microbial Fuel Cell with Up Flow Operation Using Acetate Wastewater." Jurnal Riset Teknologi Pencegahan Pencemaran Industri 11, no. 2 (November 19, 2020): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21771/jrtppi.2020.v11.no2.p19-27.

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Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a new proposed technology reported to generate renewable energy while simultaneously treating wastewater. Membraneless microbial fuel cell (ML-MFC) system was developed to eliminate the requirement of membrane which is expensive and prone to clogging while enhancing electricity generation and wastewater treatment efficiency. For this purpose, a reactor was designed in two chambers and connected via three pipes (1 cm in diameter) to enhance fluid diffusion. Influent flowrate was maintained by adjusting peristaltic pump at the base of anaerobic chamber. Carbon cloth (235 cm2) was used as anode and paired with gas diffusion layer (GDL) carbon-Pt as cathode. Anaerobic sludge was filtered and used as starter feed for the anaerobic chamber. The experiment was carried out by feeding synthetic wastewater to anaerobic chamber; while current response and potential were recorded. Performance of reactor was evaluated in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Electroactive microbe was inoculated from anaerobic sludge and showed current response (0.55-0.65 mA) at 0,35 V, range of diameter 1.5-2 µm. The result of microscopics can showed three different species. The microbial performance was increased by adding ferric oxide 1 mM addition as acceptor electron. The reactor was able to generate current, voltage, and electricity power of 0.36 mA, 110 mV, and 40 mWatt (1.5 Watt/m2), respectively, while reaching COD removal and maximum coulomb efficiency (EC) of 16% and 10.18%, respectively.

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