Статті в журналах: "Cultural property – Protection – Bolivia"

1

Reichelt, Gerte. "International Protection of Cultural Property (*)." Uniform Law Review os-13, no. 1 (January 1985): 43–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/os-13.1.43.

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2

Puri, Kamal. "Copyright protection of cultural property." Information & Communications Technology Law 4, no. 2 (January 1995): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600834.1995.9965718.

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3

Shina, Shintaro. "Protection of Cultural Property and Law." TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 4, no. 9 (1999): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.4.9_6.

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4

Phuong, Catherine. "THE PROTECTION OF IRAQI CULTURAL PROPERTY." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 53, no. 4 (October 2004): 985–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/53.4.985.

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Images of widespread looting were the first to come from Baghdad following the entry of US forces into the Iraqi capital city in April 2003. In particular, it is hard to forget the powerful images of smashed display cases, empty vaults, and desperate staff in the Iraqi National Museum. Worse still, the National Library was burnt down. The looting of the Iraqi National Museum took place between 8 April, when the security situation prompted staff to leave the museum, and 12 April when some of them managed to return. Despite early pleadings with US forces to move a tank to guard the museum gates, US tanks did not arrive until 16 April.1 Cynics would say that the protection of the Oil Ministry appeared to take priority at the time.2 Early reports estimated that around 170,000 items went missing from the Iraqi National Museum in Baghdad.3 This figure was completely exaggerated and the Bogdanos enquiry established that over 13,000 items had been stolen and about 3,000 recovered by September 2003.4 This article seeks to determine to what extent the US can be held legally responsible for the looting, and then to examine the international legal framework in place to facilitate the recovery and return of the items stolen from the Iraqi National Museum and other Iraqi cultural institutions

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5

von Lewinski, Silke. "Intellectual property protection of folklore." Focaal 2004, no. 44 (December 1, 2004): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/092012904782311272.

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The possible protection of indigenous cultural expressions has reemerged as a topic in international debates in recent years. This article provides a legal perspective on the topic. Existing copyright and neighboring right laws do not apply to such cultural expressions per se, since they do not fulfill the relevant criteria of protection. However, indirect protection is granted to those who record indigenous expressions onto phonograms, films, and photographs, and for those who collect or perform indigenous cultural expressions. Protection concerning authenticity is possible by way of trademarks (in particular collective marks and certification marks) and geographical indications. Particular rules about unfair competition may protect against the disclosure of confidential information. Works based on traditional cultural expressions are regularly protected by copyright. Following early (unsuccessful) attempts for international protection of traditional cultural expressions per se, new ways are currently being developed including sui generis protection regimes which integrate customary laws and practices. Any successful solution will have to be based on better mutual interest and understanding between indigenous peoples and Western users.

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6

Estrella Faria, José Angelo. "The international protection of religious cultural property." Uniform Law Review - Revue de droit uniforme 20, no. 4 (December 2015): 594–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/unv024.

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7

Müller, MM. "Cultural heritage protection: legitimacy, property, and functionalism." International Journal of Cultural Property 7, no. 2 (January 1998): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739198770407.

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This article argues that the question of whether the nation-state or the international community is the legitimate guardian of cultural property can only be answered with reference to what we expect measures of protection of our cultural heritage to accomplish. The very concept of 'protection' is at stake, and two different schools (object-centrism versus functionalism) are to be distinguished. Whereas object centrism focuses on the cultural object and its protection as a value in its own right, functionalism argues that the cultural heritage cannot even be identified as such without reference to society and its meaning for societal processes of acculturation and socialization. This article endorses functionalism and develops a perspective that includes identity and cross-cultural communication as the most important functions of all cultural heritage. These two criteria should guide our thinking about the legitimate guardian of cultural heritage in general.

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8

Driver, Mark C. "The Protection of Cultural Property During Wartime." Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 9, no. 1 (April 2000): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9388.00227.

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9

Greenfield, Jeanette. "The return of cultural property." Antiquity 60, no. 228 (March 1986): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00057598.

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The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries bore witness to the zenith of the European art of 'collecting' antiquities. The second half of the nineteenth century saw the beginnings of systematic archaeological techniques of excavation, field survey, conservation and protection. It saw what Professor Seton Lloyd has called the 'birth of a conscience' regarding the expropriation of antiquities from other countries. In the twentieth century the idea has emerged that cultural property is a matter of international concern, as being part of the 'heritage of mankind'. This concern has centred around looting from and destruction of archaeological sites, cultural heritage, the illicit traffic of art in the international market, and the return of cultural property. ildditional controls have been sought to establish the protection of cultural property in time of war as well as peace.

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10

KIM, Yongcheol. "Law for Protection of Cultural Property of Korea enacted in 1962 and Japanese Acts for Protection of Cultural Property." Korean Journal of Art History 308 (December 31, 2020): 207–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31065/kjah.308.202012.007.

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11

Katz, Stephen Z. "Penal Protection of Cultural Property: The Canadian Approach." International Journal of Cultural Property 2, no. 1 (January 1993): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739193000049.

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12

Paterson, Robert K. "The Protection of Cultural Property in Internal Law." International Journal of Cultural Property 6, no. 2 (July 1997): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739197000337.

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13

DMYTRENKO, V. V. "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS’ OBJECTS COMPREHENSIVE PROTECTION." Law and Society, no. 5 (2022): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32842/2078-3736/2022.5.6.

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14

Bicskei, Marianna, Kilian Bizer, and Zulia Gubaydullina. "Protection of Cultural Goods— Economics of Identity." International Journal of Cultural Property 19, no. 1 (February 2012): 97–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739112000070.

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AbstractThis article addresses the current international debate on the protection of cultural goods. Whereas some groups (such as indigenous peoples) are arguing for the creation of cultural property rights analogous to classic intellectual property rights such as patent and copyright, most industrialized countries advocate to keep cultural goods within the public domain. In this article, we develop an economic perspective based on identity and clarify the question of which cultural goods should be protected, regulated, or left in the public domain. We conclude that protection based on the concept of identity is required for a very limited scope of cultural goods.

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15

Ryška, Ivan. "Shift from Cultural Property to Cultural Heritage and its Possible Consequences for International Criminal Law." Polish Review of International and European Law 10, no. 2 (December 18, 2021): 37–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/priel.2021.10.2.02.

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The article examines the content of terms ‘cultural property’ and ’cultural heritage’. It illustrates the continual development in the protection of cultural property that evolved into the concept of cultural heritage. The first part of the article describes differences between the two notions and explains why the term ’cultural heritage’ is more suitable for the current approach to protection of cultural expressions. The second part of the article deals with possible consequences that the conceptual shift from cultural property to cultural heritage can bring to protection under International Criminal Law. It argues that despite the wording of relevant legal documents, it does not explicitly work with the term ’cultural heritage’. The author notes that jurisprudence of international criminal tribunals has already been recognizing this concept and reflecting upon the extent of the term in some of their decisions.

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16

Laurie W. Rush. "Finding Common Ground Cultural Property Protection in Modern Conflict." Future Anterior: Journal of Historic Preservation, History, Theory, and Criticism 14, no. 1 (2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5749/futuante.14.1.0025.

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17

Hovey, Lonnie J., and Kevin E. Kimmel. "Culture Shock: Fire Protection for Historic and Cultural Property." APT Bulletin 28, no. 2/3 (1997): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1504538.

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18

Serbenco, Eduard. "THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY AND POST-CONFLICT KOSOVO." Revue québécoise de droit international 18, no. 2 (2005): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069175ar.

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19

IKAWA, Hirofumi. "INSTRUMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN GERMANY." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 74, no. 645 (2009): 2571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.74.2571.

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20

Seršić, Maja. "Protection of cultural property in time of armed conflict." Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 27 (December 1996): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0167676800000489.

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21

Irsheid, Christine. "The Protection of Cultural Property in the Arab World." International Journal of Cultural Property 6, no. 1 (January 1997): 11–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739197000040.

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AbstractThis article presents a comparative description of the national legislation concerning the protection of cultural property in the various Arab nations and the influence of regional and international agreements. These different legislative schemes are also discussed in the context of attempts to unify the treatment of cultural property among these nations which face similar problems.

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22

van Meijl, Toon. "Pacific Discourses About Cultural Heritage and Its Protection: An Introduction." International Journal of Cultural Property 16, no. 3 (August 2009): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739109990191.

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AbstractThe articles collected in this special issue aim at addressing the debate about the protection and use of cultural heritage in the Pacific within the context of globalization. Contributions aim specifically at analyzing the tension that exists between, on the one hand, political, legal and economic discourses of Pacific peoples who wish to retain control and who seek protection of the use of their cultural heritage, and, on the other hand, the view of others arguing that it is in the interest of the general public to lift as many embargos as possible in order to stimulate research and to increase economic growth. All authors approach the subject of cultural and intellectual property rights as a discourse, with specific attention for the concepts of property and ownership, particularly in relation to cultural heritage and cultural knowledge; the potential benefits of property; appropriate protection mechanisms; the complexities of the discourses about rights, especially property rights; the appropriation of property or its misappropriation, often associated with what is freely available in the public domain; and, finally, the use of intellectual property as either a form of enclosure or as a form of ethnic boundary.

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23

Polčák, Radim. "Digitisation, Cultural Institutions and Intellectual Property." Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 9, no. 2 (September 30, 2015): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/mujlt2015-2-7.

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Digitisation of cultural content represents one of most challenging problems of contemporary IP law. Cultural artefacts, let it be books, paintings or 3D objects, are often very old, so there are no issues in copyright protection of their content. However, the public availability of such content is in these cases strongly limited namely due to physical conditions of the carriers and subsequent conservation demands.Digitisation might serve here as powerful enabler of re-use of these works that are frequently of enormous cultural value. On the other hand, getting useful (and re-usable) digital images of 2D or 3D cultural objects means to invest into advanced technologies that are able to capture the respective content while protecting its fragile carriers from physical damage or destruction. Consequently, there is a need for business models that can motivate investors by offering them valuable consideration for such efforts.Recently, such business models are based namely on exclusive agreements between digitisers and cultural institutions that, together with specific copyright protection of digitised images in some jurisdictions, create new form of legal barriers to re-use of even very old cultural content. The paper critically discusses these new restrictive legal instruments namely in the light of the revised PSI re-use directive.

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24

Papademetriou, Theresa. "International Aspects of Cultural Property." International Journal of Legal Information 24, no. 3 (1996): 270–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500000378.

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The significance of cultural property as “a basic element of civilization and national culture” and its interchange among countries for scientific, cultural and educational purposes has been acknowledged in a number of legal instruments prepared under the aegis of UNESCO, an intergovernmental organization dedicated to the preservation of the world's cultural heritage. As the Preamble of the 1970 UNESCO Convention on theMeans of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Propertyasserts: “… [the interchange] increases the knowledge of the civilization of man, enriches the cultural life of all peoples and inspires mutual respect and appreciation among nations.” Moreover, the 1995 adopted UNIDROITConvention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objectsfurther attests to the: “…fundamental importance of the protection of cultural heritage and of cultural exchanges for promoting understanding between peoples, and the dissemination of culture for the well-being of humanity and the progress of civilization.”

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25

Blake, Janet. "On Defining the Cultural Heritage." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 49, no. 1 (January 2000): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002058930006396x.

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Examples can be found from ancient times of concern for the protection of cultural artefacts and early legislation to protect monuments and works of art first appeared in Europe in the 15th century. Cultural heritage was first addressed in international law in 1907 and a body of international treaties and texts for its protection has been developed by UNESCO and other intergovernmental organisations since the 1950's. The 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of UNESCO (henceforth the “Hague Convention”) is the earliest of these modern international texts and was developed in great part in response to the destruction and looting of monuments and works of art during the Second World War. It grew out of a feeling that action to prevent their deterioration or destruction was one responsibility of the emerging international world order and an element in reconciliation and the prevention of future conflicts. International law relating to the protection of cultural heritage thus began with comparatively narrow objectives, the protection of cultural property in time of war.

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26

Fechner, FG. "The fundamental aims of cultural property law." International Journal of Cultural Property 7, no. 2 (January 1998): 376–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739198770390.

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The law of cultural property is primarily based on the interests of the states concerned. If a cultural object is of high monetary or identificatory value, states will contest the ownership, and many of these cases are resolved by compromise. If a cultural object is of less monetary or identificatory value, states often neglect its preservation. Yet the law for protection of cultural property should not only be a method for the arbitration of national interests but should also take into account the interests of humankind in general, including preservation of the object in its original context, public accessibility, and the scientific, historic and aesthetic interests that can be associated with an object. While some states are unable to protect their cultural heritage, especially in times of war, public international law does not prevent a state from destroying its cultural heritage. Cultural heritage law is developing rapidly, and national laws and international conventions are in the process of creation. At this time, the author posits, it is therefore necessary to consider the reasons for the protection of cultural objects.

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27

FILIPČIČ, ROK. "KULTURNA DEDIŠČINA IN NJENO VAROVANJE V ČASU OBOROŽENIH SPOPADOV." POSAMEZNIK, DRŽAVA, VARNOST/ INDIVIDUAL, STATE, SECURITY, VOLUME 2021/ISSUE 23/4 (November 30, 2021): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.23.4.4.

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Povzetek Kulturna dediščina oziroma kulturne dobrine so izraz zgodovinske tradicije nekega naroda. V zgodovini vojskovanja je bila kulturna dediščina pogosto uničena, poškodovana in izropana. Prispevek predstavlja zgodovinski razvoj mednarodnopravne zaščite kulturnih dobrin, obveznosti, ki jih imajo visoke pogodbenice Konvencije o varstvu kulturnih dobrin v primeru oboroženega spopada, nekatera najpomembnejša pravila glede varovanja kulturnih dobrin med oboroženimi spopadi, slovensko delovanje na obravnavanem področju ter pozitivne in negativne posledice (ne)varovanja kulturnih dobrin. Ključne besede Varovanje kulturnih dobrin, oboroženi spopadi, Haaška konvencija. Abstract Cultural heritage and cultural property are an expression of the historical tradition of a certain nation. Throughout the history of warfare, cultural heritage has often been destroyed, damaged and looted. The article presents the historical development of international legal protection of cultural property, the obligations of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, some of the most important rules regarding the protection of cultural property in armed conflicts, Slovenian activities in this field, and the positive and negative consequences of the (non-) protection of cultural property.

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28

Susanti, Diah Imaningrum, Rini Susrijani, and Raymundus I. Made Sudhiarsa. "Traditional Cultural Expressions and Intellectual Property Rights in Indonesia." Yuridika 35, no. 2 (December 26, 2019): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v35i2.15745.

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Protection of traditional culture and knowledge has been a concern in Indonesia. Efforts that have been made to legally protect Indonesian traditional expressions and knowledge usually involve intellectual property (IP) laws. However, the protection provided by IP laws may be inadequate for Indonesian traditional communities that care more about the survival and maintenance of their culture and knowledge than the legal exclusivity of their works. This study uses a normative legal approach with the perspective of hermeneutic circle to look at various studies and legal documents to find reasons why IP laws may not be entirely suitable for the Indonesian context and how an IP-based law can be designed to suit the actual needs of Indonesian traditional expression holders. The results obtained affirm that Indonesian traditional cultural expressions cannot be contained by laws that exclusively limit the usage of those expressions and thus a ‘sui generis’ law is needed to give a more appropriate protection.

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29

Yates, Donna. "Reality and Practicality: Challenges to Effective Cultural Property Policy on the Ground in Latin America." International Journal of Cultural Property 22, no. 2-3 (August 2015): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739115000156.

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Abstract:Although on-the-ground preservation and policing is a major component of our international efforts to prevent the looting and trafficking of antiquities, the expectation placed on source countries may be beyond their capacity. This dependence on developing world infrastructure and policing may challenge our ability to effectively regulate this illicit trade. Using case studies generated from fieldwork in Belize and Bolivia, this paper discusses a number of these challenges to effective policy and offers some suggestions for future regulatory development.

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30

Chwała, Marek. "Znaczenie Państwowej Straży Pożarnej w ochronie dóbr kultury – rola Wydziału Centrum Szkolenia Ochrony Ludności i Dóbr Kultury w Szkole Aspirantów Państwowej Straży Pożarnej w Krakowie." Ochrona ludności i dziedzictwa kulturowego, no. 1/2022 (November 10, 2022): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/29563763.oldk.22.001.16530.

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Artykuł porusza problematykę ochrony, zabezpieczenia dóbr kultury oraz zadań jakie realizuje w tym zakresie Państwowa Straż Pożarna. W publikacji skoncentrowano się na ukazaniu roli, jedynego w Polsce, Wydziału Szkolenia Ochrony Ludności i Dóbr Kultury, działającego w Szkole Aspirantów Państwowej Straży Pożarnej w Krakowie. The importance of the State Fire Service in the protection of cultural property – the role of the Training Department for the Protection of Population and Cultural Property at the Fire Service College of the State Fire Service in Krakow The article deals with the issue of protection, securing cultural property and the tasks that the State Fire Service performs in this regard. The publication focuses on showing the role, the only one in Poland, of the Department of Training for the Protection of Population and Cultural Property, operating at the Fire Service College of the State Fire Service in Krakow.

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31

Toki, Kenzo. "Protection of Cultural Heritage from Post-Earthquake Fire." Journal of Disaster Research 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0004.

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The cultural property protection field is wide and varied, with the problem of natural disaster alone often being overlooked, especially in seismic hazard measures. Cultural property preservation field experts recognize that fire-prevention measures, for example, having focused on accidental fires and arson within shrine and temple precincts that have been ineffective in preventing fires from spreading to historical buildings during simultaneous fire outbreaks in surroundings of concern during earthquakes. In 2003, the Japanese government recognized the importance of cultural heritage disaster mitigation, and a National Committee was organized whose first report was released in 2004, leading, in turn, to the first national project for protecting cultural assets against natural disasters. The project focused on two 1,500-ton underground water storage tanks near Kiyomizudera and Sanneizaka. With a pressurized water sprinkler system and other fire control facilities, the facility is expected to be used to fight fires during earthquakes and to provide easy-to-use fire hydrants for other fires.

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32

Myasar Aziz, Yaseen. "Enhanced protection of cultural property in times of armed conflict." Halabja University Journal 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10299.

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33

Büchel, Rino. "Change Offers Swiss Cultural Property Protection a Window of Opportunity." Hungarian Yearbook of International Law and European Law 4, no. 1 (December 2016): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/hyiel/266627012016004001005.

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34

IKAWA, Hirofumi. "MONUMENT TOPOGRAPHY IN HESSE : Cultural property protection method in Germany." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 72, no. 619 (2007): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.72.245_3.

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35

Skenderovic, Ibro, Elma Elfic, and Azra Catovic. "Environmental impact of trade, endangerment and protection of cultural property." Ekonomika 63, no. 2 (2017): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekonomika1702097s.

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36

Van der Auwera, Sigrid. "UNESCO and the protection of cultural property during armed conflict." International Journal of Cultural Policy 19, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2011.625415.

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37

Owley, Jessica. "Cultural heritage conservation easements: Heritage protection with property law tools." Land Use Policy 49 (December 2015): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.07.007.

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38

Stone, Peter. "Human rights and cultural property protection in times of conflict." International Journal of Heritage Studies 18, no. 3 (May 2012): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2012.651737.

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39

Adlercreutz, T. "Property rights and protection of the cultural heritage in Sweden." International Journal of Cultural Property 7, no. 2 (January 1998): 410–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739198770419.

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Анотація:

This article presents a summary of the Swedish law pertaining to the treatment of the cultural heritage. After a review of the property rights implicated through such a protective scheme, the article examines the national legislation as well as its implementation at both the national and local levels through administrative procedures that define and regulate the protection of ancient sites and monuments, historic buildings, archaeological finds, church-owned property, and movable objects of cultural value.

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40

Safitri, Melisa. "TRADITIONAL CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS BOTH WITHIN AND BEYOND THE CONTEXT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW IN INDONESIA." Progressive Law Review 4, no. 02 (November 23, 2022): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.36448/plr.v4i02.81.

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Can TCEs crumble under the protection of intellectual property? This question is prompted by the disparity between the characteristics of TCEs and the intellectual property protection criteria. This article emphasize the necessity and significance of establishing a system outside the Intellectual Property system or special protection (sui generis) to protect TCEs because intellectual property law cannot be modified to accommodate TCEs. The law of intellectual property only protects the moral and economic rights of individuals, not cultural or communal rights. Other opinions contend that the existing intellectual property law, particularly copyright law, does not require a new system because the creation of another system is a waste of resources and the state may not be able to fund it. In reality, what must be taken into account is the extent to which ethnic communities control their TCEs.

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Putra, Akbar Kurnia, Bernard Sipahutar, Vrandza Iswenanda та Sulhi Muhammad Daud. "Legal Protection of Cultural Objects in the Armed Conﬂict". Jambe Law Journal 2, № 1 (3 листопада 2019): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jlj.2.1.79-97.

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This article aims to overview how the International Humanitarian Law regulates the protection of cultural heritages at the event of armed conﬂict. Applying a normative legal method, this article coclude that the protection for the cultural objects during an armed conﬂict is regulated in the Hague Convention IV of 1907, the Geneva Conventions IV of 1949, the Hague Convention of 1954, and the Second Protocols to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conﬂict 1999. The Hague Convention of 1954 mentions about safeguarding of the cultural property from any harm as a result of armed conﬂicts and about respect for the cultural objects. Each nation is responsible to avoid, prevent, and forbid any harfmul acts against cultural property. However, no stipulation is mentioned on how the victims whose cultural objects are destroyed could sue for any destructions. Therefore it is recommended that a special International Body be formed to supervise any harmful activities toward the cultural objects. Such a body might be more than just an International Court of Justice whose function is to settle any objections, sues, or claims from parties whose cultural objecs have been destroyed during armed conﬂicts.

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Merryman, John Henry. "Two Ways of Thinking about Cultural Property." American Journal of International Law 80, no. 4 (October 1986): 831–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202065.

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One way of thinking about cultural property—i.e., objects of artistic, archaeological, ethnological or historical interest—is as components of a common human culture, whatever their places of origin or present location, independent of property rights or national jurisdiction. That is the attitude embodied in the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of May 14, 1954 (hereinafter “Hague 1954”), which culminates a development in the international law of war that began in the mid-19th century.

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Kanyabuhinya, Baraka, and Juma L. Athanas. "Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions in Mainland Tanzania." Eastern Africa Law Review 48, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 210–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/ealr.v48i2.8.

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The legal protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK) and Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCEs) has been under discussion in different forums. The benefits derived from the legal protection of TK and TCEs necessitate the enactment of specific or incorporation of sufficient provisions within the existing legal framework. The international Intellectual Property Community has proposed for the adoption of the sui generis approach to the protection of TK and TCEs due to the challenges and inadequacy associated with the application of the existing Intellectual Property Rights. Some countries, like Kenya in the East African Community, have adopted the proposed approach while other countries like Tanzania have not hence facilitating Traditional Cultural Expressions to be exploited by third parties without consultation of, and benefit sharing by, the community from which the expressions originate. This article makes a case for Tanzania to adopt international standards on the protection of TK and TCEs. Key Words: Intellectual Property, Traditional Knowledge, Traditional Cultural Expressions, Sui generis, Tanzania.

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Badar, Mohamed Elewa, and Noelle Higgins. "Discussion Interrupted: The Destruction and Protection of Cultural Property under International Law and Islamic Law - the Case of Prosecutor v. Al Mahdi." International Criminal Law Review 17, no. 3 (June 14, 2017): 486–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01731383.

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Al Mahdi was the first case before the International Criminal Court (icc), which focused on the destruction of cultural property, and indeed, the first case before an international criminal tribunal which had the destruction of cultural property as the sole charge against a jihadist. This case note first addresses the international legal framework on the protection of cultural property in Section 2. Section 3 then assesses the concept of hisbah and its operation, including the reasons why the Hisbah in Mali destroyed cultural property. The next section considers the facts of the Al Mahdi case. Section 5 highlights the shortfalls in the Trial Chamber’s consideration of the rationales for the protection and destruction of cultural property, before the note concludes in Section 6.

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Ławicka, Anna. "LEGAL PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE PROPERTIES IN SPANISH STATE MUSEUMS." Muzealnictwo 59 (May 10, 2018): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0331.

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Property of cultural interest is a pearl in the crown of the Spanish Historical Heritage, covered by the highest level of protection granted on the basis of both state-wide and autonomous law. State museums are institutions that not only take under their wing the most valuable properties, but they also constitute, as a whole, the property of cultural interest. This article aims to describe the legal structure of the historical heritage protection in Spain, define the place of the museum in this system, the tasks imposed on museums, as well as issues pertaining to their management.

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Pigliasco, Guido Carlo. "Intangible Cultural Property, Tangible Databases, Visible Debates: The Sawau Project." International Journal of Cultural Property 16, no. 3 (August 2009): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739109990233.

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AbstractIntellectual property claims have long been sustained in a way that is now under severe scrutiny. Pacific Island countries continue to face unauthorized uses of their traditional knowledge and practices. In response, international agencies in collaboration with Pacific Island countries are promoting sui generis forms of protection. The Institute of Fijian Language and Culture's Cultural Mapping Programme looks beyond ongoing debates about indigenous collection and digitization of intangible heritage to promote sui generis protection measures in lieu of western intellectual property law. Supported by an Institute grant, the unfolding Sawau Project creates an archive of sites, stories, and shared memories of the Sawau people of Beqa, an island iconic in Fiji for its firewalking practice (vilavilairevo). Advocating a form of social intervention in situ, The Sawau Project has become a collaborative tool to encourage digital documentation, linkages, and institutional collaborations among Fijian communities and their allies to negotiate and promote alternative forms of protection.

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Kuprecht, Karolina. "The Concept of “Cultural Affiliation” in NAGPRA: Its Potential and Limits in the Global Protection of Indigenous Cultural Property Rights." International Journal of Cultural Property 19, no. 1 (February 2012): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739112000057.

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AbstractIn the debate about indigenous cultural property, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of the United States has developed and implemented an unorthodox concept of “cultural affiliation.” The act entitles Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations to claim repatriation of their cultural property—comprising human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony—upon the establishment of a specific shared group identity and a cultural affiliation to an object. The concept of cultural affiliation in the act replaces proof of ownership, or proof that an object was stolen or illicitly removed. It thereby amends traditional standards saturated in notions of property and ownership that have perpetuated since Roman law and allows the evolution of a control regime over cultural property that takes into account the cultural aspects of the objects. On an international level, the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) of 2007 stipulates a similar emancipation of indigenous peoples' cultural property claims from notions of property and ownership. This article explores NAGPRA's cultural affiliation concept as it stands between private property and human rights law and brings into focus the concept's elements that go beyond traditional property law. It ultimately looks at the potential and limits of the concept from an international perspective as a standard for other countries that consider implementation of UNDRIP's provisions on indigenous, tangible, movable cultural property.

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Ryška, Ivan. "Military Necessity and Cultural Heritage Protection in Laws of War: Historical Overview." International and Comparative Law Review 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 187–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/iclr-2021-0018.

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Summary The article examines the development of the concept of military necessity in relation to cultural property. Starting from 18th century and Emmerich de Vattel it continues to codifications of International Humanitarian Law in 19th century and finally focuses on 1954 Hague Convention and its 1999 Second Protocol. The article underlines the most significant trends in the development and aims to illustrate increasing respect for cultural property during the conflict. In its final section it presents more current issues related to cultural property protection and armed conflict: inclusion of human rights protection and matter of dual-use objects. Both questions are introduced in decision of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in Prlić et al. case that investigates destruction of Stari Most in Mostar. The decision shows that some new elements have to be considered in assessment of military necessity related to cultural property.

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Landmann, Tomasz. "International exchange of cultural property within the EU territory in the years 2008-2015, from the legal, economic and cultural security perspective." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 193, no. 3 (September 16, 2019): 488–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5004.

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The objective of the article is to establish the grounds for trading in cultural property within the territory of the EU single internal market and to investigate the trading dynamics in importing and exporting such property in the years 2008-2015. The analysis is based on the EU legal acts, statistical data published by Eurostat and a critical review of the literature. The thesis has been formulated that trading in cultural property repre-sents an important element of taking care of the protection of cultural security and potential and demonstrates endeavours for the cultural expansion of the respective EU member states, whose share in the structure of import and export of cultural property on the European Union market is far from being even. The share of a given state in the international exchange of cultural property presents an important aspect of creating not only economic, but also cultural security. In the years 2008-2015, a few European states were able to gain dominance in trading in cultural property in the European Union. Potentially, it poses a threat of cultural uniformity and standardisation, being the phenomenon which adversely affects the protection of unique systems of cultural security in Europe.

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Kamardeen, Naazima. "The Protection of Cultural Property: Post-Colonial and Post-Conflict Perspectives from Sri Lanka." International Journal of Cultural Property 24, no. 4 (November 2017): 429–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s094073911700025x.

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Abstract:Cultural property is related to the evolution of a nation’s identity. It forms a vital link to the past, wherefrom the present and future may be nurtured and enriched. However, objects related to cultural heritage have been the target of looting and pilfering, resulting in loss to the country concerned. The situation is worsened where these objects have been removed during an era where there were no laws and regulations to control such removal. This article focuses on the loss of cultural property with reference to two specific modes of loss of particular concern to Sri Lanka—the removal of cultural property during the colonial era and the loss of cultural property during the more recent ethnic conflict. Through an analysis of the relevant laws and regulations, this article evaluates Sri Lanka’s rights to its cultural property and its efforts to regain, and preserve, its cultural heritage.

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